Keywords: CBOR, JSON, IODEF
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Takahashi
Request for Comments: 8727 NICT
Category: Standards Track R. Danyliw
ISSN: 2070-1721 CERT
M. Suzuki
NICT
August 2020
JSON Binding of the Incident Object Description Exchange Format
Abstract
The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) defined in
RFC 7970 provides an information model and a corresponding XML data
model for exchanging incident and indicator information. This
document gives implementers and operators an alternative format to
exchange the same information by defining an alternative data model
implementation in JSON and its encoding in Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR).
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8727.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Requirements Language
2. IODEF Data Types
2.1. Abstract Data Type to JSON Data Type Mapping
2.2. Complex JSON Types
2.2.1. Integer
2.2.2. Multilingual Strings
2.2.3. Enum
2.2.4. Software and Software Reference
2.2.5. Structured Information
2.2.6. EXTENSION
3. IODEF JSON Data Model
3.1. Classes and Elements
3.2. Mapping between JSON and XML IODEF
4. Examples
4.1. Minimal Example
4.2. Indicators from a Campaign
5. Mapkeys
6. The IODEF Data Model (CDDL)
7. IANA Considerations
8. Security Considerations
9. References
9.1. Normative References
9.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Data Types Used in This Document
Appendix B. The IODEF Data Model (JSON Schema)
Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
The Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) [RFC7970]
defines a data representation for security incident reports and
indicators commonly exchanged by operational security teams. It
facilitates the automated exchange of this information to enable
mitigation and watch-and-warning. An information model using Unified
Modeling Language (UML) is defined in Section 3 of [RFC7970] and a
corresponding Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema data model is
defined in Section 8 of [RFC7970]. This UML-based information model
and XML-based data model are referred to as IODEF UML and IODEF XML,
respectively, in this document.
IODEF documents are structured and thus suitable for machine
processing. They will streamline incident response operations.
Another well-used and structured format that is suitable for machine
processing is JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC8259]. To
facilitate the automation of incident response operations, IODEF
documents and implementations should support JSON representation and
its encoding in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
[RFC7049].
This document defines an alternate implementation of the IODEF UML
information model by specifying a JSON data model using Concise Data
Definition Language (CDDL) [RFC8610] and a JSON Schema [JSON-SCHEMA].
This JSON data model is referred to as IODEF JSON in this document.
IODEF JSON provides all of the expressivity of IODEF XML. It gives
implementers and operators an alternative format to exchange the same
information.
The normative IODEF JSON data model is found in Section 6. Sections
2 and 3 describe the data types and elements of this data model.
Section 4 provides examples.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. IODEF Data Types
IODEF JSON implements the abstract data types specified in Section 2
of [RFC7970].
2.1. Abstract Data Type to JSON Data Type Mapping
IODEF JSON uses native and derived JSON data types. Table 1
describes the mapping between the abstract data types in Section 2 of
[RFC7970] and their corresponding implementations in IODEF JSON.
+=================+==========================+================+
| IODEF Data Type | Reference | JSON Data Type |
+=================+==========================+================+
| INTEGER | Section 2.1 of [RFC7970] | integer; see |
| | | Section 2.2.1 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| REAL | Section 2.2 of [RFC7970] | "number" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| CHARACTER | Section 2.3 of [RFC7970] | "string" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| STRING | Section 2.3 of [RFC7970] | "string" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| ML_STRING | Section 2.4 of [RFC7970] | see |
| | | Section 2.2.2 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| BYTE | Section 2.5.1 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| BYTE[] | Section 2.5.1 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| HEXBIN | Section 2.5.2 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| HEXBIN[] | Section 2.5.2 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| ENUM | Section 2.6 of [RFC7970] | see |
| | | Section 2.2.3 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| DATETIME | Section 2.7 of [RFC7970] | "string" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| TIMEZONE | Section 2.8 of [RFC7970] | "string" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| PORTLIST | Section 2.9 of [RFC7970] | "string" per |
| | | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| POSTAL | Section 2.10 of | ML_STRING; see |
| | [RFC7970] | Section 2.2.2 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| PHONE | Section 2.11 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| EMAIL | Section 2.12 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| URL | Section 2.13 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| ID | Section 2.14 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| IDREF | Section 2.14 of | "string" per |
| | [RFC7970] | [RFC8259] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| SOFTWARE | Section 2.15 of | see |
| | [RFC7970] | Section 2.2.4 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| STRUCTUREDINFO | Section 4.4 of [RFC7203] | see |
| | | Section 2.2.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
| EXTENSION | Section 2.16 of | see |
| | [RFC7970] | Section 2.2.6 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+----------------+
Table 1: JSON Data Types
+=================+================+=============================+
| IODEF Data Type | CBOR Data Type | CDDL Prelude [RFC8610] |
+=================+================+=============================+
| INTEGER | 0, 1, 6 tag 2, | integer |
| | 6 tag 3 | |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| REAL | 7 bits 26 | float32 |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| CHARACTER | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| STRING | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| ML_STRING | 5 | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 |
| | | of [RFC8610]) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| BYTE | 6 tag 22 | eb64legacy |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| BYTE[] | 6 tag 22 | eb64legacy |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| HEXBIN | 6 tag 23 | eb16 |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| HEXBIN[] | 6 tag 23 | eb16 |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| ENUM | - | Choices (Section 2.2.2 of |
| | | [RFC8610]) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| DATETIME | 6 tag 0 | tdate |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| TIMEZONE | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| PORTLIST | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| POSTAL | 3 | ML_STRING (Section 2.2.2) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| PHONE | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| EMAIL | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| URL | 6 tag 32 | uri |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| ID | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| IDREF | 3 | text |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| SOFTWARE | 5 | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 |
| | | of [RFC8610]) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| STRUCTUREDINFO | 5 | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 |
| | | of [RFC8610]) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
| EXTENSION | 5 | Maps/Structs (Section 3.5.1 |
| | | of [RFC8610]) |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
Table 2: CBOR Data Types
2.2. Complex JSON Types
2.2.1. Integer
An integer is a subset of the "number" type of JSON, which represents
signed digits encoded in Base 10. The definition of this integer is
"[ minus ] int" per [RFC8259], Section 6.
2.2.2. Multilingual Strings
A string that needs to be represented in a human-readable language
different from the default encoding of the document is represented in
the information model by the ML_STRING data type. This data type is
implemented as either an object with "value", "lang", and
"translation-id" elements or a text string as defined in Section 6.
An example is shown below.
"MLStringType": {
"value": "free-form text", # STRING
"lang": "en", # ENUM
"translation-id": "jp2en0023" # STRING
}
Note that in figures throughout this document, some supplementary
information follows "#", but these are not valid syntax in JSON;
instead, they are intended to facilitate reader understanding.
2.2.3. Enum
Enum is an ordered list of acceptable string values. Each value has
a representative keyword. Within the data model, the enumerated type
keywords are used as attribute values.
2.2.4. Software and Software Reference
A particular version of software is represented in the information
model by the SOFTWARE data type. This software can be described by
using a reference, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) [RFC3986], or
free-form text. The SOFTWARE data type is implemented as an object
with "SoftwareReference", "URL", and "Description" elements as
defined in Section 6. Examples are shown below.
"SoftwareType": {
"SoftwareReference": {...}, # SoftwareReference
"Description": ["MS Windows"] # STRING
}
SoftwareReference class is a reference to a particular version of
software. Examples are shown below.
"SoftwareReference": {
"value": "cpe:/a:google:chrome:59.0.3071.115", # STRING
"spec-name": "cpe", # ENUM
"dtype": "string" # ENUM
}
2.2.5. Structured Information
Information provided in the form of a structured string, such as an
ID, or structured information, such as XML documents, is represented
in the information model by the STRUCTUREDINFO data type. Note that
this type was originally specified in Section 4.4 of [RFC7203] as a
basic structure of its extension classes. The STRUCTUREDINFO data
type is implemented as an object with "SpecID", "ext-SpecID",
"ContentID", "RawData", and "Reference" elements. An example for
embedding a structured ID is shown below.
"STRUCTUREDINFO": {
"SpecID": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:cwe:3.3", # ENUM
"ContentID": "CWE-89" # STRING
}
When embedding the raw data, it should be encoded as a BYTE type
object, as shown below.
"STRUCTUREDINFO": {
"SpecID": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2", # ENUM
"RawData": "<<< encoded structured data >>>" # BYTE
}
When embedding the raw data, base64 encoding defined in Section 4 of
[RFC4648] MUST be used for JSON IODEF while binary representation
MUST be used for CBOR IODEF.
2.2.6. EXTENSION
Information not otherwise represented in the IODEF can be added using
the EXTENSION data type. This data type is a generic extension
mechanism. The EXTENSION data type is implemented as an
ExtensionType object with "value", "name", "dtype", "ext-dtype",
"meaning", "formatid", "restriction", "ext-restriction", and
"observable-id" elements. An example for embedding a structured ID
is shown below.
"ExtensionType": {
"value": "xxxxxxx", # STRING
"name": "Syslog", # STRING
"dtype": "string", # ENUM
"meaning": "Syslog from the security appliance X" # STRING
}
Note that this data type is specified in [RFC7970] as its generic
extension mechanism. If a data item has internal structure that is
intended to be processed outside of the IODEF framework, one may
consider using the STRUCTUREDINFO data type mentioned in
Section 2.2.5.
3. IODEF JSON Data Model
3.1. Classes and Elements
The following table shows the list of IODEF classes and their
elements and the corresponding sections in [RFC7970]. Note that the
complete JSON schema is defined in Section 6 using CDDL.
+===========================+============================+==========+
| IODEF Class | Class, Element, and |Section in|
| | Attribute |[RFC7970] |
+===========================+============================+==========+
| IODEF-Document | version | 3.1 |
| | lang? | |
| | format-id? | |
| | private-enum-name? | |
| | private-enum-id? | |
| | Incident+ | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Incident | purpose | 3.2 |
| | ext-purpose? | |
| | status? | |
| | ext-status? | |
| | lang? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | IncidentID | |
| | AlternativeID? | |
| | RelatedActivity* | |
| | DetectTime? | |
| | StartTime? | |
| | EndTime? | |
| | RecoveryTime? | |
| | ReportTime? | |
| | GenerationTime | |
| | Description* | |
| | Discovery* | |
| | Assessment* | |
| | Method* | |
| | Contact+ | |
| | EventData* | |
| | Indicator* | |
| | History? | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| IncidentID | id | 3.4 |
| | name | |
| | instance? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| AlternativeID | restriction? | 3.5 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | IncidentID+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| RelatedActivity | restriction? | 3.6 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | IncidentID* | |
| | URL* | |
| | ThreatActor* | |
| | Campaign* | |
| | IndicatorID* | |
| | Confidence? | |
| | Description* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| ThreatActor | restriction? | 3.7 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | ThreatActorID* | |
| | URL* | |
| | Description* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Campaign | restriction? | 3.8 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | CampaignID* | |
| | URL* | |
| | Description* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Contact | role | 3.9 |
| | ext-role? | |
| | type | |
| | ext-type? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | ContactName* | |
| | ContactTitle* | |
| | Description* | |
| | RegistryHandle* | |
| | PostalAddress* | |
| | Email* | |
| | Telephone* | |
| | Timezone? | |
| | Contact* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| RegistryHandle | handle | 3.9.1 |
| | registry | |
| | ext-registry? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| PostalAddress | type? | 3.9.2 |
| | ext-type? | |
| | PAddress | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Email | type? | 3.9.3 |
| | ext-type? | |
| | EmailTo | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Telephone | type? | 3.9.4 |
| | ext-type? | |
| | TelephoneNumber | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Discovery | source? | 3.10 |
| | ext-source? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | Description* | |
| | Contact* | |
| | DetectionPattern* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| DetectionPattern | restriction? | 3.10.1 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | Application | |
| | Description* | |
| | DetectionConfiguration* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Method | restriction? | 3.11 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | Reference* | |
| | Description* | |
| | AttackPattern* | |
| | Vulnerability* | |
| | Weakness* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Weakness | restriction? | 4.5.5 in |
| | ext-restriction? |[RFC7203] |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Reference | observable-id? | 3.11.1 |
| | ReferenceName? | |
| | URL* | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Assessment | occurrence? | 3.12 |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | IncidentCategory* | |
| | SystemImpact* | |
| | BusinessImpact* | |
| | TimeImpact* | |
| | MonetaryImpact* | |
| | IntendedImpact* | |
| | Counter* | |
| | MitigatingFactor* | |
| | Cause* | |
| | Confidence? | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| SystemImpact | severity? | 3.12.1 |
| | completion? | |
| | type | |
| | ext-type? | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| BusinessImpact | severity? | 3.12.2 |
| | ext-severity? | |
| | type | |
| | ext-type? | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| TimeImpact | value | 3.12.3 |
| | severity? | |
| | metric | |
| | ext-metric? | |
| | duration? | |
| | ext-duration? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| MonetaryImpact | value | 3.12.4 |
| | severity? | |
| | currency? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Confidence | value | 3.12.5 |
| | rating | |
| | ext-rating? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| History | restriction? | 3.13 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | HistoryItem+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| HistoryItem | action | 3.13.1 |
| | ext-action? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | DateTime | |
| | IncidentID? | |
| | Contact? | |
| | Description* | |
| | DefinedCOA* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| EventData | restriction? | 3.14 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | Description* | |
| | DetectTime? | |
| | StartTime? | |
| | EndTime? | |
| | RecoveryTime? | |
| | ReportTime? | |
| | Contact* | |
| | Discovery* | |
| | Assessment? | |
| | Method* | |
| | System* | |
| | Expectation* | |
| | RecordData* | |
| | EventData* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Expectation | action? | 3.15 |
| | ext-action? | |
| | severity? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | Description* | |
| | DefinedCOA* | |
| | StartTime? | |
| | EndTime? | |
| | Contact? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| System | category? | 3.17 |
| | ext-category? | |
| | interface? | |
| | spoofed? | |
| | virtual? | |
| | ownership? | |
| | ext-ownership? | |
| | restriction? | |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | Node | |
| | NodeRole* | |
| | Service* | |
| | OperatingSystem* | |
| | Counter* | |
| | AssetID* | |
| | Description* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Node | DomainData* | 3.18 |
| | Address* | |
| | PostalAddress? | |
| | Location* | |
| | Counter* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Address | value | 3.18.1 |
| | category | |
| | ext-category? | |
| | vlan-name? | |
| | vlan-num? | |
| | observable-id? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| NodeRole | category | 3.18.2 |
| | ext-category? | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Counter | value | 3.18.3 |
| | type | |
| | ext-type? | |
| | unit | |
| | ext-unit? | |
| | meaning? | |
| | duration? | |
| | ext-duration? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| DomainData | system-status | 3.19 |
| | ext-system-status? | |
| | domain-status | |
| | ext-domain-status? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | Name | |
| | DateDomainWasChecked? | |
| | RegistrationDate? | |
| | ExpirationDate? | |
| | RelatedDNS* | |
| | Nameservers* | |
| | DomainContacts? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Nameservers | Server | 3.19.1 |
| | Address* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| DomainContacts | SameDomainContact? | 3.19.2 |
| | Contact+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Service | ip-protocol? | 3.20 |
| | observable-id? | |
| | ServiceName? | |
| | Port? | |
| | Portlist? | |
| | ProtoCode? | |
| | ProtoType? | |
| | ProtoField? | |
| | ApplicationHeaderField* | |
| | EmailData? | |
| | Application? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| ServiceName | IANAService? | 3.20.1 |
| | URL* | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| EmailData | observable-id? | 3.21 |
| | EmailTo* | |
| | EmailFrom? | |
| | EmailSubject? | |
| | EmailX-Mailer? | |
| | EmailHeaderField* | |
| | EmailHeaders? | |
| | EmailBody? | |
| | EmailMessage? | |
| | HashData* | |
| | Signature* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| RecordData | restriction? | 3.22.1 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | DateTime? | |
| | Description* | |
| | Application? | |
| | RecordPattern* | |
| | RecordItem* | |
| | URL* | |
| | FileData* | |
| |WindowsRegistryKeysModified*| |
| | CertificateData* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| RecordPattern | type | 3.22.2 |
| | ext-type? | |
| | offset? | |
| | offsetunit? | |
| | ext-offsetunit? | |
| | instance? | |
| | value | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
|WindowsRegistryKeysModified| observable-id? | 3.23 |
| | Key+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Key | registryaction? | 3.23.1 |
| | ext-registryaction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | KeyName | |
| | KeyValue? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| CertificateData | restriction? | 3.24 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | Certificate+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Certificate | observable-id? | 3.24.1 |
| | X509Data | |
| | Description* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| FileData | restriction? | 3.25 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | observable-id? | |
| | File+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| File | observable-id? | 3.25.1 |
| | FileName? | |
| | FileSize? | |
| | FileType? | |
| | URL* | |
| | HashData? | |
| | Signature* | |
| | AssociatedSoftware? | |
| | FileProperties* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| HashData | scope | 3.26 |
| | HashTargetID? | |
| | Hash* | |
| | FuzzyHash* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Hash | DigestMethod | 3.26.1 |
| | DigestValue | |
| | CanonicalizationMethod? | |
| | Application? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| FuzzyHash | FuzzyHashValue+ | 3.26.2 |
| | Application? | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Indicator | restriction? | 3.29 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | IndicatorID | |
| | AlternativeIndicatorID* | |
| | Description* | |
| | StartTime? | |
| | EndTime? | |
| | Confidence? | |
| | Contact* | |
| | Observable? | |
| | uid-ref? | |
| | IndicatorExpression? | |
| | IndicatorReference? | |
| | NodeRole* | |
| | AttackPhase* | |
| | Reference* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| IndicatorID | id | 3.29.1 |
| | name | |
| | version | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| AlternativeIndicatorID | restriction? | 3.29.2 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | IndicatorID+ | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| Observable | restriction? | 3.29.3 |
| | ext-restriction? | |
| | System? | |
| | Address? | |
| | DomainData? | |
| | Service? | |
| | EmailData? | |
| |WindowsRegistryKeysModified?| |
| | FileData? | |
| | CertificateData? | |
| | RegistryHandle? | |
| | RecordData? | |
| | EventData? | |
| | Incident? | |
| | Expectation? | |
| | Reference? | |
| | Assessment? | |
| | DetectionPattern? | |
| | HistoryItem? | |
| | BulkObservable? | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| BulkObservable | type? | 3.29.3.1 |
| | ext-type? | |
| | BulkObservableFormat? | |
| | BulkObservableList | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| BulkObservableFormat | Hash? |3.29.3.1.1|
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| IndicatorExpression | operator? | 3.29.4 |
| | ext-operator? | |
| | IndicatorExpression* | |
| | Observable* | |
| | uid-ref* | |
| | IndicatorReference* | |
| | Confidence? | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| IndicatorReference | uid-ref? | 3.29.7 |
| | euid-ref? | |
| | version? | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
| AttackPhase | AttackPhaseID* | 3.29.8 |
| | URL* | |
| | Description* | |
| | AdditionalData* | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------+
Table 3: IODEF Classes
3.2. Mapping between JSON and XML IODEF
* Attributes and elements of each class in the XML IODEF document
are both presented as JSON attributes in the JSON IODEF document,
and the order of their appearances is ignored.
* Flow class is deleted, and classes with its instances now directly
have instances of the EventData class that used to belong to the
Flow class.
* ApplicationHeader class is deleted, and classes with its instances
now directly have instances of the ApplicationHeaderField class
that used to belong to the ApplicationHeader class.
* SignatureData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
directly have instances of the Signature class that used to belong
to the SignatureData class.
* IndicatorData class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
directly have instances of the Indicator class that used to belong
to the IndicatorData class.
* ObservableReference class is deleted, and classes with its
instances now directly have uid-ref as an element.
* Record class is deleted, and classes with its instances now
directly have instances of the RecordData class that used to
belong to the Record class.
* The MLStringType was modified to support simple string by allowing
the type to have not only a predefined object type but also a text
type, in order to allow simple descriptions of elements of the
type. Implementations need to be capable of parsing an
MLStringType that could take the form of both text and an object.
* The elements of the ML_STRING type in the XML IODEF document are
presented as either STRING type or ML_STRING type in the JSON
IODEF document. When converting from the XML IODEF document to
the JSON IODEF document, or vice versa, the information contained
in the original data of the ML_STRING type must be preserved.
When STRING is used instead of ML_STRING, parsers can assume that
its "xml:lang" is set to "en".
* Data models of the extension classes defined by [RFC7203] and
referenced by [RFC7970] are represented by the STRUCTUREDINFO
class defined in this document.
* Signature, X509Data, and RawData are encoded using base64 encoding
for JSON IODEF and binary representation for CBOR IODEF to
represent them as BYTE objects.
* EmailBody represents a whole message body including MIME structure
in the same manner defined in [RFC7970]. In case of an email
composed of a MIME multipart, the EmailBody contains multiple body
parts separated by boundary strings.
* The "ipv6-net-mask" type attribute of the BulkObservable class
remains available for the purpose of backward compatibility, but
the use of this attribute is not recommended because IPv6 does not
use netmask any more.
* ENUM values in this document are extensible and managed by IANA,
which is also the case in [RFC7970]. The values in the table are
used both by [RFC7970] implementations and by their JSON (and
CBOR) bindings as specified by this document.
* This document uses JSON's "number" type to represent integers that
only have full precision for integer values between -2^(53) and
2^(53). When dealing with integers outside the range, this issue
needs to be considered.
* Binaries are encoded in bytes. Note that XML IODEF in [RFC7970]
uses HEXBIN due to the incapability of XML for embedding binaries
as they are.
4. Examples
This section provides examples of IODEF documents. These examples do
not represent the full capabilities of the data model or the only way
to encode particular information.
4.1. Minimal Example
A document containing only the mandatory elements and attributes is
shown below in JSON and CBOR, respectively.
{
"version": "2.0",
"lang": "en",
"Incident": [{
"purpose": "reporting",
"restriction": "private",
"IncidentID": {
"id": "492382",
"name": "csirt.example.com"
},
"GenerationTime": "2015-07-18T09:00:00-05:00",
"Contact": [{
"type": "organization",
"role": "creator",
"Email": [{"EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"}]
}]
}]
}
Figure 1: A Minimal Example in JSON
A3 # map(3)
37 # negative(23)
63 # text(3)
322E30 # "2.0"
36 # negative(22)
62 # text(2)
656E # "en"
32 # negative(18)
81 # array(1)
A5 # map(5)
21 # negative(1)
69 # text(9)
7265706F7274696E67 # "reporting"
29 # negative(9)
67 # text(7)
70726976617465 # "private"
02 # unsigned(2)
A2 # map(2)
12 # unsigned(18)
66 # text(6)
343932333832 # "492382"
2E # negative(14)
71 # text(17)
63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
# "csirt.example.com"
0A # unsigned(10)
78 19 # text(25)
323031352D30372D31385430393A30303A30302D30353A3030
# "2015-07-18T09:00:00
# -05:00"
0E # unsigned(14)
81 # array(1)
A3 # map(3)
18 1C # unsigned(28)
6C # text(12)
6F7267616E697A6174696F6E # "organization"
18 1A # unsigned(26)
67 # text(7)
63726561746F72 # "creator"
18 22 # unsigned(34)
81 # array(1)
A1 # map(1)
18 29 # unsigned(41)
78 19 # text(25)
636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D70
6C652E636F6D
# "contact@csirt.example.com"
Figure 2: A Minimal Example in CBOR
4.2. Indicators from a Campaign
An example of C2 domains from a given campaign is shown below in JSON
and CBOR, respectively.
{
"version": "2.0",
"lang": "en",
"Incident": [{
"purpose": "watch",
"restriction": "green",
"IncidentID": {
"id": "897923",
"name": "csirt.example.com"
},
"RelatedActivity": [{
"ThreatActor": [{
"ThreatActorID": ["TA-12-AGGRESSIVE-BUTTERFLY"],
"Description": ["Aggressive Butterfly"]}],
"Campaign": [{
"CampaignID": ["C-2015-59405"],
"Description": ["Orange Giraffe"]
}]
}],
"GenerationTime": "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00",
"Description": ["Summarizes the Indicators of Compromise for the
Orange Giraffe campaign of the Aggressive Butterfly crime
gang."],
"Assessment": [{
"Impact": [{"BusinessImpact": {"type": "breach-proprietary"}}]
}],
"Contact": [{
"type": "organization",
"role": "creator",
"ContactName": ["CSIRT for example.com"],
"Email": [{
"EmailTo": "contact@csirt.example.com"
}]
}],
"Indicator": [{
"IndicatorID": {
"id": "G90823490",
"name": "csirt.example.com",
"version": "1"
},
"Description": ["C2 domains"],
"StartTime": "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00",
"Observable": {
"BulkObservable": {
"type": "domain-name",
"BulkObservableList": "kj290023j09r34.example.com"}
}
}]
}]
}
Figure 3: Indicators from a Campaign in JSON
A3 # map(3)
37 # negative(23)
63 # text(3)
322E30 # "2.0"
36 # negative(22)
62 # text(2)
656E # "en"
32 # negative(18)
81 # array(1)
A9 # map(9)
21 # negative(1)
65 # text(5)
7761746368 # "watch"
29 # negative(9)
65 # text(5)
677265656E # "green"
02 # unsigned(2)
A2 # map(2)
12 # unsigned(18)
66 # text(6)
383937393233 # "897923"
2E # negative(14)
71 # text(17)
63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
# "csirt.example.com"
04 # unsigned(4)
81 # array(1)
A2 # map(2)
14 # unsigned(20)
81 # array(1)
A2 # map(2)
18 18 # unsigned(24)
81 # array(1)
78 1A # text(26)
54412D31322D414747524553534956452D4
25554544552464C59
# "TA-12-AGGRESSIVE
# -BUTTERFLY"
24 # negative(4)
81 # array(1)
74 # text(20)
41676772657373697665204275747465726
66C79
# "Aggressive Butterfly"
15 # unsigned(21)
81 # array(1)
A2 # map(2)
18 19 # unsigned(25)
81 # array(1)
6C # text(12)
432D323031352D3539343035
# "C-2015-59405"
24 # negative(4)
81 # array(1)
6E # text(14)
4F72616E67652047697261666665
# "Orange Giraffe"
0A # unsigned(10)
78 19 # text(25)
323031352D31302D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
# "2015-10-02T11:18:00-05:00"
24 # negative(4)
81 # array(1)
78 6F # text(111)
53756D6D6172697A65732074686520496E64696361746F7
273206F6620436F6D70726F6D69736520666F7220746865
204F72616E676520476972616666652063616D706169676
E206F662074686520416767726573736976652042757474
6572666C79206372696D652067616E672E
# "Summarizes the Indicators
# of Compromise for the
# Orange Giraffe campaign
# of the Aggressive
# Butterfly crime gang."
0C # unsigned(12)
81 # array(1)
A1 # map(1)
18 3F # unsigned(63)
81 # array(1)
A1 # map(1)
18 41 # unsigned(65)
A1 # map(1)
18 1C # unsigned(28)
72 # text(18)
6272656163682D70726F7072696574617279
# "breach-proprietary"
0E # unsigned(14)
81 # array(1)
A4 # map(4)
18 1C # unsigned(28)
6C # text(12)
6F7267616E697A6174696F6E
# "organization"
18 1A # unsigned(26)
67 # text(7)
63726561746F72 # "creator"
18 1E # unsigned(30)
81 # array(1)
75 # text(21)
435349525420666F72206578616D706C652E636F6D
# "CSIRT for example.com"
18 22 # unsigned(34)
81 # array(1)
A1 # map(1)
18 29 # unsigned(41)
78 19 # text(25)
636F6E746163744063736972742E6578616D70
6C652E636F6D
# "contact@csirt.example.com"
10 # unsigned(16)
81 # array(1)
A4 # map(4)
16 # unsigned(22)
A3 # map(3)
12 # unsigned(18)
69 # text(9)
473930383233343930 # "G90823490"
2E # negative(14)
71 # text(17)
63736972742E6578616D706C652E636F6D
# "csirt.example.com"
37 # negative(23)
61 # text(1)
31 # "1"
24 # negative(4)
81 # array(1)
6A # text(10)
433220646F6D61696E73 # "C2 domains"
06 # unsigned(6)
78 19 # text(25)
323031342D31322D30325431313A31383A30302D30353A3030
# "2014-12-02T11:18:00-05:00"
18 AB # unsigned(171)
A1 # map(1)
18 B0 # unsigned(176)
A2 # map(2)
18 1C # unsigned(28)
6B # text(11)
646F6D61696E2D6E616D65
# "domain-name"
18 B2 # unsigned(178)
78 1A # text(26)
6B6A3239303032336A30397233342E6578616D
706C652E636F6D
# "kj290023j09r34.example.com"
Figure 4: Indicators from a Campaign in CBOR
5. Mapkeys
The mapkeys are provided in Table 4 for minimizing the CBOR size.
+===================================+=========+
| mapkey | cborkey |
+===================================+=========+
| iodef-version | -24 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-lang | -23 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-format-id | -22 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-private-enum-name | -21 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-private-enum-id | -20 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Incident | -19 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AdditionalData | -18 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-value | -17 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-translation-id | -16 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-name | -15 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-dtype | -14 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-dtype | -13 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-meaning | -12 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-formatid | -11 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-restriction | -10 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-restriction | -9 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-observable-id | -8 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-SoftwareReference | -7 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-URL | -6 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Description | -5 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-spec-name | -4 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-spec-name | -3 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-purpose | -2 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-purpose | -1 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-status | 0 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-status | 1 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IncidentID | 2 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AlternativeID | 3 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RelatedActivity | 4 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DetectTime | 5 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-StartTime | 6 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EndTime | 7 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RecoveryTime | 8 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ReportTime | 9 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-GenerationTime | 10 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Discovery | 11 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Assessment | 12 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Method | 13 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Contact | 14 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EventData | 15 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Indicator | 16 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-History | 17 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-id | 18 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-instance | 19 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ThreatActor | 20 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Campaign | 21 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IndicatorID | 22 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Confidence | 23 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ThreatActorID | 24 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-CampaignID | 25 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-role | 26 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-role | 27 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-type | 28 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-type | 29 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ContactName | 30 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ContactTitle | 31 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RegistryHandle | 32 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-PostalAddress | 33 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Email | 34 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Telephone | 35 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Timezone | 36 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-handle | 37 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-registry | 38 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-registry | 39 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-PAddress | 40 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailTo | 41 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-TelephoneNumber | 42 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-source | 43 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-source | 44 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DetectionPattern | 45 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DetectionConfiguration | 46 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Application | 47 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Reference | 48 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AttackPattern | 49 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Vulnerability | 50 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Weakness | 51 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-SpecID | 52 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-SpecID | 53 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ContentID | 54 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RawData | 55 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Platform | 56 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Scoring | 57 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ReferenceName | 58 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-specIndex | 59 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ID | 60 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-occurrence | 61 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IncidentCategory | 62 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Impact | 63 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-SystemImpact | 64 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-BusinessImpact | 65 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-TimeImpact | 66 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-MonetaryImpact | 67 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IntendedImpact | 68 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Counter | 69 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-MitigatingFactor | 70 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Cause | 71 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-severity | 72 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-completion | 73 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-severity | 74 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-metric | 75 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-metric | 76 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-duration | 77 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-duration | 78 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-currency | 79 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-rating | 80 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-rating | 81 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-HistoryItem | 82 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-action | 83 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-action | 84 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DateTime | 85 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DefinedCOA | 86 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-System | 87 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Expectation | 88 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RecordData | 89 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-category | 90 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-category | 91 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-interface | 92 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-spoofed | 93 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-virtual | 94 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ownership | 95 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-ownership | 96 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Node | 97 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-NodeRole | 98 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Service | 99 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-OperatingSystem | 100 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AssetID | 101 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DomainData | 102 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Address | 103 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Location | 104 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-vlan-name | 105 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-vlan-num | 106 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-unit | 107 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-unit | 108 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-system-status | 109 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-system-status | 110 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-domain-status | 111 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-domain-status | 112 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Name | 113 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DateDomainWasChecked | 114 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RegistrationDate | 115 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ExpirationDate | 116 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RelatedDNS | 117 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-NameServers | 118 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DomainContacts | 119 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Server | 120 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-SameDomainContact | 121 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ip-protocol | 122 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ServiceName | 123 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Port | 124 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Portlist | 125 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ProtoCode | 126 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ProtoType | 127 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ProtoField | 128 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ApplicationHeaderField | 129 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailData | 130 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IANAService | 131 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailFrom | 132 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailSubject | 133 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailX-Mailer | 134 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailHeaderField | 135 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailHeaders | 136 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailBody | 137 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-EmailMessage | 138 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-HashData | 139 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Signature | 140 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RecordPattern | 141 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-RecordItem | 142 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FileData | 143 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified | 144 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-CertificateData | 145 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-offset | 146 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-offsetunit | 147 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-offsetunit | 148 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Key | 149 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-registryaction | 150 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-registryaction | 151 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-KeyName | 152 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-KeyValue | 153 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Certificate | 154 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-X509Data | 155 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-File | 156 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FileName | 157 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FileSize | 158 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FileType | 159 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AssociatedSoftware | 160 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FileProperties | 161 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-scope | 162 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-HashTargetID | 163 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Hash | 164 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FuzzyHash | 165 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DigestMethod | 166 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-DigestValue | 167 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-CanonicalizationMethod | 168 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-FuzzyHashValue | 169 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID | 170 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-Observable | 171 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-uid-ref | 172 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IndicatorExpression | 173 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-IndicatorReference | 174 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AttackPhase | 175 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-BulkObservable | 176 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-BulkObservableFormat | 177 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-BulkObservableList | 178 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-operator | 179 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-ext-operator | 180 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-euid-ref | 181 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
| iodef-AttackPhaseID | 182 |
+-----------------------------------+---------+
Table 4: Mapkeys
6. The IODEF Data Model (CDDL)
This section provides the IODEF data model. Note that mapkeys are
described at the beginning of the CDDL data model for better
readability.
start = iodef
;;; iodef.json: IODEF-Document
iodef-version = -24
iodef-lang = -23
iodef-format-id = -22
iodef-private-enum-name = -21
iodef-private-enum-id = -20
iodef-Incident = -19
iodef-AdditionalData = -18
iodef-value = -17
iodef-translation-id = -16
iodef-name = -15
iodef-dtype = -14
iodef-ext-dtype = -13
iodef-meaning = -12
iodef-formatid = -11
iodef-restriction = -10
iodef-ext-restriction = -9
iodef-observable-id = -8
iodef-SoftwareReference = -7
iodef-URL = -6
iodef-Description = -5
iodef-spec-name = -4
iodef-ext-spec-name = -3
iodef-purpose = -2
iodef-ext-purpose = -1
iodef-status = 0
iodef-ext-status = 1
iodef-IncidentID = 2
iodef-AlternativeID = 3
iodef-RelatedActivity = 4
iodef-DetectTime = 5
iodef-StartTime = 6
iodef-EndTime = 7
iodef-RecoveryTime = 8
iodef-ReportTime = 9
iodef-GenerationTime = 10
iodef-Discovery = 11
iodef-Assessment = 12
iodef-Method = 13
iodef-Contact = 14
iodef-EventData = 15
iodef-Indicator = 16
iodef-History = 17
iodef-id = 18
iodef-instance = 19
iodef-ThreatActor = 20
iodef-Campaign = 21
iodef-IndicatorID = 22
iodef-Confidence = 23
iodef-ThreatActorID = 24
iodef-CampaignID = 25
iodef-role = 26
iodef-ext-role = 27
iodef-type = 28
iodef-ext-type = 29
iodef-ContactName = 30
iodef-ContactTitle = 31
iodef-RegistryHandle = 32
iodef-PostalAddress = 33
iodef-Email = 34
iodef-Telephone = 35
iodef-Timezone = 36
iodef-handle = 37
iodef-registry = 38
iodef-ext-registry = 39
iodef-PAddress = 40
iodef-EmailTo = 41
iodef-TelephoneNumber = 42
iodef-source = 43
iodef-ext-source = 44
iodef-DetectionPattern = 45
iodef-DetectionConfiguration = 46
iodef-Application = 47
iodef-Reference = 48
iodef-AttackPattern = 49
iodef-Vulnerability = 50
iodef-Weakness = 51
iodef-SpecID = 52
iodef-ext-SpecID = 53
iodef-ContentID = 54
iodef-RawData = 55
iodef-Platform = 56
iodef-Scoring = 57
iodef-ReferenceName = 58
iodef-specIndex = 59
iodef-ID = 60
iodef-occurrence = 61
iodef-IncidentCategory = 62
iodef-Impact = 63
iodef-SystemImpact = 64
iodef-BusinessImpact = 65
iodef-TimeImpact = 66
iodef-MonetaryImpact = 67
iodef-IntendedImpact = 68
iodef-Counter = 69
iodef-MitigatingFactor = 70
iodef-Cause = 71
iodef-severity = 72
iodef-completion = 73
iodef-ext-severity = 74
iodef-metric = 75
iodef-ext-metric = 76
iodef-duration = 77
iodef-ext-duration = 78
iodef-currency = 79
iodef-rating = 80
iodef-ext-rating = 81
iodef-HistoryItem = 82
iodef-action = 83
iodef-ext-action = 84
iodef-DateTime = 85
iodef-DefinedCOA = 86
iodef-System = 87
iodef-Expectation = 88
iodef-RecordData = 89
iodef-category = 90
iodef-ext-category = 91
iodef-interface = 92
iodef-spoofed = 93
iodef-virtual = 94
iodef-ownership = 95
iodef-ext-ownership = 96
iodef-Node = 97
iodef-NodeRole = 98
iodef-Service = 99
iodef-OperatingSystem = 100
iodef-AssetID = 101
iodef-DomainData = 102
iodef-Address = 103
iodef-Location = 104
iodef-vlan-name = 105
iodef-vlan-num = 106
iodef-unit = 107
iodef-ext-unit = 108
iodef-system-status = 109
iodef-ext-system-status = 110
iodef-domain-status = 111
iodef-ext-domain-status = 112
iodef-Name = 113
iodef-DateDomainWasChecked = 114
iodef-RegistrationDate = 115
iodef-ExpirationDate = 116
iodef-RelatedDNS = 117
iodef-NameServers = 118
iodef-DomainContacts = 119
iodef-Server = 120
iodef-SameDomainContact = 121
iodef-ip-protocol = 122
iodef-ServiceName = 123
iodef-Port = 124
iodef-Portlist = 125
iodef-ProtoCode = 126
iodef-ProtoType = 127
iodef-ProtoField = 128
iodef-ApplicationHeaderField = 129
iodef-EmailData = 130
iodef-IANAService = 131
iodef-EmailFrom = 132
iodef-EmailSubject = 133
iodef-EmailX-Mailer = 134
iodef-EmailHeaderField = 135
iodef-EmailHeaders = 136
iodef-EmailBody = 137
iodef-EmailMessage = 138
iodef-HashData = 139
iodef-Signature = 140
iodef-RecordPattern = 141
iodef-RecordItem = 142
iodef-FileData = 143
iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified = 144
iodef-CertificateData = 145
iodef-offset = 146
iodef-offsetunit = 147
iodef-ext-offsetunit = 148
iodef-Key = 149
iodef-registryaction = 150
iodef-ext-registryaction = 151
iodef-KeyName = 152
iodef-KeyValue = 153
iodef-Certificate = 154
iodef-X509Data = 155
iodef-File = 156
iodef-FileName = 157
iodef-FileSize = 158
iodef-FileType = 159
iodef-AssociatedSoftware = 160
iodef-FileProperties = 161
iodef-scope = 162
iodef-HashTargetID = 163
iodef-Hash = 164
iodef-FuzzyHash = 165
iodef-DigestMethod = 166
iodef-DigestValue = 167
iodef-CanonicalizationMethod = 168
iodef-FuzzyHashValue = 169
iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID = 170
iodef-Observable = 171
iodef-uid-ref = 172
iodef-IndicatorExpression = 173
iodef-IndicatorReference = 174
iodef-AttackPhase = 175
iodef-BulkObservable = 176
iodef-BulkObservableFormat = 177
iodef-BulkObservableList = 178
iodef-operator = 179
iodef-ext-operator = 180
iodef-euid-ref = 181
iodef-AttackPhaseID = 182
iodef = {
iodef-version => text,
? iodef-lang => lang,
? iodef-format-id => text
? iodef-private-enum-name => text,
? iodef-private-enum-id => text,
iodef-Incident => [+ Incident],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
duration = "second" / "minute" / "hour" / "day" / "month" /
"quarter" / "year" / "ext-value"
lang = "" / text .regexp "[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"
restriction = "public" / "partner" / "need-to-know" / "private" /
"default" / "white" / "green" / "amber" / "red" /
"ext-value"
SpecID = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2" / "private"
IDtype = text .regexp "[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*"
IDREFType = IDtype
URLtype = uri
TimeZonetype = text .regexp "Z|[\\+\\-](0[0-9]|1[0-4]):[0-5][0-9]"
PortlistType = text .regexp
"[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?(,[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?)*"
action = "nothing" / "contact-source-site" / "contact-target-site" /
"contact-sender" / "investigate" / "block-host" /
"block-network" / "block-port" / "rate-limit-host" /
"rate-limit-network" / "rate-limit-port" / "redirect-traffic" /
"honeypot" / "upgrade-software" / "rebuild-asset" /
"harden-asset" / "remediate-other" / "status-triage" /
"status-new-info" / "watch-and-report" / "training" /
"defined-coa" / "other" / "ext-value"
DATETIME = tdate
BYTE = eb64legacy
MLStringType = {
iodef-value => text,
? iodef-lang => lang,
? iodef-translation-id => text
} / text
PositiveFloatType = float32 .gt 0
PAddressType = MLStringType
ExtensionType = {
iodef-value => text,
? iodef-name => text,
iodef-dtype => "boolean" / "byte" / "bytes" / "character" /
"date-time" / "ntpstamp" / "integer" / "portlist" / "real" /
"string" / "file" / "path" / "frame" / "packet" / "ipv4-packet" /
"json" / "ipv6-packet" / "url" / "csv" / "winreg" / "xml" /
"ext-value"
.default "string"
? iodef-ext-dtype => text,
? iodef-meaning => text,
? iodef-formatid => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
}
SoftwareType = {
? iodef-SoftwareReference => SoftwareReference,
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
SoftwareReference = {
? iodef-value => text,
iodef-spec-name => "custom" / "cpe" / "swid" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-spec-name => text,
? iodef-dtype => "bytes" / "integer" / "real" / "string" / "xml" /
"ext-value" .default "string",
? iodef-ext-dtype => text
}
Incident = {
iodef-purpose => "traceback" / "mitigation" / "reporting" /
"watch" / "other" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-purpose => text,
? iodef-status => "new" / "in-progress"/ "forwarded" / "resolved" /
"future" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-status => text,
? iodef-lang => lang,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-IncidentID => IncidentID,
? iodef-AlternativeID => AlternativeID,
? iodef-RelatedActivity => [+ RelatedActivity],
? iodef-DetectTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-RecoveryTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-ReportTime => DATETIME,
iodef-GenerationTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Discovery => [+ Discovery],
? iodef-Assessment => [+ Assessment],
? iodef-Method => [+ Method],
iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
? iodef-EventData => [+ EventData],
? iodef-Indicator => [+ Indicator],
? iodef-History => History,
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
IncidentID = {
iodef-id => text,
iodef-name => text,
? iodef-instance => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text
}
AlternativeID = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
iodef-IncidentID => [+ IncidentID]
}
RelatedActivity = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-IncidentID => [+ IncidentID],
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-ThreatActor => [+ ThreatActor],
? iodef-Campaign => [+ Campaign],
? iodef-IndicatorID => [+ IndicatorID],
? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
? iodef-Description => [+ text],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
ThreatActor = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-ThreatActorID => [+ text],
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Campaign = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-CampaignID => [+ text],
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Contact = {
iodef-role => "creator" / "reporter" / "admin" / "tech" /
"provider" / "user" / "billing" / "legal" / "irt" / "abuse" /
"cc" / "cc-irt" / "leo" / "vendor" / "vendor-support" /
"victim" / "victim-notified" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-role => text,
iodef-type => "person" / "organization" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-ContactName => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-ContactTitle => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-RegistryHandle => [+ RegistryHandle],
? iodef-PostalAddress => [+ PostalAddress],
? iodef-Email => [+ Email],
? iodef-Telephone => [+ Telephone],
? iodef-Timezone => TimeZonetype,
? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
RegistryHandle = {
iodef-handle => text,
iodef-registry => "internic" / "apnic" / "arin" / "lacnic" /
"ripe" / "afrinic" / "local" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-registry => text
}
PostalAddress = {
? iodef-type => "street" / "mailing" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
iodef-PAddress => PAddressType,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
Email = {
? iodef-type => "direct" / "hotline" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
iodef-EmailTo => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
Telephone = {
? iodef-type => "wired" / "mobile" / "fax" / "hotline" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
iodef-TelephoneNumber => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
Discovery = {
? iodef-source => "nidps" / "hips" / "siem" / "av" /
"third-party-monitoring" / "incident" / "os-log" /
"application-log" / "device-log" / "network-flow" /
"passive-dns" / "investigation" / "audit" /
"internal-notification" / "external-notification" /
"leo" / "partner" / "actor" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-source => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
? iodef-DetectionPattern => [+ DetectionPattern]
}
DetectionPattern = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
(iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType] //
iodef-DetectionConfiguration => [+ text]),
iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}
Method = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-AttackPattern => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
? iodef-Vulnerability => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
? iodef-Weakness => [+ STRUCTUREDINFO],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
STRUCTUREDINFO = {
iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
? iodef-ContentID => text,
? (iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE] // iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]),
? iodef-Platform => [+ Platform],
? iodef-Scoring => [+ Scoring]
}
Platform = {
iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
? iodef-ContentID => text,
? iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE],
? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]
}
Scoring = {
iodef-SpecID => SpecID,
? iodef-ext-SpecID => text,
? iodef-ContentID => text,
? iodef-RawData => [+ BYTE],
? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference]
}
Reference = {
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-ReferenceName => ReferenceName,
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
ReferenceName = {
iodef-specIndex => integer,
iodef-ID => IDtype
}
Assessment = {
? iodef-occurrence => "actual" / "potential",
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-IncidentCategory => [+ MLStringType],
iodef-Impact => [+ {iodef-SystemImpact => SystemImpact} /
{iodef-BusinessImpact => BusinessImpact /
{iodef-TimeImpact => TimeImpact} /
{iodef-MonetaryImpact => MonetaryImpact} /
{iodef-IntendedImpact => BusinessImpact}],
? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter],
? iodef-MitigatingFactor => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Cause => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
SystemImpact = {
? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
? iodef-completion => "failed" / "succeeded",
iodef-type => "takeover-account" / "takeover-service" /
"takeover-system" / "cps-manipulation" / "cps-damage" /
"availability-data" / "availability-account" /
"availability-service" / "availability-system" / "damaged-system" /
"damaged-data" / "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" /
"breach-credential" / "breach-configuration" / "integrity-data" /
"integrity-configuration" / "integrity-hardware" /
"traffic-redirection" / "monitoring-traffic" / "monitoring-host" /
"policy" / "unknown" / "ext-value" .default "unknown",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
BusinessImpact = {
? iodef-severity => "none" / "low" / "medium" / "high" / "unknown" /
"ext-value" .default "unknown",
? iodef-ext-severity => text,
iodef-type => "breach-proprietary" / "breach-privacy" /
"breach-credential" / "loss-of-integrity" / "loss-of-service" /
"theft-financial" / "theft-service" / "degraded-reputation" /
"asset-damage" / "asset-manipulation" / "legal" / "extortion" /
"unknown" / "ext-value" .default "unknown",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
TimeImpact = {
iodef-value => PositiveFloatType,
? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
iodef-metric => "labor" / "elapsed" / "downtime" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-metric => text,
? iodef-duration => duration .default "hour",
? iodef-ext-duration => text
}
MonetaryImpact = {
iodef-value => PositiveFloatType,
? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
? iodef-currency => text
}
Confidence = {
iodef-value => float32,
iodef-rating => "low" / "medium" / "high" / "numeric" / "unknown" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-ext-rating => text
}
History = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
iodef-HistoryItem => [+ HistoryItem]
}
HistoryItem = {
iodef-action => action .default "other",
? iodef-ext-action => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-DateTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-IncidentID => IncidentID,
? iodef-Contact => Contact,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-DefinedCOA => [+ text],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
EventData = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "default",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-DetectTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-RecoveryTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-ReportTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
? iodef-Discovery => [+ Discovery],
? iodef-Assessment => Assessment,
? iodef-Method => [+ Method],
? iodef-System => [+ System],
? iodef-Expectation => [+ Expectation],
? iodef-RecordData => [+ RecordData],
? iodef-EventData => [+ EventData],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Expectation = {
? iodef-action => action .default "other",
? iodef-ext-action => text,
? iodef-severity => "low" / "medium" / "high",
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "default",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-DefinedCOA => [+ text],
? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-Contact => Contact
}
System = {
? iodef-category => "source" / "target" / "intermediate" /
"sensor" / "infrastructure" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-category => text,
? iodef-interface => text,
? iodef-spoofed => "unknown" / "yes" / "no" .default "unknown",
? iodef-virtual => "yes" / "no" / "unknown" .default "unknown",
? iodef-ownership => "organization" / "personal" / "partner" /
"customer" / "no-relationship" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-ownership => text,
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-Node => Node,
? iodef-NodeRole => [+ NodeRole],
? iodef-Service => [+ Service],
? iodef-OperatingSystem => [+ SoftwareType],
? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter],
? iodef-AssetID => [+ text],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Node = {
(iodef-DomainData => [+ DomainData] //
iodef-Address => [+ Address]),
? iodef-PostalAddress => PostalAddress,
? iodef-Location => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Counter => [+ Counter]
}
Address = {
iodef-value => text,
iodef-category => "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" /
"ipv4-net" / "ipv4-net-masked" / "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" /
"ipv6-net" / "ipv6-net-masked" / "mac" / "site-uri" /
"ext-value" .default "ipv6-addr",
? iodef-ext-category => text,
? iodef-vlan-name => text,
? iodef-vlan-num => integer,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype
}
NodeRole = {
iodef-category => "client" / "client-enterprise" /
"client-partner" / "client-remote" / "client-kiosk" /
"client-mobile" / "server-internal" / "server-public" /
"www" / "mail" / "webmail" / "messaging" / "streaming" /
"voice" / "file" / "ftp" / "p2p" / "name" / "directory" /
"credential" / "print" / "application" / "database" /
"backup" / "dhcp" / "assessment" / "source-control" /
"config-management" / "monitoring" / "infra" / "infra-firewall" /
"infra-router" / "infra-switch" / "camera" / "proxy" /
"remote-access" / "log" / "virtualization" / "pos" / "scada" /
"scada-supervisory" / "sinkhole" / "honeypot" /
"anomyzation" / "c2-server" / "malware-distribution" /
"drop-server" / "hop-point" / "reflector" /
"phishing-site" / "spear-phishing-site" / "recruiting-site" /
"fraudulent-site" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-category => text,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
Counter = {
iodef-value => float32,
iodef-type => "count" / "peak" / "average" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
iodef-unit => "byte" / "mbit" / "packet" / "flow" / "session" /
"alert" / "message" / "event" / "host" / "site" / "organization" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-ext-unit => text,
? iodef-meaning => text,
? iodef-duration => duration .default "hour",
? iodef-ext-duration => text
}
DomainData = {
iodef-system-status => "spoofed" / "fraudulent" /
"innocent-hacked" / "innocent-hijacked" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-system-status => text,
iodef-domain-status => "reservedDelegation" / "assignedAndActive" /
"assignedAndInactive" / "assignedAndOnHold" /
"revoked" / "transferPending" / "registryLock" /
"registrarLock" / "other" / "unknown" / "ext-value",
? iodef-ext-domain-status => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-Name => text,
? iodef-DateDomainWasChecked => DATETIME,
? iodef-RegistrationDate => DATETIME,
? iodef-ExpirationDate => DATETIME,
? iodef-RelatedDNS => [+ ExtensionType],
? iodef-NameServers => [+ NameServers],
? iodef-DomainContacts => DomainContacts
}
NameServers = {
iodef-Server => text,
iodef-Address => [+ Address]
}
DomainContacts = {
(iodef-SameDomainContact => text // iodef-Contact => [+ Contact])
}
Service = {
? iodef-ip-protocol => integer,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-ServiceName => ServiceName,
? iodef-Port => integer,
? iodef-Portlist => PortlistType,
? iodef-ProtoCode => integer,
? iodef-ProtoType => integer,
? iodef-ProtoField => integer,
? iodef-ApplicationHeaderField => [+ ExtensionType],
? iodef-EmailData => EmailData,
? iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}
ServiceName = {
? iodef-IANAService => text,
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
EmailData = {
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-EmailTo => [+ text],
? iodef-EmailFrom => text,
? iodef-EmailSubject => text,
? iodef-EmailX-Mailer => text,
? iodef-EmailHeaderField => [+ ExtensionType],
? iodef-EmailHeaders => text,
? iodef-EmailBody => text,
? iodef-EmailMessage => text,
? iodef-HashData => [+ HashData],
? iodef-Signature => [+ BYTE]
}
RecordData = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-DateTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-Application => SoftwareType,
? iodef-RecordPattern => [+ RecordPattern],
? iodef-RecordItem => [+ ExtensionType],
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-FileData => [+ FileData],
? iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified =>
[+ WindowsRegistryKeysModified],
? iodef-CertificateData => [+ CertificateData],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
RecordPattern = {
iodef-value => text,
iodef-type => "regex" / "binary" / "xpath" /
"ext-value" .default "regex",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
? iodef-offset => integer,
? iodef-offsetunit => "line" / "byte" /
"ext-value" .default "line",
? iodef-ext-offsetunit => text,
? iodef-instance => integer
}
WindowsRegistryKeysModified = {
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-Key => [+ Key]
}
Key = {
? iodef-registryaction => "add-key" / "add-value" / "delete-key" /
"delete-value" / "modify-key" / "modify-value" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-ext-registryaction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-KeyName => text,
? iodef-KeyValue => text
}
CertificateData = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-Certificate => [+ Certificate]
}
Certificate = {
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-X509Data => BYTE,
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType]
}
FileData = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
iodef-File => [+ File]
}
File = {
? iodef-observable-id => IDtype,
? iodef-FileName => text,
? iodef-FileSize => integer,
? iodef-FileType => text,
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-HashData => HashData,
? iodef-Signature => [+ BYTE],
? iodef-AssociatedSoftware => SoftwareType,
? iodef-FileProperties => [+ ExtensionType]
}
HashData = {
iodef-scope => "file-contents" / "file-pe-section" /
"file-pe-iat" / "file-pe-resource" / "file-pdf-object" /
"email-hash" / "email-headers-hash" / "email-body-hash" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-HashTargetID => text,
? iodef-Hash => [+ Hash],
? iodef-FuzzyHash => [+ FuzzyHash]
}
Hash = {
iodef-DigestMethod => BYTE,
iodef-DigestValue => BYTE,
? iodef-CanonicalizationMethod => BYTE,
? iodef-Application => SoftwareType
}
FuzzyHash = {
iodef-FuzzyHashValue => [+ ExtensionType],
? iodef-Application => SoftwareType,
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Indicator = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
iodef-IndicatorID => IndicatorID,
? iodef-AlternativeIndicatorID => [+ AlternativeIndicatorID],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-StartTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-EndTime => DATETIME,
? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
? iodef-Contact => [+ Contact],
(iodef-Observable => Observable // iodef-uid-ref => IDREFType //
iodef-IndicatorExpression => IndicatorExpression //
iodef-IndicatorReference => IndicatorReference),
? iodef-NodeRole => [+ NodeRole],
? iodef-AttackPhase => [+ AttackPhase],
? iodef-Reference => [+ Reference],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
IndicatorID = {
iodef-id => IDtype,
iodef-name => text,
iodef-version => text
}
AlternativeIndicatorID = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
iodef-IndicatorID => [+ IndicatorID]
}
Observable = {
? iodef-restriction => restriction .default "private",
? iodef-ext-restriction => text,
? (iodef-System => System // iodef-Address => Address //
iodef-DomainData => DomainData //
iodef-EmailData => EmailData //
iodef-Service => Service //
iodef-WindowsRegistryKeysModified =>
WindowsRegistryKeysModified //
iodef-FileData => FileData //iodef-CertificateData =>
CertificateData //
iodef-RegistryHandle =>RegistryHandle// iodef-RecordData =>
RecordData //
iodef-EventData => EventData // iodef-Incident => Incident //
iodef-Expectation => Expectation // iodef-Reference =>
Reference //
iodef-Assessment => Assessment //
iodef-DetectionPattern => DetectionPattern //
iodef-HistoryItem => HistoryItem //
iodef-BulkObservable => BulkObservable //
iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType])
}
BulkObservable = {
? iodef-type => "asn" / "atm" / "e-mail" / "ipv4-addr" /
"ipv4-net" / "ipv4-net-mask" / "ipv6-addr" / "ipv6-net" /
"ipv6-net-mask" / "mac" / "site-uri" / "domain-name" /
"domain-to-ipv4" / "domain-to-ipv6" /
"domain-to-ipv4-timestamp" / "domain-to-ipv6-timestamp" /
"ipv4-port" / "ipv6-port" / "windows-reg-key" / "file-hash" /
"email-x-mailer" / "email-subject" / "http-user-agent" /
"http-request-uri" / "mutex" / "file-path" / "user-name" /
"ext-value",
? iodef-ext-type => text,
? iodef-BulkObservableFormat => BulkObservableFormat,
iodef-BulkObservableList => text,
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
BulkObservableFormat = {
(iodef-Hash => Hash // iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType])
}
IndicatorExpression = {
? iodef-operator => "not" / "and" / "or" / "xor" .default "and",
? iodef-ext-operator => text,
? iodef-IndicatorExpression => [+ IndicatorExpression],
? iodef-Observable => [+ Observable],
? iodef-uid-ref => [+ IDREFType],
? iodef-IndicatorReference => [+ IndicatorReference],
? iodef-Confidence => Confidence,
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
IndicatorReference = {
(iodef-uid-ref => IDREFType // iodef-euid-ref => text),
? iodef-version => text
}
AttackPhase = {
? iodef-AttackPhaseID => [+ text],
? iodef-URL => [+ URLtype],
? iodef-Description => [+ MLStringType],
? iodef-AdditionalData => [+ ExtensionType]
}
Figure 5: Data Model in CDDL
7. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
8. Security Considerations
This document provides a mapping from XML IODEF defined in [RFC7970]
to JSON, and Section 3.2 describes several issues that arise when
converting XML IODEF and JSON IODEF. Though it does not provide any
further security considerations other than the one described in
[RFC7970], implementers of this document should be aware of those
issues to avoid any unintended outcome.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC7049] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.
[RFC7203] Takahashi, T., Landfield, K., and Y. Kadobayashi, "An
Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF)
Extension for Structured Cybersecurity Information",
RFC 7203, DOI 10.17487/RFC7203, April 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7203>.
[RFC7970] Danyliw, R., "The Incident Object Description Exchange
Format Version 2", RFC 7970, DOI 10.17487/RFC7970,
November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7970>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.
9.2. Informative References
[JSON-SCHEMA]
Wright, A., Andrews, H., and B. Hutton, "JSON Schema
Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of
JSON", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-handrews-
json-schema-validation-02, 17 September 2019,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-handrews-json-schema-
validation-02>.
Appendix A. Data Types Used in This Document
The CDDL prelude used in this document is mapped to JSON as shown in
the table below.
+==============+=========+==========+=============================+
| CDDL Prelude | Use of | Instance | Validation |
| | JSON | | |
+==============+=========+==========+=============================+
| bytes | n/a | string | tool available |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| text | string | string | unnecessary |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| tdate | n/a | string | date-time per Section 7.3.1 |
| | | | of [JSON-SCHEMA] |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| integer | n/a | number | integer |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| eb64legacy | n/a | string | tool available |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| uri | n/a | string | uri per Section 7.3.6 of |
| | | | [JSON-SCHEMA] |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
| float32 | float32 | number | unnecessary |
+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------------------+
Table 5: CDDL Prelude Mapping in JSON
Appendix B. The IODEF Data Model (JSON Schema)
This section provides a JSON schema [JSON-SCHEMA] that defines the
IODEF data model defined in this document. Note that this section is
informative.
{ "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"definitions": {
"action": {"enum": ["nothing", "contact-source-site",
"contact-target-site", "contact-sender", "investigate",
"block-host", "block-network", "block-port",
"rate-limit-host", "rate-limit-network",
"rate-limit-port", "redirect-traffic", "honeypot",
"upgrade-software", "rebuild-asset", "harden-asset",
"remediate-other", "status-triage", "status-new-info",
"watch-and-report", "training", "defined-coa", "other",
"ext-value"]},
"duration":{"enum":["second", "minute", "hour", "day",
"month", "quarter", "year", "ext-value"]},
"SpecID":{
"enum":["urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:mile:mmdef:1.2",
"private"]},
"lang": {
"type":"string", "pattern":
"^$|[a-zA-Z]{1,8}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8})*"},
"purpose": {"enum": ["traceback", "mitigation",
"reporting", "watch", "other", "ext-value"]},
"restriction":{"enum": ["public", "partner",
"need-to-know", "private", "default", "white", "green",
"amber", "red", "ext-value"]},
"status": {"enum": ["new", "in-progress", "forwarded",
"resolved", "future", "ext-value"]},
"DATETIME": {"type": "string", "format": "date-time"},
"BYTE": {"type": "string"},
"PortlistType": {
"type": "string", "pattern":
"[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?(,[0-9]+(\\-[0-9]+)?)*"},
"TimeZonetype": {
"type":"string", "pattern":
"Z|[\\+\\-](0[0-9]|1[0-4]):[0-5][0-9]"},
"URLtype": {
"type": "string",
"pattern":
"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\\?([^#]*))
?(#(.*))?"},
"IDtype": {"type": "string", "pattern":
"[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*"},
"IDREFType": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
"MLStringType": {
"oneOf": [{"type": "string"},
{"type": "object",
"properties": {
"value": {"type": "string"},
"lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
"translation-id": {"type": "string"}},
"required": ["value"],
"additionalProperties":false}]},
"PositiveFloatType": {"type": "number", "minimum": 0},
"PAddressType": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"ExtensionType": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"value": {"type": "string"},
"name": {"type": "string"},
"dtype":{"enum":["boolean", "byte", "bytes",
"character", "json", "date-time", "ntpstamp",
"integer", "portlist", "real", "string", "file",
"path", "frame", "packet", "ipv4-packet",
"ipv6-packet", "url", "csv", "winreg",
"xml", "ext-value"], "default": "string"},
"ext-dtype": {"type": "string"},
"meaning": {"type": "string"},
"formatid": {"type": "string"},
"restriction": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction", "default":
"private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"}},
"required": ["value", "dtype"],
"additionalProperties":false},
"ExtensionTypeList": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
"minItems": 1},
"SoftwareType": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"SoftwareReference":{
"$ref":"#/definitions/SoftwareReference"},
"URL": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype",
"minItems": 1}},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1 }},
"required": [],
"additionalProperties": false},
"SoftwareReference": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"value": {"type": "string"},
"spec-name": {"enum": ["custom", "cpe", "swid",
"ext-value"]},
"ext-spec-name": {"type": "string"},
"dtype": {"enum": ["bytes", "integer", "real", "string",
"xml", "ext-value"], "default": "string"},
"ext-dtype": {"type": "string"}},
"required": ["spec-name"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"STRUCTUREDINFO": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
"ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
"ContentID": {"type": "string"},
"RawData": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref":"#/definitions/BYTE"},
"minItems": 1
},
"Reference": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
"minItems": 1
},
"Platform": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Platform"},
"minItems": 1
},
"Scoring": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Scoring"},
"minItems": 1}},
"allOf": [
{"required": ["SpecID"]},
{"anyOf": [
{"oneOf": [
{"required":["Reference"]},
{"required":["RawData"]}]},
{ "not" : {"required":["Reference", "RawData"]}}]}],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Platform": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
"ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
"ContentID": {"type": "string"},
"RawData": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref":"#/definitions/BYTE"},
"minItems": 1
},
"Reference": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": ["SpecID"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Scoring": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"SpecID": {"$ref":"#/definitions/SpecID"},
"ext-SpecID": {"type": "string"},
"ContentID": {"type": "string"},
"RawData": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref":"#/definitions/BYTE"},
"minItems": 1
},
"Reference": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": ["SpecID"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Incident": {
"title": "Incident",
"description": "JSON schema for Incident class",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"purpose": {"$ref": "#/definitions/purpose"},
"ext-purpose": {"type": "string"},
"status": {"$ref": "#/definitions/status"},
"ext-status": {"type": "string"},
"lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
"IncidentID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
"AlternativeID": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/AlternativeID"},
"RelatedActivity": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RelatedActivity"},
"minItems": 1},
"DetectTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"RecoveryTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"ReportTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"GenerationTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"Discovery": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Discovery"},
"minItems": 1},
"Assessment": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Assessment"},
"minItems": 1},
"Method": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Method"},
"minItems": 1},
"Contact": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
"minItems": 1},
"EventData": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EventData"},
"minItems": 1},
"Indicator": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Indicator"},
"minItems": 1},
"History": {"$ref": "#/definitions/History"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": ["IncidentID", "GenerationTime", "Contact",
"purpose"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"IncidentID": {
"title": "IncidentID",
"description": "JSON schema for IncidentID class",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"id": {"type": "string"},
"name": {"type": "string"},
"instance": {"type": "string"},
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"}},
"required": ["id", "name"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"AlternativeID": {
"title": "AlternativeID",
"description": "JSON schema for AlternativeID class",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"IncidentID": {
"type": "array",
"items":{"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
"minItems": 1},
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"}},
"required": ["IncidentID"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"RelatedActivity": {
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"IncidentID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IncidentID"},
"minItems": 1},
"URL": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
"minItems": 1},
"ThreatActor": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ThreatActor"},
"minItems": 1},
"Campaign": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Campaign"},
"minItems": 1},
"IndicatorID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorID"},
"minItems": 1},
"Confidence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Confidence"},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"type": "string"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"additionalProperties": false},
"ThreatActor": {
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"ThreatActorID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"type": "string"},
"minItems": 1},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"URL": {
"type":"array",
"items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/URLtype"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"additionalProperties": false},
"Campaign": {
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"CampaignID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"type": "string"},
"minItems": 1},
"URL": {
"type":"array",
"items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/URLtype"},
"minItems": 1},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}}},
"Contact": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"role": {
"enum":["creator", "reporter", "admin", "tech",
"provider", "user", "billing", "legal",
"irt", "abuse", "cc", "cc-irt", "leo",
"vendor", "vendor-support", "victim",
"victim-notified", "ext-value"]},
"ext-role": {"type": "string"},
"type": {
"enum": ["person", "organization", "ext-value"]},
"ext-type": {"type": "string"},
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"ContactName": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"ContactTitle": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"RegistryHandle": {
"type":"array",
"items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/RegistryHandle"},
"minItems": 1},
"PostalAddress": {
"type":"array",
"items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/PostalAddress"},
"minItems": 1},
"Email": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Email"},
"minItems": 1},
"Telephone": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Telephone"},
"minItems": 1},
"Timezone": {"$ref": "#/definitions/TimeZonetype"},
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"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
"File": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/File"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": ["File"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"File": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"observable-id": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDtype"},
"FileName": {"type": "string"},
"FileSize": {"type": "number"},
"FileType": {"type": "string"},
"URL": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
"minItems": 1},
"HashData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HashData"},
"Signature": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/BYTE"},
"minItems": 1},
"AssociatedSoftware": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
"FileProperties": {
"type":"array",
"items":{"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": [],
"additionalProperties": false},
"HashData": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"scope": {"enum": ["file-contents", "file-pe-section",
"file-pe-iat", "file-pe-resource", "file-pdf-object",
"email-hash", "email-headers-hash", "email-body-hash",
"ext-value"]},
"HashTargetID": {"type": "string"},
"Hash": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Hash"},
"minItems": 1},
"FuzzyHash": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/FuzzyHash"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": ["scope"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Hash": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"DigestMethod": {"$ref": "#/definitions/BYTE"},
"DigestValue": {"$ref": "#/definitions/BYTE"},
"CanonicalizationMethod": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/BYTE"},
"Application": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"}},
"required": ["DigestMethod", "DigestValue"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"FuzzyHash": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"FuzzyHashValue": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/ExtensionType"},
"minItems": 1},
"Application": {"$ref": "#/definitions/SoftwareType"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": ["FuzzyHashValue"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Indicator": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"IndicatorID": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorID"},
"AlternativeIndicatorID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/AlternativeIndicatorID"},
"minItems": 1},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"StartTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"EndTime": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DATETIME"},
"Confidence": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Confidence"},
"Contact": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Contact"},
"minItems": 1},
"Observable": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Observable"},
"uid-ref": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDREFType"},
"IndicatorExpression":{
"$ref":"#/definitions/IndicatorExpression"},
"IndicatorReference":{
"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorReference"},
"NodeRole": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/NodeRole"},
"minItems": 1},
"AttackPhase": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/AttackPhase"},
"minItems": 1},
"Reference": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"allOf": [
{"required": ["IndicatorID"]},
{"oneOf": [
{"required":["Observable"]},
{"required":["uid-ref"]},
{"required":["IndicatorExpression"]},
{"required":["IndicatorReference"]}]}],
"additionalProperties": false},
"IndicatorID": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"id": {"type": "string"},
"name": {"type": "string"},
"version": {"type": "string"}},
"required": ["id", "name", "version"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"AlternativeIndicatorID": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"IndicatorID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorID"},
"minItems": 1}},
"required": ["IndicatorID"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"Observable": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"restriction": {"$ref": "#/definitions/restriction",
"default": "private"},
"ext-restriction": {"type": "string"},
"System": {"$ref": "#/definitions/System"},
"Address": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Address"},
"DomainData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/DomainData"},
"EmailData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EmailData"},
"Service": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Service"},
"WindowsRegistryKeysModified": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/WindowsRegistryKeysModified"},
"FileData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/FileData"},
"CertificateData": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/CertificateData"},
"RegistryHandle": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/RegistryHandle"},
"RecordData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/RecordData"},
"EventData": {"$ref": "#/definitions/EventData"},
"Incident": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Incident"},
"Expectation": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Expectation"},
"Reference": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Reference"},
"Assessment": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Assessment"},
"DetectionPattern": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/DetectionPattern"},
"HistoryItem": {"$ref": "#/definitions/HistoryItem"},
"BulkObservable": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/BulkObservable"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"oneOf": [
{"required":["System"]},
{"required":["Address"]},
{"required":["DomainData"]},
{"required":["EmailData"]},
{"required":["Service"]},
{"required":["WindowsRegistryKeysModified"]},
{"required":["FileData"]},
{"required":["CertificateData"]},
{"required":["RegistryHandle"]},
{"required":["RecordData"]},
{"required":["EventData"]},
{"required":["Incident"]},
{"required":["Expectation"]},
{"required":["Reference"]},
{"required":["Assessment"]},
{"required":["DetectionPattern"]},
{"required":["HistoryItem"]},
{"required":["BulkObservable"]},
{"required":["AdditionalData"]}],
"additionalProperties": false},
"BulkObservable": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"type": {"enum": ["asn", "atm", "e-mail", "ipv4-addr",
"ipv4-net", "ipv4-net-mask", "ipv6-addr", "ipv6-net",
"ipv6-net-mask", "mac", "site-uri", "domain-name",
"domain-to-ipv4", "domain-to-ipv6",
"domain-to-ipv4-timestamp",
"domain-to-ipv6-timestamp", "ipv4-port", "ipv6-port",
"windows-reg-key", "file-hash", "email-x-mailer",
"email-subject", "http-user-agent",
"http-request-url", "mutex", "file-path", "user-name",
"ext-value"]},
"ext-type": {"type": "string"},
"BulkObservableFormat":{
"$ref": "#/definitions/BulkObservableFormat"},
"BulkObservableList": {"type": "string"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": ["BulkObservableList"],
"additionalProperties": false},
"BulkObservableFormat": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"Hash": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Hash"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"oneOf": [
{"required": ["Hash"]},
{"required": ["AdditionalData"]}
],
"additionalProperties": false},
"IndicatorExpression": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"operator": {
"enum": ["not", "and", "or", "xor"], "default": "and"},
"ext-operator": {"type": "string"},
"IndicatorExpression": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorExpression"},
"minItems": 1},
"Observable": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Observable"},
"minItems": 1},
"uid-ref": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/IDREFType"},
"minItems": 1},
"IndicatorReference": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"$ref": "#/definitions/IndicatorReference"},
"minItems": 1},
"Confidence": {"$ref":"#/definitions/Confidence"},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": [],
"additionalProperties": false},
"IndicatorReference": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"uid-ref": {"$ref":"#/definitions/IDREFType"},
"euid-ref": {"type": "string"},
"version": {"type": "string"}},
"oneOf": [
{"required": ["uid-ref"]},
{"required": ["euid-ref"]}
],
"additionalProperties": false},
"AttackPhase": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"AttackPhaseID": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"type": "string"},
"minItems": 1},
"URL": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/URLtype"},
"minItems": 1},
"Description": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/MLStringType"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": [],
"additionalProperties": false}},
"title": "IODEF-Document",
"description": "JSON schema for IODEF-Document class",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"version": {"type": "string"},
"lang": {"$ref": "#/definitions/lang"},
"format-id": {"type": "string"},
"private-enum-name": {"type": "string"},
"private-enum-id": {"type": "string"},
"Incident": {
"type": "array",
"items": {"$ref": "#/definitions/Incident"},
"minItems": 1},
"AdditionalData": {
"$ref":"#/definitions/ExtensionTypeList"}},
"required": ["version", "Incident"],
"additionalProperties": false}
Figure 6: JSON Schema
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Henk Birkholz, Carsten Bormann, Benjamin
Kaduk, Alexey Melnikov, Yasuaki Morita, and Takahiko Nagata for their
insightful comments on this document and CDDL.
Authors' Addresses
Takeshi Takahashi
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo
184-8795
Japan
Phone: +81 42 327 5862
Email: takeshi_takahashi@nict.go.jp
Roman Danyliw
CERT, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
4500 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA
United States of America
Email: rdd@cert.org
Mio Suzuki
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo
184-8795
Japan
Email: mio@nict.go.jp