Keywords: robot, crawler, robots.txt
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Koster
Request for Comments: 9309
Category: Standards Track G. Illyes
ISSN: 2070-1721 H. Zeller
L. Sassman
Google LLC
September 2022
Robots Exclusion Protocol
Abstract
This document specifies and extends the "Robots Exclusion Protocol"
method originally defined by Martijn Koster in 1994 for service
owners to control how content served by their services may be
accessed, if at all, by automatic clients known as crawlers.
Specifically, it adds definition language for the protocol,
instructions for handling errors, and instructions for caching.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9309.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Requirements Language
2. Specification
2.1. Protocol Definition
2.2. Formal Syntax
2.2.1. The User-Agent Line
2.2.2. The "Allow" and "Disallow" Lines
2.2.3. Special Characters
2.2.4. Other Records
2.3. Access Method
2.3.1. Access Results
2.3.1.1. Successful Access
2.3.1.2. Redirects
2.3.1.3. "Unavailable" Status
2.3.1.4. "Unreachable" Status
2.3.1.5. Parsing Errors
2.4. Caching
2.5. Limits
3. Security Considerations
4. IANA Considerations
5. Examples
5.1. Simple Example
5.2. Longest Match
6. References
6.1. Normative References
6.2. Informative References
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
This document applies to services that provide resources that clients
can access through URIs as defined in [RFC3986]. For example, in the
context of HTTP, a browser is a client that displays the content of a
web page.
Crawlers are automated clients. Search engines, for instance, have
crawlers to recursively traverse links for indexing as defined in
[RFC8288].
It may be inconvenient for service owners if crawlers visit the
entirety of their URI space. This document specifies the rules
originally defined by the "Robots Exclusion Protocol" [ROBOTSTXT]
that crawlers are requested to honor when accessing URIs.
These rules are not a form of access authorization.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Specification
2.1. Protocol Definition
The protocol language consists of rule(s) and group(s) that the
service makes available in a file named "robots.txt" as described in
Section 2.3:
Rule: A line with a key-value pair that defines how a crawler may
access URIs. See Section 2.2.2.
Group: One or more user-agent lines that are followed by one or more
rules. The group is terminated by a user-agent line or end of
file. See Section 2.2.1. The last group may have no rules, which
means it implicitly allows everything.
2.2. Formal Syntax
Below is an Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) description, as
described in [RFC5234].
robotstxt = *(group / emptyline)
group = startgroupline ; We start with a user-agent
; line
*(startgroupline / emptyline) ; ... and possibly more
; user-agent lines
*(rule / emptyline) ; followed by rules relevant
; for the preceding
; user-agent lines
startgroupline = *WS "user-agent" *WS ":" *WS product-token EOL
rule = *WS ("allow" / "disallow") *WS ":"
*WS (path-pattern / empty-pattern) EOL
; parser implementors: define additional lines you need (for
; example, Sitemaps).
product-token = identifier / "*"
path-pattern = "/" *UTF8-char-noctl ; valid URI path pattern
empty-pattern = *WS
identifier = 1*(%x2D / %x41-5A / %x5F / %x61-7A)
comment = "#" *(UTF8-char-noctl / WS / "#")
emptyline = EOL
EOL = *WS [comment] NL ; end-of-line may have
; optional trailing comment
NL = %x0D / %x0A / %x0D.0A
WS = %x20 / %x09
; UTF8 derived from RFC 3629, but excluding control characters
UTF8-char-noctl = UTF8-1-noctl / UTF8-2 / UTF8-3 / UTF8-4
UTF8-1-noctl = %x21 / %x22 / %x24-7F ; excluding control, space, "#"
UTF8-2 = %xC2-DF UTF8-tail
UTF8-3 = %xE0 %xA0-BF UTF8-tail / %xE1-EC 2UTF8-tail /
%xED %x80-9F UTF8-tail / %xEE-EF 2UTF8-tail
UTF8-4 = %xF0 %x90-BF 2UTF8-tail / %xF1-F3 3UTF8-tail /
%xF4 %x80-8F 2UTF8-tail
UTF8-tail = %x80-BF
2.2.1. The User-Agent Line
Crawlers set their own name, which is called a product token, to find
relevant groups. The product token MUST contain only uppercase and
lowercase letters ("a-z" and "A-Z"), underscores ("_"), and hyphens
("-"). The product token SHOULD be a substring of the identification
string that the crawler sends to the service. For example, in the
case of HTTP [RFC9110], the product token SHOULD be a substring in
the User-Agent header. The identification string SHOULD describe the
purpose of the crawler. Here's an example of a User-Agent HTTP
request header with a link pointing to a page describing the purpose
of the ExampleBot crawler, which appears as a substring in the User-
Agent HTTP header and as a product token in the robots.txt user-agent
line:
+==========================================+========================+
| User-Agent HTTP header | robots.txt user-agent |
| | line |
+==========================================+========================+
| User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; | user-agent: ExampleBot |
| ExampleBot/0.1; | |
| https://www.example.com/bot.html) | |
+------------------------------------------+------------------------+
Figure 1: Example of a User-Agent HTTP header and robots.txt
user-agent line for the ExampleBot product token
Note that the product token (ExampleBot) is a substring of the User-
Agent HTTP header.
Crawlers MUST use case-insensitive matching to find the group that
matches the product token and then obey the rules of the group. If
there is more than one group matching the user-agent, the matching
groups' rules MUST be combined into one group and parsed according to
Section 2.2.2.
+========================================+========================+
| Two groups that match the same product | Merged group |
| token exactly | |
+========================================+========================+
| user-agent: ExampleBot | user-agent: ExampleBot |
| disallow: /foo | disallow: /foo |
| disallow: /bar | disallow: /bar |
| | disallow: /baz |
| user-agent: ExampleBot | |
| disallow: /baz | |
+----------------------------------------+------------------------+
Figure 2: Example of how to merge two robots.txt groups that
match the same product token
If no matching group exists, crawlers MUST obey the group with a
user-agent line with the "*" value, if present.
+==================================+======================+
| Two groups that don't explicitly | Applicable group for |
| match ExampleBot | ExampleBot |
+==================================+======================+
| user-agent: * | user-agent: * |
| disallow: /foo | disallow: /foo |
| disallow: /bar | disallow: /bar |
| | |
| user-agent: BazBot | |
| disallow: /baz | |
+----------------------------------+----------------------+
Figure 3: Example of no matching groups other than the "*" for
the ExampleBot product token
If no group matches the product token and there is no group with a
user-agent line with the "*" value, or no groups are present at all,
no rules apply.
2.2.2. The "Allow" and "Disallow" Lines
These lines indicate whether accessing a URI that matches the
corresponding path is allowed or disallowed.
To evaluate if access to a URI is allowed, a crawler MUST match the
paths in "allow" and "disallow" rules against the URI. The matching
SHOULD be case sensitive. The matching MUST start with the first
octet of the path. The most specific match found MUST be used. The
most specific match is the match that has the most octets. Duplicate
rules in a group MAY be deduplicated. If an "allow" rule and a
"disallow" rule are equivalent, then the "allow" rule SHOULD be used.
If no match is found amongst the rules in a group for a matching
user-agent or there are no rules in the group, the URI is allowed.
The /robots.txt URI is implicitly allowed.
Octets in the URI and robots.txt paths outside the range of the ASCII
coded character set, and those in the reserved range defined by
[RFC3986], MUST be percent-encoded as defined by [RFC3986] prior to
comparison.
If a percent-encoded ASCII octet is encountered in the URI, it MUST
be unencoded prior to comparison, unless it is a reserved character
in the URI as defined by [RFC3986] or the character is outside the
unreserved character range. The match evaluates positively if and
only if the end of the path from the rule is reached before a
difference in octets is encountered.
For example:
+==================+=======================+=======================+
| Path | Encoded Path | Path to Match |
+==================+=======================+=======================+
| /foo/bar?baz=quz | /foo/bar?baz=quz | /foo/bar?baz=quz |
+------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| /foo/bar?baz= | /foo/bar?baz= | /foo/bar?baz= |
| https://foo.bar | https%3A%2F%2Ffoo.bar | https%3A%2F%2Ffoo.bar |
+------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| /foo/bar/ | /foo/bar/%E3%83%84 | /foo/bar/%E3%83%84 |
| U+E38384 | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| /foo/ | /foo/bar/%E3%83%84 | /foo/bar/%E3%83%84 |
| bar/%E3%83%84 | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| /foo/ | /foo/bar/%62%61%7A | /foo/bar/baz |
| bar/%62%61%7A | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Figure 4: Examples of matching percent-encoded URI components
The crawler SHOULD ignore "disallow" and "allow" rules that are not
in any group (for example, any rule that precedes the first user-
agent line).
Implementors MAY bridge encoding mismatches if they detect that the
robots.txt file is not UTF-8 encoded.
2.2.3. Special Characters
Crawlers MUST support the following special characters:
+===========+===================+==============================+
| Character | Description | Example |
+===========+===================+==============================+
| # | Designates a line | allow: / # comment in line |
| | comment. | |
| | | # comment on its own line |
+-----------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| $ | Designates the | allow: /this/path/exactly$ |
| | end of the match | |
| | pattern. | |
+-----------+-------------------+------------------------------+
| * | Designates 0 or | allow: /this/*/exactly |
| | more instances of | |
| | any character. | |
+-----------+-------------------+------------------------------+
Figure 5: List of special characters in robots.txt files
If crawlers match special characters verbatim in the URI, crawlers
SHOULD use "%" encoding. For example:
+============================+====================================+
| Percent-encoded Pattern | URI |
+============================+====================================+
| /path/file-with-a-%2A.html | https://www.example.com/path/ |
| | file-with-a-*.html |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------+
| /path/foo-%24 | https://www.example.com/path/foo-$ |
+----------------------------+------------------------------------+
Figure 6: Example of percent-encoding
2.2.4. Other Records
Crawlers MAY interpret other records that are not part of the
robots.txt protocol -- for example, "Sitemaps" [SITEMAPS]. Crawlers
MAY be lenient when interpreting other records. For example,
crawlers may accept common misspellings of the record.
Parsing of other records MUST NOT interfere with the parsing of
explicitly defined records in Section 2. For example, a "Sitemaps"
record MUST NOT terminate a group.
2.3. Access Method
The rules MUST be accessible in a file named "/robots.txt" (all
lowercase) in the top-level path of the service. The file MUST be
UTF-8 encoded (as defined in [RFC3629]) and Internet Media Type
"text/plain" (as defined in [RFC2046]).
As per [RFC3986], the URI of the robots.txt file is:
"scheme:[//authority]/robots.txt"
For example, in the context of HTTP or FTP, the URI is:
https://www.example.com/robots.txt
ftp://ftp.example.com/robots.txt
2.3.1. Access Results
2.3.1.1. Successful Access
If the crawler successfully downloads the robots.txt file, the
crawler MUST follow the parseable rules.
2.3.1.2. Redirects
It's possible that a server responds to a robots.txt fetch request
with a redirect, such as HTTP 301 or HTTP 302 in the case of HTTP.
The crawlers SHOULD follow at least five consecutive redirects, even
across authorities (for example, hosts in the case of HTTP).
If a robots.txt file is reached within five consecutive redirects,
the robots.txt file MUST be fetched, parsed, and its rules followed
in the context of the initial authority.
If there are more than five consecutive redirects, crawlers MAY
assume that the robots.txt file is unavailable.
2.3.1.3. "Unavailable" Status
"Unavailable" means the crawler tries to fetch the robots.txt file
and the server responds with status codes indicating that the
resource in question is unavailable. For example, in the context of
HTTP, such status codes are in the 400-499 range.
If a server status code indicates that the robots.txt file is
unavailable to the crawler, then the crawler MAY access any resources
on the server.
2.3.1.4. "Unreachable" Status
If the robots.txt file is unreachable due to server or network
errors, this means the robots.txt file is undefined and the crawler
MUST assume complete disallow. For example, in the context of HTTP,
server errors are identified by status codes in the 500-599 range.
If the robots.txt file is undefined for a reasonably long period of
time (for example, 30 days), crawlers MAY assume that the robots.txt
file is unavailable as defined in Section 2.3.1.3 or continue to use
a cached copy.
2.3.1.5. Parsing Errors
Crawlers MUST try to parse each line of the robots.txt file.
Crawlers MUST use the parseable rules.
2.4. Caching
Crawlers MAY cache the fetched robots.txt file's contents. Crawlers
MAY use standard cache control as defined in [RFC9111]. Crawlers
SHOULD NOT use the cached version for more than 24 hours, unless the
robots.txt file is unreachable.
2.5. Limits
Crawlers SHOULD impose a parsing limit to protect their systems; see
Section 3. The parsing limit MUST be at least 500 kibibytes [KiB].
3. Security Considerations
The Robots Exclusion Protocol is not a substitute for valid content
security measures. Listing paths in the robots.txt file exposes them
publicly and thus makes the paths discoverable. To control access to
the URI paths in a robots.txt file, users of the protocol should
employ a valid security measure relevant to the application layer on
which the robots.txt file is served -- for example, in the case of
HTTP, HTTP Authentication as defined in [RFC9110].
To protect against attacks against their system, implementors of
robots.txt parsing and matching logic should take the following
considerations into account:
Memory management: Section 2.5 defines the lower limit of bytes that
must be processed, which inherently also protects the parser from
out-of-memory scenarios.
Invalid characters: Section 2.2 defines a set of characters that
parsers and matchers can expect in robots.txt files. Out-of-bound
characters should be rejected as invalid, which limits the
available attack vectors that attempt to compromise the system.
Untrusted content: Implementors should treat the content of a
robots.txt file as untrusted content, as defined by the
specification of the application layer used. For example, in the
context of HTTP, implementors should follow the Security
Considerations section of [RFC9110].
4. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
5. Examples
5.1. Simple Example
The following example shows:
*: A group that's relevant to all user agents that don't have an
explicitly defined matching group. It allows access to the URLs
with the /publications/ path prefix, and it restricts access to
the URLs with the /example/ path prefix and to all URLs with a
.gif suffix. The "*" character designates any character,
including the otherwise-required forward slash; see Section 2.2.
foobot: A regular case. A single user agent followed by rules. The
crawler only has access to two URL path prefixes on the site --
/example/page.html and /example/allowed.gif. The rules of the
group are missing the optional space character, which is
acceptable as defined in Section 2.2.
barbot and bazbot: A group that's relevant for more than one user
agent. The crawlers are not allowed to access the URLs with the
/example/page.html path prefix but otherwise have unrestricted
access to the rest of the URLs on the site.
quxbot: An empty group at the end of the file. The crawler has
unrestricted access to the URLs on the site.
User-Agent: *
Disallow: *.gif$
Disallow: /example/
Allow: /publications/
User-Agent: foobot
Disallow:/
Allow:/example/page.html
Allow:/example/allowed.gif
User-Agent: barbot
User-Agent: bazbot
Disallow: /example/page.html
User-Agent: quxbot
EOF
5.2. Longest Match
The following example shows that in the case of two rules, the
longest one is used for matching. In the following case,
/example/page/disallowed.gif MUST be used for the URI
example.com/example/page/disallow.gif.
User-Agent: foobot
Allow: /example/page/
Disallow: /example/page/disallowed.gif
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8288] Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8288>.
[RFC9110] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9110>.
[RFC9111] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Caching", STD 98, RFC 9111,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9111, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9111>.
6.2. Informative References
[KiB] "Kibibyte", Simple English Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia, 17 September 2020,
<https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte>.
[ROBOTSTXT]
"The Web Robots Pages (including /robots.txt)", 2007,
<https://www.robotstxt.org/>.
[SITEMAPS] "What are Sitemaps? (Sitemap protocol)", April 2020,
<https://www.sitemaps.org/index.html>.
Authors' Addresses
Martijn Koster
Stalworthy Manor Farm
Suton Lane
Wymondham, Norfolk
NR18 9JG
United Kingdom
Email: m.koster@greenhills.co.uk
Gary Illyes
Google LLC
Brandschenkestrasse 110
CH-8002 Zürich
Switzerland
Email: garyillyes@google.com
Henner Zeller
Google LLC
1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy
Mountain View, CA 94043
United States of America
Email: henner@google.com
Lizzi Sassman
Google LLC
Brandschenkestrasse 110
CH-8002 Zürich
Switzerland
Email: lizzi@google.com