Obsoletes:
Keywords: SNMP-DPI, SNMP, DPT, IBM
Network Working Group B. Wijnen
Request for Comments: 1592 G. Carpenter
Obsoletes: 1228 T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corp.
Category: Experimental K. Curran
A. Sehgal
G. Waters
Bell Northern Research, Ltd.
March 1994
Simple Network Management Protocol
Distributed Protocol Interface
Version 2.0
Status of this Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. THEORY OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Connection Establishment and Termination . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Normal Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 DPI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. SNMP DPI PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Connection Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.1 SNMP PDU to GET the Agent's DPI port . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.2 SNMP PDU Containing the RESPONSE to the GET . . . . . 13
3.2 SNMP DPI Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1 DPI Packet Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 OPEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.3 CLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.4 ARE_YOU_THERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.5 REGISTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.6 UNREGISTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.7 GET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.8 GETNEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.9 GETBULK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.10 SET, COMMIT and UNDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.11 RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.12 TRAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Constants and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 1]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3.1 Protocol Version and Release Values . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.2 Packet Type Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.3 Variable Type Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.4 Value Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.5 Character set selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.6 Error Code Values for SNMP DPI RESPONSE packets . . . 37
3.3.7 UNREGISTER Reason Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.8 CLOSE Reason Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4. DPI 2.0 MIB DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5. SUBAGENT CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1 DPI API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2 Overview of Request Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.1 GET Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.2 SET Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.3 GETNEXT Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.4 GETBULK Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2.5 OPEN Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2.6 CLOSE Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.7 REGISTER Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.8 UNREGISTER Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.9 TRAP Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2.10 ARE_YOU_THERE request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2.11 How to query the DPI port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8. AUTHORS' ADDRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9. SAMPLE SOURCES FOR ANONYMOUS FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1. INTRODUCTION
This RFC describes version 2.0 of a protocol that International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM) has been implementing in most of
its SNMP agents to allow dynamic extension of supported MIBs. Bell
Northern Research (BNR) has also implemented a version of this
protocol in some of its SNMP agents for the same reason.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP [1]) Distributed
Protocol Interface (DPI) is an extension to SNMP agents that permits
end-users to dynamically add, delete or replace management variables
in the local Management Information Base without requiring
recompilation of the SNMP agent. This is achieved by writing a so-
called sub-agent that communicates with the agent via the SNMP-DPI.
For the author of a sub-agent, the SNMP-DPI eliminates the need to
know the details of ASN.1 [2] or SNMP PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
encoding/decoding [1, 3].
Versions 1.0 and 1.1 of this protocol have been in use within IBM
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 2]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
since 1989 and is included in the SNMP agents for VM, MVS and OS/2.
Version 1.2 of this protocol has been in use within BNR since 1992.
1.1 MOTIVATION
The Simple Network Management Protocol [1] defines a protocol that
permits operations on a collection of variables. This set of
variables is called the Management Information Base (MIB) and a core
set of variables has previously been defined [4, 5]; however, the
design of the MIB makes provision for extension of this core set.
Thus, an enterprise or individual can define variables of their own
which represent information of use to them. An example of a
potentially interesting variable which is not in the core MIB would
be CPU utilization (percent busy). Unfortunately, conventional SNMP
agent implementations provide no means for an end-user to make
available new variables.
Besides this, today there are many MIBs that people want to implement
on a system. Without a capability for sub-agents, this requires all
the MIBs to be implemented in one big monolithic agent, which is in
many cases undesirable.
The SNMP DPI addresses these issues by providing a light-weight
mechanism by which a process can register the existence of a MIB
variable or a MIB sub-tree with the SNMP agent. Requests for the
variable(s) that are received by the SNMP agent are passed to the
process acting as a sub-agent. The sub-agent then returns an
appropriate answer to the SNMP agent. The SNMP agent eventually
packages an SNMP response packet and sends the answer back to the
remote network management station that initiated the request.
Remote network management stations have no knowledge that the SNMP
agent calls on other processes to obtain an answer. As far as they
can tell, there is only one network management application (agent)
running on the host.
At the San Diego IETF (March 1992) a BOF was held on multiplexing
SNMP agent's requirements. Both the SMUX [6] and DPI [7] protocols
were discussed, as well as other unpublished approaches. There was
also discussion regarding a need for a standard for multiplexing SNMP
agents or sub-agent support. At the end of the BOF, however, there
was not enough support for defining a standard. This was due, at
least partially, to a few well known SNMP authors who stated that the
proxy and party support for SNMPv2 (SMP at the time) would solve the
problem.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 3]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
Nevertheless, questions continue to be raised about sub-agent support
(both in SNMP and SNMP2 mail lists) in spite of both SNMPv2 [8] being
on the standard's track and SMUX being changed to a historic RFC.
Furthermore, within IBM and BNR we continue to see a substantial and
expanding use of the DPI protocol. with positive results.
Therefore, we believe that there is a place for a sub-agent protocol
and we again offer this new version as an experimental protocol. We
encourage people to try it and send us feedback. Depending on that
feedback, we may decide to try to get onto the standards track at a
later time.
During discussions about sub-agent interfaces at the San Diego BOF it
also became clear that we should reduce the focus on the API for the
sub-agent programmers. This RFC, therefore, specifies only the
protocol to distribute SNMP requests from the main SNMP agent to the
sub-agents. Programmers can build one or more Programming APIs on
top of that protocol as needed, and sample API code is available from
the authors of this document.
1.2 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
The following changes have been made since the initial definition of
SNMP-DPI [7]. Some of these resulted from comparing the SMUX [6] and
DPI [7] protocols.
o Documentation changes to cleanup and be more specific in some
areas. Among other things, this includes:
- Defining that integers are in network byte order
- Defining the character set used for strings
- Defining how DisplayStrings are handled.
- Including DPI20 MIB definition.
o Removal of the Programming API from the document.
o Addition of new DPI packet types:
- SNMP_DPI_OPEN for a sub-agent to open a "connection" with
the DPI SNMP capable agent. The sub-agent must now
identify itself and optionally provide a "password" for the
connection.
- SNMP_DPI_CLOSE for the agent or sub-agent to close the
connection in a graceful way.
- SNMP_DPI_ARE_YOU_THERE for the sub-agent to verify that the
agent still knows about the sub-agent.
- SNMP_DPI_UNREGISTER for the agent or sub-agent to terminate
the registration of a MIB variable or MIB sub-tree.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 4]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
- SNMP_DPI_COMMIT which instructs the sub-agent to actually
commit a previous SNMP_DPI_SET request. This, together
with the UNDO, allows DPI sub-agents to be compliant with
SNMP in the sense that we can now handle the "as if
simultaneous" requirement.
- SNMP_DPI_UNDO which instructs the sub-agent to UNDO a SET
or COMMIT if such is needed.
o Changes to DPI packets:
- Multiple varBinds can now be exchanged in one DPI packet
(for GET, GETNEXT, SET, TRAP). The sub-agent can specify
the maximum it wants to handle per packet.
- The packet headers now contain a packet-ID (similar to SNMP
request ID in SNMP PDU). This allows to match RESPONSE
packets to REQUESTS, which is important for UDP based
DPI-connections.
- The SNMP_DPI_REGISTER packet has new fields for time_out
and for requested priority.
- The SNMP_DPI_TRAP packet allows to specify an enterprise
OID. In addition, the generic and specific trap types are
now 4 octets, so that we can pass the types correctly.
- In general, the packets have a more consistent layout.
o The agent now sends a RESPONSE to a REGISTER request
o Addition of SNMPv2 error codes and value types.
2. THEORY OF OPERATION
2.1 CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT AND TERMINATION
Communication between the SNMP Agent and its clients (sub-agents)
takes place via a communication mechanism. The communication type
can be either a logical stream connection (via TCP, for instance) or
an unreliable datagram connection (UDP, for instance). It should be
noted that other stream oriented transport communication mechanisms
can also be used. For example, the VM SNMP agent allows DPI
connections over IUCV (Inter-User Communications Vehicle) [9, 10].
Other than the connection establishment procedure, the protocol used
is identical in these environments.
In Unix the number of processes is limited by the number of file-
descriptors that can be opened. Since each TCP socket represents a
file-descriptor, restricting SNMP-DPI protocol to TCP only
connections would limit the number of sub-agents an agent could
support. As a result, the some SNMP-DPI agents support both TCP and
UDP socket type communication mechanisms for the SNMP-DPI protocol.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 5]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
Please note that in the following portion of this text the SNMP-DPI
agent is referred simply as the agent.
Once the transport connection has been set up, the sub-agent must
also initialize the logical connection with the agent. To do so it
issues an OPEN request to the agent in which the sub-agent uniquely
identifies itself and passes some other parameters to the agent, such
as, the maximum number of varBinds per interaction it is prepared to
handle, and the timeout the agent should use when waiting for a
response from the sub-agent.
When the sub-agent prepares to stop or cease operations, it first
issues a CLOSE to shut down the logical connection with the agent,
and then closes the transport connection.
2.2 REGISTRATION
A sub-agent supports a collection of MIB variables or object
identifiers (object IDs) that constitute its MIB (sub)tree. Each of
these object IDs consists of a group ID and an instance ID. The
group ID is the root of the sub-agent's MIB tree that it supports and
the point of registration to the agent's MIB tree. The instance ID
is the piece of the Object Identifier that follows the group ID
(registration point), so it is not an instance in the terms of the
SNMP definition of an instance.
Regardless of the transport mechanism used, after establishing a
connection to the agent, the sub-agent registers a branch (group ID)
to the Agent's MIB tree. With the registration request, the sub-
agent passes some parameters, such as, requested priority and a
timeout value for this specific sub-tree.
The agent sends back a response to indicate success or failure of the
registration request.
2.3 NORMAL OPERATION
Once the sub-agent has set up both the physical and logical
connection to the agent, and once it has successfully registered the
sub-tree(s) of the MIB(s) that it supports, it waits for requests
from the SNMP agent or generates traps as required.
2.4 DPI ARCHITECTURE
These are the requests that can be initiated by the SNMP agent:
GET, GETNEXT, GETBULK, SET, COMMIT, UNDO, UNREGISTER, and CLOSE.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 6]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
The first four of these correspond directly to SNMP requests that a
network management station can make (By default a GETBULK request
will be translated into multiple GETNEXT requests by the agent, but a
sub-agent may request that the GETBULK be passed to it). The COMMIT,
UNDO, UNREGISTER, ARE_YOU_THERE and CLOSE requests are specific
SNMP-DPI requests. The sub-agent normally responds to a request with
a RESPONSE packet. The CLOSE request is an exception for which the
sub-agent only closes the physical connection.
These are the requests that can be initiated by a sub-agent:
OPEN, REGISTER, TRAP, UNREGISTER, ARE_YOU_THERE and CLOSE.
The agent responds to OPEN, REGISTER, UNREGISTER and ARE_YOU_THERE
with a RESPONSE packet. The TRAP packet is just accepted and
forwarded by the agent without returning any information to the sub-
agent. The CLOSE packet is also just accepted by the agent upon
which it closes the physical connection.
See Figure 1 for an overview of the DPI packet flow.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 7]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
-------------------------------------------------------------------
*---------------------------------*
| |
| SNMP Network |
| Management Station |
| |
|---------------------------------|
| SNMP Protocol |
*---------------------------------*
A | Get A
| | GetNext | GetResponse
Trap | | GetBulk |
| | Set |
| V |
*------------------------------* *-------------------*
| SNMP Protocol | | DPI Interface |
|------------------------------| Response | *--------------|
| | |<----------->| | |
| | | | | |
| SNMP Agent | | | | |
| | | Get,GetNext | | |
| | | (GetBulk) | | Client |
| | | Set,Commit | | |
| A *-----------+-> | Undo | | |
| | | Get/Set | |------------>| | or |
| Trap| | info | | | | |
| | | | SNMP | | | |
|-----+-----+-------* | | trap | | SNMP |
| | V | | DPI |<------------| | Sub-Agent |
| | | | | | |
| Statically Linked | | | | | |
| Instrumentation | | | | | |
| (like MIB II) | | | | | |
| | | | close | | |
| A | | | unregister | | |
|-------+-----------| | |<----------->| | |
| V | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | AreYouThere | | |
| TCP/IP layers | | | open | | |
| Kernel | | | register | | |
| | | |<------------| | |
*------------------------------* *-------------------*
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1. SNMP DPI overview
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 8]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
Remarks for Figure 1:
o The SNMP agent communicates with the SNMP manager via the
standard SNMP protocol.
o The SNMP agent communicates with some statically linked-in
instrumentation (potentially for the MIB II), which in turn
talks to the TCP/IP layers and kernel (operating system) in an
implementation-dependent manner.
o An SNMP sub-agent, running as a separate process (potentially
on another machine), can set up a connection with the agent.
The sub-agent has an option to communicate with the SNMP agent
through UDP or TCP sockets, or even through other mechanisms.
o Once the connection is established, the sub-agent issues a DPI
OPEN and one or more REGISTER requests to register one or more
MIB sub-trees with the SNMP agent.
o The SNMP agent responds to DPI OPEN and REGISTER requests with
a RESPONSE packet, indicating success or failure.
o The SNMP agent will decode SNMP packets.
If such a packet contains a Get or GetNext request for an
object in a sub-tree registered by a sub-agent, it sends a
corresponding DPI packet to the sub-agent.
If the request is for a GetBulk, then the agent translates it
into multiple DPI GETNEXT packets and sends those to the
sub-agent. However, the sub-agent can request (in the REGISTER
packet) that a GETBULK be passed to the sub-agent.
If the request is for a Set, then the agent uses a 2-phase
commit scheme and sends the sub-agent a sequence of SET/COMMIT,
SET/UNDO or SET/COMMIT/UNDO DPI packets.
o The SNMP sub-agent sends responses back via a RESPONSE packet.
o The SNMP agent then encodes the reply into an SNMP packet and
sends it back to the requesting SNMP manager.
o If the sub-agent wants to report an important state change, it
sends a DPI TRAP packet to the SNMP agent which will encode it
into an SNMP trap packet and send it to the manager(s).
o If the sub-agent wants to stop operations, it sends a DPI
UNREGISTER and a DPI CLOSE packet to the agent. The agent
sends a response to an UNREGISTER request.
o There is no RESPONSE to a CLOSE, the agent just closes the DPI
connection. A CLOSE implies an UNREGISTER for all
registrations that exist for the DPI connection being CLOSED.
o An agent can send DPI UNREGISTER (if a higher priority
registration comes in or for other reasons) to the sub-agent,
the sub-agent then responds with a DPI RESPONSE packet.
o An agent can also (for whatever reason) send a DPI CLOSE to
indicate it is terminating the DPI connection.
o A sub-agent can send an ARE_YOU_THERE to verify that the
"connection" is still open. If so, the agent sends a RESPONSE
with no error, otherwise, it may send a RESPONSE with an error
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 9]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
indication, or not react at all.
3. SNMP DPI PROTOCOL
This section describes the actual protocol used between the SNMP
agent and sub-agents.
3.1 CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
In a TCP/IP environment, the SNMP agent listens on an arbitrary
TCP/UDP port for a connection request from a sub-agent. It is
important to realize that a well-known port is not used: every
invocation of the SNMP agent will potentially result in a different
TCP/UDP port being used.
A sub-agent needs to determine this port number to establish a
connection. The sub-agent learns the port number from the agent by
sending it one conventional SNMP get-request PDU. The port numbers
are maintained by the SNMP agent as the objects whose identifiers
are:
1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.0 dpiPort.0 (old DPI 1.x form)
1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.1.0 dpiPortForTCP.0
1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.2.0 dpiPortForUDP.0
These variables are registered under the IBM enterprise-specific
tree. See 4, "DPI 2.0 MIB definition" for more information. The
SNMP agent replies with a conventional SNMP response PDU that
contains the port number to be used. This response is examined by
the sub-agent and the port number is extracted. The sub-agent then
establishes the connection to the specified port.
On the surface, this procedure appears to mean that the sub-agent
must be able to create and parse SNMP packets, but this is not the
case. A DPI Application Programming Interface (API) normally
provides a library routine, query_DPI_port(), which can be used to
generate and parse the required SNMP packets. This very small
routine (under 100 lines of C), does not greatly increase the size of
any sub-agent.
NOTE: Since this RFC does not define an API, the actual code of and
interface to a query_DPI_port() type of function depends on the
implementation.
For completeness, byte-by-byte descriptions of the packets to be
generated by an SNMP DPI API routine query_DPI_port() are provided
below. This is probably of little interest to most readers and
reading the source of a query_DPI_port() function provides much of
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 10]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
the same information.
3.1.1 SNMP PDU TO GET THE AGENT'S DPI PORT
As noted, before a TCP/UDP connection to the SNMP agent can be made,
the sub-agent must learn which port that the agent is listening on.
To do so, it can issue an SNMP GET for the variable dpiPortForTCP.0
(1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.1.0) or variable dpiPortForUDP.0
(1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.2.0).
The SNMP PDU can be constructed as shown below. This PDU must be
sent to UDP port 161 on the host where the agent runs (probably the
same host where the sub-agent runs).
The (SNMPv1) packet shown below is for the TCP port.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 11]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1 (Page 1 of 2). SNMP GET PDU for dpiPortForTCP.0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| OFFSET | VALUE | FIELD |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 0 | 0x30 | ASN.1 header |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 1 | 37 + len | PDU_length, see formula below |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 2 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | SNMP version: |
| | | (integer,length=1,value=0) |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 5 | 0x04 | community name (string) |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 6 | len | length of community name |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 | community name | varies |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len | 0xa0 0x1c | SNMP GET request: |
| | | request_type=0xa0,length=0x1c |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 2 | 0x02 0x01 0x01 | SNMP request ID: |
| | | integer,length=1,ID=1 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 5 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | SNMP error status: |
| | | integer,length=1,error=0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 8 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | SNMP index: |
| | | integer,length=1,index=0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 11 | 0x30 0x11 | varBind list, length=0x11 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 13 | 0x30 0x0f | varBind, length=0x0f |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 15 | 0x06 0x0b | Object ID, length=0x0b |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 12]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1 (Page 2 of 2). SNMP GET PDU for dpiPortForTCP.0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| OFFSET | VALUE | FIELD |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 17 | 0x2b 0x06 0x01 | Object-ID: |
| | 0x04 0x01 0x02 | 1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.1 |
| | 0x02 0x01 0x01 | Object-instance: 0 |
| | 0x01 0x00 | |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 28 | 0x05 0x00 | null value, length=0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| NOTE: Formula to calculate "PDU_length": |
| |
| PDU_length = length of version field and string tag (4 bytes)|
| + length of community length field (1 byte) |
| + length of community name (depends...) |
| + length of SNMP GET request (32 bytes) |
| |
| = 37 + length of community name |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.1.2 SNMP PDU CONTAINING THE RESPONSE TO THE GET
Assuming that no errors occurred, the port is returned in the last
few octets of the received packet. In the simple case, where the
port number will be between 1024 and 16,385, the format of the packet
is shown below.
Note: In practice, the port number can be any positive number in the
range from 1 through 65,535. A port number of 0 means that the agent
does not have a dpiPort defined for the requested protocol. So the
actual port value maybe in the last 1, 2 or 3 octets. The sample
implementation code shows how to handle the response to cover all
those cases, including error conditions.
Note: The (SNMPv1) packet shown below is for the TCP port.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 2 (Page 1 of 3). SNMP RESPONSE PDU for dpiPortForTCP.0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| OFFSET | VALUE | FIELD |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 0 | 0x30 | ASN.1 header |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 1 | 39 + len | length, see formula below |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 13]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 2 (Page 2 of 3). SNMP RESPONSE PDU for dpiPortForTCP.0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| OFFSET | VALUE | FIELD |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 2 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | version |
| | | (integer,length=1,value=0) |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 5 | 0x04 | community name (string) |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 6 | len | length of community name |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 | community name | |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len | 0xa2 0x1e | SNMP RESPONSE: |
| | | request_type=0xa2,length=0x1e |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 2 | 0x02 0x01 0x01 | SNMP request ID: |
| | | integer,length=1,ID=1 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 5 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | SNMP error status: |
| | | integer,length=1,error=0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 8 | 0x02 0x01 0x00 | SNMP index: |
| | | integer,length=1,index=0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 11 | 0x30 0x13 | varBind list, length=0x13 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 13 | 0x30 0x11 | varBind, length=0x11 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 15 | 0x06 0x0b | Object ID, length=0x0b |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 17 | 0x2b 0x06 0x01 | Object-ID: |
| | 0x04 0x01 0x02 | 1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.1 |
| | 0x02 0x01 0x01 | Object-instance: 0 |
| | 0x01 0x00 | |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 28 | 0x02 0x02 | integer, length=2 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| 7 + len + 30 | MSB LSB | port number (MSB, LSB) |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 14]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 2 (Page 3 of 3). SNMP RESPONSE PDU for dpiPortForTCP.0 |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
| NOTE: Formula to calculate "PDU_length": |
| |
| PDU_length = length of version field and string tag (4 bytes)|
| + length of community length field (1 byte) |
| + length of community name (depends...) |
| + length of SNMP RESPONSE (34 bytes) |
| |
| = 39 + length of community name |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2 SNMP DPI PACKET FORMATS
Each request to, or response from, the agent or sub-agent is
constructed as a "packet" and is written to the stream.
Each packet is prefaced with the length of the data remaining in the
packet. The length is stored in network byte order, the most
significant byte (MSB) first, least significant byte (LSB) last. If
we consider a stream connection (like TCP), the receiving side will
read the packet by doing something similar to:
unsigned char len_bfr[2];
unsigned char *bfr;
int len;
read(fd,len_bfr,2);
len = len_bfr[0] * 256 + len_bfr[1];
bfr = malloc(len);
read(fd,bfr,len);
Note: The above example makes no provisions for error handling or a
read returning less than the requested amount of data,and it is not
intended to be used literally.
3.2.1 DPI PACKET HEADER
The first part of every packet identifies the application protocol
being used as well as some version information. The protocol major
version is intended to indicate, in broad terms, what version of the
protocol is used. The protocol minor version is intended to identify
major incompatible versions of the protocol. The protocol release is
intended to indicate incremental modifications to the protocol. The
constants that are valid for these fields are defined in Table 15.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 15]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
The next field, present in all packets, is the packet ID. It
contains packet identification that can help an agent or sub-agent
match responses with request. This is useful with UDP connections
over which packets can be lost. The packet ID is a monotonically
increasing unsigned 16-bit integer which wraps at its maximum value.
The next field, present in all packets, is the packet type. It
indicates what kind of packet we're dealing with (OPEN, REGISTER,
GET, GETNEXT, GETBULK, SET, COMMIT, UNDO, TRAP, RESPONSE, UNREGISTER,
or CLOSE). The permitted values for this field are defined in Table
16.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 3. SNMP DPI packet header. Present in all packets. |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
From this point onwards, the contents of the packet are defined by
the protocol being used. The remainder of this section describes:
o Layout of packets for the SNMP DPI protocol, version 2.0.
o Constants as defined with this version of the protocol.
3.2.2 OPEN
In order for a sub-agent to communicate with a DPI capable SNMP
agent, it must first send an SNMP DPI OPEN request to the agent to
setup the "connection" with that agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus OPEN
specific data. This data consists of:
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 16]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
o a timeout value (in seconds).
This is a requested timeout value to be used for all requests
for objects for which there is no timeout value specified for
the sub-tree under which the object is registered. If you
specify a zero timeout value, then the agent will use its own
default timeout value. If you want a larger value than the
default value, then you can specify it here. However, the agent
may have a maximum value that you can never exceed. If you do
ask for a larger timeout than that maximum, the agent will set
it at the maximum it accepts.
o the maximum number of varBinds per DPI packet that the
sub-agent is prepared to handle.
o Selected character set to be used for the representation of the
OBJECT ID strings and DisplayStrings.
The choices are the native character set (0) or the ASCII
character set (1). See 3.3.5, "Character set selection"
for more information in character set selection.
An agent may choose to support only the native character set.
o null terminated sub-agent ID, which is a unique ASN.1 OBJECT
identifier, so in dotted ASN.1 notation. This string is
represented in the selected character set.
o null terminated sub-agent description, which is a DisplayString
describing the sub-agent. This string is represented in the
selected character set. This may be the null-string if there
is no description.
o optionally a password that the agent uses to validate the
sub-agent. It depends on the agent implementation if a
password is required. If no password is passed, the length
must be specified as zero.
The sub-agent must expect a response indicating success or failure.
See Table 19 for the valid codes in a DPI RESPONSE to a DPI OPEN
request.
If the error_code in the RESPONSE is not SNMP_ERROR_DPI_noError, then
the agent closes the connection.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 17]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 4. Layout SNMP DPI OPEN packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_OPEN |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | requested overall timeout (seconds, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | max varBinds per DPI packet (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | Selected character set (0=Native, 1=ASCII) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | null terminated sub-agent ID (OID) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 13+L1 | null terminated sub-agent Description |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 13+L2 | password length (zero if no password, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L2 | password (if any) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = strlen(sub-agent ID) + 1 |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(sub-agent Description) + 1 |
| o OID and Description strings use selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.3 CLOSE
In order for a sub-agent to close the "connection" with the DPI
capable SNMP agent, it must send an SNMP DPI CLOSE request to the
agent. The agent will not send a response, but closes the physical
connection and implicitly unregisters any sub-trees related to the
connection.
An agent may also send to the sub-agent an SNMP DPI CLOSE packet that
contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus CLOSE specific data. This
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 18]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
data consists of:
o a reason code for closing. See Table 21 for a list
of valid reason codes.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 5. Layout SNMP DPI CLOSE packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_CLOSE |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | reason code (1 octet) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
3.2.4 ARE_YOU_THERE
An ARE_YOU_THERE packet allows a sub-agent to determine if it still
has a DPI connection with the agent. This packet is necessary
because a sub-agent passively awaits requests from an agent and
normally will not detect problems with an agent connection in a
timely manner. (In contrast, an agent becomes aware of any sub-agent
connection problem in a timely manner because it sets a timeout when
sending request).
A sub-agent can send a SNMP DPI ARE_YOU_THERE packet to an agent
which will then return a RESPONSE with a zero error code and a a zero
error index if the connection is healthy. Otherwise, the agent may
return a RESPONSE with an error indication. If the connection is
broken, the sub-agent will see no response at all.
An ARE_YOU_THERE packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header with no
additional data.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 19]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 6. Layout SNMP DPI ARE_YOU_THERE packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_ARE_YOU_THERE |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
3.2.5 REGISTER
In order to register a branch in the MIB tree, an SNMP sub-agent
sends an SNMP DPI REGISTER packet to the agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus REGISTER
specific data. This data consists of:
o a requested priority.
There are 2 special values, namely minus one (-1, requests best
available priority) and zero (0, requests next better priority
than the highest priority in use). Any other value requests a
specific priority or the next best priority if already in use).
The lower the number, the better the priority. An agent will
send requests to only the one sub-agent that has registered
with the best priority. The agent returns the actual priority
assigned in the RESPONSE packet in the error_index field.
o a requested timeout.
If a zero value is specified, then the agent uses the timeout
value specified in the DPI OPEN request.
If you want a shorter or longer timeout value for this specific
sub-tree, then you specify it here. The agent has a maximum
timeout it will allow in this field. The agent will use this
value (or its maximum) to await a response to requests for this
sub-tree.
o an indication as to whether the sub-agent wishes to handle MIB
view selection (SNMPv1 community string authentication)
in subsequent GET, GETNEXT or SET, COMMIT, UNDO requests. Not
all DPI capable agents need to support this feature, but they
must at least recognize this indication and give an appropriate
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 20]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
response if they do not support it.
o an indication as to whether the sub-agent wishes to handle the
GETBULK itself. If not, then the agent will translate a
GETBULK into multiple GETNEXT requests.
Not all DPI capable agents need to support this feature. They
may opt to always translate a GETBULK into multiple GETNEXT
requests. In this case the agent will send the appropriate
RESPONSE to indicate this.
o the group ID (sub-tree) to be registered (with trailing dot).
The group ID is represented in the selected character set as
specified in DPI OPEN packet.
The agent will respond with an SNMP DPI RESPONSE packet indicating
registration error or success. The packet ID of the response will be
the same as that for the REGISTER request to which this is a
response.
The group ID will be the same as that specified in the REGISTER
request. There will be no instance returned (e.g. NULL string for
instance ID). The value will be an SNMP_TYPE_NULL value with a zero
length.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 21]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 7. Layout SNMP DPI REGISTER packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_REGISTER |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | requested priority (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | timeout in seconds (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | view selection (0 = you (agent) do, 1 = I do) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | getbulk selection (0=use GetNext, 1=use GetBulk) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o group ID string uses selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.6 UNREGISTER
In order to unregister a branch in the MIB tree, an SNMP sub-agent
sends an SNMP DPI UNREGISTER packet to the agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus UNREGISTER
specific data: a null terminated string (represented in the selected
character set) representing the group ID in ASN.1 dotted notation and
an indication as to the reason for the unregister (see table 14).
The agent will respond with an SNMP DPI RESPONSE packet indicating
error or success. The packet ID of the response will be the same as
that for the UNREGISTER request to which this is a response.
The group ID will be the same as that specified in the UNREGISTER
request. There will be no instance returned (e.g. NULL string for
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 22]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
instance ID). The value will be an SNMP_TYPE_NULL value with a zero
length.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 8. Layout SNMP DPI UNREGISTER packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_UNREGISTER |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | reason code |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o group ID string uses selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.7 GET
When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP GET request for
a variable that resides in a sub-tree registered by a sub-agent, it
passes an SNMP DPI GET packet to the sub-agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus GET specific
data:
o the community name used in the SNMP PDU. The length is zero
unless view handling was selected by the sub-agent. The length
is also zero if the SNMP PDU was not in SNMPv1 format.
o per varBind two null terminated strings (in the selected
character set) representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1
dotted notation.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 23]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 9. Layout SNMP DPI GET packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_GET |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | community name length (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | community name (if any) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L1 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L2 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L3 | optionally more varBinds (group/instance ID pairs) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = length of community name |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L3 = L2 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o group and instance ID strings use selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.8 GETNEXT
When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP GETNEXT request
for a variable for which a sub-agent may be authoritative, it passes
an SNMP DPI GETNEXT packet to the sub-agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus GETNEXT
specific data:
o the community name used in the SNMP PDU. The length is zero
unless view handling was selected by the sub-agent. The length
is also zero if the SNMP PDU was not in SNMPv1 format.
o per varBind two null terminated strings (in the selected
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 24]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
character set) representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1
dotted notation.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 10. Layout SNMP DPI GETNEXT packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_GETNEXT |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | community name length (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | community name |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L1 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L2 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L3 | optionally more varBinds (group/instance ID pairs) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = length of community name |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L3 = L2 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o group and instance ID strings use selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.9 GETBULK
When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP GETBULK request
that includes variables for which a sub-agent may be authoritative,
it checks if the sub-agent wants to handle the GETBULK itself (as
specified at registration time). If so, it sends an SNMP DPI GETBULK
packet to the sub-agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus GETBULK
specific data:
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 25]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
o non-repeaters
o max repetitions
o per varBind two null terminated strings (in the selected
character set) representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1
dotted notation.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 11. Layout SNMP DPI GETBULK packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_GETBULK |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | non-repeaters (4 octets, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | max-repetitions (4 octets, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 16+L1 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 16+L2 | optionally more varBinds (group/instance ID pairs) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o group and instance ID strings use selected character set |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
3.2.10 SET, COMMIT AND UNDO
When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP SET request for
a variable that is in a sub-tree registered by a sub-agent, it passes
one of 3 sequences of SNMP DPI packets to the sub-agent:
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 26]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
o SET, COMMIT
This is the normal sequence. The SET request is the first
phase. The sub-agent must verify that the SET request is valid
and that the resources needed are available. The COMMIT
request comes next. The sub-agent must now effectuate the SET
request.
o SET, UNDO
If an SNMP packet has a SET request for multiple varBinds that
reside in different sub-trees, then the agent first sends a SET
to all sub-agents. If any sub-agent returns an error on the
SET, then the agent sends UNDO to those sub-agents that
returned no error on the SET, meaning the SET is being
canceled.
o SET, COMMIT, UNDO
In the very rare circumstance where all sub-agents have
responded error-free to a SET and where one of them fails to
perform the COMMIT, then the agent sends an UNDO to all
involved sub-agents (also those who completed COMMIT).
Sub-agents should try, to the best of their ability, to never
let a commit fail and to undo an already committed set if asked
to do so.
Such packets contain the standard SNMP DPI header plus SET specific
data:
o the community name used in the SNMP PDU. The length is zero
unless view handling was selected by the sub-agent. The length
is also zero if the SNMP PDU was not in SNMPv1 format.
o per varBind:
- two null terminated strings (in the selected character set)
representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1 dotted
notation.
- the type, value length and value to be set.
The permitted types for the type field are defined in Table 17.
See 3.3.4, "Value Representation" for information on how the
value data is represented in the packet value field.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 27]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 12. Layout SNMP DPI SET, COMMIT, UNDO packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_SET/COMMIT/UNDO |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | community name length (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | community name |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L1 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L2 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L3 | SNMP Variable Type Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L3+1 | Length of value (2 octets, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L3+3 | Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 10+L4 | optionally more varBinds (sequences of group ID, |
| | instance ID, Type, Length and Value) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = length of community name |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L3 = L2 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o L4 = L3 + 3 + length of value |
| o group and instance ID strings use selected character set |
| o OID and DisplayString values use selected character set |
| o Integer values are in network byte order |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 28]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.2.11 RESPONSE
An SNMP sub-agent must respond to a GET, GETNEXT, GETBULK, SET,
COMMIT, UNDO or UNREGISTER request that it has received from the
agent (unless it fails or has a bug ;-)). To do so, it sends an SNMP
DPI RESPONSE packet to the agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus RESPONSE
specific data:
o an error_code,
o an error_index,
o plus for a successful GET, GETNEXT, or GETBULK, the
name/type/length/value tuple(s) representing the returned
object(s). For each varBind this is described as:
- two null terminated strings (in the selected character set)
representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1 dotted
notation.
- the type, value length and value of the object that is
returned.
The permitted types for the type field are defined in Table 17.
See 3.3.4, "Value Representation" for information on how the
value data is represented in the packet value field.
For an unsuccessful GET, GETNEXT or GETBULK, the sub-agent does not
need to return any name/type/length/value tuple(s), because by
definition, the varBind information is the same as in the request to
which this is a response, and the agent still has that information.
The group ID and the packet ID must always be the same as the
corresponding fields in request PDU which has prompted the RESPONSE.
If the response is to a SET, COMMIT or UNDO request, there is no need
to return any varBind information, because by definition, the varBind
information is the same as in the request to which this is a
response, and the agent still has that information.
If the response is to a REGISTER or UNREGISTER, no variable
(instance) is being returned, so the instance ID is the NULL string
(one 0x00 byte). In the response to a REGISTER request indicating
success, the error index contains the priority assigned by the agent.
If the response is to an OPEN, ARE_YOU_THERE or CLOSE, no varBind
data will be passed, so no group ID, instance ID or value data. The
packet will only include the header, the error code and the error
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 29]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
index.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 13. Layout SNMP DPI RESPONSE packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type = SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | error code (1 octet) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | error index (4 octets, MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L1 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L2 | SNMP Variable Type Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L2+1 | Length of value (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L2+3 | Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 15+L3 | optionally more varBinds (sequences of group ID, |
| | instance ID, Type, Length and Value) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o L3 = L2 + 3 + length of value |
| o group and instance ID strings use selected character set |
| o OID and DisplayString values use selected character set |
| o Integer values are in network byte order |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 30]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.2.12 TRAP
An SNMP sub-agent can request the agent to generate an SNMPv1 or
SNMPv2 TRAP (depending on the trap destinations defined at the agent)
by sending an SNMP DPI TRAP packet to the agent.
Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus TRAP
specific data:
o the generic and specific trap codes
o optionally a null terminated string (in the selected character
set) representing the enterprise ID in ASN.1 dotted notation.
This enterprise ID will be sent with the TRAP. If the null
string is passed, then the agent uses the sub-agent Identifier
(OID as passed with the DPI OPEN packet) as the Enterprise ID.
o optionally a set of one or more name/type/length/value tuples.
representing varBinds to be sent with the trap. Each varBind
consists of:
- two null terminated strings (in the selected character set)
representing the group and instance ID in ASN.1 dotted
notation.
- the type, value length and value of the object that is
returned.
The permitted types for the type field are defined in Table 17.
See 3.3.4, "Value Representation" for information on how the
value data is represented in the packet value field.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 31]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 14. Layout SNMP DPI TRAP packet |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| OFFSET | FIELD |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | packet length to follow (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | protocol major version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | protocol minor version |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | protocol release |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | packet id (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | packet type - SNMP_DPI_TRAP |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | SNMP generic trap code |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | SNMP specific trap code |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | null terminated enterprise ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L1 | null terminated group ID (with trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L2 | null terminated instance ID (no trailing dot) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L3 | SNMP Variable Type Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L3+1 | Length of value (MSB to LSB) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L3+3 | Value |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 14+L4 | optionally more varBinds (sequences of group ID, |
| | instance ID, Type, Length and Value) |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NOTE: |
| |
| o L1 = strlen(enterprise ID) + 1 |
| o L2 = L1 + strlen(group ID) + 1 |
| o L3 = L1 + L2 + strlen(instance ID) + 1 |
| o L4 = L1 + L2 + L3 + 3 + length of Value |
| o enterprise, group and instance ID strings use selected |
| character set |
| o OID and DisplayString values use selected character set |
| o Integer values are in network byte order |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 32]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3 CONSTANTS AND VALUES
This section describes the constants that have been defined for this
version of the SNMP DPI Protocol.
3.3.1 PROTOCOL VERSION AND RELEASE VALUES
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 15. Protocol version and release values |
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| FIELD | VALUE |
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| protocol major version | 2 (SNMP DPI protocol) |
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| protocol minor version | 2 (version 2) |
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| protocol release | 0 (release 0) |
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
Previous versions of this protocol exist and should preferably be
supported by an agent:
o version 1, release 0, described in [7]
Previous internal versions of this protocol exist and may or may not
be supported by an agent:
o version 1, release 1, experimental within IBM.
o version 1, release 2, experimental within BNR.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 33]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3.2 PACKET TYPE VALUES
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 16. Valid values for the packet type field |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | PACKET TYPE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SNMP_DPI_GET |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | SNMP_DPI_GETNEXT |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | SNMP_DPI_SET |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | SNMP_DPI_TRAP |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | SNMP_DPI_REGISTER |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | SNMP_DPI_UNREGISTER |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | SNMP_DPI_OPEN |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | SNMP_DPI_CLOSE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | SNMP_DPI_COMMIT |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | SNMP_DPI_UNDO |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | SNMP_DPI_GETBULK |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | SNMP_DPI_TRAPV2 (not yet used) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | SNMP_DPI_INFORM (not yet used) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | SNMP_DPI_ARE_YOU_THERE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 34]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3.3 VARIABLE TYPE VALUES
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 17. Valid values for the Value Type field |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | VALUE TYPE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 129 | SNMP_TYPE_Integer32 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | SNMP_TYPE_OCTET_STRING |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | SNMP_TYPE_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | SNMP_TYPE_NULL (empty, no value) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SNMP_TYPE_IpAddress |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 134 | SNMP_TYPE_Counter32 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 135 | SNMP_TYPE_Gauge32 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 136 | SNMP_TYPE_TimeTicks (1/100ths seconds) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | SNMP_TYPE_DisplayString |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | SNMP_TYPE_BIT_STRING |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | SNMP_TYPE_NsapAddress |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 140 | SNMP_TYPE_UInteger32 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | SNMP_TYPE_Counter64 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | SNMP_TYPE_Opaque |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | SNMP_TYPE_noSuchObject |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | SNMP_TYPE_noSuchInstance |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 17 | SNMP_TYPE_endOfMibView |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Notes:
1. A 32-bit integer value has its base base type ORed with 128.
2. DisplayString is a textual convention. An SNMP PDU shows a
type of OCTET_STRING for the value. An agent can handle such
an object as DisplayString if the object is included in some
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 35]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
form of a compiled MIB for the agent. If not, the agent passes
the value as an OCTET_STRING.
3.3.4 VALUE REPRESENTATION
Values in the DPI packets are represented as follows:
o 32-bit integers are 4-byte elements in network byte order, MSB
(most significant byte) first, LSB (least significant byte)
last. Example: '00000001'h represents 1.
o 64-bit integers are 8-byte elements in network byte order, MSB
first, LSB last.
Example: '0000000100000001'h represents 4,294,967,297.
o Object Identifiers are NULL terminated strings in the selected
character set, representing the OID in ASN.1 dotted notation.
The length includes the terminating NULL.
Example ASCII: '312e332e362e312e322e312e312e312e3000'h
represents "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0" which is sysDescr.0.
Example EBCDIC: 'f14bf34bf64bf14bf24bf14bf14bf14bf000'h
represents "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0" which is sysDescr.0.
o DisplayStrings are in the selected character set. The length
specifies the length of the string.
Example ASCII: '6162630d0a'h represents "abc\r\n", no NULL.
Example EBCDIC: '8182830d25'h represents "abc\r\n", no NULL.
o IpAddress, NsapAddress and Opaque are implicit OCTET_STRING, so
they are octets (e.g. IpAddress in network byte order).
o NULL has a zero length for the value, no value data.
o noSuchObject, noSuchInstance and endOfMibView are implicit NULL
and represented as such.
o BIT_STRING is an OCTET_STRING of the form uubbbb...bb, where
the first octet (uu) is 0x00-0x07 and indicates the number of
unused bits in the last octet (bb). The bb octets represent the
bit string itself, where bit zero (0) comes first and so on.
3.3.5 CHARACTER SET SELECTION
In the DPI OPEN packet, the sub-agent can specify the character set
to be used for the representation of:
o group and instance ID in the DPI REGISTER, UNREGISTER, GET,
GETNEXT, GETBULK, SET, UNDO, COMMIT, RESPONSE and TRAP packets.
o sub-agent ID and sub-agent Description in DPI OPEN packet.
o Object Identifiers in the value field for a value of type
SNMP_TYPE_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER.
o DisplayString in the value field for a value of type
SNMP_TYPE_DPI_DisplayString.
The choice is the native character set or the ASCII character set.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 36]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
The native set is the set native to the platform where the agent
runs. If the native set is ASCII, then character set selection is a
moot point. On non-ASCII based platforms, the agent must convert
between native and ASCII if the native character set is chosen.
3.3.6 ERROR CODE VALUES FOR SNMP DPI RESPONSE PACKETS
When the RESPONSE packet is a response to a GET, GETNEXT, GETBULK,
SET, COMMIT, or UNDO, then the error code can have one of the
following values:
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 37]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 18. Valid SNMP_ERROR values for RESPONSE error code |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | ERROR CODE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | SNMP_ERROR_noError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SNMP_ERROR_tooBig |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | SNMP_ERROR_noSuchName (SNMPv1, do not use) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | SNMP_ERROR_badValue (SNMPv1, do not use) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | SNMP_ERROR_readOnly (SNMPv1 do not use) |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SNMP_ERROR_genErr |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | SNMP_ERROR_noAccess |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | SNMP_ERROR_wrongType |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | SNMP_ERROR_wrongLength |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | SNMP_ERROR_wrongEncoding |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | SNMP_ERROR_wrongValue |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | SNMP_ERROR_noCreation |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 12 | SNMP_ERROR_inconsistentValue |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 | SNMP_ERROR_resourceUnavailable |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 | SNMP_ERROR_commitFailed |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 | SNMP_ERROR_undoFailed |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 16 | SNMP_ERROR_authorizationError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 17 | SNMP_ERROR_notWritable |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 18 | SNMP_ERROR_inconsistentName |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 38]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
When the RESPONSE packet is a response to an OPEN, REGISTER or
UNREGISTER, then the error code can have one of the following values:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 19. Valid SNMP_ERROR_DPI values for RESPONSE error code |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | ERROR CODE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_noError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 101 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_otherError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 102 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_notFound |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 103 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_alreadyRegistered |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 104 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_higherPriorityRegistered |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 105 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_mustOpenFirst |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 106 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_notAuthorized |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 107 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_viewSelectionNotSupported |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 108 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_getBulkSelectionNotSupported |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 109 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_duplicateSubAgentIdentifier |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 110 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_invalidDisplayString |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 111 | SNMP_ERROR_DPI_characterSetSelectionNotSupported |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 39]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3.7 UNREGISTER REASON CODES
The following are valid reason codes in an UNREGISTER packet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 20. Valid UNREGISTER reason codes |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | REASON CODE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_otherReason |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_goingDown |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_justUnregister |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_newRegistration |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_higherPriorityRegistered |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_byManager |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | SNMP_UNREGISTER_timeout |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 40]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
3.3.8 CLOSE REASON CODES
The following are valid reason codes in a CLOSE packet.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 21. Valid CLOSE reason codes |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| VALUE | REASON CODE |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SNMP_CLOSE_otherReason |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | SNMP_CLOSE_goingDown |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | SNMP_CLOSE_unsupportedVersion |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | SNMP_CLOSE_protocolError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | SNMP_CLOSE_authenticationFailure |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | SNMP_CLOSE_byManager |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | SNMP_CLOSE_timeout |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | SNMP_CLOSE_openError |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
4. DPI 2.0 MIB DEFINITION
DPI20-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
-- Objects in this MIB are implemented in the local SNMP agent.
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, snmpModules, enterprises
FROM SNMPv2-SMI
ibm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { enterprises 2 }
ibmDPI OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ibm 2 }
dpi20MIB OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ibmDPI 1 }
-- dpi20MIB MODULE-IDENTITY
-- LAST-UPDATED "9401210000Z"
-- ORGANIZATION "IBM Research - T.J. Watson Research Center"
-- CONTACT-INFO " Bert Wijnen
-- Postal: IBM International Operations
-- Watsonweg 2
-- 1423 ND Uithoorn
-- The Netherlands
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 41]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
-- Tel: +31 2975 53316
-- Fax: +31 2975 62468
-- E-mail: wijnen@vnet.ibm.com"
-- DESCRIPTION "MIB module describing DPI objects."
-- ::= { snmpModules x }
dpiPort OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { dpi20MIB 1 }
dpiPortForTCP OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER (0..65535)
ACCESS read-only
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION "The TCP port number on which the agent
listens for DPI connections. A zero value
means the agent has no DPI TCP port."
::= { dpiPort 1 }
dpiPortForUDP OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER (0..65535)
ACCESS read-only
STATUS mandatory
DESCRIPTION "The UDP port number on which the agent
listens for DPI packets. A zero value
means the agent has no DPI UDP port."
::= { dpiPort 2 }
END
5. SUBAGENT CONSIDERATIONS
When implementing a sub-agent, it is strongly recommended to use the
DPI version 2 approach (SNMPv2 based). This means:
o Use SNMPv2 error codes only (even though we have definitions
for the old SNMPv1 error codes).
o Do implement SET, COMMIT, UNDO processing properly.
o For GET requests, use the SNMPv2 approach and pass back
noSuchInstance or noSuchObject value if such is the case.
Continue to process all remaining varBinds in this case.
o For GETNEXT, use the SNMPv2 approach and pass back endOfMibView
value if such is the case. Continue to process all remaining
varBinds in this case.
o When you are processing a request from the agent (GET, GETNEXT,
GETBULK, SET, COMMIT, UNDO) you are supposed to respond within
the timeout period (which you can specify in the OPEN and
REGISTER packets). If you fail to respond within that timeout
period, the agent will most probably close your DPI connection
and then discard your RESPONSE packet if it comes in later. If
you can detect that the response is not going to make it in
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 42]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
time, then you might decide to abort the request and return an
SNMP_ERROR_genErr in the RESPONSE.
o If you have a UDP "connected" sub-agent, or one that uses
another unreliable protocol, you may want to issue an SNMP DPI
ARE_YOU_THERE request once in a while to ensure that the agent
is still alive and still knows about you.
o When you are running on an EBCDIC based machine, and you use
the (default) native character set, then all OID strings (as
used for things like group ID, instance ID, Enterprise ID,
sub-agent ID) and also all variable values of type
OBJECT_IDENTIFIER or DisplayString will be passed to you in
EBCDIC format. When you return a response, you should then
also use EBCDIC FORMAT.
o When you are running on an EBCDIC based machine, and you use
the ASCII character set (specified in DPI OPEN), then all OID
strings (as used for things like group ID, instance ID,
Enterprise ID, sub-agent ID) and also all variable values of
type OBJECT_IDENTIFIER or DisplayString will be passed to you
in ASCII format. When you return a response, you should then
also use ASCII FORMAT.
o When you are running on an ASCII machine, then the character
set selection for you basically is moot. Except maybe when you
connect to an EBCDIC based agent, in which case you may want to
specify in the DPI OPEN packet that you want to use ASCII
character set. After that, all this is transparent to you and
the burden of conversion is on the EBCDIC based agent.
o Please realize that DisplayString is only a textual convention.
In the SNMP PDU (SNMP packet), the type is just an
OCTET_STRING, and from that it is not clear if this is a
DisplayString or any arbitrary data. This means that the agent
can only know about an object being a DisplayString if the
object is included in some sort of a compiled MIB. If it is,
then the agent will use SNMP_TYPE_DisplayString in the type
field of the varBind in a DPI SET packet. When you send a
DisplayString in a RESPONSE packet, the agent will handle it as
such (e.g. translate EBCDIC to ASCII if needed).
5.1 DPI API
The primary goal of this document is to specify the SNMP DPI, a
protocol by which sub-agents can exchange SNMP related information
with an agent. On top of this protocol, one can imagine one or
possibly many Application Programming Interfaces, but those are not
addressed in this document.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 43]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
However, in order to provide an environment that is more or less
platform independent, we strongly suggest to also define a DPI API.
We have a sample DPI API available, see 9, "Sample Sources for
Anonymous FTP" for a place to obtain that sample DPI API.
5.2 OVERVIEW OF REQUEST PROCESSING
5.2.1 GET PROCESSING
A GET request is the easiest to process. The DPI GET packet holds
one or more varBinds that the sub-agent has taken responsibility for.
If the sub-agent encounters an error while processing the request, it
creates a DPI RESPONSE packet with an appropriate error indication in
the error_code field and sets the error_index to the position of the
varBind at which the error occurs (first varBind is index 1, second
varBind is index 2, and so on). No name/type/length/value
information needs to be provided in the packet, because by
definition, the varBind information is the same as in the request to
which this is a response, and the agent still has that information.
If there are no errors, then the sub-agent creates a DPI RESPONSE
packet in which the error_code is set to SNMP_ERROR_noError (zero)
and error_index is set to zero. The packet must also include the
name/type/length/value of each varBind requested. When you get a
request for a non-existing object or a non-existing instance of an
object, then you must return a NULL value with a type of
SNMP_TYPE_noSuchObject or SNMP_TYPE_noSuchInstance respectively.
These two values are not considered errors, so the error_code and
error_index should be zero.
The DPI RESPONSE packet is then sent back to the agent.
5.2.2 SET PROCESSING
Processing a DPI SET request is more difficult than a DPI GET
request. In the case of a DPI SET packet, additional information is
available in the packet, namely the value type, value length and
value to be set.
If the sub-agent encounters an error while processing the request, it
creates a DPI RESPONSE packet with an appropriate error indication in
the error_code field and an error_index listing the position of the
varBind at which the error occurs (first varBind is index 1, second
varBind is index 2, and so on). No name/type/length/value
information needs to provided in the packet, because by definition,
the varBind information is the same as in the request to which this
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 44]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
is a response, and the agent still has that information.
If there are no errors, then the sub-agent creates a DPI RESPONSE
packet in which the error_code is set to SNMP_ERROR_noError (zero)
and error_index is set to zero. No name/type/length/value
information is needed; by definition the RESPONSE to a SET should
contain exactly the same varBind data as the data present in the
request, so the agent can use the values it already has. (This
suggests that the agent must keep state information, and that is
indeed the case. It needs to do that anyway in order to be able to
later pass the data with a DPI COMMIT or DPI UNDO packet). The sub-
agent must have allocated the required resources and prepared itself
for the SET. It does not yet effectuate the set, that will be done
at COMMIT time.
The sub-agent sends a DPI RESPONSE packet (indicating success or
failure for the preparation phase) back to the agent.
The agent will then issue a SET request for all other varBinds in the
same original SNMP request it received. This may be to the same or
to one or more different sub-agents. Once all SET requests have
returned a "no error" condition, the agent starts sending DPI COMMIT
packets to the sub-agent(s). If any SET request returns an error,
then the agent sends DPI UNDO packets to those sub-agents that
indicated successful processing of the SET preparation phase.
When the sub-agent receives the DPI COMMIT packet, again all the
varBind information will be available in the packet. The sub-agent
can now effectuate the SET request.
If the sub-agent encounters an error while processing the COMMIT
request, it creates a DPI RESPONSE packet with value
SNMP_ERROR_commitFailed in the error_code field and an error_index
that lists at which varBind the error occurs (first varBind is index
1 and so on). No name/type/length/value information is needed. The
fact that a commitFailed error exists does not mean that this error
should be returned easily. A sub-agent should do all that is
possible to make a COMMIT succeed.
If there are no errors, and the SET/COMMIT has been effectuated with
success, then the sub-agent creates a DPI RESPONSE packet in which
the error_code is set to SNMP_ERROR_noError (zero) and error_index is
set to zero. No name/type/length/value information is needed.
So far we have discussed a SET, COMMIT sequence. That happens if all
goes well. However, after a successful SET, the sub-agent may
receive a DPI UNDO packet. The sub-agent must now undo any
preparations it made during the SET processing (like free allocated
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 45]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
memory and such). Even after a COMMIT, a sub-agent may still receive
a DPI UNDO packet. This is the case if some other sub-agent could
not complete a COMMIT request. Because of the SNMP-requirement that
all varBinds in a single SNMP SET request must be changed "as if
simultaneous", all committed changes must be undone if any of the
COMMIT requests fail. In this case the sub-agent must try and undo
the committed SET operation.
If the sub-agent encounters an error while processing the UNDO
request, it creates a DPI RESPONSE packet with value
SNMP_ERROR_undoFailed in the error_code field and an error_index that
lists at which varBind the error occurs (first varBind is index 1 and
so on). No name/type/length/value information is needed. The fact
that an undoFailed error exists does not mean that this error should
be returned easily. A sub-agent should do all that is possible to
make an UNDO succeed.
If there are no errors, and the UNDO has been effectuated with
success, then the sub-agent creates a DPI RESPONSE packet in which
the error_code is set to SNMP_ERROR_noError (zero) and error_index is
set to zero. No name/type/length/value information is needed.
5.2.3 GETNEXT PROCESSING
GETNEXT requests are a bit more complicated to process than a GET.
The DPI GETNEXT packet contains the object(s) on which the GETNEXT
operation must be performed. The semantics of the operation are that
the sub-agent is to return the name/type/length/value of the next
variable it supports whose (ASN.1) name lexicographically follows the
one passed in the group ID (sub-tree) and instance ID.
In this case, the instance ID may not be present (NULL) implying that
the NEXT object must be the first instance of the first object in the
sub-tree that was registered.
It is important to realize that a given sub-agent may support several
discontiguous sections of the MIB tree. In such a situation it would
be incorrect to jump from one section to another. This problem is
correctly handled by examining the group ID in the DPI packet. This
group ID represents the "reason" why the sub-agent is being called.
It holds the prefix of the tree that the sub-agent had indicated it
supported (registered).
If the next variable supported by the sub-agent does not begin with
that prefix, the sub-agent must return the same object instance as in
the request (e.g. group ID and instance ID) with a value of
SNMP_TYPE_endOfMibView (implied NULL value). This endOfMibView is
not considered an error, so the error_code and error_index should be
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 46]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
zero. If required, the SNMP agent will call upon the sub-agent
again, but pass it a different group ID (prefix). This is
illustrated in the discussion below.
Assume there are two sub-agents. The first sub-agent registers two
distinct sections of the tree, A and C. In reality, the sub-agent
supports variables A.1 and A.2, but it correctly registers the
minimal prefix required to uniquely identify the variable class it
supports.
The second sub-agent registers a different section, B, which appears
between the two sections registered by the first agent.
If a management station begins dumping the MIB, starting from A, the
following sequence of queries of the form get-next(group ID, instance
ID) would be performed:
Sub-agent 1 gets called:
get-next(A,none) = A.1
get-next(A,1) = A.2
get-next(A,2) = endOfMibView
Sub-agent 2 is then called:
get-next(B,none) = B.1
get-next(B,1) = endOfMibView
Sub-agent 1 gets called again:
get-next(C,none) = C.1
5.2.4 GETBULK PROCESSING
You can ask the agent to translate GETBULK requests into multiple
GETNEXT requests. This is basically the default and it is specified
in the DPI REGISTER packet. In principle, we expect the majority of
DPI sub-agents to run on the same machine as the agent (or otherwise,
on the same physical network), so repetitive GETNEXT requests stay
local and in general should not be a problem.
If experience tells us different, the sub-agent can tell the agent to
pass on a DPI GETBULK packet.
When a GETBULK request is received, the sub-agent must process the
request and send a RESPONSE that sends back as many varBinds as
requested by the request, as long as they fit with in the buffers.
The GETBULK requires similar processing as a GETNEXT with regard to
endOfMibView handling.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 47]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
5.2.5 OPEN REQUEST
As the very first step, a DPI sub-agent must open a "connection" with
the agent. To do so, it must send a DPI OPEN packet in which these
things must be specified:
o The max timeout value in seconds. The agent is requested to
wait this long for a response to any request for an object
being handled by this sub-agent. The agent may have an
absolute maximum timeout value which will be used if the
sub-agent asks for too big a timeout value. A value of zero
can be used to indicate that the agent's own default timeout
value should be used. A sub-agent is advised to use a
reasonably short interval of a few seconds or so. If a
specific sub-tree needs a (much) longer time, then a specific
REGISTER can be done for that sub-tree with a longer timeout
value.
o The maximum number of varBinds that the sub-agent is prepared
to handle per DPI packet. Specifying 1 would result in DPI
version 1 behavior of one varBind per DPI packet that the agent
sends to the sub-agent.
o The character set you want to use. By default (value 0) this is
the native character set of the machine (platform) where the
agent runs.
Since the sub-agent and agent normally run on the same system
or platform, you want to use the native character set (which on
many platforms is ASCII anyway).
If your platform is EBCDIC based, then using the native
character set of EBCDIC makes it easy to recognize the string
representations of the fields like group ID, instance ID, etc.
At the same time, the agent will translate the value from ASCII
NVT to EBCDIC (and vice versa) for objects that it knows (from
a compiled MIB) to have a textual convention of DisplayString.
Be aware that this fact cannot be determined from the SNMP PDU
encoding because in the PDU the object is only known to be an
OCTET_STRING.
If your sub-agent runs on an ASCII based platform and the agent
runs on an EBCDIC based platform (or the other way around),
then you can specify that you want to use the ASCII character
set, and so you both know how to handle the string-based data.
Beware that not all agents need to support other than native
character set selection. See 5, "Subagent Considerations"
and 3.3.5, "Character set selection" for more information on
character set usage.
o The sub-agent ID. This an ASN.1 Object Identifier that
uniquely identifies the sub-agent. This OID is represented as
a null terminated string using the selected character set.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 48]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
Example: "1.3.5.1.2.3.4.5".
o The sub-agent Description. This is a DisplayString describing
the sub-agent. This is a character string using the selected
character set. Example: "DPI sample sub-agent version 2.0"
Once a sub-agent has sent a DPI OPEN packet to an agent, it should
expect a DPI RESPONSE packet that informs the sub-agent about the
result of the request. The packet ID of the RESPONSE packet should
be the same as that of the OPEN request to which the RESPONSE packet
is the response. See Table 19 for a list of valid DPI RESPONSE error
codes that may be expected. If you receive an error RESPONSE on the
OPEN packet, then you will also receive a DPI CLOSE packet with an
SNMP_CLOSE_openError code, and then the agent closes the
"connection".
If the OPEN is accepted, then the next step is to REGISTER one or
more MIB sub-trees.
5.2.6 CLOSE REQUEST
When a sub-agent is finished and wants to terminate it should first
UNREGISTER its sub-trees and then close the "connection" with the
agent. To do so, it must send a DPI CLOSE packet in which it
specifies a reason for the closing. See Table 21 for a list of valid
CLOSE reason codes. You should not expect a response to the CLOSE
request.
A sub-agent should also be prepared to handle an incoming DPI CLOSE
packet from the agent. Again, the packet will contain a reason code
for the CLOSE request. A sub-agent need not send a response to a
CLOSE request. The agent just assumes that the sub-agent will handle
it appropriately. The close takes place, no matter what the sub-
agent does with it.
5.2.7 REGISTER REQUEST
Before a sub-agent will receive any requests for MIB variables it
must first register the variables or sub-tree it supports with the
SNMP agent. The sub-agent must specify a number of things in the
REGISTER request:
o The sub-tree to be registered. This is a null terminated
string in the selected character set. The sub-tree must have a
trailing dot (example: "1.3.6.1.2.3.4.5.").
o The requested priority for the registration, one of:
-1 Request for best available priority.
0 Request for next better available priority than highest
priority currently registered for this sub-tree.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 49]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
NNN Any other positive value requests that specific priority if
available or the first worse priority that is available.
o The max timeout value in seconds. The agent is requested to
wait this long for a response to any request for an object in
this sub-tree. The agent may have an absolute maximum timeout
value which will be used if the sub-agents asks for too big a
timeout value. A value of zero can be used to indicate that
the DPI OPEN value should be used for timeout.
o A specification if the sub-agent wants to do view selection.
If it does, then the community name (from SNMPv1 packets) will
be passed in the DPI GET, GETNEXT, SET packets).
o A specification if the sub-agent wants to receive GETBULK
packets or if it just prefers that the agent converts a GETBULK
into multiple GETNEXT requests.
Once a sub-agent has sent a DPI REGISTER packet to the agent, it
should expect a DPI RESPONSE packet that informs the sub-agent about
the result of the request. The packet ID of the RESPONSE packet
should be the same as that of the REGISTER packet to which the
RESPONSE packet is the response. If the response indicates success,
then the error_index field in the RESPONSE packet contains the
priority that the agent assigned to the sub-tree registration. See
Table 19 for a list of valid DPI RESPONSE error codes that may be
expected.
5.2.8 UNREGISTER REQUEST
A sub-agent may unregister a previously registered sub-tree. The
sub-agent must specify a few things in the UNREGISTER request:
o The sub-tree to be unregistered. This is a null terminated
string in the selected character set. The sub-tree must have a
trailing dot (example: "1.3.6.1.2.3.4.5.").
o The reason for the unregister. See Table 20 for a
list of valid reason codes.
Once a sub-agent has sent a DPI UNREGISTER packet to the agent, it
should expect a DPI RESPONSE packet that informs the sub-agent about
the result of the request. The packet ID of the RESPONSE packet
should be the same as that of the REGISTER packet to which the
RESPONSE packet is the response. See Table 19 for a list of valid
DPI RESPONSE error codes that may be expected.
A sub-agent should also be prepared to handle incoming DPI UNREGISTER
packets from the agent. Again, the DPI packet will contain a reason
code for the UNREGISTER. A sub-agent need not send a response to an
UNREGISTER request. The agent just assumes that the sub-agent will
handle it appropriately. The registration is removed, no matter what
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 50]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
the sub-agent returns.
5.2.9 TRAP REQUEST
A sub-agent can request that the SNMP agent generates a trap for it.
The sub-agent must provide the desired values for the generic and
specific parameters of the trap. It may optionally provide a set of
one or more name/type/length/value tuples that will be included in
the trap packet. Also, it may optionally specify an Enterprise ID
(Object Identifier) for the trap to be generated. If a NULL value is
specified for the Enterprise ID, then the agent will use the sub-
agent Identifier (from the DPI OPEN packet) as the Enterprise ID to
be sent with the trap.
5.2.10 ARE_YOU_THERE REQUEST
A sub-agent can send an ARE_YOU_THERE packet to the agent. This may
be useful to do if you have a DPI "connection" over an unreliable
transport protocol (like UDP).
If the "connection" is in a healthy state, the agent responds with a
RESPONSE packet with SNMP_ERROR_DPI_noError.
If the "connection" is not in a healthy state, the agent may respond
with a RESPONSE packet with an error indication, but the agent might
not react at all, so you would timeout while waiting for a response.
5.2.11 HOW TO QUERY THE DPI PORT.
The DPI API implementations are encouraged to provide a facility that
helps DPI sub-agent programmers to dynamically find the port that the
agent is using for the TCP and/or UDP DPI port(s). A suggested name
for such a function is: query_DPI_port().
6. REFERENCES
[1] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall M., and J. Davin, "Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 15, RFC 1157, SNMP
Research, Performance Systems International, MIT Laboratory for
Computer Science, May 1990.
[2] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection,
"Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)",
International Organization for Standardization, International
Standard 8824, December 1987.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 51]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
[3] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection,
"Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax
Notation One (ASN.1)", International Organization for
Standardization, International Standard 8825, December 1987.
[4] McCloghrie, K., and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for
Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB II", STD 17,
RFC 1213, Hughes LAN Systems, Performance Systems International,
March 1991.
[5] Rose, M., and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and Identification of
Management Information for TCP/IP-based internets", STD 16, RFC
1155, Performance Systems International, Hughes LAN Systems, May
1990.
[6] Rose, M., "SNMP MUX Protocol and MIB", RFC 1227, Performance
Systems International, RFC 1227, May 1991.
[7] Carpenter G., and B. Wijnen, "SNMP-DPI, Simple Network Management
Protocol Distributed Program Interface", RFC 1228, International
Business Machines, Inc., May 1991.
[8] Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "SNMPv2
RFCs (RFC 1441 through RFC 1452)", SNMP Research Inc, Hughes LAN
Systems, Dover Beach Consulting Inc, Carnegie Mellon University,
Trusted Information Systems, April 1993.
[9] International Business Machines, Inc., TCP/IP for VM:
Programmer's Reference, SC31-6084-0, 1990.
[10] International Business Machines, Inc., Virtual Machine System
Facilities for Programming, Release 6, SC24-5288-01, 1988.
7. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 52]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
8. AUTHORS' ADDRESSES
Bert Wijnen
IBM International Operations
Watsonweg 2
1423 ND Uithoorn
The Netherlands
Phone: +31-2975-53316
Fax: +31-2975-62468
EMail: wijnen@vnet.ibm.com
Geoffrey C. Carpenter
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
P.O. Box 218
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
USA
Phone: +1-914-945-1970
EMail: gcc@watson.ibm.com
Kim Curran
Bell Northern Research Ltd.
P.O. Box 3511 Station C
Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4HY
Canada
Phone: +1-613-763-5283
EMail: kcurran@bnr.ca
Aditya Sehgal
Bell Northern Research Ltd.
P. O. Box 3511 Station C
Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4HY
Canada
Phone: +1-613-763-8821
EMail: asehgal@bnr.ca
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 53]
RFC 1592 SNMP-DPI March 1994
Glen Waters
Bell Northern Research Ltd.
P.O. Box 3511 Station C
Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4HY
Canada
Phone: +1-613-763-3933
EMail: gwaters@bnr.ca
9. SAMPLE SOURCES FOR ANONYMOUS FTP
An implementation sample of a DPI API (as used at the agent and sub-
agent side) plus sample sub-agent code and documentation are
available for anonymous FTP from:
software.watson.ibm.com (129.34.139.5)
To obtain the source, perform the following steps:
ftp software.watson.ibm.com
user: anonymous
password: your_e-mail_address
cd /public/dpi
get README
binary
get dpi_api.tar (or compressed dpi_api.tar.Z)
quit
Wijnen, Carpenter, Curran, Sehgal & Waters [Page 54]