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GLOB(3)                                                                 Linux Programmer's Manual                                                                GLOB(3)

NAME
       glob, globfree - find pathnames matching a pattern, free memory from glob()

SYNOPSIS
       #include <glob.h>

       int glob(const char *restrict pattern, int flags,
                int (*errfunc)(const char *epath, int eerrno),
                glob_t *restrict pglob);
       void globfree(glob_t *pglob);

DESCRIPTION
       The glob() function searches for all the pathnames matching pattern according to the rules used by the shell (see glob(7)).  No tilde expansion or parameter sub‐
       stitution is done; if you want these, use wordexp(3).

       The globfree() function frees the dynamically allocated storage from an earlier call to glob().

       The results of a glob() call are stored in the structure pointed to by pglob.  This structure is of type glob_t (declared in <glob.h>) and includes the following
       elements defined by POSIX.2 (more may be present as an extension):

           typedef struct {
               size_t   gl_pathc;    /* Count of paths matched so far  */
               char   **gl_pathv;    /* List of matched pathnames.  */
               size_t   gl_offs;     /* Slots to reserve in gl_pathv.  */
           } glob_t;

       Results are stored in dynamically allocated storage.

       The argument flags is made up of the bitwise OR of zero or more the following symbolic constants, which modify the behavior of glob():

       GLOB_ERR
              Return  upon  a read error (because a directory does not have read permission, for example).  By default, glob() attempts carry on despite errors, reading
              all of the directories that it can.

       GLOB_MARK
              Append a slash to each path which corresponds to a directory.

       GLOB_NOSORT
              Don't sort the returned pathnames.  The only reason to do this is to save processing time.  By default, the returned pathnames are sorted.

       GLOB_DOOFFS
              Reserve pglob->gl_offs slots at the beginning of the list of strings in pglob->pathv.  The reserved slots contain null pointers.

       GLOB_NOCHECK
              If no pattern matches, return the original pattern.  By default, glob() returns GLOB_NOMATCH if there are no matches.

       GLOB_APPEND
              Append the results of this call to the vector of results returned by a previous call to glob().  Do not set this flag on the first invocation of glob().

       GLOB_NOESCAPE
              Don't allow backslash ('\') to be used as an escape character.  Normally, a backslash can be used to quote the following character, providing a  mechanism
              to turn off the special meaning metacharacters.

       flags may also include any of the following, which are GNU extensions and not defined by POSIX.2:

       GLOB_PERIOD
              Allow a leading period to be matched by metacharacters.  By default, metacharacters can't match a leading period.

       GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC
              Use  alternative  functions pglob->gl_closedir, pglob->gl_readdir, pglob->gl_opendir, pglob->gl_lstat, and pglob->gl_stat for filesystem access instead of
              the normal library functions.

       GLOB_BRACE
              Expand  csh(1)  style  brace  expressions  of  the  form  {a,b}.   Brace  expressions  can  be  nested.   Thus,  for  example,  specifying   the   pattern
              "{foo/{,cat,dog},bar}" would return the same results as four separate glob() calls using the strings: "foo/", "foo/cat", "foo/dog", and "bar".

       GLOB_NOMAGIC
              If the pattern contains no metacharacters, then it should be returned as the sole matching word, even if there is no file with that name.

       GLOB_TILDE
              Carry  out tilde expansion.  If a tilde ('~') is the only character in the pattern, or an initial tilde is followed immediately by a slash ('/'), then the
              home directory of the caller is substituted for the tilde.  If an initial tilde is followed by a username (e.g., "~andrea/bin"), then the tilde and  user‐
              name  are substituted by the home directory of that user.  If the username is invalid, or the home directory cannot be determined, then no substitution is
              performed.

       GLOB_TILDE_CHECK
              This provides behavior similar to that of GLOB_TILDE.  The difference is that if the username is invalid, or the home directory cannot be determined, then
              instead of using the pattern itself as the name, glob() returns GLOB_NOMATCH to indicate an error.

       GLOB_ONLYDIR
              This  is  a hint to glob() that the caller is interested only in directories that match the pattern.  If the implementation can easily determine file-type
              information, then nondirectory files are not returned to the caller.  However, the caller must still check that returned files are directories.  (The pur‐
              pose of this flag is merely to optimize performance when the caller is interested only in directories.)

       If errfunc is not NULL, it will be called in case of an error with the arguments epath, a pointer to the path which failed, and eerrno, the value of errno as re‐
       turned from one of the calls to opendir(3), readdir(3), or stat(2).  If errfunc returns nonzero, or if GLOB_ERR is set, glob() will terminate after the  call  to
       errfunc.

       Upon  successful return, pglob->gl_pathc contains the number of matched pathnames and pglob->gl_pathv contains a pointer to the list of pointers to matched path‐
       names.  The list of pointers is terminated by a null pointer.

       It is possible to call glob() several times.  In that case, the GLOB_APPEND flag has to be set in flags on the second and later invocations.

       As a GNU extension, pglob->gl_flags is set to the flags specified, ored with GLOB_MAGCHAR if any metacharacters were found.

RETURN VALUE
       On successful completion, glob() returns zero.  Other possible returns are:

       GLOB_NOSPACE
              for running out of memory,

       GLOB_ABORTED
              for a read error, and

       GLOB_NOMATCH
              for no found matches.

ATTRIBUTES
       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
       β”‚Interface  β”‚ Attribute     β”‚ Value                                                                                                                              β”‚
       β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
       β”‚glob()     β”‚ Thread safety β”‚ MT-Unsafe race:utent env sig:ALRM timer locale                                                                                     β”‚
       β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
       β”‚globfree() β”‚ Thread safety β”‚ MT-Safe                                                                                                                            β”‚
       β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
       In the above table, utent in race:utent signifies that if any of the functions setutent(3), getutent(3), or endutent(3) are used in parallel in different threads
       of a program, then data races could occur.  glob() calls those functions, so we use race:utent to remind users.

CONFORMING TO
       POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.2.

NOTES
       The structure elements gl_pathc and gl_offs are declared as size_t in glibc 2.1, as they should be according to POSIX.2, but are declared as int in glibc 2.0.

BUGS
       The glob() function may fail due to failure of underlying function calls, such as malloc(3) or opendir(3).  These will store their error code in errno.

EXAMPLES
       One example of use is the following code, which simulates typing

           ls -l *.c ../*.c

       in the shell:

           glob_t globbuf;

           globbuf.gl_offs = 2;
           glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf);
           glob("../*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &globbuf);
           globbuf.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
           globbuf.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
           execvp("ls", &globbuf.gl_pathv[0]);

SEE ALSO
       ls(1), sh(1), stat(2), exec(3), fnmatch(3), malloc(3), opendir(3), readdir(3), wordexp(3), glob(7)

GNU                                                                            2021-03-22                                                                        GLOB(3)