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Lead isotope ratios for mediterranean ores Notes for full database (medoresall.txt) Data assumed to be repeat analyses or repeat publications of the same sample are grouped together. Seperate data points are separated by a blank line The Oxford group has published a number of 'definitive' lists of analyses of samples from certain regions carried out in their laboratory. These are separated from the main list for that country by two blank lines, they are not included in the main section for each country. The Turkish samples from the Taurus mountain region have a group description attached to the location (e.g. '2A', or 'outlier') These groups are statistical entities constructed by the authors of the papers. They have no geographical meaning An edited version of the database is avaliable (medoresedit.txt) Data is from publications up to 1997 Key to references: Key Author Year Title Source 1 Graeser, S. & G. Friedrich 1970 Zur frage der altersstellung und genese der blei-zink-vorkommen der Sierra de Cartegena in Spanien Mineralia Deposita 5: 365-374 2 Brill, R.H. & W.R.Shields 1972 Lead isotopes in ancient coins Special Publications of the Royal Numismatic Society 8: 279-303 3 Barnes, I.L., W.R. Shields, T.J. Murphy & R.H. Brill 1974 Isotopic analysis of Laurion lead ores Archaeological Chemistry, ed. C.W. Beck. Amercan Chemical Society, Washington. pp. 1-10 4 Eiseman, C.J. 1978 The Porticello shipwreck: lead isotope data MASCA Journal 1: 18 5 Gale, N.H. 1978 Lead isotopes and Aegean metallurgy Thera and the Aegean World I. Thera and the Aegean World, London. pp. 529-545. 6 Doe, B.R. & R.E. Zartman 1979 Plumbotectonics, The Phanerozoic Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, I.L. Barnes. J. Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 22-70 7 Wagner, G.A., W. Gentner, H. Gropengiesser & N.H. Gale 1980 Early Bronze Age lead-silver mining and metallurgy in the Aegean: the ancient workings on Siphnos Scientific Studies in Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy, ed. P.T. Craddock. British Museum, London. pp.63-80 8 Gale, N.H. 1980 Some aspects of lead and silver mining in the Aegean Thera and theAegean World II. Thera and the Aegean World, London. pp. 161-195 9 Chamberlain, V.E. & N.H. Gale 1980 The isotopic composition of lead in Greek coins and galena from Greece and Turkey Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection, eds E.A. Slater & J.O. Tate. National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh. pp.139-155 10 Gale, N.H., W. Gentner & G.A. Wagner 1980 Mineralogical and geographical silver sources of Archaic Greek coinage Special Publications of the Royal Numismatic Society 13: 3-49 11 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1981 Cycladic lead and silver metallurgy The Annual of the British School at Athens 76: 169-224 12 Gale, N.H., E.T.C. Spooner & P.J. Potts 1981 The lead and strontium isotope geochemistry of metalliferous sediments associated with Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic rocks in Cyprus, Syria, and the Sultanate of Oman Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18: 1290-1302 13 Stos-Gale, Z.A. & N.H. Gale 1981 Sources of galena, lead and silver in Predynastic Egypt Actes du XX Symposium D'Archeometrie, vol III, Bulletin de Liaison du Groupe des Methodes Physiques et Chemiques de L'Archeologie Supplement 1981, pp. 285-295. 14 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1982 Bronze Age copper sources in the Mediterranean: a new approach Science 216: 11-18 15 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1982 Thorikos, Perati and Bronze Age silver production in the Laurion, Attica Miscellanea Graeca 5: 97-103 16 Stos-Gale, Z.A. 1982 A puzzle of the Bronze Age silver-lead on Cyprus Acts of the 2nd International Cypriot Congress, Nicosia, pp. 67-72. 17 Stos-Gale, Z.A. & N.H. Gale 1982 The sources of Mycenaean silver and lead Journal of Field Archaeology 9: 467-485 18 Swainbank, Shepherd, Caboi & Masssoli-Novelli 1982 Lead isotopic composition of some galena ores from Sardinia Periodico di Mineralogia 51:275-286 19 Spooner, E.T.C., & N.H. Gale 1982 Pb isotopic composition of ophiolitic volcanogenic sulphide deposits, Troodos Complex, Cyprus Nature 296: 239-242 20 Pernicka, E., G.A. Wagner, K. Assimenos, C. Doumas, F. Begemann & W. Todt 1983 An analytical study of prehistoric lead and silver objects from the Aegean The Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium on Archaeometry, eds. A. Aspinall & S.E. Warren. University of Bradford, Braford. pp.292-302 21 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1984 Cycladic metallurgy The Prehistoric Cyclades. eds. J.A. Mac Gillivray & R.L.N. Barber. Department of Classical Archaeology, Edinburgh. pp.255-276. 22 Gale, N.H., Z.A. Stos-Gale & J.L. Davis 1984 The provenance of lead used at Ayia Irini, Keos Hesperia 53: 389-406. 23 Pernicka, E., T.C. Seeliger, G.A. Wagner, F.Begemann, S. Schmitt-Stecker, C. Eibner, O. Oztunali & I. Baranyi 1984 Archaometallurgische untersuchungen in Nordwestanatolien Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums Mainz 31: 533-599 24 Stos-Gale, Z.A., N.H. Gale & G.R. Gilmore 1984 Early Bronze Age Trojan metal sources and Anatolians in the Cyclades Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3: 23-44 25 Seeliger, T.C., E. Pernicka, G.A. Wagner, F. Begemann, S. Schmitt-Strecker, C. Eibner, O. Oztunali & I. Baranyi 1985 Archaometallurgische untersuchungen in nord- und ostanatolien Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums Mainz 32: 597-659 26 Gale, N.H., Z.A. Stos-Gale & G.R. Gilmore 1985 Alloy types and copper sources of Anatolian copper alloy atrefacts Anatolian Studies 35: 143-174 27 Vavelidis, M., I. Bassiakos, F. Begemann, K. Patriarcheas, E. Pernicka, S. Schmitt-Strecker & G.A Wagner 1985 Geologie und Erzvorkommen Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos, eds. G.A. Wagner & G. Weisgerber. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum. pp. 59-80 28 Pernicka, E. & G.A. Wagner 1985 Die metallurgisch Bedeutung von Sifnos im altertum Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos, eds. G.A. Wagner & G. Weisgerber. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum. pp.200-211. 29 Boni, M. & V. Koeppel 1985 Ore-lead isotope pattern from the Iglesiente-Sulcis Area (SW Sardinia) and the problem of remobilization of metals Mineralium Deposita 20: 185-193 30 Wagner, G.A., E. Pernicka, T.C. Seeliger, O. Oztunali, I. Baranyi, F. Begemann & S. Schmitt-Strecker 1985 Geologische untersuchungen zur fruhen metallurgie in NW-Anatolien Bulletin of the Mineral and Exploration Institute of Turkey 100-101: 45-81 31 Dayton, J.E. & A. Dayton 1986 Uses and limitations of lead isotopes in archaeology Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, eds. J.S. Olin & M.J. Blackman. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. pp. 13-41. 32 Stos-Gale, Z.A., N.H. Gale & U. Zwicker 1986 The copper trade in the South-East Mediterranean region. Preliminary scientific evidence Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1986. The Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, Nicosia. pp. 122-144 33 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1986 Oxhide copper ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age metals trade The Annual of The British School at Athens 81: 81-100 34 Barnes, I.L, R.H. Brill, E.C. Deal & G.V. Piercy 1986 Lead isotope studies of some of the finds from the Serce Liman shipwreck Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, eds. J.S. Olin & M.J. Blackman. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. pp.1-12 35 Wagner, G.A., E. Pernicka, M. Vavelidis, I. Baranyi & I. Bassiakos 1986 Archaometallurgische Untersuchungen auf Chalkidiki Der Anschnitt 38: 166-186 36 Wagner, G.A., E. Pernicka, T.C. Seeliger, I.B. Lorenz, F. Begemann, S. Schmitt-Strecker, C. Eibner & O. Oztunali 1986 Geochemische und isotopisch charakteristika fruher rohstoffquellen fur kupfer, blei, silber und gold in der Turkei Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums Mainz 33: 723-752 37 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1987 Oxhide ingots from Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age copper trade: new scientific evidence Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 3 Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean World. BAR IS 387: 159-198 38 Hamelin, B., B. Dupre, O. Brevart & C.J. Allegre 1988 Metallogenesis at Paleo-spreading centers: lead isotopes in sulfides, rocks and sediments from the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus) Chemical Geology 68: 229-238 39 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1988 Recent evidence for a possible Bronze Age Metal Trade between Sardinia and the Aegean Problems in Greek Prehistory, eds. E.B. French & K.A. Wardle. Bristol Classical Press, Bristol. pp. 349-384. 40 Ludwig, K.R., R. Vollmer, B. Turi, K.R. Simmons & G. Perna 1989 Isotopic constraints on the genesis of base-metal ores in Southern and Central Sardinia European Journal of Mineralogy 1: 657-666 41 Stos-Gale, Z.A. 1989 Cycladic copper metallurgy Old World Archaeometallurgy, eds. A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka & G.A. Wagner. Selbstverlaf des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, Bochum. pp.279-291 42 Gale, N.H. 1989 Archaeometallurgical studies of Late Bronze Age ox-hide copper ingots of the Mediterranean region Old World Archaeometallurgy, eds A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka & G.A. Wagner. Selbstverlaf des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, Bochum. pp.247-268 43 Gale, N.H. 1989 Lead isotope analyses applied to provenance studies a brief review Archaeometry, Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium, ed. Y. Maniatis. Elseiver, Amsterdam. pp. 469-502. 44 Pernicka, E., F. Begemann, S. Schmitt-Strecker & A.P. Grimanis 1990 On the composition and provenance of metal artefacts from Poliochni on Lemnos Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9: 263-298 45 Gale, N.H., H.G. Bachmann, B. Rothenberg, Z.A. Stos-Gale & R.F. Tylecote 1990 The adventitious production of iron in the smelting of copper The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper, ed. B. Rothenberg. Institute of Archaeology, London. pp.182-191. 46 Gale, N.H., Z.A. Stos-Gale & W. Fasnacht 1990 Copper and copper working at Alambra Alambra, A Middle Bronze Age Site in Cyprus, J.E. Coleman, J.A. Barlow, M.K. Mogelonsky & K.W. Schaar 47 Yener, K.A., E.V. Sayre, E.C. Joel, H. Ozbal, I.L. Barnes & R.H. Brill 1991 Stable lead isotope studies of Central Taurus Ore sources and related artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age sites Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 541-577 48 Gale, N.H. 1991 Copper oxhide ingots: their origin and their place in the Bronze Age metals trade in the Mediterranean Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, ed. N.H. Gale. Paul Astroms Forlag, Jonsered. pp.197-239 49 Stos-Gale, Z.A. & C.F. Macdonald 1991 Sources of metals and trade in the Bronze Age Aegean Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, ed. N.H. Gale. Paul Astroms Forlag, Jonsered. pp. 249-288 50 Stos-Gale, Z.A. 1992 The origin of metal objects from the Early Bronze Age site of Thermi on the island of Lesbos Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11: 155-177 51 Sayre, E.V., K.A. Yener, E.C. Joel & I.L. Barnes 1992 Statistical evaluation of the presently accumulated lead isotope data from Anatolia and surrounding regions Archaeometry 34: 73-105 52 Schmidt-Strecker, S., F. Begemann & E. Pernicka 1992 Chemische zusammensetsetzung und bleiisotopenverhaltnisse der metallfunde von Hassen Hoyk und aus dem Graberfeld Hassek-West Hassek Hoyuk, ed. M.R. Behm-Blanke. Wasmuth, Tubingen. pp. 108-123 53 Stos-Gale, Z.A. & N.H. Gale 1992 New light on the provenience of the copper oxhide ingots found on Sardinia Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea, eds. R.H. Tykot & T.K. Andrews. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. pp.317-345 54 Gale, N.H., O. Picard & J.N. Barrandon 1988 The archaic Thasian silver coinage Der Anschnitt, beiheft 6:212-223 55 Stos-Gale, Z.A., N.H. Gale & N. Annetts 1996 Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 3, ores from the Aegean, part 1 Archeometry 38: 381-390 56 Stos-Gale, Z.A. & N.H. Gale 1994 Metals Provienience Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus: Production, Exchange and Politico-Economic Change, eds. A.B. Knapp & J.F. Cherry. Prehistory Press, Madison Wisconsin. pp. 92-121 57 McGeehan-Liritzis, V. & N.H. Gale 1999 Chemical and lead isotope analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age metals Archaeometry 30: 199-225 58 Craddock, P.T., I.C. Freestone, N.H. Gale, N.D. Meeks, B. Rothenberg & M.S. Tite 1985 The investigation of a small heap of silver smelting debris from Rio Tinto, Huelva, Spain Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity, eds. P.T. Craddock & M.J. Hughes. British Museum, London. pp. 199-217 59 Chalkias, S., M. Vavelidis, S. Schmitt-Strecker & F. Begemann 1988 Geologische interpretation der blei-isotopen-verhaltnisse von erzen der insel Thasos, der Agais und Nordgriechenlands Antike Edel- und Bunt metallgewinning auf Thasos, eds. G. Wagner & G. Weisgerber. Deutschen Bergbau Museums, Bochum. pp. 59-74 60 Gale, N.H. & Z.A. Stos-Gale 1984 Lead isotope and chemical analyses of silver, lead and copper artefacts from Pyla-Kokkinokremos Pyla-Kokkinokremos, by V. Karageorghis & M. Demas. Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. pp. 96-103 61 Pernicka, E., G.A. Wagner & W. Todt 1983 Chemische und isotopische zusammensetzung fruheisenzeitlicher bleiartefakte aus Thasos Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik Heidelberg 37: 1-17 62 Stos-Gale, Z.A., C.F. MacDonald & N. Gale 1991 New studies of Final Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy in Cyprus Decouverte du Metal ed.s. J.-P. Mohen & C Eluere. Picard, Paris. pp.341-356 63 Stos-Gale, Z., N.H. Gale, J. Houghton & R. Speakman 1995 Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 1, ores from the Western Mediterranean Archaeometry 37: 407-415 64 N.H. Gale, Stos-Gale, Z., J. Houghton & R. Speakman 1997 Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 4, ores from Cyprus Archaeometry 39: 237-246