Keywords: Multimedia, Test cases, Congestion Control
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Z. Sarker
Request for Comments: 8867 Ericsson AB
Category: Informational V. Singh
ISSN: 2070-1721 callstats.io
X. Zhu
Cisco Systems
M. Ramalho
AcousticComms
January 2021
Test Cases for Evaluating Congestion Control for Interactive Real-Time
Media
Abstract
The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to transmit media in
multimedia telephony applications. These applications are typically
required to implement congestion control. This document describes
the test cases to be used in the performance evaluation of such
congestion control algorithms in a controlled environment.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8867.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. Structure of Test Cases
4. Recommended Evaluation Settings
4.1. Evaluation Metrics
4.2. Path Characteristics
4.3. Media Source
5. Basic Test Cases
5.1. Variable Available Capacity with a Single Flow
5.2. Variable Available Capacity with Multiple Flows
5.3. Congested Feedback Link with Bi-directional Media Flows
5.4. Competing Media Flows with the Same Congestion Control
Algorithm
5.5. Round Trip Time Fairness
5.6. Media Flow Competing with a Long TCP Flow
5.7. Media Flow Competing with Short TCP Flows
5.8. Media Pause and Resume
6. Other Potential Test Cases
6.1. Media Flows with Priority
6.2. Explicit Congestion Notification Usage
6.3. Multiple Bottlenecks
7. Wireless Access Links
8. Security Considerations
9. IANA Considerations
10. References
10.1. Normative References
10.2. Informative References
Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
This memo describes a set of test cases for evaluating congestion
control algorithm proposals in controlled environments for real-time
interactive media. It is based on the guidelines enumerated in
[RFC8868] and the requirements discussed in [RFC8836]. The test
cases cover basic usage scenarios and are described using a common
structure, which allows for additional test cases to be added to
those described herein to accommodate other topologies and/or the
modeling of different path characteristics. The described test cases
in this memo should be used to evaluate any proposed congestion
control algorithm for real-time interactive media.
2. Terminology
The terminology defined in RTP [RFC3550], RTP Profile for Audio and
Video Conferences with Minimal Control [RFC3551], RTCP Extended
Report (XR) [RFC3611], Extended RTP Profile for RTCP-based Feedback
(RTP/AVPF) [RFC4585], and Support for Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506]
applies.
3. Structure of Test Cases
All the test cases in this document follow a basic structure allowing
implementers to describe a new test scenario without repeatedly
explaining common attributes. The structure includes a general
description section that describes the test case and its motivation.
Additionally the test case defines a set of attributes that
characterize the testbed, for example, the network path between
communicating peers and the diverse traffic sources.
Define the test case:
General description: describes the motivation and the goals of
the test case.
Expected behavior: describes the desired rate adaptation
behavior.
List of metrics to evaluate the desired behavior: this indicates
the minimum set of metrics (e.g., link utilization, media
sending rate) that a proposed algorithm needs to measure to
validate the expected rate adaptation behavior. It should also
indicate the time granularity (e.g., averaged over 10 ms, 100
ms, or 1 s) for measuring certain metrics. Typical measurement
interval is 200 ms.
Define testbed topology:
Every test case needs to define an evaluation testbed topology.
Figure 1 shows such an evaluation topology. In this evaluation
topology, S1..Sn are traffic sources. These sources generate
media traffic and use the congestion control algorithm(s) under
investigation. R1..Rn are the corresponding receivers. A test
case can have one or more such traffic sources (S) and their
corresponding receivers (R). The path from the source to
destination is denoted as "forward", and the path from a
destination to a source is denoted as "backward". The following
basic structure of the test case has been described from the
perspective of media-generating endpoints attached on the left-
hand side of Figure 1. In this setup, the media flows are
transported in the forward direction, and the corresponding
feedback/control messages are transported in the backward
direction. However, it is also possible to set up the test with
media in both forward and backward directions. In that case,
unless otherwise specified by the test case, it is expected that
the backward path does not introduce any congestion-related
impairments and has enough capacity to accommodate both media and
feedback/control messages. It should be noted that, depending on
the test cases, it is possible to have different path
characteristics in either of the directions.
+---+ +---+
|S1 |====== \ Forward --> / =======|R1 |
+---+ \\ // +---+
\\ //
+---+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+
|S2 |=======| A |--------------------------->| B |=======|R2 |
+---+ | |<---------------------------| | +---+
+-----+ +-----+
(...) // \\ (...)
// <-- Backward \\
+---+ // \\ +---+
|Sn |====== / \ ======|Rn |
+---+ +---+
Figure 1: Example of a Testbed Topology
In a testbed environment with real equipment, there may exist a
significant amount of unwanted traffic on the portions of the
network path between the endpoints. Some of this traffic may be
generated by other processes on the endpoints themselves (e.g.,
discovery protocols) or by other endpoints not presently under
test. Such unwanted traffic should be removed or avoided to the
greatest extent possible.
Define testbed attributes:
Duration: defines the duration of the test in seconds.
Path characteristics: defines the end-to-end transport level path
characteristics of the testbed for a particular test case. Two
sets of attributes describe the path characteristics, one for
the forward path and the other for the backward path. The path
characteristics for a particular path direction are applicable
to all the sources "S" sending traffic on that path. If only
one attribute is specified, it is used for both path
directions; however, unless specified the reverse path has no
capacity restrictions and no path loss.
Path direction: forward or backward.
Minimum bottleneck-link capacity: defines the minimum capacity
of the end-to-end path.
Reference bottleneck capacity: defines a reference value for
the bottleneck capacity for test cases with time-varying
bottleneck capacities. All bottleneck capacities will be
specified as a ratio with respect to the reference capacity
value.
One-way propagation delay: describes the end-to-end latency
along the path when network queues are empty, i.e., the time
it takes for a packet to go from the sender to the receiver
without encountering any queuing delay.
Maximum end-to-end jitter: defines the maximum jitter that can
be observed along the path.
Bottleneck queue type: for example, "tail drop" [RFC7567],
Flow Queue Controlled Delay (FQ-CoDel) [RFC8290], or
Proportional Integral controller Enhanced (PIE) [RFC8033].
Bottleneck queue size: defines the size of queue in terms of
queuing time when the queue is full (in milliseconds).
Path loss ratio: characterizes the non-congested, additive
losses to be generated on the end-to-end path. This must
describe the loss pattern or loss model used to generate the
losses.
Application-related: defines the traffic source behavior for
implementing the test case:
Media traffic source: defines the characteristics of the media
sources. When using more than one media source, the
different attributes are enumerated separately for each
different media source.
Media type: Video/Voice.
Media flow direction: forward, backward, or both.
Number of media sources: defines the total number of media
sources.
Media codec: Constant Bit Rate (CBR) or Variable Bit Rate
(VBR).
Media source behavior: describes the media encoder
behavior. It defines the main parameters that affect the
adaptation behavior. This may include but is not limited
to the following:
Adaptability: describes the adaptation options. For
example, in the case of video, it defines the
following ranges of adaptation: bit rate, frame rate,
and video resolution. Similarly, in the case of
voice, it defines the range of bit rate adaptation,
the sampling rate variation, and the variation in
packetization interval.
Output variation: for a VBR encoder, it defines the
encoder output variation from the average target rate
over a particular measurement interval. For example,
on average the encoder output may vary between 5% to
15% above or below the average target bit rate when
measured over a 100 ms time window. The time interval
over which the variation is specified must be
provided.
Responsiveness to a new bit rate request: the lag in
time between a new bit rate request from the
congestion control algorithm and actual rate changes
in encoder output. Depending on the encoder, this
value may be specified in absolute time (e.g., 10 ms
to 1000 ms) or other appropriate metric (e.g., next
frame interval time).
More detailed discussions on expected media source
behavior, including those from synthetic video traffic
sources, can be found in [RFC8593].
Media content: describes the chosen video scenario. For
example, video test sequences are available at [xiph-seq]
and [HEVC-seq]. Different video scenarios give different
distributions of video frames produced by the video
encoder. Hence, it is important to specify the media
content used in a particular test. If a synthetic video
traffic source [RFC8593] is used, then the synthetic
video traffic source needs to be configured according to
the characteristics of the media content specified.
Media timeline: describes the point when the media source
is introduced and removed from the testbed. For example,
the media source may start transmitting immediately when
the test case begins, or after a few seconds.
Startup behavior: the media starts at a defined bit rate,
which may be the minimum, maximum bit rate, or a value in
between (in Kbps).
Competing traffic source: describes the characteristics of the
competing traffic source, the different types of competing
flows are enumerated in [RFC8868].
Traffic direction: forward, backward, or both.
Type of sources: defines the types of competing traffic
sources. Types of competing traffic flows are listed in
[RFC8868]. For example, the number of TCP flows
connected to a web browser, the mean size and
distribution of the content downloaded.
Number of sources: defines the total number of competing
sources of each media type per traffic direction.
Congestion control: enumerates the congestion control used
by each type of competing traffic.
Traffic timeline: describes when the competing traffic
starts and ends in the test case.
Additional attributes: describes attributes essential for
implementing a test case that are not included in the above
structure. These attributes must be well defined, so that the
other implementers of that particular test case are able to
implement it easily.
Any attribute can have a set of values (enclosed within "[]"). Each
member value of such a set must be treated as different value for the
same attribute. It is desired to run separate tests for each such
attribute value.
The test cases described in this document follow the above structure.
4. Recommended Evaluation Settings
This section describes recommended test case settings and could be
overwritten by the respective test cases.
4.1. Evaluation Metrics
To evaluate the performance of the candidate algorithms, the
implementers must log enough information to visualize the following
metrics at a fine enough time granularity:
1. Flow level:
A. End-to-end delay for the congestion-controlled media flow(s).
For example, end-to-end delay observed on the IP packet level
and the video frame level.
B. Variation in sending bit rate and throughput. Mainly
observing the frequency and magnitude of oscillations.
C. Packet losses observed at the receiving endpoint.
D. Feedback message overhead.
E. Convergence time. Time to reach steady state for the
congestion-controlled media flow(s). Each occurrence of
convergence during the test period needs to be presented.
2. Transport level:
A. Bandwidth utilization.
B. Queue length (milliseconds at specified path capacity).
4.2. Path Characteristics
Each path between a sender and receiver as described in Figure 1 has
the following characteristics unless otherwise specified in the test
case:
Path direction: forward and backward.
Reference bottleneck capacity: 1 Mbps.
One-way propagation delay: 50 ms. Implementers are encouraged to
run the experiment with additional propagation delays mentioned in
[RFC8868].
Maximum end-to-end jitter: 30 ms. Jitter models are described in
[RFC8868].
Bottleneck queue type: "tail drop". Implementers are encouraged to
run the experiment with other Active Queue Management (AQM)
schemes, such as FQ-CoDel and PIE.
Bottleneck queue size: 300 ms.
Path loss ratio: 0%.
Examples of additional network parameters are discussed in [RFC8868].
For test cases involving time-varying bottleneck capacity, all
capacity values are specified as a ratio with respect to a reference
capacity value, so as to allow flexible scaling of capacity values
along with media source rate range. There exist two different
mechanisms for inducing path capacity variation: a) by explicitly
modifying the value of physical link capacity, or b) by introducing
background non-adaptive UDP traffic with time-varying traffic rate.
Implementers are encouraged to run the experiments with both
mechanisms for test cases specified in Section 5.1, Section 5.2, and
Section 5.3.
4.3. Media Source
Unless otherwise specified, each test case will include one or more
media sources as described below:
Media type: Video
Media codec: VBR
Media source behavior:
Adaptability:
Bit rate range: 150 Kbps - 1.5 Mbps. In real-life
applications, the bit rate range can vary a lot depending
on the provided service; for example, the maximum bit
rate can be up to 4 Mbps. However, for running tests to
evaluate the congestion control algorithms, it is more
important to have a look at how they react to a certain
amount of bandwidth change. Also it is possible that the
media traffic generator used in a particular simulator or
testbed is not capable of generating a higher bit rate.
Hence, we have selected a suitable bit rate range typical
of consumer-grade video conferencing applications in
designing the test case. If a different bit rate range
is used in the test cases, then the end-to-end path
capacity values will also need to be scaled accordingly.
Frame resolution: 144p - 720p (or 1080p). This resolution
range is selected based on the bit rate range. If a
different bit rate range is used in the test cases, then
a suitable frame resolution range also needs to be
selected.
Frame rate: 10 fps - 30 fps. This frame rate range is
selected based on the bit rate range. If a different bit
rate range is used in the test cases, then the frame rate
range also needs to be suitably adjusted.
Variation from target bit rate: +/-5%. Unless otherwise
specified in the test case(s), bit rate variation should be
calculated over a one (1) second period of time.
Responsiveness to new bit rate request: 100 ms
Media content: The media content should represent a typical video
conversational scenario with head and shoulder movement. We
recommend using the Foreman video sequence [xiph-seq].
Media startup behavior: 150 Kbps. It should be noted that
applications can use smart ways to select an optimal startup
bit rate value for a certain network condition. In such cases,
the candidate proposals may show the effectiveness of such a
smart approach as additional information for the evaluation
process.
Media type: Audio
Media codec: CBR
Media bit rate: 20 Kbps
5. Basic Test Cases
5.1. Variable Available Capacity with a Single Flow
In this test case, the minimum bottleneck-link capacity between the
two endpoints varies over time. This test is designed to measure the
responsiveness of the candidate algorithm. This test tries to
address the requirements in [RFC8836], which requires the algorithm
to adapt the flow(s) and provide lower end-to-end latency when there
exists:
* an intermediate bottleneck
* change in available capacity (e.g., due to interface change,
routing change, abrupt arrival/departure of background non-
adaptive traffic)
* maximum media bit rate is greater than link capacity. In this
case, when the application tries to ramp up to its maximum bit
rate, since the link capacity is limited to a lower value, the
congestion control scheme is expected to stabilize the sending bit
rate close to the available bottleneck capacity.
It should be noted that the exact variation in available capacity due
to any of the above depends on the underlying technologies. Hence,
we describe a set of known factors, which may be extended to devise a
more specific test case targeting certain behaviors in a certain
network environment.
Expected behavior: The candidate algorithm is expected to detect the
path capacity constraint, converge to the bottleneck link's
capacity, and adapt the flow to avoid unwanted media rate
oscillation when the sending bit rate is approaching the
bottleneck link's capacity. Such oscillations might occur when
the media flow(s) attempts to reach its maximum bit rate but
overshoots the usage of the available bottleneck capacity, then to
rectify, it reduces the bit rate and starts to ramp up again.
Evaluation metrics: As described in Section 4.1.
Testbed topology: One media source S1 is connected to the
corresponding R1. The media traffic is transported over the
forward path and corresponding feedback/control traffic is
transported over the backward path.
Forward -->
+---+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+
|S1 |=======| A |------------------------------>| B |=======|R1 |
+---+ | |<------------------------------| | +---+
+-----+ +-----+
<-- Backward
Figure 2: Testbed Topology for Limited Link Capacity
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 100 s
Path characteristics: as described in Section 4.2
Application-related:
Media Traffic:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: one (1)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 99 s
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: one (1)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 99 s
Competing traffic:
Number of sources: zero (0)
Test-specific information:
One-way propagation delay: [50 ms, 100 ms]. On the forward path
direction.
This test uses bottleneck path capacity variation as listed in
Table 1.
When using background non-adaptive UDP traffic to induce a time-
varying bottleneck, the physical path capacity remains at 4 Mbps,
and the UDP traffic source rate changes over time as (4 - (Y x
r)), where r is the Reference bottleneck capacity in Mbps, and Y
is the path capacity ratio specified in Table 1.
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| Variation pattern index | Path direction | Start | Path capacity |
| | | time | ratio |
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| One | Forward | 0 s | 1.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Two | Forward | 40 s | 2.5 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Three | Forward | 60 s | 0.6 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Four | Forward | 80 s | 1.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
Table 1: Path Capacity Variation Pattern for the Forward Direction
5.2. Variable Available Capacity with Multiple Flows
This test case is similar to Section 5.1. However, this test will
also consider persistent network load due to competing traffic.
Expected behavior: The candidate algorithm is expected to detect the
variation in available capacity and adapt the media stream(s)
accordingly. The flows stabilize around their maximum bit rate as
the maximum link capacity is large enough to accommodate the
flows. When the available capacity drops, the flows adapt by
decreasing their sending bit rate, and when congestion disappears,
the flows are again expected to ramp up.
Evaluation metrics: As described in Section 4.1.
Testbed topology: Two (2) media sources S1 and S2 are connected to
their corresponding destinations R1 and R2. The media traffic is
transported over the forward path and corresponding feedback/
control traffic is transported over the backward path.
+---+ +---+
|S1 |===== \ / =======|R1 |
+---+ \\ Forward --> // +---+
\\ //
+-----+ +-----+
| A |------------------------------>| B |
| |<------------------------------| |
+-----+ +-----+
// \\
// <-- Backward \\
+---+ // \\ +---+
|S2 |====== / \ ======|R2 |
+---+ +---+
Figure 3: Testbed Topology for Variable Available Capacity
Testbed attributes: Testbed attributes are similar to those
described in Section 5.1, except for the test-specific capacity
variation setup.
Test-specific information: This test uses path capacity variation as
listed in Table 2 with a corresponding end time of 125 seconds.
The reference bottleneck capacity is 2 Mbps. When using
background non-adaptive UDP traffic to induce time-varying
bottleneck for congestion-controlled media flows, the physical
path capacity is 4 Mbps, and the UDP traffic source rate changes
over time as (4 - (Y x r)), where r is the Reference bottleneck
capacity in Mbps, and Y is the path capacity ratio specified in
Table 2.
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| Variation pattern index | Path direction | Start | Path capacity |
| | | time | ratio |
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| One | Forward | 0 s | 2.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Two | Forward | 25 s | 1.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Three | Forward | 50 s | 1.75 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Four | Forward | 75 s | 0.5 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Five | Forward | 100 s | 1.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
Table 2: Path Capacity Variation Pattern for the Forward Direction
5.3. Congested Feedback Link with Bi-directional Media Flows
Real-time interactive media uses RTP; hence it is assumed that RTCP,
RTP header extension, or such would be used by the congestion control
algorithm in the back channel. Due to the asymmetric nature of the
link between communicating peers, it is possible for a participating
peer to not receive such feedback information due to an impaired or
congested back channel (even when the forward channel might not be
impaired). This test case is designed to observe the candidate
congestion control behavior in such an event.
Expected behavior: It is expected that the candidate algorithms are
able to cope with the lack of feedback information and to adapt to
minimize the performance degradation of media flows in the forward
channel.
It should be noted that for this test case, logs are compared with
the reference case, i.e., when the backward channel has no
impairments.
Evaluation metrics: As described in Section 4.1.
Testbed topology: One (1) media source S1 is connected to
corresponding R1, but both endpoints are additionally receiving
and sending data, respectively. The media traffic (S1->R1) is
transported over the forward path, and the corresponding feedback/
control traffic is transported over the backward path. Likewise,
media traffic (S2->R2) is transported over the backward path, and
the corresponding feedback/control traffic is transported over the
forward path.
+---+ +---+
|S1 |====== \ Forward --> / =======|R1 |
+---+ \\ // +---+
\\ //
+-----+ +-----+
| A |------------------------------>| B |
| |<------------------------------| |
+-----+ +-----+
// \\
// <-- Backward \\
+---+ // \\ +---+
|R2 |===== / \ ======|S2 |
+---+ +---+
Figure 4: Testbed Topology for Congested Feedback Link
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 100 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 1 Mbps
Application-related:
Media source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward and backward
Number of media sources: two (2)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 99 s
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward and backward
Number of media sources: two (2)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 99 s
Competing traffic:
Number of sources: zero (0)
Test-specific information: This test uses path capacity variations
to create a congested feedback link. Table 3 lists the variation
patterns applied to the forward path, and Table 4 lists the
variation patterns applied to the backward path. When using
background non-adaptive UDP traffic to induce a time-varying
bottleneck for congestion-controlled media flows, the physical
path capacity is 4 Mbps for both directions, and the UDP traffic
source rate changes over time as (4-x) Mbps in each direction,
where x is the bottleneck capacity specified in Table 4.
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| Variation pattern index | Path direction | Start | Path capacity |
| | | time | ratio |
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| One | Forward | 0 s | 2.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Two | Forward | 20 s | 1.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Three | Forward | 40 s | 0.5 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Four | Forward | 60 s | 2.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
Table 3: Path Capacity Variation Pattern for the Forward Direction
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| Variation pattern index | Path direction | Start | Path capacity |
| | | time | ratio |
+=========================+================+=======+===============+
| One | Backward | 0 s | 2.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Two | Backward | 35 s | 0.8 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
| Three | Backward | 70 s | 2.0 |
+-------------------------+----------------+-------+---------------+
Table 4: Path Capacity Variation Pattern for the Backward Direction
5.4. Competing Media Flows with the Same Congestion Control Algorithm
In this test case, more than one media flow share the bottleneck
link, and each of them uses the same congestion control algorithm.
This is a typical scenario where a real-time interactive application
sends more than one media flow to the same destination, and these
flows are multiplexed over the same port. In such a scenario, it is
likely that the flows will be routed via the same path and need to
share the available bandwidth amongst themselves. For the sake of
simplicity, it is assumed that there are no other competing traffic
sources in the bottleneck link and that there is sufficient capacity
to accommodate all the flows individually. While this appears to be
a variant of the test case defined in Section 5.2, it focuses on the
capacity-sharing aspect of the candidate algorithm. The previous
test case, on the other hand, measures adaptability, stability, and
responsiveness of the candidate algorithm.
Expected behavior: It is expected that the competing flows will
converge to an optimum bit rate to accommodate all the flows with
minimum possible latency and loss. Specifically, the test
introduces three media flows at different time instances. When
the second flow appears, there should still be room to accommodate
another flow on the bottleneck link. Lastly, when the third flow
appears, the bottleneck link should be saturated.
Evaluation metrics: As described in Section 4.1.
Testbed topology: Three media sources S1, S2, and S3 are connected
to R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The media traffic is transported
over the forward path, and the corresponding feedback/control
traffic is transported over the backward path.
+---+ +---+
|S1 |===== \ Forward --> / =======|R1 |
+---+ \\ // +---+
\\ //
+---+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+
|S2 |=======| A |------------------------------>| B |=======|R2 |
+---+ | |<------------------------------| | +---+
+-----+ +-----+
// <-- Backward \\
+---+ // \\ +---+
|S3 |===== / \ ======|R3 |
+---+ +---+
Figure 5: Testbed Topology for Multiple Congestion-Controlled
Media Flows
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 120 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 3.5 Mbps
Path capacity ratio: 1.0
Application-related:
Media Source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: three (3)
Media timeline: New media flows are added sequentially,
at short time intervals. See the test-specific setup
below.
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: three (3)
Media timeline: New media flows are added sequentially,
at short time intervals. See the test-specific setup
below.
Competing traffic:
Number of sources: zero (0)
Test-specific information: Table 5 defines the media timeline for
both media types.
+=========+============+============+==========+
| Flow ID | Media type | Start time | End time |
+=========+============+============+==========+
| 1 | Video | 0 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 2 | Video | 20 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 3 | Video | 40 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 4 | Audio | 0 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 5 | Audio | 20 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 6 | Audio | 40 s | 119 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
Table 5: Media Timelines for Video and Audio
Media Sources
5.5. Round Trip Time Fairness
In this test case, multiple media flows share the bottleneck link,
but the one-way propagation delay for each flow is different. For
the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that there are no other
competing traffic sources in the bottleneck link and that there is
sufficient capacity to accommodate all the flows. While this appears
to be a variant of test case 5.2 (Section 5.2), it focuses on the
capacity-sharing aspect of the candidate algorithm under different
RTTs.
Expected behavior: It is expected that the competing flows will
converge to bit rates to accommodate all the flows with minimum
possible latency and loss. The effectiveness of the algorithm
depends on how fast and fairly the competing flows converge to
their steady states irrespective of the RTT observed.
Evaluation metrics: As described in Section 4.1.
Testbed topology: Five (5) media sources S1..S5 are connected to
their corresponding media sinks R1..R5. The media traffic is
transported over the forward path, and the corresponding feedback/
control traffic is transported over the backward path. The
topology is the same as in Section 5.4.
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 300 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 4 Mbps
Path capacity ratio: 1.0
One-way propagation delay for each flow: 10 ms for S1-R1, 25
ms for S2-R2, 50 ms for S3-R3, 100 ms for S4-R4, and 150 ms
S5-R5.
Application-related:
Media source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: five (5)
Media timeline: New media flows are added sequentially,
at short time intervals. See the test-specific setup
below.
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: five (5)
Media timeline: New media flows are added sequentially,
at short time intervals. See the test-specific setup
below.
Competing traffic:
Number of sources: zero (0)
Test-specific information: Table 6 defines the media timeline for
both media types.
+=========+============+============+==========+
| Flow ID | Media type | Start time | End time |
+=========+============+============+==========+
| 1 | Video | 0 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 2 | Video | 10 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 3 | Video | 20 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 4 | Video | 30 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 5 | Video | 40 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 6 | Audio | 0 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 7 | Audio | 10 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 8 | Audio | 20 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 9 | Audio | 30 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
| 10 | Audio | 40 s | 299 s |
+---------+------------+------------+----------+
Table 6: Media Timeline for Video and Audio
Media Sources
5.6. Media Flow Competing with a Long TCP Flow
In this test case, one or more media flows share the bottleneck link
with at least one long-lived TCP flow. Long-lived TCP flows download
data throughout the session and are expected to have infinite amount
of data to send and receive. This is a scenario where a multimedia
application coexists with a large file download. The test case
measures the adaptivity of the candidate algorithm to competing
traffic. It addresses requirement 3 in Section 2 of [RFC8836].
Expected behavior: Depending on the convergence observed in test
cases 5.1 and 5.2, the candidate algorithm may be able to avoid
congestion collapse. In the worst case, the media stream will
fall to the minimum media bit rate.
Evaluation metrics: Includes the following metrics in addition to
those described in Section 4.1:
1. Flow level:
a. TCP throughput
b. Loss for the TCP flow
Testbed topology: One (1) media source S1 is connected to the
corresponding media sink, R1. In addition, there is a long-lived
TCP flow sharing the same bottleneck link. The media traffic is
transported over the forward path, and the corresponding feedback/
control traffic is transported over the backward path. The TCP
traffic goes over the forward path from S_tcp with acknowledgment
packets going over the backward path from R_tcp.
+--+ +--+
|S1|===== \ Forward --> / =====|R1|
+--+ \\ // +--+
\\ //
+-----+ +-----+
| A |---------------------------->| B |
| |<----------------------------| |
+-----+ +-----+
// <-- Backward \\
+-----+ // \\ +-----+
|S_tcp|=== / \ ===|R_tcp|
+-----+ +-----+
Figure 6: Testbed Topology for TCP vs Congestion-Controlled Media
Flows
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 120 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 2 Mbps
Path capacity ratio: 1.0
Bottleneck queue size: [300 ms, 1000 ms]
Application-related:
Media source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: one (1)
Media timeline:
Start time: 5 s
End time: 119 s
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: one (1)
Media timeline:
Start time: 5 s
End time: 119 s
Additionally, implementers are encouraged to run the
experiment with multiple media sources.
Competing traffic:
Number and types of sources: one (1) and long-lived TCP
Traffic direction: forward
Congestion control: default TCP congestion control
[RFC5681]. Implementers are also encouraged to run the
experiment with alternative TCP congestion control
algorithms.
Traffic timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 119 s
Test-specific information: none
5.7. Media Flow Competing with Short TCP Flows
In this test case, one or more congestion-controlled media flows
share the bottleneck link with multiple short-lived TCP flows.
Short-lived TCP flows resemble the on/off pattern observed in web
traffic, wherein clients (for example, browsers) connect to a server
and download a resource (typically a web page, few images, text
files, etc.) using several TCP connections. This scenario shows the
performance of a multimedia application when several browser windows
are active. The test case measures the adaptivity of the candidate
algorithm to competing web traffic, and it addresses requirement 1.E
in Section 2 of [RFC8836].
Depending on the number of short TCP flows, the cross traffic either
appears as a short burst flow or resembles a long-lived TCP flow.
The intention of this test is to observe the impact of a short-term
burst on the behavior of the candidate algorithm.
Expected behavior: The candidate algorithm is expected to avoid flow
starvation during the presence of short and bursty competing TCP
flows, streaming at least at the minimum media bit rate. After
competing TCP flows terminate, the media streams are expected to
be robust enough to eventually recover to previous steady state
behavior, and at the very least, avoid persistent starvation.
Evaluation metrics: Includes the following metrics in addition to
those described in Section 4.1:
1. Flow level:
A. Variation in the sending rate of the TCP flow
B. TCP throughput
Testbed topology: The topology described here is the same as the one
described in Figure 6.
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 300 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 2.0 Mbps
Path capacity ratio: 1.0
Application-related:
Media source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: two (2)
Media timeline:
Start time: 5 s
End time: 299 s
Media type: Audio
Media direction: forward
Number of media sources: two (2)
Media timeline:
Start time: 5 s
End time: 299 s
Competing traffic:
Number and types of sources: ten (10), short-lived TCP
flows.
Traffic direction: forward
Congestion algorithm: default TCP congestion control
[RFC5681]. Implementers are also encouraged to run the
experiment with an alternative TCP congestion control
algorithm.
Traffic timeline: Each short TCP flow is modeled as a
sequence of file downloads interleaved with idle periods.
Not all short TCP flows start at the same time, two of
them start in the ON state, while rest of the eight flows
start in an OFF state. For a description of the short
TCP flow model, see test-specific information below.
Test-specific information:
Short TCP traffic model: The short TCP model to be used in this
test is described in [RFC8868].
5.8. Media Pause and Resume
In this test case, more than one real-time interactive media flow
share the link bandwidth, and all flows reach to a steady state by
utilizing the link capacity in an optimum way. At this stage, one of
the media flows is paused for a moment. This event will result in
more available bandwidth for the rest of the flows as they are on a
shared link. When the paused media flow resumes, it no longer has
the same bandwidth share on the link. It has to make its way through
the other existing flows in the link to achieve a fair share of the
link capacity. This test case is important specially for real-time
interactive media, which consists of more than one media flows and
can pause/resume media flows at any point of time during the session.
This test case directly addresses requirement 5 in Section 2 of
[RFC8836]. One can think of it as a variation of the test case
defined in Section 5.4. However, it is different as the candidate
algorithms can use different strategies to increase efficiency, for
example, in terms of fairness, convergence time, oscillation
reduction, etc., by capitalizing on the fact that they have previous
information of the link.
Expected behavior: During the period where the third stream is
paused, the two remaining flows are expected to increase their
rates and reach the maximum media bit rate. When the third stream
resumes, all three flows are expected to converge to the same
original fair share of rates prior to the media pause/resume
event.
Evaluation metrics: Includes the following metrics in addition to
those described in Section 4.1:
1. Flow level:
A. Variation in sending bit rate and throughput. Mainly
observing the frequency and magnitude of oscillations.
Testbed topology: Same as the test case defined in Section 5.4.
Testbed attributes: The general description of the testbed
parameters are the same as Section 5.4 with changes in the test-
specific setup as below:
Other test-specific setup:
Media flow timeline:
Flow ID: one (1)
Start time: 0 s
Flow duration: 119 s
Pause time: not required
Resume time: not required
Media flow timeline:
Flow ID: two (2)
Start time: 0 s
Flow duration: 119 s
Pause time: at 40 s
Resume time: at 60 s
Media flow timeline:
Flow ID: three (3)
Start time: 0 s
Flow duration: 119 s
Pause time: not required
Resume time: not required
6. Other Potential Test Cases
It has been noticed that there are other interesting test cases
besides the basic test cases listed above. In many aspects, these
additional test cases can help further evaluation of the candidate
algorithm. They are listed below.
6.1. Media Flows with Priority
In this test case, media flows will have different priority levels.
This is an extension of Section 5.4 where the same test is run with
different priority levels imposed on each of the media flows. For
example, the first flow (S1) is assigned a priority of 2, whereas the
remaining two flows (S2 and S3) are assigned a priority of 1. The
candidate algorithm must reflect the relative priorities assigned to
each media flow. In this case, the first flow (S1) must arrive at a
steady-state rate approximately twice that of the other two flows (S2
and S3).
The candidate algorithm can use a coupled congestion control
mechanism [RFC8699] or use a weighted priority scheduler for the
bandwidth distribution according to the respective media flow
priority or use.
6.2. Explicit Congestion Notification Usage
This test case requires running all the basic test cases with the
availability of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) [RFC6679]
feature enabled. The goal of this test is to exhibit that the
candidate algorithms do not fail when ECN signals are available.
With ECN signals enabled, the algorithms are expected to perform
better than their delay-based variants.
6.3. Multiple Bottlenecks
In this test case, one congestion-controlled media flow, S1->R1,
traverses a path with multiple bottlenecks. As illustrated in
Figure 7, the first flow (S1->R1) competes with the second
congestion-controlled media flow (S2->R2) over the link between A and
B, which is close to the sender side. Again, that flow (S1->R1)
competes with the third congestion-controlled media flow (S3->R3)
over the link between C and D, which is close to the receiver side.
The goal of this test is to ensure that the candidate algorithms work
properly in the presence of multiple bottleneck links on the end-to-
end path.
Expected behavior: The candidate algorithm is expected to achieve
full utilization at both bottleneck links without starving any of
the three congestion-controlled media flows and ensuring fair
share of the available bandwidth at each bottleneck.
Forward ---->
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
|S2 | |R2 | |S3 | |R3 |
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
| | | |
| | | |
+---+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +---+
|S1 |======| A |------>| B |----->| C |---->| D |======|R1 |
+---+ | |<------| |<-----| |<----| | +---+
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
1st 2nd
Bottleneck (A->B) Bottleneck (C->D)
<------ Backward
Figure 7: Testbed Topology for Multiple Bottlenecks
Testbed topology: Three media sources S1, S2, and S3 are connected
to respective destinations R1, R2, and R3. For all three flows,
the media traffic is transported over the forward path, and the
corresponding feedback/control traffic is transported over the
backward path.
Testbed attributes:
Test duration: 300 s
Path characteristics:
Reference bottleneck capacity: 2 Mbps
Path capacity ratio between A and B: 1.0
Path capacity ratio between B and C: 4.0
Path capacity ratio between C and D: 0.75
One-way propagation delay:
Between S1 and R1: 100 ms
Between S2 and R2: 40 ms
Between S3 and R3: 40 ms
Application-related:
Media source:
Media type: Video
Media direction: Forward
Number of media sources: Three (3)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 299 s
Media type: Audio
Media direction: Forward
Number of media sources: Three (3)
Media timeline:
Start time: 0 s
End time: 299 s
Competing traffic:
Number of sources: Zero (0)
7. Wireless Access Links
Additional wireless network (both cellular network and Wi-Fi network)
specific test cases are defined in [RFC8869].
8. Security Considerations
The security considerations in Section 6 of [RFC8868] and the
relevant congestion control algorithms apply. The principles for
congestion control are described in [RFC2914], and in particular any
new method must implement safeguards to avoid congestion collapse of
the Internet.
The evaluation of the test cases are intended to be run in a
controlled lab environment. Hence, the applications, simulators, and
network nodes ought to be well-behaved and should not impact the
desired results. Moreover, proper measures must be taken to avoid
leaking nonresponsive traffic from unproven congestion avoidance
techniques onto the open Internet.
9. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3551>.
[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Ed., Caceres, R., Ed., and A. Clark, Ed.,
"RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)",
RFC 3611, DOI 10.17487/RFC3611, November 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3611>.
[RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
"Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>.
[RFC5506] Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506, April
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>.
[RFC5681] Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion
Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.
[RFC6679] Westerlund, M., Johansson, I., Perkins, C., O'Hanlon, P.,
and K. Carlberg, "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
for RTP over UDP", RFC 6679, DOI 10.17487/RFC6679, August
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6679>.
[RFC8593] Zhu, X., Mena, S., and Z. Sarker, "Video Traffic Models
for RTP Congestion Control Evaluations", RFC 8593,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8593, May 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8593>.
[RFC8836] Jesup, R. and Z. Sarker, Ed., "Congestion Control
Requirements for Interactive Real-Time Media", RFC 8836,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8836, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8836>.
[RFC8868] Singh, V., Ott, J., and S. Holmer, "Evaluating Congestion
Control for Interactive Real-Time Media", RFC 8868,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8868, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8868>.
[RFC8869] Sarker, Z., Zhu, X., and J. Fu, "Evaluation Test Cases for
Interactive Real-Time Media over Wireless Networks",
RFC 8869, DOI 10.17487/RFC8869, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8869>.
10.2. Informative References
[HEVC-seq] HEVC, "Test Sequences",
<http://www.netlab.tkk.fi/~varun/test_sequences/>.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41,
RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2914>.
[RFC7567] Baker, F., Ed. and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "IETF
Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management",
BCP 197, RFC 7567, DOI 10.17487/RFC7567, July 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7567>.
[RFC8033] Pan, R., Natarajan, P., Baker, F., and G. White,
"Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE): A
Lightweight Control Scheme to Address the Bufferbloat
Problem", RFC 8033, DOI 10.17487/RFC8033, February 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8033>.
[RFC8290] Hoeiland-Joergensen, T., McKenney, P., Taht, D., Gettys,
J., and E. Dumazet, "The Flow Queue CoDel Packet Scheduler
and Active Queue Management Algorithm", RFC 8290,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8290, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8290>.
[RFC8699] Islam, S., Welzl, M., and S. Gjessing, "Coupled Congestion
Control for RTP Media", RFC 8699, DOI 10.17487/RFC8699,
January 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8699>.
[xiph-seq] Xiph.org, "Video Test Media",
<http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/>.
Acknowledgments
Much of this document is derived from previous work on congestion
control at the IETF.
The content and concepts within this document are a product of the
discussion carried out within the Design Team.
Authors' Addresses
Zaheduzzaman Sarker
Ericsson AB
Torshamnsgatan 23
SE-164 83 Stockholm
Sweden
Phone: +46 10 717 37 43
Email: zaheduzzaman.sarker@ericsson.com
Varun Singh
CALLSTATS I/O Oy
Rauhankatu 11 C
FI-00100 Helsinki
Finland
Email: varun.singh@iki.fi
URI: http://www.callstats.io/
Xiaoqing Zhu
Cisco Systems
12515 Research Blvd
Austin, TX 78759
United States of America
Email: xiaoqzhu@cisco.com
Michael A. Ramalho
AcousticComms Consulting
6310 Watercrest Way Unit 203
Lakewood Ranch, FL 34202-5211
United States of America
Phone: +1 732 832 9723
Email: mar42@cornell.edu
URI: http://ramalho.webhop.info/