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URI(7)                                                                  Linux Programmer's Manual                                                                 URI(7)

NAME
       uri, url, urn - uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN

SYNOPSIS
       URI = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ "#" fragment ]

       absoluteURI = scheme ":" ( hierarchical_part | opaque_part )

       relativeURI = ( net_path | absolute_path | relative_path ) [ "?" query ]

       scheme = "http" | "ftp" | "gopher" | "mailto" | "news" | "telnet" |
                  "file" | "man" | "info" | "whatis" | "ldap" | "wais" | ...

       hierarchical_part = ( net_path | absolute_path ) [ "?" query ]

       net_path = "//" authority [ absolute_path ]

       absolute_path = "/"  path_segments

       relative_path = relative_segment [ absolute_path ]

DESCRIPTION
       A  Uniform  Resource Identifier (URI) is a short string of characters identifying an abstract or physical resource (for example, a web page).  A Uniform Resource
       Locator (URL) is a URI that identifies a resource through its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"), rather than by name or some  other  attri‐
       bute  of that resource.  A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a URI that must remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes
       unavailable.

       URIs are the standard way to name hypertext link destinations for tools such as web browsers.  The string "http://www.kernel.org" is a URL (and thus it is also a
       URI).  Many people use the term URL loosely as a synonym for URI (though technically URLs are a subset of URIs).

       URIs  can  be  absolute or relative.  An absolute identifier refers to a resource independent of context, while a relative identifier refers to a resource by de‐
       scribing the difference from the current context.  Within a relative path reference, the complete path segments "." and ".." have special meanings: "the  current
       hierarchy level" and "the level above this hierarchy level", respectively, just like they do in UNIX-like systems.  A path segment which contains a colon charac‐
       ter can't be used as the first segment of a relative URI path (e.g., "this:that"), because it would be mistaken for a scheme name; precede such segments with  ./
       (e.g.,  "./this:that").  Note that descendants of MS-DOS (e.g., Microsoft Windows) replace devicename colons with the vertical bar ("|") in URIs, so "C:" becomes
       "C|".

       A fragment identifier, if included, refers to a particular named portion (fragment) of a resource; text after a '#' identifies the  fragment.   A  URI  beginning
       with '#' refers to that fragment in the current resource.

   Usage
       There  are many different URI schemes, each with specific additional rules and meanings, but they are intentionally made to be as similar as possible.  For exam‐
       ple, many URL schemes permit the authority to be the following format, called here an ip_server (square brackets show what's optional):

       ip_server = [user [ : password ] @ ] host [ : port]

       This format allows you to optionally insert a username, a user plus password, and/or a port number.  The host is the name of the host computer, either  its  name
       as  determined  by DNS or an IP address (numbers separated by periods).  Thus the URI <http://fred:fredpassword@example.com:8080/> logs into a web server on host
       example.com as fred (using fredpassword) using port 8080.  Avoid including a password in a URI if possible because of the many security risks of having  a  pass‐
       word  written  down.   If the URL supplies a username but no password, and the remote server requests a password, the program interpreting the URL should request
       one from the user.

       Here are some of the most common schemes in use on UNIX-like systems that are understood by many tools.  Note that many  tools  using  URIs  also  have  internal
       schemes or specialized schemes; see those tools' documentation for information on those schemes.

       http - Web (HTTP) server

       http://ip_server/path
       http://ip_server/path?query

       This  is  a URL accessing a web (HTTP) server.  The default port is 80.  If the path refers to a directory, the web server will choose what to return; usually if
       there is a file named "index.html" or "index.htm" its content is returned, otherwise, a list of the files in the current directory (with  appropriate  links)  is
       generated and returned.  An example is <http://lwn.net>.

       A  query  can  be  given  in the archaic "isindex" format, consisting of a word or phrase and not including an equal sign (=).  A query can also be in the longer
       "GET" format, which has one or more query entries of the form key=value separated by the ampersand character (&).  Note that key can be repeated more than  once,
       though  it's  up  to  the  web  server  and  its  application  programs  to  determine  if there's any meaning to that.  There is an unfortunate interaction with
       HTML/XML/SGML and the GET query format; when such URIs with more than one key are embedded in SGML/XML documents (including HTML), the ampersand (&)  has  to  be
       rewritten  as  &amp;.   Note  that not all queries use this format; larger forms may be too long to store as a URI, so they use a different interaction mechanism
       (called POST) which does not include the data in the URI.  See the Common Gateway Interface specification at ⟹http://www.w3.org/CGI⟩ for more information.

       ftp - File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

       ftp://ip_server/path

       This is a URL accessing a file through the file transfer protocol (FTP).  The default port (for control) is 21.  If no username is included, the username "anony‐
       mous"   is   supplied,   and   in   that   case   many   clients   provide   as   the   password   the   requestor's  Internet  email  address.   An  example  is
       <ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt>.

       gopher - Gopher server

       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector
       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector%09search
       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector%09search%09gopher+_string

       The default gopher port is 70.  gophertype is a single-character field to denote the Gopher type of the resource to which the URL refers.  The  entire  path  may
       also be empty, in which case the delimiting "/" is also optional and the gophertype defaults to "1".

       selector is the Gopher selector string.  In the Gopher protocol, Gopher selector strings are a sequence of octets which may contain any octets except 09 hexadec‐
       imal (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal (US-ASCII character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR).

       mailto - Email address

       mailto:email-address

       This is an email address, usually of the form name@hostname.  See mailaddr(7) for more information on the correct format of an email address.  Note  that  any  %
       character must be rewritten as %25.  An example is <mailto:dwheeler@dwheeler.com>.

       news - Newsgroup or News message

       news:newsgroup-name
       news:message-id

       A  newsgroup-name is a period-delimited hierarchical name, such as "comp.infosystems.www.misc".  If <newsgroup-name> is "*" (as in <news:*>), it is used to refer
       to "all available news groups".  An example is <news:comp.lang.ada>.

       A message-id corresponds to the Message-ID of IETF RFC 1036, ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1036.txt⟩  without  the  enclosing  "<"  and  ">";  it  takes  the  form
       unique@full_domain_name.  A message identifier may be distinguished from a news group name by the presence of the "@" character.

       telnet - Telnet login

       telnet://ip_server/

       The  Telnet  URL scheme is used to designate interactive text services that may be accessed by the Telnet protocol.  The final "/" character may be omitted.  The
       default port is 23.  An example is <telnet://melvyl.ucop.edu/>.

       file - Normal file

       file://ip_server/path_segments
       file:path_segments

       This represents a file or directory accessible locally.  As a special case, ip_server can be the string "localhost" or the empty string; this is  interpreted  as
       "the machine from which the URL is being interpreted".  If the path is to a directory, the viewer should display the directory's contents with links to each con‐
       tainee; not all viewers currently do this.  KDE supports generated files through the URL <file:/cgi-bin>.  If the given file isn't  found,  browser  writers  may
       want to try to expand the filename via filename globbing (see glob(7) and glob(3)).

       The  second  format  (e.g., <file:/etc/passwd>) is a correct format for referring to a local file.  However, older standards did not permit this format, and some
       programs don't recognize this as a URI.  A more portable syntax is to use an empty string as the server name, for example, <file:///etc/passwd>; this  form  does
       the  same thing and is easily recognized by pattern matchers and older programs as a URI.  Note that if you really mean to say "start from the current location",
       don't specify the scheme at all; use a relative address like <../test.txt>, which has the side-effect of being scheme-independent.  An example of this scheme  is
       <file:///etc/passwd>.

       man - Man page documentation

       man:command-name
       man:command-name(section)

       This  refers  to local online manual (man) reference pages.  The command name can optionally be followed by a parenthesis and section number; see man(7) for more
       information on the meaning of the section numbers.  This URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered by  the  IETF.
       An example is <man:ls(1)>.

       info - Info page documentation

       info:virtual-filename
       info:virtual-filename#nodename
       info:(virtual-filename)
       info:(virtual-filename)nodename

       This scheme refers to online info reference pages (generated from texinfo files), a documentation format used by programs such as the GNU tools.  This URI scheme
       is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered by the IETF.  As of this writing, GNOME and KDE differ in their URI syntax and  do
       not  accept  the other's syntax.  The first two formats are the GNOME format; in nodenames all spaces are written as underscores.  The second two formats are the
       KDE format; spaces in nodenames must be written as spaces, even though this is forbidden by the URI standards.  It's hoped that in the future most tools will un‐
       derstand  all  of  these formats and will always accept underscores for spaces in nodenames.  In both GNOME and KDE, if the form without the nodename is used the
       nodename is assumed to be "Top".  Examples of the GNOME format are <info:gcc> and <info:gcc#G++_and_GCC>.  Examples  of  the  KDE  format  are  <info:(gcc)>  and
       <info:(gcc)G++ and GCC>.

       whatis - Documentation search

       whatis:string

       This  scheme  searches  the  database of short (one-line) descriptions of commands and returns a list of descriptions containing that string.  Only complete word
       matches are returned.  See whatis(1).  This URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered by the IETF.

       ghelp - GNOME help documentation

       ghelp:name-of-application

       This loads GNOME help for the given application.  Note that not much documentation currently exists in this format.

       ldap - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

       ldap://hostport
       ldap://hostport/
       ldap://hostport/dn
       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes
       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope
       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope?filter
       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope?filter?extensions

       This scheme supports queries to the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), a protocol for querying a set of servers for hierarchically organized  informa‐
       tion  (such  as people and computing resources).  See RFC 2255 ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt⟩ for more information on the LDAP URL scheme.  The components
       of this URL are:

       hostport    the LDAP server to query, written as a hostname optionally followed by a colon and the port number.  The default LDAP  port  is  TCP  port  389.   If
                   empty, the client determines which the LDAP server to use.

       dn          the LDAP Distinguished Name, which identifies the base object of the LDAP search (see RFC 2253 ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt⟩ section 3).

       attributes  a comma-separated list of attributes to be returned; see RFC 2251 section 4.1.5.  If omitted, all attributes should be returned.

       scope       specifies  the  scope  of  the search, which can be one of "base" (for a base object search), "one" (for a one-level search), or "sub" (for a subtree
                   search).  If scope is omitted, "base" is assumed.

       filter      specifies the search filter (subset of entries to return).  If omitted, all  entries  should  be  returned.   See  RFC 2254  ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc
                   /rfc2254.txt⟩ section 4.

       extensions  a  comma-separated  list of type=value pairs, where the =value portion may be omitted for options not requiring it.  An extension prefixed with a '!'
                   is critical (must be supported to be valid), otherwise it is noncritical (optional).

       LDAP queries are easiest to explain by example.  Here's a query that asks ldap.itd.umich.edu for information about the University of Michigan in the U.S.:

       ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US

       To just get its postal address attribute, request:

       ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US?postalAddress

       To ask a host.com at port 6666 for information about the person with common name (cn) "Babs Jensen" at University of Michigan, request:

       ldap://host.com:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen)

       wais - Wide Area Information Servers

       wais://hostport/database
       wais://hostport/database?search
       wais://hostport/database/wtype/wpath

       This scheme designates a WAIS database, search, or document (see IETF RFC 1625 ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1625.txt⟩ for more information on WAIS).  Hostport  is
       the hostname, optionally followed by a colon and port number (the default port number is 210).

       The  first  form  designates a WAIS database for searching.  The second form designates a particular search of the WAIS database database.  The third form desig‐
       nates a particular document within a WAIS database to be retrieved.  wtype is the WAIS designation of the type of the object and wpath is the WAIS document-id.

       other schemes

       There are many other URI schemes.  Most tools that accept URIs support a set of internal URIs (e.g., Mozilla has the about: scheme for internal information,  and
       the GNOME help browser has the toc: scheme for various starting locations).  There are many schemes that have been defined but are not as widely used at the cur‐
       rent time (e.g., prospero).  The nntp: scheme is deprecated in favor of the news: scheme.  URNs are to be supported by the urn: scheme, with a hierarchical  name
       space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented.  Not all tools support all schemes.

   Character encoding
       URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and used in a variety of situations.

       The following characters are reserved, that is, they may appear in a URI but their use is limited to their reserved purpose (conflicting data must be escaped be‐
       fore forming the URI):

                 ; / ? : @ & = + $ ,

       Unreserved characters may be included in a URI.  Unreserved characters include uppercase and lowercase Latin letters, decimal digits, and the  following  limited
       set of punctuation marks and symbols:

               - _ . ! ~ * ' ( )

       All  other characters must be escaped.  An escaped octet is encoded as a character triplet, consisting of the percent character "%" followed by the two hexadeci‐
       mal digits representing the octet code (you can use uppercase or lowercase letters for the hexadecimal digits).  For example, a blank space must  be  escaped  as
       "%20",  a tab character as "%09", and the "&" as "%26".  Because the percent "%" character always has the reserved purpose of being the escape indicator, it must
       be escaped as "%25".  It is common practice to escape space characters as the plus symbol (+) in query text; this practice isn't uniformly defined in  the  rele‐
       vant RFCs (which recommend %20 instead) but any tool accepting URIs with query text should be prepared for them.  A URI is always shown in its "escaped" form.

       Unreserved  characters  can be escaped without changing the semantics of the URI, but this should not be done unless the URI is being used in a context that does
       not allow the unescaped character to appear.  For example, "%7e" is sometimes used instead of "~" in an HTTP URL path, but the two are  equivalent  for  an  HTTP
       URL.

       For  URIs  which must handle characters outside the US ASCII character set, the HTML 4.01 specification (section B.2) and IETF RFC 2718 (section 2.2.5) recommend
       the following approach:

       1.  translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC 2279)—see utf-8(7)—and then

       2.  use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe octets.

   Writing a URI
       When written, URIs should be placed inside double quotes (e.g., "http://www.kernel.org"), enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., <http://lwn.net>),  or  placed  on  a
       line  by  themselves.  A warning for those who use double-quotes: never move extraneous punctuation (such as the period ending a sentence or the comma in a list)
       inside a URI, since this will change the value of the URI.  Instead, use angle brackets instead, or switch to a quoting system  that  never  includes  extraneous
       characters inside quotation marks.  This latter system, called the 'new' or 'logical' quoting system by "Hart's Rules" and the "Oxford Dictionary for Writers and
       Editors", is preferred practice in Great Britain and in various European languages.  Older documents suggested inserting the prefix "URL:" just before  the  URI,
       but this form has never caught on.

       The  URI  syntax  was  designed to be unambiguous.  However, as URIs have become commonplace, traditional media (television, radio, newspapers, billboards, etc.)
       have increasingly used abbreviated URI references consisting of only the authority and path portions of the identified resource (e.g.,  <www.w3.org/Addressing>).
       Such references are primarily intended for human interpretation rather than machine, with the assumption that context-based heuristics are sufficient to complete
       the URI (e.g., hostnames beginning with "www" are likely to have a URI prefix of "http://" and hostnames  beginning  with  "ftp"  likely  to  have  a  prefix  of
       "ftp://").   Many  client implementations heuristically resolve these references.  Such heuristics may change over time, particularly when new schemes are intro‐
       duced.  Since an abbreviated URI has the same syntax as a relative URL path, abbreviated URI references cannot be used where relative URIs are permitted, and can
       be  used  only when there is no defined base (such as in dialog boxes).  Don't use abbreviated URIs as hypertext links inside a document; use the standard format
       as described here.

CONFORMING TO
       (IETF RFC 2396) ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt⟩, (HTML 4.0) ⟹http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40⟩.

NOTES
       Any tool accepting URIs (e.g., a web browser) on a Linux system should be able to handle (directly or indirectly) all of the schemes  described  here,  including
       the man: and info: schemes.  Handling them by invoking some other program is fine and in fact encouraged.

       Technically the fragment isn't part of the URI.

       For  information  on how to embed URIs (including URLs) in a data format, see documentation on that format.  HTML uses the format <A HREF="uri"> text </A>.  Tex‐
       info files use the format @uref{uri}.  Man and mdoc have the recently added UR macro, or just include the URI in the text (viewers should be able to  detect  ://
       as part of a URI).

       The  GNOME  and  KDE desktop environments currently vary in the URIs they accept, in particular in their respective help browsers.  To list man pages, GNOME uses
       <toc:man> while KDE uses <man:(index)>, and to list info pages, GNOME uses <toc:info> while KDE uses <info:(dir)> (the author of this man page  prefers  the  KDE
       approach  here,  though a more regular format would be even better).  In general, KDE uses <file:/cgi-bin/> as a prefix to a set of generated files.  KDE prefers
       documentation in HTML, accessed via the <file:/cgi-bin/helpindex>.  GNOME prefers the ghelp scheme to store and  find  documentation.   Neither  browser  handles
       file: references to directories at the time of this writing, making it difficult to refer to an entire directory with a browsable URI.  As noted above, these en‐
       vironments differ in how they handle the info: scheme, probably the most important variation.  It is expected that GNOME and KDE will converge to common URI for‐
       mats, and a future version of this man page will describe the converged result.  Efforts to aid this convergence are encouraged.

   Security
       A  URI  does not in itself pose a security threat.  There is no general guarantee that a URL, which at one time located a given resource, will continue to do so.
       Nor is there any guarantee that a URL will not locate a different resource at some later point in time; such a guarantee can be obtained only from the  person(s)
       controlling that namespace and the resource in question.

       It  is  sometimes  possible to construct a URL such that an attempt to perform a seemingly harmless operation, such as the retrieval of an entity associated with
       the resource, will in fact cause a possibly damaging remote operation to occur.  The unsafe URL is typically constructed by specifying a port number  other  than
       that reserved for the network protocol in question.  The client unwittingly contacts a site that is in fact running a different protocol.  The content of the URL
       contains instructions that, when interpreted according to this other protocol, cause an unexpected operation.  An example has been the use of  a  gopher  URL  to
       cause an unintended or impersonating message to be sent via a SMTP server.

       Caution  should  be  used  when using any URL that specifies a port number other than the default for the protocol, especially when it is a number within the re‐
       served space.

       Care should be taken when a URI contains escaped delimiters for a given protocol (for example, CR and LF characters for telnet protocols) that these are not  un‐
       escaped  before transmission.  This might violate the protocol, but avoids the potential for such characters to be used to simulate an extra operation or parame‐
       ter in that protocol, which might lead to an unexpected and possibly harmful remote operation to be performed.

       It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains a password which is intended to be secret.  In particular, the use of a password within the "userinfo"  component
       of a URI is strongly recommended against except in those rare cases where the "password" parameter is intended to be public.

BUGS
       Documentation  may be placed in a variety of locations, so there currently isn't a good URI scheme for general online documentation in arbitrary formats.  Refer‐
       ences of the form <file:///usr/doc/ZZZ> don't work because different distributions and local installation requirements may place the files in different  directo‐
       ries  (it may be in /usr/doc, or /usr/local/doc, or /usr/share, or somewhere else).  Also, the directory ZZZ usually changes when a version changes (though file‐
       name globbing could partially overcome this).  Finally, using the file: scheme doesn't easily support people who dynamically load documentation from the Internet
       (instead  of  loading  the files onto a local filesystem).  A future URI scheme may be added (e.g., "userdoc:") to permit programs to include cross-references to
       more detailed documentation without having to know the exact location of that documentation.  Alternatively, a future version of the filesystem specification may
       specify file locations sufficiently so that the file: scheme will be able to locate documentation.

       Many programs and file formats don't include a way to incorporate or implement links using URIs.

       Many  programs  can't  handle  all  of  these different URI formats; there should be a standard mechanism to load an arbitrary URI that automatically detects the
       users' environment (e.g., text or graphics, desktop environment, local user preferences, and currently executing tools) and invokes the right tool for any URI.

SEE ALSO
       lynx(1), man2html(1), mailaddr(7), utf-8(7)

       IETF RFC 2255 ⟹http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt⟩

Linux                                                                          2021-03-22                                                                         URI(7)