2011-01-27 09:29:56
By Neil Bowdler Science reporter, BBC News
woman and child The ageing process has been linked with many biological
mechanisms
Scientists are slowly unlocking the secrets of ageing, and some suggest
treatments may soon be at hand to slow or even reverse the ageing process.
But what can science really achieve, and what are the dangers of meddling with
our biological clocks?
Could such treatments induce cancers in humans, for example, and what about the
world's burgeoning population and the West's "pension time bomb"?
Chromosome tips
The ageing process is a complex one, and for long remained an impenetrable
mystery, but progress is now being made.
Late last year, a team at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston published
a Nature paper in which they detailed the reversing of the ageing process in
mice.
They targeted the chromosomes that reside within the nuclei of all cells, and
specifically telomeres, caps at the tips of chromosomes. The telomeres protect
the chromosomes from damage, but also shorten with age, until the cells are no
longer able to replicate.
Start Quote
By understanding the ageing process, we can help combat arthritis, diabetes and
heart disease
End Quote Professor Tim Spector King's College London
Professor Ronald DePinho and colleagues manipulated the enzyme that regulates
these tips - known as telomerase - and witnessed dramatic results. Boost the
enzyme, and the mice appeared to rewind the clock.
The BBC's Neil Bowdler reports on the science of ageing
"What we were expecting was a slowing or stabilisation of the ageing process,"
he told the BBC. "Instead we witnessed a dramatic reversal in the signs and
symptoms of ageing."
"These animals had their brains increase in size, they improved their
cognition, their coat-hair was restored to a healthy sheen and their fertility
was also restored."
Of course, this was a story of mice, not men, and applying such principles to
humans could be an altogether bigger challenge. Telomerase has been linked with
cancer, and there are likely to be many other mechanisms involved in ageing.
Many believe mitochondria may play a bigger role - genetic material contained
within the cell but outside the nucleus. Mitochondria are the "power houses" of
cells, but have also been seen to generate harmful chemicals linked with aging.
Then there is the role played by free radicals, highly reactive atoms or
molecules that attack our bodies. Stem cells, primitive cells which play a key
role in renewing the human body, are also likely to be involved.
Anti-ageing drug
But even though a comprehensive picture of how we age is still to be
constructed, there are scientists who are already testing anti-ageing
treatments on humans.
Chromosome with telomeres at tips Telomeres (in red) are found at the ends of
each chromosome, and shorten with age
Professor David Sinclair also works in Boston at an ageing laboratory at
Harvard Medical School. He and his colleagues have been working on synthetic
drugs called "Sirtuin activating compounds" or STACs.
Animal studies have indicated STACs can restore the health and life prospects
of obese mice and early-stage trials in humans are now underway.
The research follows earlier work on resveratrol, a naturally-occurring
ingredient of red wine. Both resveratrol and STACs appear to mimic the effects
of restricting calorie intake, which has been seen to slow ageing in animals.
"This isn't going to be an excuse to eat French fries all day and watch TV but
is a way to augment your healthy lifestyle and give you the ultimate benefits
of perfect health which your body is capable of," Professor Sinclair told the
BBC.
"It doesn't change food intake - the mice eat just normally or they get fatter,
but their body doesn't seem to know they're fat and their organs and even their
longevity is as good as a really healthy mouse."
But should we be experimenting with something so fundamental as ageing in the
first place? And what of the ethical issues?
Professor Tim Spector of King's College London, who also works on the ageing
process, says the focus is not on extending life, but on extending good health.
"If it means by living a long time you're crippled by arthritis and can't get
out of the house that's not much use to anyone."
"But by understanding the ageing process, we can help combat arthritis,
diabetes, heart disease, all these things which are age-related."
Professor James Goodwin, head of research at Age UK, believes access will
quickly emerge as a key issue, should effective anti-ageing medical treatments
be developed.
"Will everybody be able to get this technology which will give them a longer
healthier life, or will it be restricted to the rich and wealthy?" he asks.
"Or how will the poorer countries regard the richer countries of the world
where everyone is living well and living longer?"