Keywords: [--------]
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Shah, Ed.
Request for Comments: 6575 Ciena
Category: Standards Track E. Rosen, Ed.
ISSN: 2070-1721 G. Heron, Ed.
Cisco
V. Kompella, Ed.
Alcatel-Lucent
June 2012
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Mediation for
IP Interworking of Layer 2 VPNs
Abstract
The Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS), detailed in RFC 4664,
provides point-to-point connections between pairs of Customer Edge
(CE) devices. It does so by binding two Attachment Circuits (each
connecting a CE device with a Provider Edge (PE) device) to a
pseudowire (connecting the two PEs). In general, the Attachment
Circuits must be of the same technology (e.g., both Ethernet or both
ATM), and the pseudowire must carry the frames of that technology.
However, if it is known that the frames' payload consists solely of
IP datagrams, it is possible to provide a point-to-point connection
in which the pseudowire connects Attachment Circuits of different
technologies. This requires the PEs to perform a function known as
"Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Mediation". ARP Mediation refers
to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different
resolution protocols are used on either Attachment Circuit. The
methods described in this document are applicable even when the CEs
run a routing protocol between them, as long as the routing protocol
runs over IP.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6575.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................4
2. ARP Mediation (AM) Function .....................................5
3. IP Layer 2 Interworking Circuit .................................6
4. IP Address Discovery Mechanisms .................................6
4.1. Discovery of IP Addresses of Locally Attached IPv4 CE ......7
4.1.1. Monitoring Local Traffic ............................7
4.1.2. CE Devices Using ARP ................................7
4.1.3. CE Devices Using Inverse ARP ........................8
4.1.4. CE Devices Using PPP ................................9
4.1.5. Router Discovery Method ............................10
4.1.6. Manual Configuration ...............................10
4.2. How a CE Learns the IPv4 Address of a Remote CE ...........10
4.2.1. CE Devices Using ARP ...............................11
4.2.2. CE Devices Using Inverse ARP .......................11
4.2.3. CE Devices Using PPP ...............................11
4.3. Discovery of IP Addresses of IPv6 CE Devices ..............11
4.3.1. Distinguishing Factors between IPv4 and IPv6 .......11
4.3.2. Requirements for PEs ...............................12
4.3.3. Processing of Neighbor Solicitations ...............12
4.3.4. Processing of Neighbor Advertisements ..............13
4.3.5. Processing Inverse Neighbor Solicitations (INSs) ...14
4.3.6. Processing of Inverse Neighbor
Advertisements (INAs) ..............................15
4.3.7. Processing of Router Solicitations .................15
4.3.8. Processing of Router Advertisements ................15
4.3.9. Duplicate Address Detection ........................16
4.3.10. CE Address Discovery for CEs Attached Using PPP ...16
5. CE IPv4 Address Signaling between PEs ..........................16
5.1. When to Signal an IPv4 Address of a CE ....................16
5.2. LDP-Based Distribution of CE IPv4 Addresses ...............17
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
6. IPv6 Capability Advertisement ..................................20
6.1. PW Operational Down on Stack Capability Mismatch ..........21
6.2. Stack Capability Fallback .................................21
7. IANA Considerations ............................................22
7.1. LDP Status Messages .......................................22
7.2. Interface Parameters ......................................22
8. Security Considerations ........................................22
8.1. Control Plane Security ....................................23
8.2. Data Plane Security .......................................24
9. Acknowledgements ...............................................24
10. Contributors ..................................................24
11. References ....................................................25
11.1. Normative References .....................................25
11.2. Informative References ...................................26
Appendix A. Use of IGPs with IP L2 Interworking L2VPNs ...........27
A.1. OSPF ......................................................27
A.2. RIP .......................................................27
A.3. IS-IS .....................................................28
1. Introduction
Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs) are constructed over a
Service Provider IP/MPLS backbone but are presented to the Customer
Edge (CE) devices as Layer 2 networks. In theory, L2VPNs can carry
any Layer 3 protocol, but in many cases, the Layer 3 protocol is IP.
Thus, it makes sense to consider procedures that are optimized for
IP.
In a typical implementation, illustrated in the diagram below, the CE
devices are connected to the Provider Edge (PE) devices via
Attachment Circuits (ACs). The ACs are Layer 2 circuits. In a pure
L2VPN, if traffic sent from CE1 via AC1 reaches CE2 via AC2, both ACs
would have to be of the same type (i.e., both Ethernet, both Frame
Relay, etc.). However, if it is known that only IP traffic will be
carried, the ACs can be of different technologies, provided that the
PEs provide the appropriate procedures to allow the proper transfer
of IP packets.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
+-----+
+------ -----| CE3 |
|AC3 +-----+
+-----+
......| PE3 |...........
. +-----+ .
. | .
. | .
+-----+ AC1 +-----+ Service +-----+ AC2 +-----+
| CE1 |-----| PE1 |--- Provider ----| PE2 |-----| CE2 |
+-----+ +-----+ Backbone +-----+ +-----+
. .
........................
A CE, which is connected via a given type of AC, may use an IP
address resolution procedure that is specific to that type of AC.
For example, an Ethernet-attached IPv4 CE would use ARP [RFC826] and
a Frame-Relay-attached CE might use Inverse ARP [RFC2390]. If we are
to allow the two CEs to have a Layer 2 connection between them, even
though each AC uses a different Layer 2 technology, the PEs must
intercept and "mediate" the Layer-2-specific address resolution
procedures.
In this document, we specify the procedures for VPWS services
[RFC4664], which the PEs need to implement in order to mediate the IP
address resolution mechanism. We call these procedures "ARP
Mediation". Consider a Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS)
constructed between CE1 and CE2 in the diagram above. If AC1 and AC2
are of different technologies, e.g., AC1 is Ethernet and AC2 is Frame
Relay (FR), then ARP requests coming from CE1 cannot be passed
transparently to CE2. PE1 MUST interpret the meaning of the ARP
requests and mediate the necessary information with PE2 before
responding.
This document uses the term "ARP" to mean any protocol that is used
to resolve IP addresses to link-layer addresses. For instance, in
IPv4, ARP and Inverse ARP protocols are used for address resolution
while in IPv6, Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] and Inverse Neighbor
Discovery [RFC3122] based on ICMPv6 are used for address resolution.
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
2. ARP Mediation (AM) Function
The ARP Mediation (AM) function is an element of a PE node that deals
with the IP address resolution for CE devices connected via a VPWS
L2VPN. By placing this function in the PE node, ARP Mediation is
transparent to the CE devices.
For a given point-to-point connection between a pair of CEs, the ARP
Mediation procedure depends on whether the packets being forwarded
are IPv4 or IPv6. A PE that is to perform ARP Mediation for IPv4
packets MUST perform the following logical steps:
1. Discover the IP address of the locally attached CE device.
2. Terminate. Do not forward ARP and Inverse ARP requests from the
CE device at the local PE.
3. Distribute the IP address to the remote PE using pseudowire
control signaling.
4. Notify the locally attached CE of the IP address of the remote
CE.
5. Respond appropriately to ARP and Inverse ARP requests from the
local CE device using the IP address of the remote CE and the
hardware address of the local PE.
A PE that is to perform ARP Mediation for IPv6 packets MUST perform
the following logical steps:
1. Discover the IPv6 addresses of the locally attached CE device,
together with those of the remote CE device.
2. Perform the following steps:
a. Intercept Neighbor Discovery (ND) and Inverse Neighbor
Discovery (IND) packets received from the local CE device.
b. From these ND and IND packets, learn the IPv6 configuration
of the CE.
c. Forward the ND and IND packets over the pseudowire to the
remote PE.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
3. Intercept Neighbor Discovery and Inverse Neighbor Discovery
packets received over the pseudowire from the remote PE, possibly
modifying them (if required for the type of outgoing AC) before
forwarding to the local CE and learning information about the
IPv6 configuration of the remote CE.
Details for the procedures described above are given in the following
sections.
3. IP Layer 2 Interworking Circuit
The IP Layer 2 Interworking Circuit refers to interconnection of the
Attachment Circuit with the IP Layer 2 Transport pseudowire that
carries IP datagrams as the payload. The ingress PE removes the data
link header of its local Attachment Circuit and transmits the payload
(an IP packet) over the pseudowire with or without the optional
control word. If the IP packet arrives at the ingress PE with
multiple data link headers (for example, in the case of bridged
Ethernet PDU on an ATM Attachment Circuit), all data link headers
MUST be removed from the IP packet before transmission over the
pseudowire (PW). The egress PE encapsulates the IP packet with the
data link header used on its local Attachment Circuit.
The encapsulation for the IP Layer 2 Transport pseudowire is
described in [RFC4447]. The "IP Layer 2 Interworking Circuit"
pseudowire is also referred to as "IP pseudowire" in this document.
In the case of an IPv6 L2 Interworking Circuit, the egress PE MAY
modify the contents of Neighbor Discovery or Inverse Neighbor
Discovery packets before encapsulating the IP packet with the data
link header.
4. IP Address Discovery Mechanisms
An IP Layer 2 Interworking Circuit enters monitoring state
immediately after configuration. During this state, it performs two
functions:
o Discovery of the CE IP device(s)
o Establishment of the PW
The establishment of the PW occurs independently from local CE IP
address discovery. During the period when the PW has been
established but the local CE IP device has not been discovered, only
broadcast/multicast IP frames are propagated between the Attachment
Circuit and pseudowire; unicast IP datagrams are dropped. The IP
destination address is used to classify unicast/multicast packets.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
Unicast IP frames are propagated between the AC and pseudowire only
when CE IP devices on both Attachment Circuits have been discovered
and notified and proxy functions have completed.
The need to wait for address resolution completion before unicast IP
traffic can flow is simple.
o PEs do not perform routing operations.
o The destination IP address in the packet is not necessarily that
of the attached CE.
o On a broadcast link, there is no way to find out the Media Access
Control (MAC) address of the CE based on the destination IP
address of the packet.
4.1. Discovery of IP Addresses of Locally Attached IPv4 CE
A PE MUST support manual configuration of IPv4 CE addresses. This
section also describes automated mechanisms by which a PE MAY also
discover an IPv4 CE address.
4.1.1. Monitoring Local Traffic
The PE devices MAY learn the IP addresses of the locally attached CEs
from any IP traffic, such as link-local multicast packets (e.g.,
destined to 224.0.0.x), and are not restricted to the operations
below.
4.1.2. CE Devices Using ARP
If a CE device uses ARP to determine the IP-address-to-MAC-address
binding of its neighbor, the PE processes the ARP requests to learn
the IP address of the local CE for the local Attachment Circuit.
The method described in this document only supports the case where
there is a single CE per Attachment Circuit. However, customer-
facing access topologies may exist whereby more than one CE appears
to be connected to the PE on a single Attachment Circuit. For
example, this could be the case when CEs are connected to a shared
LAN that connects to the PE. In such a case, the PE MUST select one
local CE. The selection could be based on manual configuration or
the PE MAY optionally use the following selection criteria. In
either case, manual configuration of the IP address of the local CE
(and its MAC address) MUST be supported.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
o Wait to learn the IP address of the remote CE (through PW
signaling) and then select the local CE that is sending the
request for IP address of the remote CE.
o Augment cross-checking with the local IP address learned through
listening for link-local multicast packets (as per Section 4.1.1).
o Augment cross-checking with the local IP address learned through
the Router Discovery Protocol (as described in Section 4.1.5).
o There is still a possibility that the local PE may not receive an
IP address advertisement from the remote PE, and there may exist
multiple local IP routers that attempt to 'connect' to remote CEs.
In this situation, the local PE MAY use some other criteria to
select one IP device from many (such as "the first ARP received"),
or an operator MAY configure the IP address of the local CE. Note
that the operator does not have to configure the IP address of the
remote CE (as that would be learned through pseudowire signaling).
Once the local and remote CEs have been discovered for the given
Attachment Circuit, the local PE responds with its own MAC address to
any subsequent ARP requests from the local CE with a destination IP
address matching the IP address of the remote CE.
The local PE signals the IP address of the local CE to the remote PE
and MAY initiate an unsolicited ARP response to notify the IP-
address-to-MAC-address binding for the remote CE to the local CE
(again using its own MAC address).
Once the ARP Mediation function is completed (i.e., the PE device
knows both the local and remote CE IP addresses), unicast IP frames
are propagated between the AC and the established PW.
The PE MAY periodically generate ARP request messages for the IP
address of the CE as a means of verifying the continued existence of
the IP address and its MAC address binding. The absence of a
response from the CE device for a given number of retries could be
used as a trigger for withdrawal of the IP address advertisement to
the remote PE. The local PE would then re-enter the address
resolution phase to rediscover the IP address of the attached CE.
Note that this "heartbeat" scheme is needed only where the failure of
a CE device may otherwise be undetectable.
4.1.3. CE Devices Using Inverse ARP
If a CE device uses Inverse ARP to determine the IP address of its
neighbor, the attached PE processes the Inverse ARP request from the
Attachment Circuit and responds with an Inverse ARP reply containing
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
the IP address of the remote CE, if the address is known. If the PE
does not yet have the IP address of the remote CE, it does not
respond, but records the IP address of the local CE and the circuit
information. Subsequently, when the IP address of the remote CE
becomes available, the PE MAY initiate an Inverse ARP request as a
means of notifying the local CE of the IP address of the remote CE.
This is the typical mode of operation for Frame Relay and ATM
Attachment Circuits. If the CE does not use Inverse ARP, the PE can
still discover the IP address of the local CE using the mechanisms
described in Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.5.
4.1.4. CE Devices Using PPP
The IP Control Protocol [RFC1332] describes a procedure to establish
and configure IP on a point-to-point connection, including the
negotiation of IP addresses. When such an Attachment Circuit is
configured for IP interworking, PPP negotiation is not performed end-
to-end between CE devices. Instead, PPP negotiation takes place
between the CE and its local PE. The PE performs proxy PPP
negotiation and informs the attached CE of the IP address of the
remote CE during IP Control Protocol (IPCP) negotiation using the IP-
Address option (0x03).
When a PPP link completes Link Control Protocol (LCP) negotiations,
the local PE MAY perform the following IPCP actions:
o The PE learns the IP address of the local CE from the Configure-
Request received with the IP-Address option (0x03). If the IP
address is non-zero, the PE records the address and responds with
Configure-Ack. However, if the IP address is zero, the PE
responds with Configure-Reject (as this is a request from the CE
to assign it an IP address). Also, the IP-Address option is set
with a zero value in the Configure-Reject response to instruct the
CE not to include that option in any subsequent Configure-Request.
o If the PE receives a Configure-Request without the IP-Address
option, it responds with a Configure-Ack. In this case, the PE is
unable to learn the IP address of the local CE using IPCP; hence,
it MUST rely on other means as described in Sections 4.1.1 and
4.1.5. Note that in order to employ other learning mechanisms,
the IPCP negotiations MUST have reached the open state.
o If the PE does not know the IP address of the remote CE, it sends
a Configure-Request without the IP-Address option.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
o If the PE knows the IP address of the remote CE, it sends a
Configure-Request with the IP-Address option containing the IP
address of the remote CE.
The IPCP IP-Address option MAY be negotiated between the PE and the
local CE device. Configuration of other IPCP options MAY be
rejected. Other Network Control Protocols (NCPs), with the exception
of the Compression Control Protocol (CCP) and the Encryption Control
Protocol (ECP), MUST be rejected. The PE device MAY reject
configuration of the CCP and ECP.
4.1.5. Router Discovery Method
In order to learn the IP address of the CE device for a given
Attachment Circuit, the PE device MAY execute the Router Discovery
Protocol [RFC1256] whereby a Router Discovery Request (ICMP - Router
Solicitation) message is sent using a source IP address of zero. The
IP address of the CE device is extracted from the Router Discovery
Response (ICMP - Router Advertisement) message from the CE. It is
possible that the response contains more than one router address with
the same preference level, in which case, some heuristics (such as
first on the list) are necessary. The use of the Router Discovery
method by the PE is optional.
4.1.6. Manual Configuration
In some cases, it may not be possible to discover the IP address of
the local CE device using the mechanisms described in Sections 4.1.1
to 4.1.5. In such cases, manual configuration MAY be used. All
implementations of this document MUST support manual configuration of
the IPv4 address of the local CE. This is the only REQUIRED mode for
a PE to support.
The support for configuration of the IP address of the remote CE is
OPTIONAL.
4.2. How a CE Learns the IPv4 Address of a Remote CE
Once the local PE has received the IP address information of the
remote CE from the remote PE, it will either initiate an address
resolution request or respond to an outstanding request from the
attached CE device.
In the event that the IPv4 address of the remote CE is manually
configured, the address resolution can begin immediately as receipt
of remote IP address of the CE becomes unnecessary.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
4.2.1. CE Devices Using ARP
When the PE learns the IP address of the remote CE as described in
Section 5.1, it may or may not already know the IP address of the
local CE. If the IP address is not known, the PE MUST wait until it
is acquired through one of the methods described in Sections 4.1.1,
4.1.2, and 4.1.5. If the IP address of the local CE is known, the PE
MAY choose to generate an unsolicited ARP message to notify the local
CE about the binding of the IP address of the remote CE with the PE's
own MAC address.
When the local CE generates an ARP request, the PE MUST proxy the ARP
response [RFC925] using its own MAC address as the source hardware
address and the IP address of the remote CE as the source protocol
address. The PE MUST respond only to those ARP requests whose
destination protocol address matches the IP address of the remote CE.
4.2.2. CE Devices Using Inverse ARP
When the PE learns the IP address of the remote CE, it SHOULD
generate an Inverse ARP request. If the Attachment Circuit requires
activation (e.g., Frame Relay), the PE SHOULD activate it first
before the Inverse ARP request. It should be noted that the PE might
never receive the response to its own request, nor see any Inverse
ARP request from the CE, in cases where the CE is pre-configured with
the IP address of the remote CE or where the use of Inverse ARP has
not been enabled. In either case, the CE has used other means to
learn the IP address of its neighbor.
4.2.3. CE Devices Using PPP
When the PE learns the IP address of the remote CE, it SHOULD
initiate a Configure-Request and set the IP-Address option to the IP
address of the remote CE. This notifies the local CE of the IP
address of the remote CE.
4.3. Discovery of IP Addresses of IPv6 CE Devices
4.3.1. Distinguishing Factors between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 uses ARP and Inverse ARP to resolve IP address and link-layer
associations. Since these are dedicated address resolution
protocols, and not IP packets, they cannot be carried on an IP
pseudowire. They MUST be processed locally and the IPv4 address
information they carry signaled between the PEs using the pseudowire
control plane. IPv6 uses ICMPv6 extensions to resolve IP address and
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
link address associations. As these are IPv6 packets, they can be
carried on an IP pseudowire; therefore, no IPv6 address signaling is
required.
4.3.2. Requirements for PEs
A PE device that supports IPv6 MUST be capable of the following:
o Intercepting ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] and Inverse
Neighbor Discovery [RFC3122] packets received over the AC as well
as over the PW,
o Recording the IPv6 interface addresses and CE link-layer addresses
present in these packets,
o Possibly modifying these packets as dictated by the data link type
of the egress AC (described in the following sections), and
o Forwarding them towards the original destination.
The PE MUST also be capable of generating packets in order to
interwork between Neighbor Discovery (ND) and Inverse Neighbor
Discovery (IND). This is specified in Sections 4.3.3 to 4.3.6.
If an IP PW is used to interconnect CEs that use IPv6 Router
Discovery [RFC4861], a PE device MUST also be capable of intercepting
and processing those Router Discovery packets. This is required in
order to translate between different link-layer addresses. If a
Router Discovery message contains a link-layer address, then the PE
MAY also use this message to discover the link-layer address and IPv6
interface address. This is described in more detail in Sections
4.3.7 and 4.3.8.
The PE device MUST learn a list of CE IPv6 interface addresses for
its directly attached CE and another list of CE IPv6 interface
addresses for the far-end CE. The PE device MUST also learn the
link-layer address of the local CE and be able to use it when
forwarding traffic between the local and far-end CEs. The PE MAY
also wish to monitor the source link-layer address of data packets
received from the CE and discard packets not matching its learned CE
link-layer address.
4.3.3. Processing of Neighbor Solicitations
A Neighbor Solicitation received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 interface address (if
provided, this will not be the case for Duplicate Address Detection)
and any link-layer address provided. The packet MUST then be
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
forwarded over the pseudowire unmodified. A Neighbor Solicitation
received over the pseudowire SHOULD be inspected to determine and
learn an IPv6 interface address for the far-end CE. If a source
link-layer address option is present, the PE MUST remove it. The PE
MAY substitute an appropriate link-layer address option, specifying
the link-layer address of the PE interface attached to the local AC.
Note that if the local AC is Ethernet, failure to substitute a link-
layer address option may mean that the CE has no valid link-layer
address with which to transmit data packets.
When a PE with a local AC, which is of the type point-to-point Layer
2 circuit, e.g., FR, ATM or PPP, receives a Neighbor Solicitation
from a far-end PE over the pseudowire, after learning the IP address
of the far-end CE, the PE MAY use one of the following procedures:
1. Forward the Neighbor Solicitation to the local CE after replacing
the source link-layer address with the link-layer address of the
local AC.
2. Send an Inverse Neighbor Solicitation to the local CE, specifying
the far-end CE's IP address and the link-layer address of the PE
interface attached to local AC.
3. Reply to the far-end PE with a Neighbor Advertisement, using the
IP address of the local CE as the source address and an
appropriate link-layer address option that specifies the link-
layer address of the PE interface attached to local AC. As
described in Section 4.3.10, the IP address of the local CE is
learned through IPv6 Control Protocol (IPv6CP) in the case of PPP
and through Neighbor Solicitation in other cases.
4.3.4. Processing of Neighbor Advertisements
A Neighbor Advertisement received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 interface address and any
link-layer address provided. The packet MUST then be forwarded over
the IP pseudowire unmodified.
A Neighbor Advertisement received over the pseudowire SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 interface address for the
far-end CE. If a source link-layer address option is present, the PE
MUST remove it. The PE MAY substitute an appropriate link-layer
address option, specifying the link-layer address of the PE interface
attached to local AC. Note that if the local AC is Ethernet, failure
to substitute a link-layer address option may mean that the local AC
has no valid link-layer address with which to transmit data packets.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
When a PE with a local AC that is of the type point-to-point Layer 2
circuit, such as ATM, FR, or PPP, receives a Neighbor Advertisement
over the pseudowire, in addition to learning the remote CE's IPv6
address, it SHOULD perform the following steps:
o If the AC supports Inverse Neighbor Discovery (IND) and the PE had
already processed an Inverse Neighbor Solicitation (INS) from the
local CE, it SHOULD send an Inverse Neighbor Advertisement (INA)
on the local AC using source IP address information received in an
ND advertisement (ND-ADV) and its own local AC link-layer
information.
o If the PE has not received any Inverse Neighbor Solicitation (INS)
from the local CE and the AC supports Inverse Neighbor Discovery
(IND), it SHOULD send an INS on the local AC using source IP
address information received in the INA together with its own
local AC link-layer information.
4.3.5. Processing Inverse Neighbor Solicitations (INSs)
An INS received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be inspected to
determine and learn the IPv6 addresses and the link-layer addresses.
The packet MUST then be forwarded over the pseudowire unmodified.
An INS received over the pseudowire SHOULD be inspected to determine
and learn one or more IPv6 addresses for the far-end CE. If the
local AC supports IND (e.g., a switched Frame Relay AC), the packet
SHOULD be forwarded to the local CE after modifying the link-layer
address options to match the type of the local AC.
If the local AC does not support IND, processing of the packet
depends on whether the PE has learned at least one interface address
for its directly attached CE.
o If it has learned at least one IPv6 address for the CE, the PE
MUST discard the Inverse Neighbor Solicitation (INS) and generate
an Inverse Neighbor Advertisement (INA) back into the pseudowire.
The destination address of the INA is the source address from the
INS; the source address is one of the local CE's interface
addresses; and all the local CE's interface addresses that have
been learned so far SHOULD be included in the Target Address List.
The Source and Target link-layer addresses are copied from the
INS. In addition, the PE SHOULD generate ND advertisements on the
local AC using the IPv6 address of the remote CE and the link-
layer address of the local PE.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
o If it has not learned at least one IPv6 and link-layer address of
its directly connected CE, the INS MUST continue to be discarded
until the PE learns an IPv6 and link-layer address from the local
CE (through receiving, for example, a Neighbor Solicitation).
After this has occurred, the PE will be able to respond to INS
messages received over the pseudowire as described above.
4.3.6. Processing of Inverse Neighbor Advertisements (INAs)
An INA received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be inspected to
determine and learn one or more IPv6 addresses for the CE. It MUST
then be forwarded unmodified over the pseudowire.
An INA received over the pseudowire SHOULD be inspected to determine
and learn one or more IPv6 addresses for the far-end CE.
If the local AC supports IND (e.g., a Frame Relay AC), the packet MAY
be forwarded to the local CE after modifying the link-layer address
options to match the type of the local AC.
If the local AC does not support IND, the PE MUST discard the INA and
generate a Neighbor Advertisement (NA) towards its local CE. The
source IPv6 address of the NA is the source IPv6 address from the
INA; the destination IPv6 address is the destination IPv6 address
from the INA; and the link-layer address is that of the local AC on
the PE.
4.3.7. Processing of Router Solicitations
A Router Solicitation received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 address for the CE and, if
present, the link-layer address of the CE. It MUST then be forwarded
unmodified over the pseudowire.
A Router Solicitation received over the pseudowire SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 address for the far-end CE.
If a source link-layer address option is present, the PE MUST remove
it. The PE MAY substitute a source link-layer address option
specifying the link-layer address of its local AC. The packet is
then forwarded to the local CE.
4.3.8. Processing of Router Advertisements
A Router Advertisement received on an AC from a local CE SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 address for the CE and, if
present, the link-layer address of the CE. It MUST then be forwarded
unmodified over the pseudowire.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
A Router Advertisement received over the pseudowire SHOULD be
inspected to determine and learn an IPv6 address for the far-end CE.
If a source link-layer address option is present, the PE MUST remove
it. The PE MAY substitute a source link-layer address option
specifying the link-layer address of its local AC. If an MTU option
is present, the PE MAY reduce the specified MTU if the MTU of the
pseudowire is less than the value specified in the option. The
packet is then forwarded to the local CE.
4.3.9. Duplicate Address Detection
Duplicate Address Detection [RFC4862] allows IPv6 hosts and routers
to ensure that the addresses assigned to interfaces are unique on a
link. As with all Neighbor Discovery packets, those used in
Duplicate Address Detection will simply flow through the pseudowire,
being inspected at the PEs at each end. Processing is performed as
detailed in Sections 4.3.3 and 4.3.4. However, the source IPv6
address of Neighbor Solicitations used in Duplicate Address Detection
is the unspecified address, so the PEs cannot learn the CE's IPv6
interface address (nor would it make sense to do so, given that at
least one address is tentative at that time).
4.3.10. CE Address Discovery for CEs Attached Using PPP
The IPv6 Control Protocol (IPv6CP) [RFC5072] describes a procedure
for establishing and configuring IPv6 on a point-to-point connection,
including the negotiation of a link-local interface identifier. As
in the case of IPv4, when such an AC is configured for IP
interworking, PPP negotiation is not performed end-to-end between CE
devices. Instead, PPP negotiation takes place between the CE and its
local PE. The PE performs proxy PPP negotiation and informs the
attached CE of the link-local identifier of its local interface using
the Interface-Identifier option (0x01). This local interface
identifier is used by stateless address autoconfiguration [RFC4862].
When a PPP link completes IPv6CP negotiations and the PPP link is
open, a PE MAY discover the IPv6 unicast address of the CE using any
of the mechanisms described above.
5. CE IPv4 Address Signaling between PEs
5.1. When to Signal an IPv4 Address of a CE
A PE device advertises the IPv4 address of the attached CE only when
the encapsulation type of the pseudowire is IP Layer2 Transport (the
value 0x000B, as defined in [RFC4446]). The IP Layer2 transport PW
is also referred to as IP PW and is used interchangeably in this
document. It is quite possible that the IPv4 address of a CE device
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
is not available at the time the PW labels are signaled. For
example, in Frame Relay, the CE device sends an Inverse ARP request
only when the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) is active. If
the PE signals the DLCI to be active only when it has received the
IPv4 address along with the PW Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
from the remote PE, a deadlock situation arises. In order to avoid
such problems, the PE MUST be prepared to advertise the PW FEC before
the IPv4 address of the CE is known; hence,the PE uses an IPv4
address value zero. When the IPv4 address of the CE device does
become available, the PE re-advertises the PW FEC along with the IPv4
address of the CE.
Similarly, if the PE detects that an IP address of a CE is no longer
valid (by methods described above), the PE MUST re-advertise the PW
FEC with a null IP address to denote the withdrawal of the IP address
of the CE. The receiving PE then waits for notification of the
remote IP address. During this period, propagation of unicast IPv4
traffic is suspended, but multicast IPv4 traffic can continue to flow
between the AC and the pseudowire.
If two CE devices are locally attached to the PE on disparate AC
types (for example, one CE connected to an Ethernet port and the
other to a Frame Relay port), the IPv4 addresses are learned in the
same manner as described above. However, since the CE devices are
local, the distribution of IPv4 addresses for these CE devices is a
local step.
Note that the PEs discover the IPv6 addresses of the remote CE by
intercepting Neighbor Discovery and Inverse Neighbor Discovery
packets that have been passed in-band through the pseudowire. Hence,
there is no need to communicate the IPv6 addresses of the CEs through
LDP signaling.
If the pseudowire is carrying both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic, the
mechanisms used for IPv6 and IPv4 SHOULD NOT interact. In
particular, just because a PE has learned a link-layer address for
IPv6 traffic by intercepting a Neighbor Advertisement from its
directly connected CE, it SHOULD NOT assume that it can use that
link-layer address for IPv4 traffic until that fact is confirmed by
reception of, for example, an IPv4 ARP message from the CE.
5.2. LDP-Based Distribution of CE IPv4 Addresses
[RFC4447] uses Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) transport to
exchange PW FECs in the Label Mapping message in the Downstream
Unsolicited (DU) mode. The PW FEC comes in two flavors, with some
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
common fields between them: PWid and Generalized ID FEC elements.
The discussions below refer to these common fields for IP L2
Interworking encapsulation.
In addition to PW FEC, this document uses an IP Address List TLV (as
defined in [RFC5036]) that is to be included in the optional
parameter field of the Label Mapping message when advertising the PW
FEC for the IP Layer2 Transport. The use of optional parameters in
the Label Mapping message to extend the attributes of the PW FEC is
specified in [RFC4447].
As defined in [RFC4447], when processing a received PW FEC, the PE
matches the PW ID and PW type with the locally configured PW ID and
PW Type. If there is a match and if the PW Type is IP Layer2
Transport, the PE further checks for the presence of an Address List
TLV [RFC5036] in the optional parameter TLVs. The processing of the
Address List TLV is as follows.
o If a PE is configured for an AC to a CE enabled for IPv4 or dual-
stack IPv4/IPv6, the PE SHOULD advertise an Address List TLV with
address family type of IPv4 address. The PE SHOULD process the
IPv4 Address List TLV as described in this document. The PE MUST
advertise and process IPv6 capability using the procedures
described in Section 6.
o If a PE does not receive any IPv4 address in the Address List TLV,
it MAY assume IPv4 behavior. The address resolution for IPv4 MUST
then depend on local manual configuration. In the case of
mismatched configuration whereby one PE has manual configuration
while the other does not, the IP address to link-layer address
mapping remains unresolved, resulting in unsuccessful propagation
of IPv4 traffic to the local CE.
o If a PE is configured for an AC to a CE enabled for IPv6 only, the
PE MUST advertise IPv6 capability using the procedures described
in Section 6. In addition, by virtue of not setting the manual
configuration for IPv4 support, IPv6-only support is realized.
We use the Address List TLV [RFC5036] to signal the IPv4 address of
the local CE. This IP Address List TLV is included in the optional
parameter field of the Label Mapping message.
The Address List TLV is only used for IPv4 addresses.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
The fields of the IP Address List TLV are set as follows:
Length
Set to 6 to encompass 2 bytes of Address Family field and 4 bytes
of Addresses field (because a single IPv4 address is used).
Address Family
Set to 1 to indicate IPv4 as defined in [RFC5036].
Addresses
Contains a single IPv4 address that is the address of the CE
attached to the advertising PE.
The address in the Addresses field is set to all zeros to denote that
the advertising PE has not learned the IPv4 address of its local CE.
Any non-zero address value denotes the IPv4 address of the
advertising PE's attached CE device.
The IPv4 address of the CE is also supplied in the optional
parameters field of the LDP Notification message along with the PW
FEC. The LDP Notification message is used to signal any change in
the status of the CE's IPv4 address.
The encoding of the LDP Notification message is as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0| Notification (0x0001) | Message Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Message ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Status TLV |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IP Address List TLV (as defined above) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PWid FEC or Generalized ID FEC |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The Status TLV status code is set to 0x0000002C "IP address of CE",
to indicate that an IP address update follows. Since this
notification does not refer to any particular message, the Message ID
field is set to 0.
The PW FEC TLV SHOULD NOT include the interface parameters as they
are ignored in the context of this message.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
6. IPv6 Capability Advertisement
A Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-TLV is signaled by the two
PEs so that they can agree which network protocol(s) they SHOULD be
using. As discussed earlier, the use of the Address List TLV
signifies support for IPv4 stack, so the Stack Capability Interface
Parameter sub-TLV is used to indicate whether support for IPv6 stack
is required on a given IP PW.
The Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-TLV is part of the
interface parameters. The proposed format for the Stack Capability
Interface Parameter sub-TLV is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter ID | Length | Stack Capability |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Parameter ID = 0x16
Length = 4
The Stack Capability field is a bit field. Only one bit is defined
in this document. When bit zero (the least significant bit with
bitmask 0x0001) is set, it indicates IPv6 Stack Capability.
The presence of the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-TLV is
relevant only when the PW type is IP PW. A PE that supports IPv6 on
an IP PW MUST signal the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-TLV
in the initial Label Mapping message for the PW. The PE nodes
compare the value advertised by the remote PE with the local
configuration and only use a capability that is supported by both.
The behavior of a PE that does not understand an Interface Parameter
sub-TLV is specified in Section 5.5 of RFC 4447 [RFC4447].
In some deployment scenarios, it may be desirable to take a PW
operationally down if there is a mismatch of the Stack Capability
between the PEs. In other deployment scenarios, an operator may wish
the IP version supported by both PEs to fall back to IPv4 if one of
the PEs does not support IPv6. The following procedures MUST be
followed for each of these cases.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
6.1. PW Operational Down on Stack Capability Mismatch
If a PE that supports IPv6 and has not yet sent a Label Mapping
message receives an initial Label Mapping message from the far-end PE
that does not include the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-
TLV, or one is received but it is not set to the 'IPv6 Stack
Capability' value, then the PE supporting this procedure MUST NOT
send a Label Mapping message for this PW.
If a PE that supports IPv6 has already sent an initial Label Mapping
message for the PW and does not receive a Stack Capability Interface
Parameter sub-TLV in the Label Mapping message from the far-end PE,
or one is received but it is not set to 'IPv6 Stack Capability', the
PE supporting this procedure MUST withdraw its PW label with the LDP
status code meaning "IP Address type mismatch" (Status Code
0x0000004A). However, subsequently, if the configuration was to
change at the far-end PE and a Stack Capability Interface Parameter
sub-TLV in the Label Mapping message is received from the far-end PE,
the local PE MUST re-advertise the Label Mapping message for the PW.
6.2. Stack Capability Fallback
If a PE that supports IPv6 and has not yet sent a Label Mapping
message receives an initial Label Mapping message from the far-end PE
that does not include the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-
TLV, or one is received but it is not set to the 'IPv6 Stack
Capability' value, then it MAY send a Label Mapping message for this
PW but MUST NOT include the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-
TLV.
If a PE that supports IPv6 and has already sent a Label Mapping
message for the PW with the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-
TLV but does not receive a Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-
TLV from the far-end PE in the initial Label Mapping message (or one
is received but it is not set to the 'IPv6 Stack Capability' value),
the PE following this procedure MUST send a Label Withdraw for its PW
label with the LDP status code meaning "Wrong IP Address type"
(Status Code 0x000004B) followed by a Label Mapping message that does
not include the Stack Capability Interface Parameter sub-TLV. If a
Label Withdraw message with the "Wrong IP Address Type" status code
is received by a PE, it SHOULD treat this as a normal Label Withdraw
but MUST NOT respond with a Label Release. It MUST continue to wait
for the next control message for the PW as specified in Section 6.2
of RFC 4447 [RFC4447].
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
7. IANA Considerations
7.1. LDP Status Messages
This document uses new LDP status codes. IANA already maintains a
registry of name "Status Code Name Space" defined by [RFC5036]. The
following values have been assigned:
0x0000002C "IP Address of CE"
0x0000004A "IP Address Type Mismatch"
0x0000004B "Wrong IP Address Type"
7.2. Interface Parameters
This document proposes a new Interface Parameters sub-TLV, that has
been assigned from the 'Pseudowire Interface Parameters Sub-TLV type
Registry'. The following value has been assigned for the Parameter
ID:
0x16 "Stack Capability"
IANA has also set up a registry of "L2VPN PE stack Capabilities".
This is a 16-bit field. Stack Capability bitmask 0x0001 is specified
in Section 6 of this document. The remaining bitfield values
(0x0002,..,0x8000) are to be assigned by IANA using the "IETF Review"
policy defined in [RFC5226].
L2VPN PE Stack Capabilities:
Bit (Value) Description
=============== ========================
Bit 0 (0x0001) - IPv6 stack capability
Bit 1 (0x0002) - Unassigned
Bit 2 (0x0004) - Unassigned
.
.
.
Bit 14 (0x4000) - Unassigned
Bit 15 (0x8000) - Unassigned
8. Security Considerations
The security aspect of this solution is addressed for two planes: the
control plane and the data plane.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
8.1. Control Plane Security
Control plane security pertains to establishing the LDP connection
and to pseudowire signaling and CE IP address distribution over that
LDP connection. For greater security, the LDP connection between two
trusted PEs MUST be secured by each PE verifying the incoming
connection against the configured address of the peer and
authenticating the LDP messages, as described in Section 2.9 of
[RFC5036]. Pseudowire signaling between two secure LDP peers does
not pose a security issue but mis-wiring could occur due to
configuration error. However, the fact that the pseudowire will only
be established if the two PEs have matching configurations (e.g., PW
ID, PW type, and MTU) provides some protection against mis-wiring due
to configuration errors.
Learning the IP address of the appropriate CE can be a security
issue. It is expected that the Attachment Circuit to the local CE
will be physically secured. If this is a concern, the PE MUST be
configured with the IP and MAC address of the CE when connected with
Ethernet, IP and virtual circuit information (DLCI or VPI/VCI
(Virtual Path Identifier / Virtual Circuit Identifier) when connected
over Frame Relay or ATM, and IP address only when connected over PPP.
During ARP/Inverse ARP frame processing, the PE MUST verify the
received information against local configuration before forwarding
the information to the remote PE to protect against hijacking of the
connection.
For IPv6, the preferred means of security is Secure Neighbor
Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971]. SEND provides a mechanism for securing
Neighbor Discovery packets over media (such as wireless links) that
may be insecure and open to packet interception and substitution.
SEND is based upon cryptographic signatures of Neighbor Discovery
packets. These signatures allow the receiving node to detect packet
modification and confirm that a received packet originated from the
claimed source node. SEND is incompatible with the Neighbor
Discovery packet modifications described in this document. As such,
SEND cannot be used for Neighbor Discovery across an ARP Mediation
pseudowire. PEs taking part in IPv6 ARP Mediation MUST remove all
SEND packet options from Neighbor Discovery packets before forwarding
into the pseudowire. If the CE devices are configured to accept only
SEND Neighbor Discovery packets, Neighbor Discovery will fail. Thus,
the CE devices MUST be configured to accept non-SEND packets, even if
they treat them with lower priority than SEND packets. Because SEND
cannot be used in combination with IPv6 ARP Mediation, it is
suggested that IPv6 ARP Mediation only be used with secure Attachment
Circuits. An exception to this recommendation applies to an
implementation that supports the SEND Proxy [RFC6496], which allows a
device such as PE to act as an ND proxy as described in [RFC6496].
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
8.2. Data Plane Security
The data traffic between CE and PE is not encrypted, and it is
possible that in an insecure environment, a malicious user may tap
into the CE-to-PE connection and generate traffic using the spoofed
destination MAC address on the Ethernet Attachment Circuit. In order
to avoid such hijacking, the local PE may verify the source MAC
address of the received frame against the MAC address of the admitted
connection. The frame is forwarded to the PW only when authenticity
is verified. When spoofing is detected, the PE MUST sever the
connection with the local CE, tear down the PW, and start over.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Yetik Serbest, Prabhu Kavi, Bruce
Lasley, Mark Lewis, Carlos Pignataro, and others who participated in
the discussions related to this document.
10. Contributors
This document is the combined effort of many who have contributed,
carefully reviewed, and provided technical clarifications. This
includes the individuals listed in this section and those listed in
the Editors' Addresses.
Matthew Bocci
Alcatel-Lucent
EMail: Mathew.bocci@alcatel-lucent.com
Tiberiu Grigoriu
Alcatel-Lucent
EMail: Tiberiu.Grigoriu@alcatel-lucent.com
Neil Hart
Alcatel-Lucent
EMail: Neil.Hart@alcatel-lucent.com
Andrew Dolganow
Alcatel-Lucent
EMail: Andrew.Dolganow@alcatel-lucent.com
Shane Amante
Level 3
EMail: Shane@castlepoint.net
Toby Smith
Google
EMail: tob@google.com
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
Andrew G. Malis
Verizon
EMail: Andy.g.Malis@verizon.com
Steven Wright
Bell South Corp
EMail: steven.wright@bellsouth.com
Waldemar Augustyn
Consultant
EMail: waldemar@wdmsys.com
Arun Vishwanathan
Juniper Networks
EMail: arunvn@juniper.net
Ashwin Moranganti
IneoQuest Technologies
EMail: Ashwin.Moranganti@Ineoquest.com
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC826] Plummer, D., "Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or
Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet
Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", STD 37,
RFC 826, November 1982.
[RFC2390] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and A. Malis, "Inverse Address
Resolution Protocol", RFC 2390, September 1998.
[RFC4447] Martini, L., Ed., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and
G. Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447, April 2006.
[RFC4446] Martini, L., "IANA Allocations for Pseudowire Edge to Edge
Emulation (PWE3)", BCP 116, RFC 4446, April 2006.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC5036] Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
"LDP Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
[RFC3122] Conta, A., "Extensions to IPv6 Neighbor Discovery for
Inverse Discovery Specification", RFC 3122, June 2001.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
"SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
11.2. Informative References
[RFC4664] Andersson, L., Ed., and E. Rosen, Ed., "Framework for
Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 4664,
September 2006.
[RFC1332] McGregor, G., "The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol
(IPCP)", RFC 1332, May 1992.
[RFC5072] Varada, S., Ed., Haskins, D., and E. Allen, "IP Version 6
over PPP", RFC 5072, September 2007.
[RFC925] Postel, J., "Multi-LAN address resolution", RFC 925,
October 1984.
[RFC1256] Deering, S., Ed., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC
1256, September 1991.
[RFC5309] Shen, N., Ed., and A. Zinin, Ed., "Point-to-Point
Operation over LAN in Link State Routing Protocols", RFC
5309, October 2008.
[RFC6496] Krishnan, S., Laganier, J., Bonola, M., and A. Garcia-
Martinez, "Secure Proxy ND Support for SEcure Neighbor
Discovery (SEND)", RFC 6496, February 2012.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
Appendix A. Use of IGPs with IP L2 Interworking L2VPNs
In an IP L2 interworking L2VPN, when an IGP on a CE connected to a
broadcast link is cross-connected with an IGP on a CE connected to a
point-to-point link, there are routing protocol related issues that
MUST be addressed. The link state routing protocols are cognizant of
the underlying link characteristics and behave accordingly when
establishing neighbor adjacencies, representing the network topology,
and passing protocol packets. The point-to-point operations of the
routing protocols over a LAN are discussed in [RFC5309].
A.1. OSPF
The OSPF protocol treats a broadcast link type with a special
procedure that engages in Neighbor Discovery to elect a designated
router and a backup designated router (DR and BDR, respectively),
with which each other router on the link forms adjacencies. However,
these procedures are neither applicable nor understood by OSPF
running on a point-to-point link. By cross-connecting two neighbors
with disparate link types, an IP L2 interworking L2VPN may experience
connectivity issues.
Additionally, the link type specified in the router Link State
Advertisement (LSA) will not match for the two cross-connected
routers.
Finally, each OSPF router generates network LSAs when connected to a
broadcast link such as Ethernet, receipt of which by an OSPF router
that believes itself to be connected to a point-to-point link further
adds to the confusion.
Fortunately, the OSPF protocol provides a configuration option
(ospfIfType) whereby OSPF will treat the underlying physical
broadcast link as a point-to-point link.
It is strongly recommended that all OSPF protocols on CE devices
connected to Ethernet interfaces use this configuration option when
attached to a PE that is participating in an IP L2 Interworking VPN.
A.2. RIP
The RIP protocol broadcasts RIP advertisements every 30 seconds. If
the multicast/broadcast traffic snooping mechanism is used as
described in Section 4.1, the attached PE can learn the local CE
router's IP address from the IP header of its advertisements. No
special configuration is required for RIP in this type of Layer 2 IP
Interworking L2VPN.
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 6575 ARP Mediation for IP Interworking of L2VPNs June 2012
A.3. IS-IS
The IS-IS protocol does not encapsulate its PDUs in IP; hence, it
cannot be supported in IP L2 Interworking L2VPNs.
Editors' Addresses
Himanshu Shah (editor)
Ciena
EMail: hshah@ciena.com
Eric Rosen (editor)
Cisco Systems
EMail: erosen@cisco.com
Giles Heron (editor)
Cisco Systems
EMail: giheron@cisco.com
Vach Kompella (editor)
Alcatel-Lucent
EMail: vach.kompella@alcatel-lucent.com
Shah, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]