2600 Magazine - Volume 1, Number 2 


2600 February, 1984 


I l iiMi>"Ii.'iI iiikinl III l hi I S 1 1 .V .141 rtkL'IIMMflHIY Prilimi-r-PlHH. >pt'wmpihi'r* 

SHi „iKMultL WmI 4 111 ’NNIL Jhi» XU, MiihJk Island. XV I IWV 
■ 1 ■ ' 


*0#D 


VOLUME ONE NUMtifUt TWO 


HACKING ON TELENET 


It’s as easy 


Telenet. Or, to be more specific, GTE Telenet. A massive 
net work formed by the people and technology that were 1 
used to develop packet switching for the Department of 
Defense. Telenet wai purchased by GTE in 1979 and has 
been growing in ante and revenue ever since. * 

There are quite a few data networks in existence today. 
Datapac* Autonet, Tymnet* Arpanet; to name some of the 
better known. A data network is basically a collection of 
mainframes, specialized minis, and high-speed lines. 
Through Telenet, you can connect to literally thousands of 
computers* all over the country, even the world if you know 
the proper procedures. All this is possible by making a local 
phone call, in most parts of the country. [Telenet access 
numbers are made readily available to the public by Telenet 
and systems on the network, such as the Source. 
CompuServe, etc.] 

Once your modem is connected to Telenet, you have to hit 
two carriage returns. You'd see: 

telenet 

XXX XXX 

where the first 3 X’s are the area code you're connected to 
and the rest comprise the Telenet node identifier. You’ll then 
be asked fo^your terminal identifier Usually “Dl” works 
for most terminals, but a simple carriage return is also 
accepted: 

At this point you first receive the <g* prompt. It is from 
here that you get places. And that 1 ! what's io unique about 
Teienet-^the ivay in which you get places. You simply type a 
"C", a space* and the Telenet address. Then you enter the 
area code of the computer you want to connect to. followed 
by a two or three digit code. That’s all there is to it. Telenet 
tells you whether or not you’ve found a working computer. 
If you want to exit from one computer and connect to 
another, just type an Youll then get the Telenet (§> 
prompt, Before you type the next address, type "D" to 
disconnect from the computer you're still connected to. 

Hackers across the country hive for years programmed 
their computers to scan the system for interesting things. All 
that 1 has to be done is (his: Pick the city you want to scan— 
Id's say Boston. The -area code is 61 7. Have your computer 
start its search at address 61 TOOL [f you get connected to a 
^-v computer. Telenet will skip a line and print 617 001 
CONNECTED. If you don’t get connected, there are a 
variety of messages you could get. 617 00 i REJECTING, 
617 001 NOT RESPONDING, 617 001 NOT REACH- 
ABLE. 617 001 REFUSED COLLECT CONNECTION 
iincr a few of them. They all mean basically the some thing— 


as 123456! 

there is no way to hook up to this address. 

At this point, several things can bedone. Naturally, you'll 
want to increment the address by one and search for a 
computer at address 617002. But how do you have your 
computer recognize when a connection has been made? This 
is necessary because you can't just keep entering 
OXXXXXX over and over— once you get connected, you 
have to enter the “(§T to get baekro the Telenet prompt, 
followed by a Of course* you could type C XX XX XX, 
followed by “©T followed by *‘D" for every attempt, but 
that can get rather time consuming. It's better simply to be 
able to save to disk or output to a printer the addresses of 
connections. And. fortunately for hackers, Telenet makes 
that very easy. 

You fan either search for a string that has the word 
"CONNECT" in it somewhere— the only time you’d End 
one would be when you got the CONNECTED message. 
But* as we mentioned earlier* an extra line is skipped right 
before the CONNECTED message, for some reason. Why 
hot simply look for that extra line? if you get it* record the 
address, send the and W D" and increment by L tfyou 
don’t get the extra line* simply increment by I. 

Naturally, you. will be collecting Telenet addresses for 
informational purposes only, to find out which computers 
are located where, in case you ever have to get onto one in an 
emergency of some sort.- Keep in mind that you are not 
entering any of these computers; you're merely connecting 
for a brief second or two. And there is no login procedure or 
identity check for Telenet, so you're not fraudulently using 
their system either. 

Also, the area code system is not the only system that 
works on Telenet. These are simply set up to be convenient, 
but an address qati actually have any kind of a number in it. 
For example* addresses beginning with 3 1 1 or 909 (the latter 
being Telenet’s own private "area code") aiso abound, and 
there are certain to be many more. 

Without a doubt, though, it’s the existence of the area 
code system that has helped Telenet become one of the 
easiest data networks to hack. And until they install some 
sort of a user idem! Hem ion program, or at least have the 
system disconnect after it becomes obvious that there* a 
strange person online* hackers will continue to be one or 
Telenet’s biggest problems. 

If you have information to share with us about this or any 
other data network, please send it in. Requests for 
anonymity will he respected. 


1 


ESS: ORWELL’S PROPHECY 


. There it as of course no way t?f knowing whether you were 
being watched at any given moment. Mow often, or on what 
system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual 
wire was guesswork, it was even conceivable that they 
watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could 
plug in your wire whenever they wanted to , You had to 
live— did five , from habit that became instinct— in the 
assumption that every sound you made was overheard \ and 
except in darkness, every movement scrutinized. 

From Nineteen Eighty-Four 

ESS is the big brother of the Bell family. Us very name 
strikes fear and apprehension into the hearts of most 
phreakers* and for a very good reason. ESS (Electronic 
Switching System) knowsthe full story on every telephone 
hooked into it. While it may be paranoid to say that all 
phreaking will come to a screeching halt under ESS, it's 
certainly realistic to admit that any phreak whose central 
office turns to ESS will have to be a lot more careful. 
Here’s why. 

With electronic switching, every single digit dialed is 
recorded. This is useful not only formatting phneaks but for 
-settling billing disputes. In the past, there has been no easy 
way for the phone company to show you what numbers you 
dialed locally. If you protested long enough and loud 
enough, they might have pui a pen register on your line to 
record everything and prove it to you. Under ESS, the actual, 
printout (which will be dug out of a vault somewhere if 
needed) shows every fast digit dialed. Every BOO call, every 
call to directory assistance, repair service, the operator, 
every rendition of the 1313 Overture, everything! Here is an 
example of a typical printout* which shows time of connect* 
length of connect, and number called. 


DATE 

TIME 

LENGTH UNITS 

NUMBER 

0603 

1511 

3 

l 

4$t7*90 

0603 

1525 

5 - 

3 

345-67*9 

0603 

16*1 

1 

0 

■000-411 

0603 

1603 

l 

Y 

*00-555-1111 

0(03 

1*03 


2.35* 

112-345-67*9 

0(03 

I(J4 

1 

0 

OSOC-OH (T5P5) 


A thousand calls to “BOO" will show tip adjust that— a 
thousand calls to "8<XH Every touch tone or pulse is kept 
track of and for most p breaks, this in itself won’t be very 
pretty. 

Somewhere in the hallowed halls of 195 Broadway, a 
Traffic Engineer did an exhaustive study of all 800 calls over 
the past few years* and reached the following conclusions: 

(1) Legitimate calls to 800 numbers last an average of 3 
minutes or less. Of the illegal (i.e, p breakers) calls made via 
BOO lines* more than 80 percent lasted 5 minutes or longer: 

(2) The average residential telephone subscriber makes five 
such calls to an 800 number per month. Wheneverp breakers 
were being watched, that number was significantly higher. 
As a result of this study * one feature of ESS is a daily log 
called the **800 Exceptional Calling Report," 

Under ESS, one simply does not place a 2600 hertz tone 
on the line, unless of course* they warn a telco security 
representative out/ a policeman at theirdoor within an hour! 
The new generics of ESS (the ff 5} row in production, with an 
operating prototype in Geneva. Illinois, allow the, system to 
silently detect all “foreign" tones not available on the 
customer’s phone. You have exactly twelve buttons on your 


touch-tone® phone. ESS knows what they are, and you had 
best not sound any other tonei on the line, since the new #5 is 
programmed to silently notify a human being in the central 
office, while continuing with your call as though nothing 
were wrong’ Someone will just punch a few keys on their 
terminal, and the whole sordid story will be right in front of 
them, and printed out for action by the security 
representatives as needed, 

Traci ng of calls for whatever reason (a busive ca ills, fraud 
calls* etc*) is done by merely asking the computer right from 
a terminal in the security department. With ESS, everything 
is right up front, nothing hidden Or concealed in 
electromechanical frames, etc. It’s merely a software 
program! And a program designed for east in operation by 
the phone company. Call tracing has become very 
sophisticated and immediate , There’s no more running in 
the frames and looking for long periods of time. ROM chips 
in computers work fast, and that is what ESS is all about. 

Phone ph rea ks a re riot t he only reason fo r ESS . but it was 
one very important one. The first and foremost reason for 
ESS is to provide the phone company with better control on 
billing and equipment records* faster handling of calls (i.e, 
less equipment tied up in the office at any onetime), and to 
help agencies such as the FBI keep better account of who 
was calling who from where, etc. When the FBI finds out 
that someone whose calls they want to trace is on an ESS 
exchange, they are thrilled because it’s so much easier for 

them then, , 

The United States won’t be 100 percent ESS until 

sometime in the mid 1 990’s. Bui in real practice* all phone 
offices in almost every city are getting so me oft he most basic 
modifications brought about by ESS. “911" service is an 
ESS function. So is AN1 (Automatic Number Identi- 
fication) on longdistance calls. “Dial tone first” pay phones 
are also an ESS function. None of these things were 
- available prior to ESS. The amount of pure fraud calling via 
bogus credit card, third number billing, etc. on Sell s lines 
V led to the decision to rapiidly install the AN I* for example, 

‘ even if the rest of the ESS was several years away 

in some cases,, , , .. . , 

Depending on how you choose to Look at the whole 

concept of ESS* it can be either one of the most 
advantageous innovations of all time or one of the scariest. 
The system is good for consumers in that it can take a lot of 
activity and do lots of things that older systems could never 
do. Features such as direct dialing overseas, call forwarding 
(both of which open up new worlds of phrcakmg which we II 
explore m later bsues), and Call holding are steps forward* 
without question. But at the same time, what do all ot tnc 
nasty implications mentioned further back mean to the 
average person on the sidewalk? The system is perfectly 
capable of monitoring anyone, not just phone phreaks. 
What would happen if the nice friendly government we have 
now somehow got overthrown and a mean nasty one took .is 
place? With ESS, they wouldn’t have to do too much work, 
just come up with some new software. Imagine a phone 
system that could tell the authorities how many calls you 
placed to certain types of people, I.e blacks, communists, 
laundromat service employees ESS could do it. if so 
programmed- ■ 

Tins was the first in an occdaiohaf scries on the for and 
dangers of ESS- 



ABC 


UNO 


OPER 


OPER 


Times Changing For Directory Assistance 

t'lHTiJiirrd Nm Kwinn 

Directory Assistance promises to have a very different 
future, both in the US. and in France. Here in the States, 
customers are being threatened with a 75c charge for long 
distance information requests. In a few parts of the country, 
Indiana (812) for instance, a request for a phone number 
produces startling results: a human will answer and ask for 
the city and name, and after finding it will hit a button, 
whereupon . a machine takes over and spits out the number 
with a digitized voice. Vou are then given the option to hold 
on to be reconnected to another D,A. operator. 

This kind of system makes multiple requests quite 
inconvenient — forcing one to either wait to be reconnected 
-to a human, or dial over and over again. This latest step 
towards total mechanization also strikes fear into the hearts 
of the D.A. operators, many of whom do not wish to lose 
their fun jobs. , 

France* meanwhile; .has a nationalized phone system run 
by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications* an 
agency which has been experimentally offering com- 
puterized telephone information (Teletel) to 70*000 users. 
The Ministry provides* for free; a small terminal called a 
Minitel which Has a keyboard that folds up over the screen. 

To find a number* a user enters the name* address, region 
of France* and profession of the person theyTe looking for. 
If just the name and city are entered* all of the people with 
that name m that city will be displayed. The system does not 
yet list all of FrttJCb* but should by June, The Ministry 
expects to haW Ttfuffitfrt terminals In use within two years. 
In addition Id TWttrf; fS-othet services will be provided, 
including news, node quotations, shopping catalogs* 
banking systems, as well C railroad, airline* and movie 
schedules. 

Perhaps this Twill pvt AT&T some ideas. Imagine being 
able to call a distance city- and get phone numbers for 
everybody named Smith! Electronic phone book hacking 

could be a cohstderebte amodm of fun. 

• ' ■ * .“!■■ ■ ; ; 

No Hacking While Flying, Please 


EL'em^ntll Not 

Eastern AirpOwt nbw xpdciftcdly prohibits the use of 


The fwUUgatTBttTOW fe thm porttbte computers can 
interfere wkh-i%4l equipment^ causing all 
kinds of ftrahgt thjM : ^happen. When a company 
spokesperson for Ut« Mt#u Mid carrier was asked if any 
specific incsd«n^ : : gM^ : Hibw.- pioki^« she responded 
that an incid^l^rdbl ^Mj that nothing more 
could be said; ; ^* r - . ■_ ^ ^ . 

A possible bbj^tt bf the airline has been proposed by 
Wayne GreeiK pftWh^Oftbdma^iine Miirocompitters 

Trick of tfti’Mtfftth 

}MluN(wibnae ' ' ■ ■■ 

Many ropetMrici^.bi ttato having passed a u bottle biir 
of sorts are machines. You put an 

empty alumutUttflfek^tatt mthe machine, UPC code up, 
and the mach^ it and gives you money. Well, 

some hackers have discovered (hat these machines work for 
all beverage can/ depo&i br not. In some stales, Tor 


example* n on-carbonated beverages (iced tea) don't carry a 
deposit even though the cans are exactly the same as the ones 
containing carbonated drinks, A human will not take those 
cans back* but the machines will, gladly. 

By the way, we haven't heard from anyone who’s tried 
putting a full soda can in one of these machines. It would be 
interesting to find out if the machine tries to crush it* More 
interesting to see if it succeeds. 

Death Star Cards Spell Woe 

IbH Nm iiirnci 

.Many of the long-awaited AT&T credit cards are now 
being distributed. You will be impressed when you get 
yours — complete with a picture of the AT&T death star 
floating over planet Earth, while the new AT&T red, blue* 
and black stripe looks on. 

But with these cards come a few problems. For one thing, 
many customers of New York Telephone received their PIN 
^ards only days before they got their AT&T cards. What is a 
PEN card? Well* PIN stands fot Personal Identification 
Number* but other than that, it's really the exact same thing 
as an AT&T card* except that it doesn't have a magnetic 
stripe. It also only has four numbers on it— the last part of 
your 14-digft code {your phone number comprises the first 
part). New York Telephone proudly claims that this secures 
your code* since if you lose your card, whoever finds it won't 
know your phone number nor he able to find out because 
your name isn't even on tt. So along comes AT&T sending 
out their cardsto everyone who got a PIN card, AT&T cards 
have your name and your , 1 4-digit code prominently 
displayed fyes, the last four digits are the same as New York 
Telephone's). Result: the PIN cards are completely useless, 
both because they're redundant and because their purpose 
has been defeated, 

AT &T has made a serious mistake with these cards. First 
of all, since so many of them are in the mail at the same time, 
many will be stolen, perhaps within the post office itself. 
Second, there are no security precautions whatsoever at 
those new credit card phones. You simply plug in the card 
and dial away. No identity codes to enter, like the bank cards 
require. With 5,000 of these phones (which also accept 
American Express card$) scheduled to be installed this year, 
credit card fraud for AT&T will almost certainly rise, not so 
much due to phone phreaks, but rather, simple common 
thieves. 

An official at AT&T said that (hey were rot overly 
concerned, **WeTe counting on people's honesty," they said. 
We'll see what they say next year, 

ADS Investigation Moved? 

WtirJ of Mvirili 

It's been rumoured that the FBI investigation of IBM 
Audio Distribution System hackefc has now been 
headquartered in another city (i.e, not Detroit). Last month* 
2600 published a rather extensive report on the 
investigation* including the name of (he city and the 
informant who started this whole mess, John Max field of 
JFM Industries in Detroit. 

Several threats have allegedly been made by Maxfield to a 
group of hackers who helped expose him. This is reportedly 
being done against the wishes of the FBI. 2600 is currently 
investigating the authenticity of (hese threais and, if (hey 
check out, you can count on seeing a transcript next month. 


3 




I 


SOME THOUGHTS ON “GARBAGE PICKING” 

H 


Garbage picking is the an of finding things that someone 
else has thrown away. Hackers on time-sharing systems are 
Long familiar with the technique of asking the operating 
system for some memory or mass storage space that has not 
yet been zeroed out n and then dumping out whatever was in 
[hereto the screen or printer. Things like password files and 
system programs are always updated or backed up from 
time to time* and that's when a “garbage copy" will be 
created. The alert hacker will find this if he or she Looks hard 
enough. 

You can even do some garbage picking with your own 
microcomputer! Occasionally, when a software house 
creates a disk* it copies over an entire disk, not just the 
programs that they happen to be selling on that disk. You 
might find old copies of the vendor’s programs sitting in 
there, or all kinds of other stuff. 

For those of you without computers, there are other ways 
you can join in on the fun. Many a tale has been told on the 
"** Local bulletin boards about the enterprising phone phreaks 
who snuck around to their local phone company's central 
office early one mornings and snooped through the 
dumpsters. Jn the oJd mechanical switching areas, you might 
find wires* relays, and other biis and pieces that an 
■electronics hobbyist would enjoy. In areas served by 
electronic switching, computer printouts are more likely, 
jnd you might even find the garbage hoppers locked to 
prevent pholks like you from snooping around Remember, 
other people’s garbage is sometimes considered their private 
property, Be sure to check with your local authorities on the 
legalities of digging into large corporations’ back yards 
before you find out what the rules are the hard way. One 
person who almost got into trouble over this was a Slew 
York City sculptor who was poking through the trash cans 
around Richard Nixon's townhotise and got picked up by 
[he SS (Secret Service). He told the judge that, he was 
t I a n n ing to m a ke a scu tp ture of the former presid ent out of 
garbage, and he wanted to use the real stuff. The judge* 
obviously, a man of refined artistical tastes* allowed the 
sculptor to poke through the. garbage without molestation. 
Other kinds of garbage picking require some more 
' " technical knowledge and a bit of construction ability. One 
possibility that could keep you project builders busy is a 
cross- talk amplifier. For those of you who aren’t familiar 
with the term, cross-talk (on your telephone) is when you 


a phone conversation that you're having. If you build an 
amplifier that can filter out the background noise and 
amplify only the narrow bandwidth where the voice is 
transmitted through the phone lines* you might be able to 
make out what the folks are saying, for ail the good it will do 
you. But there are other things you can hear in this electronic 
garbage heap. Suppose one day you hear cross-talk of a 
modem conversation? if you could amplify it and feed it into 
your computer, you would be able to monitor someone 
else's entire computer session, Suppose you hear someone 
entering in louch-tone® codes to some local call extender? 
All you have to do is build yourself a tone decoder (you can 
find schematics for these things in any Radio Shack) and 
figure out what the person entered. Obviously* once you are 
able to amplify the cross-talk to a reasonable level* your best 
bet is to tape-record the material so that you can experiment 
with the best way to feed it into the computer or tone 
decoder that will be further deciphering it. 

There have been talcs told of one enterprising phreak who 
built a tone decoder and then called up his favorite call 
extender. He then called some "dead’* line (such as the silent 
half of a loop line somewhere; other possibilities could be a 
disconnected number [you hear silence after the recording 
finishes] or even your own phone* if you have a second Jine 
you can use) and turned on his tape recorder. Jt wasn’t too 
long before he heard the cross-talk of someone else using the 
extender* and he picked up ten new codes inside of a week! 
Of course, he needed a working code to sign onto the thing in 
the first place* but there are some extenders where you can 
“hold the line open" by hitting some key every now and then. 
The nice thing about this kind of hacking is that you only 
need to make one phone call to find things out, while 
standard hacking requires a separate phone call for each 
attempt at a new code. No system in existence could detect a 
fellow with a tape recorder and a tone decoder listening in, 
although it + s certainly possible that someday* someone 
could design their phone circuits to be 100% free 
of cross-talk. 

That's all we have for now on the subject of garbage 
i picking. If you come up tyith any more places where an 
inquisitive person might find some interesting information 
lying around, be sure to write in and let us know. Please 
include your method of “digging up** the garbage, and 
suggestions to all those other people out there who will try to 




duplicate your results. 



Q&A 

Q, How doesthe ojierator fmd uui if you are coifing front a 
fan? booth or a house font? is there any t cay to defeat this ? 

-^California 

A, A pay phone is wired up directly to the TSPS (Traffic 
Service Position System, basically the. operator at a 
switchboard) circuit. A light on the console flashes and 
shows the caller to be at a pay phone. To convince the TS PS 
that it wasn't actually a pay phone, you would have to go 
into ihe switch room and rewire i* r The distinction is not 
made within the phone itself, but in the central office. You 
receive a dial tone through the TSPS circuit before it goes to 
the central office— it's connected in scries with it. Everything 
you do goes through the TSPS circuit, whei her it's local or 
not. In sh on*. i here's no way around it. 


Got a question for os? Write it down and send it to usf We 7/ 
do our best to come up with an answer. Send it along to: 

2400 
Box 752 

Middle /stand, AT II 953 
^ ^ 

2600 needs writers! This could be your big 

chance!! If you come up with something to 

contribute, send it in to the address at the 

end of Q & A. Please send us your 

comments and criticisms as well. And 

spread the word! 2600 is bringing the good 

word of hackers andphreakers throughout 

the land of disks and relays! 


4 


2600 


page f 








AFGHANISTAN - S3 
ALBANIA - 3?5 

ALGERIA - 21 - 3. 4. 09 5 * 

ANDORRA - 33 - AP 07E 
ANGOLA - 244 

ARGENTINA - 54 - 1, 21 , 41, OR 51 

AUSTRALIA - SI - DI-3 

AUSTRIA - 43 - D4 

BAHRAIN - 973 

BANGLADESH - 880 

BELGIUM - 32 - DI-2 

BELIZE - 501 

BENIN - 229 

BHUTAN - * - 1400 PHONES 
BOLIVIA - 591 
BOTSWANA - 267 
BRAZIL - 55 - D2 (XI) 

BRUNEI - 673 ' 

BULGARIA - 359 

BURfIR - 95 

BURUNDI - 257 

CAMEROON * 237 

CAPE VERDE - 238 

CENT. AFRICAN REPUBLIC - 23G 

CHAD - 235 

CHILE - 58 - Dl-2 

CHINA (MAINLAND) - * 

COLOMBIA - 57 - D3 OR D5 
COMORO IS. - 2G9 
CONGO - 242 
COSTA RICA- - 508 
CUBA - * 

CYPRUS -357-- DZ (XI) 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA - 42 

DENMARK - 45 - CODES 1-S, FAROES IS 42 
DJIBOUTI - 253 
DOMINICA - * 

ECUADOR - 593 - D2 OR D4 
EGYPT - 20 

EL SALVADOR - 503 - D2 DR D 4 
EBU. GUINEA - 2«0 
ETHIOPIA - 251 
FALKLAND IS. - * 

FIJI - 679 

FINLAND,- 35B - CODE O OB D2 
FRANCE - 33 - CODE 1 OR D2 
FRENCH GUIANA - SS4 
FR. “OLYNESIA - 663 
GABON - 241 
GAMBIA - 2 20 

GERMAN DEN. REPUBLIC - 37 - DJ-5 
FEDERAL REP, OF GERMANY - 49 - D2-4 
GHANA - 233 t 
GIBRALTAR - 350 
GILBERT IS. - BBS 
GREECE ^ 30 - CODE 1 OR D2-3 
' GRENADA - * 


MACAO - 553 
MADAGASCAR - 251 
* MALAWI - 2E5 

MALAYSIA - 80 - CODES 3* OR 5 
MALDIVES - + 

MALI - 223 
MALTA - 356 
MARIANA. IS. - * 

MARTINIQUE - 59B 

MAURITANIA - 222 

MAURITIUS - 230 

MEXICO - 52 1 

MCNACO - 33 

MONGOLIA - 976 

MOROCCO - 21 - CODES 0. 1 . . OR 2 * 
MOZAMBIQUE - 256 
NAURU - 874 
NEPAL - 377 

NETHERLANDS - 31 - DZ OR D*. 

NETH. ANTILLES - 599 - D1 
NEW CALEDONIA - 687 
NEW HEBRIDES - 678 
NEW ZEALAND - 64 - D2-5 
NICARAGUA - 505 - Dl-Z 
NIGER - 227 

NIGERIA - 23 4 - D2-3 (QXX) 

NORWAY - 47 - D 1-2 

oman - sea 

PAKISTAN - 92 

PANAMA - 507 

PAPUA NEW GUINEA - 675 

PARAGUAY - SB5 

PERU - 51 - D2-4 

PHILIPPINES - S3 - Dl-4. 

POLAND - 49 
PORTUGAL - 351 - D2 
QATAR - 374 
REUNION - 262 
ROMANIA - *0 
RWANDA - 250 
ST. HELENA - * 

AMER. SAMOA - 664 
SAN MARINO - 33'- AP 541 
SAO TOME (PRINCIPE) - 239 
SAUDI ARABIA - 966 - Dl-2 
SENEGAL - 221 
SEYCHELLES - 246 
SIERRA LEONE -232 
SINGAPORE - 65 . 

SOLOMON IS. - 57? 

SOMALIA - 252 

SOUTH AFRICA - 27 - D2 (XI) 

fe. W. AFRICA - 284 

SPAIN - 34 - Dl-2 

SRI LANKA - 34 

SUDAN - 249 

SURINAME - 597 


l-( ( 


5 



’L'ODELOUPE - 590 
:>uam - S7i 

“UflTEMALA - 502 - CODES 2 Oft B1 
y:nea - 224 
_ :nep-bissau - 245 

■^YANA - 592 
HAITI - 505 
j jNDURAS - 304 

-ONE KONG - 852 - CODES 3. 5, OR 12 
■UNGARY - 3S - Dl-2 
CELAND - 354 

YD I A - 51 - CODES 11 OR 22 

SCONES I A - SZ 

“AN - SB - DZ-4 <XXXl> 

AG - 964 - Dl-2 
ELAND - 353 - Dl-2 
. RAEL - 97Z - Dl-2 
' ALY - 33 - D2-3 
.'CRY COAST - 225 

A PAN - B1 - Dl-2 
ORDAN - 9G2 
AMPUCHEA - 855 
iNVA - 254 - AP 2 
KOREA - * 

; KOREA -SZ - D2 
JWAIT - 965 
AOS - 856 
EBANON - 961 - 
6SOTHO - 256 
IBERIA - 231 

IBYA - 21 - CODES 8" OR 9 * 
1ECHTENSTEIN - 41 - AP 75 
UXEMBOURG - 352 


SWAZILAND - 2SB 

SWEDEN - 46 - 01-3 

SWITZERLAND - 41 - CODE 1 OR D2 

SYRIA - SG3 ^ 

TAINAN - BE - Dl-2 

TANZANIA - 255 

THAILAND - 65 - AP 2 

TIMOR - 672 

TOGO - 228 

TONGA - * 

TRINIDAD - * 

TUNIS - 21 ~ CODE 2 OR B * 

TURKEY- - SO - DZ (XI > 

TURKS A CAICOS - * 

TUVALU t * 

UGANDA :- 25S 
UAE - S71/S7S/S7S 

UK - 44 - Dl-3 - 25 MILLION PHONES 
US A/CANADA/ CARIBBEAN - 1 - 03 <XOX OR >! 1 X > 
- 190 MILLION PHONES 
'* UPPER VOLTA - 22S 
URUGUAY - 5SB 

USSR - 7 - 20 MILLION PHONES 
VATICAN CITY - 39 - AP 6 
VENEZUELA - 5B - Dl-2 
VIETNAM - B4 
WEST. SOMGA - * 

YEMEN - 957 
YEMEN PDR - 969 
YUGOSLAVIA - 3B - D2 (XI) 

ZAIRE - 243 
ZAMBIA - 250 
ZIMBABWE - 263 


EFINITIONS: 

I 

•* 

DX - X REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OP DIGITS IN A COUNTRY'S CITY 

CODES. CAN BE OF A RANGE. 'DX-Y' BETWEEN X AND Y DIGITS. . 

(XI) TYPICAL ROUTING CODE. X CAN BE ANY DIGIT. 1 IS ARBITRARY., 

■ 

AP - ALL POINTS. USE THIS IN FRONT OF ANY LOCAL NUMBER. 

CODE REPRESENTS AN INDIVIDUAL CITY CODE. USE ANY OF THE CODES 

LISTED. OR IF ANOTHER RANGE IS SPECIFIED. ALSO FOLLOW 
THAT FORMAT. 

* USE INTERNATIONAL OPERATOR EITHER FDR ALL CALLS TO THAT 

COUNTRY IF NO CODE IS LISTED. OR FOR CALLS TO PARTICULAR 
ARESs DENOTED BY THE 


NOTE! USA COUNTRY CODE '1' CDVERS ALL OF THE CONTINENTAL USA, ALL 

OF CANADA. ALASKA AND HAWAII. AND PORTIONS OF NORTHERN MEXICO.! ' 
IN ADDITION, THE USA AREA CODE BOS COVERS PUERTO RICO, THE US 
AND BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. AND VARIOUS OTHER CARIBBEAN 
ISLANDS. THE 709 AREA CODE IS ROUTED THRU CANADA TO COVER 
FRENCH POSSESSIONS IN THE HEMISPHERE, NOTABLY THE ISLANDS OF ST 
PIERRE AND MIQUELON. 


6