By MARCIA DUNN | AP
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) Scientists have found the biggest black holes known
to exist each one 10 billion times the mass of our sun.
A team led by astronomers at the University of California, Berkeley, discovered
the two gigantic black holes in clusters of elliptical galaxies more than 300
million light years away. That's relatively close on the galactic scale.
"They are monstrous," Berkeley astrophysicist Chung-Pei Ma told reporters. "We
did not expect to find such massive black holes because they are more massive
than indicated by their galaxy properties. They're kind of extraordinary."
The previous black hole record-holder is as large as 6 billion suns.
In research released Monday by the journal Nature, the scientists suggest these
black holes may be the leftovers of quasars that crammed the early universe.
They are similar in mass to young quasars, they said, and have been well hidden
until now.
The scientists used ground-based telescopes as well as the Hubble Space
Telescope and Texas supercomputers, observing stars near the black holes and
measuring the stellar velocities to uncover these vast, invisible regions.
Black holes are objects so dense that nothing, not even light, can escape. Some
are formed by the collapse of a super-size star. It's uncertain how these two
newly discovered whoppers originated, said Nicholas McConnell, a Berkeley
graduate student who is the study's lead author. To be so massive now means
they must have grown considerably since their formation, he said.
Most if not all galaxies are believed to have black holes at their center. The
bigger the galaxy, it seems, the bigger the black hole.
Quasars are some of the most energized and distant of galactic centers.
The researchers said their findings suggest differences in the way black holes
grow, depending on the size of the galaxy.
Ma speculates these two black holes remained hidden for so long because they
are living in quiet retirement much quieter and more boring than their
boisterous youth powering quasars billions of years ago.
"For an astronomer, finding these insatiable black holes is like finally
encountering people nine feet tall whose great height had only been inferred
from fossilized bones. How did they grow so large?" Ma said in a news release.
"This rare find will help us understand whether these black holes had very tall
parents or ate a lot of spinach."
Oxford University astrophysicist Michele Cappellari, who wrote an accompanying
commentary in the journal, agreed that the two newly discovered black holes
"probably represent the missing dormant relics of the giant black holes that
powered the brightest quasars in the early universe."
One of the newly detected black holes weighs 9.7 billion times the mass of the
sun. The second, slightly farther from Earth, is as big or even bigger.
Even larger black holes may be lurking out there. Ma said that's the
million-dollar question: How big can a black hole grow?
The researchers already are peering into the biggest galaxies for answers.
"If there is any bigger black hole," Ma said, "we should be able to find them
in the next year or two. Personally, I think we are probably reaching the high
end now. Maybe another factor of two to go at best."
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Online:
Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature