Keywords: real-time, traffic flow, measurement
Network Working Group N. Brownlee
Request for Comments: 2721 The University of Auckland
Category: Informational October 1999
RTFM: Applicability Statement
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document provides an overview covering all aspects of Realtime
Traffic Flow Measurement, including its area of applicability and its
limitations.
Table of Contents
1 The RTFM Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Brief Technical Specification (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Applicability Statement (AS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7 Soundness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 Appendix A: WG Report on the Meter MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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RFC 2721 RTFM: Applicability Statement October 1999
1 The RTFM Documents
The RTFM Traffic Measurement System has been developed by the
Realtime Traffic Flow Measurement Working Group. It is described in
six other documents, as follows:
[ACT-BKG] Internet Accounting: Background (Informational)
Sets out the requirements for a usage reporting system for network
traffic. Sketches out the RTFM Architecture (meters, meter
readers and managers) allowing for multiple meters and meter
readers, with asynchronous reading from the meters. Proposes
methods of classifying traffic flows, the need for flows to be
bi-directional (with separate sets of counters for each direction)
and the need for each packet to be counted in a single flow (the '
count in one bucket' principle).
[RTFM-ARC] RTFM Architecture (Informational)
Defines the RTFM Architecture, giving descriptions of each
component. Explains how traffic flows are viewed as logical
entities described in terms of their address-attribute values, so
that each is defined by the attributes of its end-points. Gives a
detailed description of the RTFM traffic meter, with full details
of how flows are stored in the meter's flow table, and how packets
are matched in accordance with rules stored in a ruleset.
[RTFM-MIB] RTFM Meter MIB (Proposed Standard)
Describes the SNMP Management Information Base for an RTFM meter,
including its flow table, rule table (storing the meter's
rulesets) and the control tables used for managing a meter and
reading flow data from it.
[RTFM-SRL] SRL: A Language for Describing Traffic (Informational)
Flows and Specifying Actions for Flow Groups
An RTFM ruleset is an array of rules, used by the meter to decide
which flows are of interest, which end-point is the flow source,
and how much detail (i.e. what attribute values) must be saved for
each flow. SRL is a high-level language providing a clear,
logical way to write rulesets. It should also be useful for other
applications which select flows and perform actions upon them,
e.g. packet-marking gateways, RSVP policy agents, etc.
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RFC 2721 RTFM: Applicability Statement October 1999
[RTFM-NEW] RTFM New Attributes (Experimental)
There has been considerable interest from users in extending the
RTFM Architecture so as to allow a meter to report on an increased
number of flow-related measures. This RFC documents work on
specifying such measures (the 'new' attributes) and reports on
experience of implementing them.
[RTFM-NTM] RTFM: Experiences with NeTraMet (Informational)
NeTraMet is a free software implementation of the RTFM
Architecture which has been available since 1993. This RFC
records RTFM implementation experience gained with NeTraMet up to
late 1996. One particularly important result is the realisation
that groups of rules which test the same attribute using the same
mask can be implemented as a single hashed comparison, allowing
the meter to rapidly determine whether a packet belongs to one of
a large number of networks.
2 Brief Technical Specification (TS)
RTFM provides for the measurement of network traffic 'flows', i.e.
- a method of specifying traffic flows within a network
- a hierarchy of devices (meters, meter readers, managers) for
measuring the specified flows
- a mechanism for configuring meters and meter readers, and for
collecting the flow data from remote meters
RTFM provides high time resolution for flow first- and last-packet
times. Counters for long-duration flows may be read at intervals
determined by a manager. The RTFM Meter is designed so as to do as
much data reduction work as possible, which minimizes the amount of
data to be read and the amount of processing needed to produce useful
reports from it.
RTFM flow data can be used for a wide range of purposes, such as
usage accounting, long-term recording of network usage (classified by
IP address attributes) and real-time analysis of traffic flows at
remote metering points.
3 Applicability Statement (AS)
To use RTFM for collecting network traffic information one must first
consider where in the network traffic flows are to be measured. Once
that is decided, an RTFM Meter must be installed at each chosen
measurement point.
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At least one Meter Reader is needed to collect the measured data from
the meters, and a single Manager is needed to control the meters and
meter readers.
RTFM Meters may be single- or multi-user hosts running a meter
program (one such program is available as free software, a second is
under development at IBM Research). Alternatively, meters could be
run as firmware in switches or routers. A hybrid approach in which
an RTFM meter takes raw traffic data from a router provides another
useful implementation path.
RTFM Managers are programs running on a host, communicating with
meters and meter readers via the network. For this purpose meters
are SNMP agents implementing the RTFM Meter MIB, and managers are
SNMP clients using the Meter MIB to store and access the flow data.
4 Limitations
RTFM is designed to measure traffic flows for traffic passing a point
in a network. If packets for a flow pass the metering point in both
directions the meter will match them up, providing counters for each
direction. If packets only pass in one direction the meter can only
provide counts for that direction.
Users of RTFM should note that installing meters, meter readers and
managers merely provides one with the capability to collect flow
data. Further installation work will be needed to develop
configuration files (RTFM rulesets) for each meter, data processing
applications to analyse the flow data, and various scripts, cron
jobs, etc. so as to create a useful production-quality measurement
system which suits a user's particular needs.
One of the strengths of RTFM is its ability to collect flow data at
whatever level of detail (or 'granularity') is required. It can be
tempting to simply collect 'all possible data', but there are severe
resource constraints. If one tries to save the complete address-
attribute value for all attributes of every possible flow a very
large amount of data may be produced rapidly, but the meter has only
a finite amount of memory for its flow table. A better approach is
to save the minimum amount of data required to achieve the
measurement system goals.
For example, to collect usage data so as to bill subscribers
identified by their IP address one could just save the full IP
address, nothing more. The RTFM meter would produce flow data for
each subscriber IP address, with PDU and Octet counts for data sent
and received, which would be the minimum needed to produce bills. In
practice one would probably want to save at least part of the
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Destination IP address, which would allow the production of usage
logs showing subscriber activity over time.
The simplest way to determine how much detail can be collected is to
create an initial ruleset which collects the minimum amount, then to
modify it step by step, gradually increasing the amount of
information saved for each flow. An RTFM meter ought to provide some
measures of its own performance (e.g. number of active flows,
percentage idle processor time, packets metered, packets not
metered). Such measures will be implementation-specific, but should
allow a user to assess the impact of each change to the ruleset.
If the network data rate is too high, i.e. the meter reports that it
cannot meter all the packets even with the initial ruleset above, one
may be able to use other strategies. For example one could
- run the meter on a faster computer, e.g. move from a DOS PC to a
workstation, or perhaps use a meter implemented in firmware within
a switch or router.
- use sampling. The details of such sampling are not defined within
the RTFM Architecture, but the Meter MIB provides one simple method
by allowing one to specify that only every nth packet on an
interface will be metered. This would probably not be acceptable
for producing billing data, but might well be acceptable for
traffic engineering purposes.
5 Security Considerations
These are discussed in detail in the Architecture and Meter MIB
documents. In brief, an RTFM Meter is an SNMP agent which observes a
network and collects flow data from it. Since it doesn't control the
network directly, it has no direct effect on network security.
On the other hand, the flow data itself may well be valuable - to the
network operator (as billing data) or to an attacker (who may wish to
modify that data, or the meter's ruleset(s)). It is therefore
important to take proper precautions to ensure that access to the
meter and its data is sufficiently secure.
For example, a meter port attached to a network should be passive, so
that it cannot respond to login attempts of any kind. Control and
data connections to a meter should be via a secure management
network. Finally, suitable security should be established for the
meter, as it would be for any other SNMP agent.
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Meters may, like any other network component, be subjected to Denial
of Service and other attacks. These are outside the RTFM
Architecture - countermeasures for them are available, but are also
outside RTFM.
6 Policy Considerations
When collecting traffic data, one must have well-defined operations
policies covering points such as:
- Exactly what data is to be collected, at what level of detail?
- How long will the data be kept?
- What may the data be used for?
- Who will be allowed to see the raw data?
- May summaries of the data be shown to other people?
Policy issues such as these should normally be considered as part of
an organisation's Network Security Policy.
Other policy issues relating more directly to the traffic data are
essentially part of the measurement system design, such as:
- How much time resolution is required for the data?
(Less resolution implies longer collection intervals, but that may
require more memory in the meters to hold flow data between
collections).
- What level of hardware redundancy is needed?
(A single meter and meter reader is generally enough. For greater
reliability, meters and meter readers can be duplicated).
- Who is allowed to use the system?
(Approved users will need permissions to download rulesets to the
meters, and to collect their data, possibly via their own meter
readers).
7 Soundness
NeTraMet, the first implementation of the RTFM Architecture, has been
in use worldwide since 1994. Currently there are many organisations,
large and small, using it to collect traffic data for billing
purposes.
One example of these is Kawaihiko, the New Zealand Universities'
Network, which has seven RTFM meters located at sites throughout New
Zealand. One of the sites is NZIX, the New Zealand Internet eXchange
at the University of Waikato, where Kawaihiko has a meter (attached
to a 100baseT network) observing traffic flows across the exchange to
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each of Kawaihiko's three international Internet Service Providers.
5-minute Octet counts are collected from all the Kawaihiko meters by
a single meter reader at Auckland. Traffic data from the meters is
used to determine the cost per month for each of the Kawaihiko sites.
It is difficult to estimate how many organisations are using RTFM
traffic measurement. There are about 250 people on the NeTraMet
mailing list, which often carries questions like 'why doesn't this
ruleset do what I meant'? Once new users have the system running,
however, they tend to simply use it without further comment.
From time to time the list provides useful feedback. For example,
early in 1998 there were two very significant user contributions:
- Jacek Kowalski (Telstra, Melbourne) described an improved hash
algorithm for NeTraMet's flow table, which provided almost an order
of magnitude improvement in packet-handling performance.
- Kevin Hoadley (JANET, U.K.) reported having problems with very
large rulesets. These were resolved, and better methods of
downloading rules developed, allowing NeTraMet to work well for
rulesets with more than 32,000 rules.
Perhaps one reason why there is little discussion of NeTraMet's use
in collecting billing data is that users may consider that the way
collect their data is a commercially sensitive matter.
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8 Appendix A: WG Report on the Meter MIB
The Meter MIB (in its current form) was developed early in 1996. It
was produced as an SNMPv2 MIB, following a number of detailed (and
continuing) discussions with David Perkins beginning at the Dallas
IETF meeting in December 1995.
There are two current implementations:
- NeTraMet (Nevil Brownlee, The University of Auckland)
- IBM Meter (Sig Handelman & Stephen Stibler, IBM Research, N.Y, Bert
Wijnen provided further help with SNMP)
The NeTraMet meter is a stand-alone SNMP agent using an SNMPv2C
implementation derived from CMU SNMPv2.
The IBM meter runs as a sub-agent on an AIX system. All the meter
code has been written by Stephen Stibler - it was not derived from
the NeTraMet code. Stephen has found it useful to use nifty, one of
NeTraMet's manager/reader programs, to test the IBM meter.
As indicated above, there have only been two implementors to date,
and the Working Group consensus has been very strong.
The MIB has one unusual aspect: the method used to read large
amounts of data from its Flow Table. An earlier SNMPv1 version of
the MIB was in use from 1992 to 1997; it used opaque objects to read
column slices from the flow table for flows which had been active
since a specified time. This was very non-standard (or at least very
application-specific).
With the change to SNMPv2 we were able to use 64-bit counters for
PDUs and Octets, RowStatus variables for control tables and GETBULK
requests to read rows from the flow table. We also use the
TimeFilter convention from the RMON2 MIB to select flows to be read;
this gives the meter MIB a strong resemblance to RMON2.
The current MIB introduces a better way of reading large amounts of
data from the flow table. This is the 'DataPackage' convention,
which specifies the attribute values to be read from a flow table
row. The meter returns the values for each required attribute within
a BER-encoded sequence. This means there is only one object
identifier for the whole sequence, greatly reducing the number of
bytes required to retrieve the data. The combination of
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TimeFilter: to select the flows to be read
DataPackage: to select the attributes required for each flow
GetBulk: to read many flows with a single SNMP PDU
provides a very effective way to read flow data from a traffic meter.
9 References
[ACT-BKG] Mills, C., Hirsch, G. and G. Ruth, "Internet Accounting
Background", RFC 1272, November 1991.
[RTFM-ARC] Brownlee, N., Mills, C. and G. Ruth, "Traffic Flow
Measurement: Architecture", RFC 2722, October 1999.
[RTFM-MIB] Brownlee, N., "Traffic Flow Measurement: Meter MIB", RFC
2720, October 1999.
[RTFM-NEW] Handelman, S., Stibler, S., Brownlee, N. and G. Ruth,
"RTFM: New Attributes for Traffic Flow Measurement", RFC
2724, October 1999.
[RTFM-NTM] Brownlee, N., "Traffic Flow Measurement: Experiences with
NeTraMet", RFC 2123, March 1997.
[RTFM-SRL] Brownlee, N., "SRL: A Language for Describing Traffic
Flows and Specifying Actions for Flow Groups", RFC 2723,
October 1999.
10 Author's Address
Nevil Brownlee
Information Technology Systems & Services
The University of Auckland
Private Bag 92-019
Auckland, New Zealand
Phone: +64 9 373 7599 x8941
EMail: n.brownlee@auckland.ac.nz
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11 Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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