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EXEC(3)                                                                 Linux Programmer's Manual                                                                EXEC(3)

NAME
       execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe - execute a file

SYNOPSIS
       #include <unistd.h>

       extern char **environ;

       int execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg, ...
                       /*, (char *) NULL */);
       int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...
                       /*, (char *) NULL */);
       int execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg, ...
                       /*, (char *) NULL, char *const envp[] */);
       int execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv[]);
       int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);
       int execvpe(const char *file, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       execvpe():
           _GNU_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION
       The  exec()  family  of functions replaces the current process image with a new process image.  The functions described in this manual page are layered on top of
       execve(2).  (See the manual page for execve(2) for further details about the replacement of the current process image.)

       The initial argument for these functions is the name of a file that is to be executed.

       The functions can be grouped based on the letters following the "exec" prefix.

   l - execl(), execlp(), execle()
       The const char *arg and subsequent ellipses can be thought of as arg0, arg1, ..., argn.  Together they describe a list of one or more pointers to null-terminated
       strings  that represent the argument list available to the executed program.  The first argument, by convention, should point to the filename associated with the
       file being executed.  The list of arguments must be terminated by a null pointer, and, since these are variadic functions, this pointer  must  be  cast  (char *)
       NULL.

       By contrast with the 'l' functions, the 'v' functions (below) specify the command-line arguments of the executed program as a vector.

   v - execv(), execvp(), execvpe()
       The  char *const argv[] argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list available to the new program.  The first ar‐
       gument, by convention, should point to the filename associated with the file being executed.  The array of pointers must be terminated by a null pointer.

   e - execle(), execvpe()
       The environment of the new process image is specified via the argument envp.  The envp argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings  and  must  be
       terminated by a null pointer.

       All  other  exec()  functions  (which  do not include 'e' in the suffix) take the environment for the new process image from the external variable environ in the
       calling process.

   p - execlp(), execvp(), execvpe()
       These functions duplicate the actions of the shell in searching for an executable file if the specified filename does not contain a  slash  (/)  character.   The
       file  is sought in the colon-separated list of directory pathnames specified in the PATH environment variable.  If this variable isn't defined, the path list de‐
       faults to a list that includes the directories returned by confstr(_CS_PATH) (which typically returns the value "/bin:/usr/bin") and possibly  also  the  current
       working directory; see NOTES for further details.

       execvpe() searches for the program using the value of PATH from the caller's environment, not from the envp argument.

       If the specified filename includes a slash character, then PATH is ignored, and the file at the specified pathname is executed.

       In addition, certain errors are treated specially.

       If  permission  is denied for a file (the attempted execve(2) failed with the error EACCES), these functions will continue searching the rest of the search path.
       If no other file is found, however, they will return with errno set to EACCES.

       If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted execve(2) failed with the error ENOEXEC), these functions will execute the shell (/bin/sh) with the  path
       of the file as its first argument.  (If this attempt fails, no further searching is done.)

       All other exec() functions (which do not include 'p' in the suffix) take as their first argument a (relative or absolute) pathname that identifies the program to
       be executed.

RETURN VALUE
       The exec() functions return only if an error has occurred.  The return value is -1, and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS
       All of these functions may fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for execve(2).

VERSIONS
       The execvpe() function first appeared in glibc 2.11.

ATTRIBUTES
       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
       β”‚Interface                                                                                                                         β”‚ Attribute     β”‚ Value       β”‚
       β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
       β”‚execl(), execle(), execv()                                                                                                        β”‚ Thread safety β”‚ MT-Safe     β”‚
       β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
       β”‚execlp(), execvp(), execvpe()                                                                                                     β”‚ Thread safety β”‚ MT-Safe env β”‚
       β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜

CONFORMING TO
       POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.

       The execvpe() function is a GNU extension.

NOTES
       The default search path (used when the environment does not contain the variable PATH) shows some variation across  systems.   It  generally  includes  /bin  and
       /usr/bin  (in that order) and may also include the current working directory.  On some other systems, the current working is included after /bin and /usr/bin, as
       an anti-Trojan-horse measure.  The glibc implementation long followed the traditional default where the current working directory is included at the start of the
       search  path.  However, some code refactoring during the development of glibc 2.24 caused the current working directory to be dropped altogether from the default
       search path.  This accidental behavior change is considered mildly beneficial, and won't be reverted.

       The behavior of execlp() and execvp() when errors occur while attempting to execute the file is historic practice, but has not traditionally been documented  and
       is  not  specified by the POSIX standard.  BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if ETXTBSY is encountered.  Linux treats it as a hard
       error and returns immediately.

       Traditionally, the functions execlp() and execvp() ignored all errors except for the ones described above and ENOMEM and E2BIG, upon which they  returned.   They
       now return if any error other than the ones described above occurs.

BUGS
       Before  glibc 2.24, execl() and execle() employed realloc(3) internally and were consequently not async-signal-safe, in violation of the requirements of POSIX.1.
       This was fixed in glibc 2.24.

   Architecture-specific details
       On sparc and sparc64, execv() is provided as a system call by the kernel (with the prototype shown above) for compatibility with SunOS.  This function is not em‐
       ployed by the execv() wrapper function on those architectures.

SEE ALSO
       sh(1), execve(2), execveat(2), fork(2), ptrace(2), fexecve(3), system(3), environ(7)

GNU                                                                            2021-03-22                                                                        EXEC(3)