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-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Obsoletes:
Keywords: SCTP, IP, internet, transport, packet, network
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) R. Stewart
Request for Comments: 9260 Netflix, Inc.
Obsoletes: 4460, 4960, 6096, 7053, 8540 M. Tüxen
Category: Standards Track Münster Univ. of Appl. Sciences
ISSN: 2070-1721 K. Nielsen
Kamstrup A/S
June 2022
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Abstract
This document describes the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP) and obsoletes RFC 4960. It incorporates the specification of
the chunk flags registry from RFC 6096 and the specification of the I
bit of DATA chunks from RFC 7053. Therefore, RFCs 6096 and 7053 are
also obsoleted by this document. In addition, RFCs 4460 and 8540,
which describe errata for SCTP, are obsoleted by this document.
SCTP was originally designed to transport Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) signaling messages over IP networks. It is also
suited to be used for other applications, for example, WebRTC.
SCTP is a reliable transport protocol operating on top of a
connectionless packet network, such as IP. It offers the following
services to its users:
* acknowledged error-free, non-duplicated transfer of user data,
* data fragmentation to conform to discovered Path Maximum
Transmission Unit (PMTU) size,
* sequenced delivery of user messages within multiple streams, with
an option for order-of-arrival delivery of individual user
messages,
* optional bundling of multiple user messages into a single SCTP
packet, and
* network-level fault tolerance through supporting of multi-homing
at either or both ends of an association.
The design of SCTP includes appropriate congestion avoidance behavior
and resistance to flooding and masquerade attacks.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9260.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
in the Revised BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
1.2. Architectural View of SCTP
1.3. Key Terms
1.4. Abbreviations
1.5. Functional View of SCTP
1.5.1. Association Startup and Takedown
1.5.2. Sequenced Delivery within Streams
1.5.3. User Data Fragmentation
1.5.4. Acknowledgement and Congestion Avoidance
1.5.5. Chunk Bundling
1.5.6. Packet Validation
1.5.7. Path Management
1.6. Serial Number Arithmetic
1.7. Changes from RFC 4960
2. Conventions
3. SCTP Packet Format
3.1. SCTP Common Header Field Descriptions
3.2. Chunk Field Descriptions
3.2.1. Optional/Variable-Length Parameter Format
3.2.2. Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters
3.3. SCTP Chunk Definitions
3.3.1. Payload Data (DATA) (0)
3.3.2. Initiation (INIT) (1)
3.3.2.1. Optional or Variable-Length Parameters in INIT
chunks
3.3.3. Initiation Acknowledgement (INIT ACK) (2)
3.3.3.1. Optional or Variable-Length Parameters in INIT ACK
Chunks
3.3.4. Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) (3)
3.3.5. Heartbeat Request (HEARTBEAT) (4)
3.3.6. Heartbeat Acknowledgement (HEARTBEAT ACK) (5)
3.3.7. Abort Association (ABORT) (6)
3.3.8. Shutdown Association (SHUTDOWN) (7)
3.3.9. Shutdown Acknowledgement (SHUTDOWN ACK) (8)
3.3.10. Operation Error (ERROR) (9)
3.3.10.1. Invalid Stream Identifier (1)
3.3.10.2. Missing Mandatory Parameter (2)
3.3.10.3. Stale Cookie (3)
3.3.10.4. Out of Resource (4)
3.3.10.5. Unresolvable Address (5)
3.3.10.6. Unrecognized Chunk Type (6)
3.3.10.7. Invalid Mandatory Parameter (7)
3.3.10.8. Unrecognized Parameters (8)
3.3.10.9. No User Data (9)
3.3.10.10. Cookie Received While Shutting Down (10)
3.3.10.11. Restart of an Association with New Addresses (11)
3.3.10.12. User-Initiated Abort (12)
3.3.10.13. Protocol Violation (13)
3.3.11. Cookie Echo (COOKIE ECHO) (10)
3.3.12. Cookie Acknowledgement (COOKIE ACK) (11)
3.3.13. Shutdown Complete (SHUTDOWN COMPLETE) (14)
4. SCTP Association State Diagram
5. Association Initialization
5.1. Normal Establishment of an Association
5.1.1. Handle Stream Parameters
5.1.2. Handle Address Parameters
5.1.3. Generating State Cookie
5.1.4. State Cookie Processing
5.1.5. State Cookie Authentication
5.1.6. An Example of Normal Association Establishment
5.2. Handle Duplicate or Unexpected INIT, INIT ACK, COOKIE ECHO,
and COOKIE ACK Chunks
5.2.1. INIT Chunk Received in COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED
State (Item B)
5.2.2. Unexpected INIT Chunk in States Other than CLOSED,
COOKIE-ECHOED, COOKIE-WAIT, and SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
5.2.3. Unexpected INIT ACK Chunk
5.2.4. Handle a COOKIE ECHO Chunk When a TCB Exists
5.2.4.1. An Example of an Association Restart
5.2.5. Handle Duplicate COOKIE ACK Chunk
5.2.6. Handle Stale Cookie Error
5.3. Other Initialization Issues
5.3.1. Selection of Tag Value
5.4. Path Verification
6. User Data Transfer
6.1. Transmission of DATA Chunks
6.2. Acknowledgement on Reception of DATA Chunks
6.2.1. Processing a Received SACK Chunk
6.3. Management of Retransmission Timer
6.3.1. RTO Calculation
6.3.2. Retransmission Timer Rules
6.3.3. Handle T3-rtx Expiration
6.4. Multi-Homed SCTP Endpoints
6.4.1. Failover from an Inactive Destination Address
6.5. Stream Identifier and Stream Sequence Number
6.6. Ordered and Unordered Delivery
6.7. Report Gaps in Received DATA TSNs
6.8. CRC32c Checksum Calculation
6.9. Fragmentation and Reassembly
6.10. Bundling
7. Congestion Control
7.1. SCTP Differences from TCP Congestion Control
7.2. SCTP Slow-Start and Congestion Avoidance
7.2.1. Slow-Start
7.2.2. Congestion Avoidance
7.2.3. Congestion Control
7.2.4. Fast Retransmit on Gap Reports
7.2.5. Reinitialization
7.2.5.1. Change of Differentiated Services Code Points
7.2.5.2. Change of Routes
7.3. PMTU Discovery
8. Fault Management
8.1. Endpoint Failure Detection
8.2. Path Failure Detection
8.3. Path Heartbeat
8.4. Handle "Out of the Blue" Packets
8.5. Verification Tag
8.5.1. Exceptions in Verification Tag Rules
9. Termination of Association
9.1. Abort of an Association
9.2. Shutdown of an Association
10. ICMP Handling
11. Interface with Upper Layer
11.1. ULP-to-SCTP
11.1.1. Initialize
11.1.2. Associate
11.1.3. Shutdown
11.1.4. Abort
11.1.5. Send
11.1.6. Set Primary
11.1.7. Receive
11.1.8. Status
11.1.9. Change Heartbeat
11.1.10. Request Heartbeat
11.1.11. Get SRTT Report
11.1.12. Set Failure Threshold
11.1.13. Set Protocol Parameters
11.1.14. Receive Unsent Message
11.1.15. Receive Unacknowledged Message
11.1.16. Destroy SCTP Instance
11.2. SCTP-to-ULP
11.2.1. DATA ARRIVE Notification
11.2.2. SEND FAILURE Notification
11.2.3. NETWORK STATUS CHANGE Notification
11.2.4. COMMUNICATION UP Notification
11.2.5. COMMUNICATION LOST Notification
11.2.6. COMMUNICATION ERROR Notification
11.2.7. RESTART Notification
11.2.8. SHUTDOWN COMPLETE Notification
12. Security Considerations
12.1. Security Objectives
12.2. SCTP Responses to Potential Threats
12.2.1. Countering Insider Attacks
12.2.2. Protecting against Data Corruption in the Network
12.2.3. Protecting Confidentiality
12.2.4. Protecting against Blind Denial-of-Service Attacks
12.2.4.1. Flooding
12.2.4.2. Blind Masquerade
12.2.4.3. Improper Monopolization of Services
12.3. SCTP Interactions with Firewalls
12.4. Protection of Non-SCTP-capable Hosts
13. Network Management Considerations
14. Recommended Transmission Control Block (TCB) Parameters
14.1. Parameters Necessary for the SCTP Instance
14.2. Parameters Necessary per Association (i.e., the TCB)
14.3. Per Transport Address Data
14.4. General Parameters Needed
15. IANA Considerations
15.1. IETF-Defined Chunk Extension
15.2. IETF-Defined Chunk Flags Registration
15.3. IETF-Defined Chunk Parameter Extension
15.4. IETF-Defined Additional Error Causes
15.5. Payload Protocol Identifiers
15.6. Port Numbers Registry
16. Suggested SCTP Protocol Parameter Values
17. References
17.1. Normative References
17.2. Informative References
Appendix A. CRC32c Checksum Calculation
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
This section explains the reasoning behind the development of the
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), the services it offers,
and the basic concepts needed to understand the detailed description
of the protocol.
This document obsoletes [RFC4960]. In addition to that, it
incorporates the specification of the chunk flags registry from
[RFC6096] and the specification of the I bit of DATA chunks from
[RFC7053]. Therefore, [RFC6096] and [RFC7053] are also obsoleted by
this document.
1.1. Motivation
TCP [RFC0793] has performed immense service as the primary means of
reliable data transfer in IP networks. However, an increasing number
of recent applications have found TCP too limiting and have
incorporated their own reliable data transfer protocol on top of UDP
[RFC0768]. The limitations that users have wished to bypass include
the following:
* TCP provides both reliable data transfer and strict order-of-
transmission delivery of data. Some applications need reliable
transfer without sequence maintenance, while others would be
satisfied with partial ordering of the data. In both of these
cases, the head-of-line blocking offered by TCP causes unnecessary
delay.
* The stream-oriented nature of TCP is often an inconvenience.
Applications add their own record marking to delineate their
messages and make explicit use of the push facility to ensure that
a complete message is transferred in a reasonable time.
* The limited scope of TCP sockets complicates the task of providing
highly available data transfer capability using multi-homed hosts.
* TCP is relatively vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks, such as
SYN attacks.
Transport of PSTN signaling across the IP network is an application
for which all of these limitations of TCP are relevant. While this
application directly motivated the development of SCTP, other
applications might find SCTP a good match to their requirements. One
example of this is the use of data channels in the WebRTC
infrastructure.
1.2. Architectural View of SCTP
SCTP is viewed as a layer between the SCTP user application ("SCTP
user" for short) and a connectionless packet network service, such as
IP. The remainder of this document assumes SCTP runs on top of IP.
The basic service offered by SCTP is the reliable transfer of user
messages between peer SCTP users. It performs this service within
the context of an association between two SCTP endpoints. Section 11
of this document sketches the API that exists at the boundary between
SCTP and the SCTP upper layers.
SCTP is connection oriented in nature, but the SCTP association is a
broader concept than the TCP connection. SCTP provides the means for
each SCTP endpoint (Section 1.3) to provide the other endpoint
(during association startup) with a list of transport addresses
(i.e., multiple IP addresses in combination with an SCTP port)
through which that endpoint can be reached and from which it will
originate SCTP packets. The association spans transfers over all of
the possible source/destination combinations that can be generated
from each endpoint's lists.
_____________ _____________
| SCTP User | | SCTP User |
| Application | | Application |
|-------------| |-------------|
| SCTP | | SCTP |
| Transport | | Transport |
| Service | | Service |
|-------------| |-------------|
| |One or more ---- One or more| |
| IP Network |IP address \/ IP address| IP Network |
| Service |appearances /\ appearances| Service |
|_____________| ---- |_____________|
SCTP Node A |<-------- Network transport ------->| SCTP Node B
Figure 1: An SCTP Association
In addition to encapsulating SCTP packets in IPv4 or IPv6, it is also
possible to encapsulate SCTP packets in UDP as specified in [RFC6951]
or encapsulate them in DTLS as specified in [RFC8261].
1.3. Key Terms
Some of the language used to describe SCTP has been introduced in the
previous sections. This section provides a consolidated list of the
key terms and their definitions.
Active Destination Transport Address: A transport address on a peer
endpoint that a transmitting endpoint considers available for
receiving user messages.
Association Maximum DATA Chunk Size (AMDCS): The smallest Path
Maximum DATA Chunk Size (PMDCS) of all destination addresses.
Bundling of Chunks: An optional multiplexing operation, whereby more
than one chunk can be carried in the same SCTP packet.
Bundling of User Messages: An optional multiplexing operation,
whereby more than one user message can be carried in the same SCTP
packet. Each user message occupies its own DATA chunk.
Chunk: A unit of information within an SCTP packet, consisting of a
chunk header and chunk-specific content.
Congestion Window (cwnd): An SCTP variable that limits outstanding
data, in number of bytes, that a sender can send to a particular
destination transport address before receiving an acknowledgement.
Control Chunk: A chunk not being used for transmitting user data,
i.e., every chunk that is not a DATA chunk.
Cumulative TSN Ack Point: The Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) of
the last DATA chunk acknowledged via the Cumulative TSN Ack field
of a SACK chunk.
Flightsize: The number of bytes of outstanding data to a particular
destination transport address at any given time.
Idle Destination Address: An address that has not had user messages
sent to it within some length of time, normally the 'HB.interval'
or greater.
Inactive Destination Transport Address: An address that is
considered inactive due to errors and unavailable to transport
user messages.
Message (or User Message): Data submitted to SCTP by the Upper-Layer
Protocol (ULP).
Network Byte Order: Most significant byte first, a.k.a., big endian.
Ordered Message: A user message that is delivered in order with
respect to all previous user messages sent within the stream on
which the message was sent.
Outstanding Data (or Data Outstanding or Data In Flight): The total
size of the DATA chunks associated with outstanding TSNs. A
retransmitted DATA chunk is counted once in outstanding data. A
DATA chunk that is classified as lost but that has not yet been
retransmitted is not in outstanding data.
Outstanding TSN (at an SCTP Endpoint): A TSN (and the associated
DATA chunk) that has been sent by the endpoint but for which it
has not yet received an acknowledgement.
"Out of the Blue" (OOTB) Packet: A correctly formed packet, for
which the receiver cannot identify the association it belongs to.
See Section 8.4.
Path: The route taken by the SCTP packets sent by one SCTP endpoint
to a specific destination transport address of its peer SCTP
endpoint. Sending to different destination transport addresses
does not necessarily guarantee getting separate paths. Within
this specification, a path is identified by the destination
transport address, since the routing is assumed to be stable.
This includes, in particular, the source address being selected
when sending packets to the destination address.
Path Maximum DATA Chunk Size (PMDCS): The maximum size (including
the DATA chunk header) of a DATA chunk that fits into an SCTP
packet not exceeding the PMTU of a particular destination address.
Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU): The maximum size (including
the SCTP common header and all chunks including their paddings) of
an SCTP packet that can be sent to a particular destination
address without using IP-level fragmentation.
Primary Path: The destination and source address that will be put
into a packet outbound to the peer endpoint by default. The
definition includes the source address since an implementation MAY
wish to specify both destination and source address to better
control the return path taken by reply chunks and on which
interface the packet is transmitted when the data sender is multi-
homed.
Receiver Window (rwnd): An SCTP variable a data sender uses to store
the most recently calculated receiver window of its peer, in
number of bytes. This gives the sender an indication of the space
available in the receiver's inbound buffer.
SCTP Association: A protocol relationship between SCTP endpoints,
composed of the two SCTP endpoints and protocol state information,
including Verification Tags and the currently active set of
Transmission Sequence Numbers (TSNs), etc. An association can be
uniquely identified by the transport addresses used by the
endpoints in the association. Two SCTP endpoints MUST NOT have
more than one SCTP association between them at any given time.
SCTP Endpoint: The logical sender/receiver of SCTP packets. On a
multi-homed host, an SCTP endpoint is represented to its peers as
a combination of a set of eligible destination transport addresses
to which SCTP packets can be sent and a set of eligible source
transport addresses from which SCTP packets can be received. All
transport addresses used by an SCTP endpoint MUST use the same
port number but can use multiple IP addresses. A transport
address used by an SCTP endpoint MUST NOT be used by another SCTP
endpoint. In other words, a transport address is unique to an
SCTP endpoint.
SCTP Packet (or Packet): The unit of data delivery across the
interface between SCTP and the connectionless packet network
(e.g., IP). An SCTP packet includes the common SCTP header,
possible SCTP control chunks, and user data encapsulated within
SCTP DATA chunks.
SCTP User Application (or SCTP User): The logical higher-layer
application entity that uses the services of SCTP, also called the
Upper-Layer Protocol (ULP).
Slow-Start Threshold (ssthresh): An SCTP variable. This is the
threshold that the endpoint will use to determine whether to
perform slow-start or congestion avoidance on a particular
destination transport address. Ssthresh is in number of bytes.
State Cookie: A container of all information needed to establish an
association.
Stream: A unidirectional logical channel established from one to
another associated SCTP endpoint, within which all user messages
are delivered in sequence, except for those submitted to the
unordered delivery service.
Note: The relationship between stream numbers in opposite
directions is strictly a matter of how the applications use them.
It is the responsibility of the SCTP user to create and manage
these correlations if they are so desired.
Stream Sequence Number: A 16-bit sequence number used internally by
SCTP to ensure sequenced delivery of the user messages within a
given stream. One Stream Sequence Number is attached to each
ordered user message.
Tie-Tags: Two 32-bit random numbers that together make a 64-bit
nonce. These tags are used within a State Cookie and TCB so that
a newly restarting association can be linked to the original
association within the endpoint that did not restart and yet not
reveal the true Verification Tags of an existing association.
Transmission Control Block (TCB): An internal data structure created
by an SCTP endpoint for each of its existing SCTP associations to
other SCTP endpoints. TCB contains all the status and operational
information for the endpoint to maintain and manage the
corresponding association.
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN): A 32-bit sequence number used
internally by SCTP. One TSN is attached to each chunk containing
user data to permit the receiving SCTP endpoint to acknowledge its
receipt and detect duplicate deliveries.
Transport Address: A transport address is typically defined by a
network-layer address, a transport-layer protocol, and a
transport-layer port number. In the case of SCTP running over IP,
a transport address is defined by the combination of an IP address
and an SCTP port number (where SCTP is the transport protocol).
Unordered Message: Unordered messages are "unordered" with respect
to any other message; this includes both other unordered messages
as well as other ordered messages. An unordered message might be
delivered prior to or later than ordered messages sent on the same
stream.
User Message: The unit of data delivery across the interface between
SCTP and its user.
Verification Tag: A 32-bit unsigned integer that is randomly
generated. The Verification Tag provides a key that allows a
receiver to verify that the SCTP packet belongs to the current
association and is not an old or stale packet from a previous
association.
1.4. Abbreviations
MAC Message Authentication Code [RFC2104]
RTO Retransmission Timeout
RTT Round-Trip Time
RTTVAR Round-Trip Time Variation
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SRTT Smoothed RTT
TCB Transmission Control Block
TLV Type-Length-Value coding format
TSN Transmission Sequence Number
ULP Upper-Layer Protocol
1.5. Functional View of SCTP
The SCTP transport service can be decomposed into a number of
functions. These are depicted in Figure 2 and explained in the
remainder of this section.
SCTP User Application
-----------------------------------------------------
_____________ ____________________
| | | Sequenced Delivery |
| Association | | within Streams |
| | |____________________|
| Startup |
| | ____________________________
| and | | User Data Fragmentation |
| | |____________________________|
| Takedown |
| | ____________________________
| | | Acknowledgement |
| | | and |
| | | Congestion Avoidance |
| | |____________________________|
| |
| | ____________________________
| | | Chunk Bundling |
| | |____________________________|
| |
| | ________________________________
| | | Packet Validation |
| | |________________________________|
| |
| | ________________________________
| | | Path Management |
|_____________| |________________________________|
Figure 2: Functional View of the SCTP Transport Service
1.5.1. Association Startup and Takedown
An association is initiated by a request from the SCTP user (see the
description of the ASSOCIATE (or SEND) primitive in Section 11).
A cookie mechanism, similar to one described by Karn and Simpson in
[RFC2522], is employed during the initialization to provide
protection against synchronization attacks. The cookie mechanism
uses a four-way handshake, the last two legs of which are allowed to
carry user data for fast setup. The startup sequence is described in
Section 5 of this document.
SCTP provides for graceful close (i.e., shutdown) of an active
association on request from the SCTP user. See the description of
the SHUTDOWN primitive in Section 11. SCTP also allows ungraceful
close (i.e., abort), either on request from the user (ABORT
primitive) or as a result of an error condition detected within the
SCTP layer. Section 9 describes both the graceful and the ungraceful
close procedures.
SCTP does not support a half-open state (like TCP) wherein one side
continues sending data while the other end is closed. When either
endpoint performs a shutdown, the association on each peer will stop
accepting new data from its user and only deliver data in queue at
the time of the graceful close (see Section 9).
1.5.2. Sequenced Delivery within Streams
The term "stream" is used in SCTP to refer to a sequence of user
messages that are to be delivered to the upper-layer protocol in
order with respect to other messages within the same stream. This is
in contrast to its usage in TCP, where it refers to a sequence of
bytes (in this document, a byte is assumed to be 8 bits).
At association startup time, the SCTP user can specify the number of
streams to be supported by the association. This number is
negotiated with the remote end (see Section 5.1.1). User messages
are associated with stream numbers (SEND, RECEIVE primitives;
Section 11). Internally, SCTP assigns a Stream Sequence Number to
each message passed to it by the SCTP user. On the receiving side,
SCTP ensures that messages are delivered to the SCTP user in sequence
within a given stream. However, while one stream might be blocked
waiting for the next in-sequence user message, delivery from other
streams might proceed.
SCTP provides a mechanism for bypassing the sequenced delivery
service. User messages sent using this mechanism are delivered to
the SCTP user as soon as they are received.
1.5.3. User Data Fragmentation
When needed, SCTP fragments user messages to ensure that the size of
the SCTP packet passed to the lower layer does not exceed the PMTU.
Once a user message has been fragmented, this fragmentation cannot be
changed anymore. On receipt, fragments are reassembled into complete
messages before being passed to the SCTP user.
1.5.4. Acknowledgement and Congestion Avoidance
SCTP assigns a Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) to each user data
fragment or unfragmented message. The TSN is independent of any
Stream Sequence Number assigned at the stream level. The receiving
end acknowledges all TSNs received, even if there are gaps in the
sequence. If a user data fragment or unfragmented message needs to
be retransmitted, the TSN assigned to it is used. In this way,
reliable delivery is kept functionally separate from sequenced stream
delivery.
The acknowledgement and congestion avoidance function is responsible
for packet retransmission when timely acknowledgement has not been
received. Packet retransmission is conditioned by congestion
avoidance procedures similar to those used for TCP. See Sections 6
and 7 for detailed descriptions of the protocol procedures associated
with this function.
1.5.5. Chunk Bundling
As described in Section 3, the SCTP packet as delivered to the lower
layer consists of a common header followed by one or more chunks.
Each chunk contains either user data or SCTP control information. An
SCTP implementation supporting bundling on the sender side might
delay the sending of user messages to allow the corresponding DATA
chunks to be bundled.
The SCTP user has the option to request that an SCTP implementation
does not delay the sending of a user message just for this purpose.
However, even if the SCTP user has chosen this option, the SCTP
implementation might delay the sending due to other reasons (for
example, due to congestion control or flow control) and might also
bundle multiple DATA chunks, if possible.
1.5.6. Packet Validation
A mandatory Verification Tag field and a 32-bit checksum field (see
Appendix A for a description of the 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
(CRC32c) checksum) are included in the SCTP common header. The
Verification Tag value is chosen by each end of the association
during association startup. Packets received without the expected
Verification Tag value are discarded, as a protection against blind
masquerade attacks and against stale SCTP packets from a previous
association. The CRC32c checksum is set by the sender of each SCTP
packet to provide additional protection against data corruption in
the network. The receiver of an SCTP packet with an invalid CRC32c
checksum silently discards the packet.
1.5.7. Path Management
The sending SCTP user is able to manipulate the set of transport
addresses used as destinations for SCTP packets through the
primitives described in Section 11. The SCTP path management
function monitors reachability through heartbeats when other packet
traffic is inadequate to provide this information and advises the
SCTP user when reachability of any transport address of the peer
endpoint changes. The path management function chooses the
destination transport address for each outgoing SCTP packet based on
the SCTP user's instructions and the currently perceived reachability
status of the eligible destination set. The path management function
is also responsible for reporting the eligible set of local transport
addresses to the peer endpoint during association startup and for
reporting the transport addresses returned from the peer endpoint to
the SCTP user.
At association startup, a primary path is defined for each SCTP
endpoint and is used to send SCTP packets normally.
On the receiving end, the path management is responsible for
verifying the existence of a valid SCTP association to which the
inbound SCTP packet belongs before passing it for further processing.
Note: Path Management and Packet Validation are done at the same
time; although described separately above, in reality, they cannot be
performed as separate items.
1.6. Serial Number Arithmetic
It is essential to remember that the actual Transmission Sequence
Number space is finite, though very large. This space ranges from 0
to 2^32 - 1. Since the space is finite, all arithmetic dealing with
Transmission Sequence Numbers MUST be performed modulo 2^32. This
unsigned arithmetic preserves the relationship of sequence numbers as
they cycle from 2^32 - 1 to 0 again. There are some subtleties to
computer modulo arithmetic, so great care has to be taken in
programming the comparison of such values. When referring to TSNs,
the symbol "<=" means "less than or equal" (modulo 2^32).
Comparisons and arithmetic on TSNs in this document SHOULD use Serial
Number Arithmetic, as defined in [RFC1982], where SERIAL_BITS = 32.
An endpoint SHOULD NOT transmit a DATA chunk with a TSN that is more
than 2^31 - 1 above the beginning TSN of its current send window.
Doing so will cause problems in comparing TSNs.
Transmission Sequence Numbers wrap around when they reach 2^32 - 1.
That is, the next TSN a DATA chunk MUST use after transmitting TSN =
2^32 - 1 is TSN = 0.
Any arithmetic done on Stream Sequence Numbers SHOULD use Serial
Number Arithmetic, as defined in [RFC1982], where SERIAL_BITS = 16.
All other arithmetic and comparisons in this document use normal
arithmetic.
1.7. Changes from RFC 4960
SCTP was originally defined in [RFC4960], which this document
obsoletes. Readers interested in the details of the various changes
that this document incorporates are asked to consult [RFC8540].
In addition to these and further editorial changes, the following
changes have been incorporated in this document:
* Update references.
* Improve the language related to requirements levels.
* Allow the ASSOCIATE primitive to take multiple remote addresses;
also refer to the socket API specification.
* Refer to the Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery (PLPMTUD)
specification for path MTU discovery.
* Move the description of ICMP handling from the Appendix to the
main text.
* Remove the Appendix describing Explicit Congestion Notification
(ECN) handling from the document.
* Describe the packet size handling more precisely by introducing
PMTU, PMDCS, and AMDCS.
* Add the definition of control chunk.
* Improve the description of the handling of INIT and INIT ACK
chunks with invalid mandatory parameters.
* Allow using L > 1 for Appropriate Byte Counting (ABC) during slow
start.
* Explicitly describe the reinitialization of the congestion
controller on route changes.
* Improve the terminology to make it clear that this specification
does not describe a full mesh architecture.
* Improve the description of sequence number generation
(Transmission Sequence Number and Stream Sequence Number).
* Improve the description of reneging.
* Don't require the change of the Cumulative TSN Ack anymore for
increasing the congestion window. This improves the consistency
with the handling in congestion avoidance.
* Improve the description of the State Cookie.
* Fix the API for retrieving messages in case of association
failures.
2. Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. SCTP Packet Format
An SCTP packet is composed of a common header and chunks. A chunk
contains either control information or user data.
The SCTP packet format is shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Common Header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Chunk #1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Chunk #n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
INIT, INIT ACK, and SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunks MUST NOT be bundled with
any other chunk into an SCTP packet. All other chunks MAY be bundled
to form an SCTP packet that does not exceed the PMTU. See
Section 6.10 for more details on chunk bundling.
If a user data message does not fit into one SCTP packet, it can be
fragmented into multiple chunks using the procedure defined in
Section 6.9.
All integer fields in an SCTP packet MUST be transmitted in network
byte order, unless otherwise stated.
3.1. SCTP Common Header Field Descriptions
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port Number | Destination Port Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Verification Tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Source Port Number: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This is the SCTP sender's port number. It can be used by the
receiver in combination with the source IP address, the SCTP
Destination Port Number, and possibly the destination IP address
to identify the association to which this packet belongs. The
Source Port Number 0 MUST NOT be used.
Destination Port Number: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This is the SCTP port number to which this packet is destined.
The receiving host will use this port number to de-multiplex the
SCTP packet to the correct receiving endpoint/application. The
Destination Port Number 0 MUST NOT be used.
Verification Tag: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The receiver of an SCTP packet uses the Verification Tag to
validate the sender of this packet. On transmit, the value of the
Verification Tag MUST be set to the value of the Initiate Tag
received from the peer endpoint during the association
initialization, with the following exceptions:
* A packet containing an INIT chunk MUST have a zero Verification
Tag.
* A packet containing a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk with the T bit
set MUST have the Verification Tag copied from the packet with
the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk.
* A packet containing an ABORT chunk MAY have the Verification
Tag copied from the packet that caused the ABORT chunk to be
sent. For details, see Sections 8.4 and 8.5.
Checksum: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This field contains the checksum of the SCTP packet. Its
calculation is discussed in Section 6.8. SCTP uses the CRC32c
algorithm as described in Appendix A for calculating the checksum.
3.2. Chunk Field Descriptions
The figure below illustrates the field format for the chunks to be
transmitted in the SCTP packet. Each chunk is formatted with a Chunk
Type field, a Chunk Flags field, a Chunk Length field, and a Chunk
Value field.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Chunk Type | Chunk Flags | Chunk Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Chunk Value /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Type: 8 bits (unsigned integer)
This field identifies the type of information contained in the
Chunk Value field. It takes a value from 0 to 254. The value of
255 is reserved for future use as an extension field.
The values of Chunk Types defined in this document are as follows:
+==========+===========================================+
| ID Value | Chunk Type |
+==========+===========================================+
| 0 | Payload Data (DATA) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 | Initiation (INIT) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Initiation Acknowledgement (INIT ACK) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 3 | Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 4 | Heartbeat Request (HEARTBEAT) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 5 | Heartbeat Acknowledgement (HEARTBEAT ACK) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 6 | Abort (ABORT) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 7 | Shutdown (SHUTDOWN) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 8 | Shutdown Acknowledgement (SHUTDOWN ACK) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 9 | Operation Error (ERROR) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 10 | State Cookie (COOKIE ECHO) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 11 | Cookie Acknowledgement (COOKIE ACK) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 12 | Reserved for Explicit Congestion |
| | Notification Echo (ECNE) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 13 | Reserved for Congestion Window Reduced |
| | (CWR) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 14 | Shutdown Complete (SHUTDOWN COMPLETE) |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 15 to 62 | Unassigned |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 63 | Reserved for IETF-defined Chunk |
| | Extensions |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 64 to | Unassigned |
| 126 | |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 127 | Reserved for IETF-defined Chunk |
| | Extensions |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 128 to | Unassigned |
| 190 | |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 191 | Reserved for IETF-defined Chunk |
| | Extensions |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 192 to | Unassigned |
| 254 | |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
| 255 | Reserved for IETF-defined Chunk |
| | Extensions |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+
Table 1: Chunk Types
Note: The ECNE and CWR chunk types are reserved for future use of
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).
Chunk Types are encoded such that the highest-order 2 bits specify
the action that is taken if the processing endpoint does not
recognize the Chunk Type.
+----+--------------------------------------------------+
| 00 | Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard the |
| | unrecognized chunk and all further chunks. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------+
| 01 | Stop processing this SCTP packet, discard the |
| | unrecognized chunk and all further chunks, and |
| | report the unrecognized chunk in an ERROR chunk |
| | using the 'Unrecognized Chunk Type' error cause. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Skip this chunk and continue processing. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | Skip this chunk and continue processing, but |
| | report it in an ERROR chunk using the |
| | 'Unrecognized Chunk Type' error cause. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 2: Processing of Unknown Chunks
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
The usage of these bits depends on the Chunk Type, as given by the
Chunk Type field. Unless otherwise specified, they are set to 0
on transmit and are ignored on receipt.
Chunk Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents the size of the chunk in bytes, including
the Chunk Type, Chunk Flags, Chunk Length, and Chunk Value fields.
Therefore, if the Chunk Value field is zero-length, the Length
field will be set to 4. The Chunk Length field does not count any
chunk padding. However, it does include any padding of variable-
length parameters other than the last parameter in the chunk.
Note: A robust implementation is expected to accept the chunk
whether or not the final padding has been included in the Chunk
Length.
Chunk Value: variable length
The Chunk Value field contains the actual information to be
transferred in the chunk. The usage and format of this field is
dependent on the Chunk Type.
The total length of a chunk (including Type, Length, and Value
fields) MUST be a multiple of 4 bytes. If the length of the chunk is
not a multiple of 4 bytes, the sender MUST pad the chunk with all
zero bytes, and this padding is not included in the Chunk Length
field. The sender MUST NOT pad with more than 3 bytes. The receiver
MUST ignore the padding bytes.
SCTP-defined chunks are described in detail in Section 3.3. The
guidelines for IETF-defined chunk extensions can be found in
Section 15.1 of this document.
3.2.1. Optional/Variable-Length Parameter Format
Chunk values of SCTP control chunks consist of a chunk-type-specific
header of required fields, followed by zero or more parameters. The
optional and variable-length parameters contained in a chunk are
defined in a Type-Length-Value format, as shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter Type | Parameter Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Parameter Value /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Parameter Type: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
The Type field is a 16-bit identifier of the type of parameter.
It takes a value of 0 to 65534.
The value of 65535 is reserved for IETF-defined extensions.
Values other than those defined in specific SCTP chunk
descriptions are reserved for use by IETF.
Parameter Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
The Parameter Length field contains the size of the parameter in
bytes, including the Parameter Type, Parameter Length, and
Parameter Value fields. Thus, a parameter with a zero-length
Parameter Value field would have a Parameter Length field of 4.
The Parameter Length does not include any padding bytes.
Parameter Value: variable length
The Parameter Value field contains the actual information to be
transferred in the parameter.
The total length of a parameter (including Parameter Type, Parameter
Length, and Parameter Value fields) MUST be a multiple of 4 bytes.
If the length of the parameter is not a multiple of 4 bytes, the
sender pads the parameter at the end (i.e., after the Parameter Value
field) with all zero bytes. The length of the padding is not
included in the Parameter Length field. A sender MUST NOT pad with
more than 3 bytes. The receiver MUST ignore the padding bytes.
The Parameter Types are encoded such that the highest-order 2 bits
specify the action that is taken if the processing endpoint does not
recognize the Parameter Type.
+----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 00 | Stop processing this parameter and do not process any |
| | further parameters within this chunk. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 01 | Stop processing this parameter, do not process any |
| | further parameters within this chunk, and report the |
| | unrecognized parameter, as described in Section 3.2.2. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Skip this parameter and continue processing. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 11 | Skip this parameter and continue processing, but |
| | report the unrecognized parameter, as described in |
| | Section 3.2.2. |
+----+--------------------------------------------------------+
Table 3: Processing of Unknown Parameters
Please note that, when an INIT or INIT ACK chunk is received, in all
four cases, an INIT ACK or COOKIE ECHO chunk is sent in response,
respectively. In the 00 or 01 case, the processing of the parameters
after the unknown parameter is canceled, but no processing already
done is rolled back.
The actual SCTP parameters are defined in the specific SCTP chunk
sections. The rules for IETF-defined parameter extensions are
defined in Section 15.3. Parameter types MUST be unique across all
chunks. For example, the parameter type '5' is used to represent an
IPv4 address (see Section 3.3.2.1.1). The value '5' then is reserved
across all chunks to represent an IPv4 address and MUST NOT be reused
with a different meaning in any other chunk.
3.2.2. Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters
If the receiver of an INIT chunk detects unrecognized parameters and
has to report them according to Section 3.2.1, it MUST put the
"Unrecognized Parameter" parameter(s) in the INIT ACK chunk sent in
response to the INIT chunk. Note that, if the receiver of the INIT
chunk is not going to establish an association (e.g., due to lack of
resources), an "Unrecognized Parameters" error cause would not be
included with any ABORT chunk being sent to the sender of the INIT
chunk.
If the receiver of any other chunk (e.g., INIT ACK) detects
unrecognized parameters and has to report them according to
Section 3.2.1, it SHOULD bundle the ERROR chunk containing the
"Unrecognized Parameters" error cause with the chunk sent in response
(e.g., COOKIE ECHO). If the receiver of an INIT ACK chunk cannot
bundle the COOKIE ECHO chunk with the ERROR chunk, the ERROR chunk
MAY be sent separately but not before the COOKIE ACK chunk has been
received.
Any time a COOKIE ECHO chunk is sent in a packet, it MUST be the
first chunk.
3.3. SCTP Chunk Definitions
This section defines the format of the different SCTP chunk types.
3.3.1. Payload Data (DATA) (0)
The following format MUST be used for the DATA chunk:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 0 | Res |I|U|B|E| Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TSN |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Stream Identifier S | Stream Sequence Number n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload Protocol Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ User Data (seq n of Stream S) /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Res: 4 bits
All set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
I bit: 1 bit
The (I)mmediate bit MAY be set by the sender whenever the sender
of a DATA chunk can benefit from the corresponding SACK chunk
being sent back without delay. See Section 4 of [RFC7053] for a
discussion of the benefits.
U bit: 1 bit
The (U)nordered bit, if set to 1, indicates that this is an
unordered DATA chunk, and there is no Stream Sequence Number
assigned to this DATA chunk. Therefore, the receiver MUST ignore
the Stream Sequence Number field.
After reassembly (if necessary), unordered DATA chunks MUST be
dispatched to the upper layer by the receiver without any attempt
to reorder.
If an unordered user message is fragmented, each fragment of the
message MUST have its U bit set to 1.
B bit: 1 bit
The (B)eginning fragment bit, if set, indicates the first fragment
of a user message.
E bit: 1 bit
The (E)nding fragment bit, if set, indicates the last fragment of
a user message.
Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This field indicates the length of the DATA chunk in bytes from
the beginning of the type field to the end of the User Data field
excluding any padding. A DATA chunk with one byte of user data
will have the Length field set to 17 (indicating 17 bytes).
A DATA chunk with a User Data field of length L will have the
Length field set to (16 + L) (indicating 16 + L bytes) where L
MUST be greater than 0.
TSN: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents the TSN for this DATA chunk. The valid
range of TSN is from 0 to 4294967295 (2^32 - 1). TSN wraps back
to 0 after reaching 4294967295.
Stream Identifier S: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Identifies the stream to which the following user data belongs.
Stream Sequence Number n: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents the Stream Sequence Number of the following
user data within the stream S. Valid range is 0 to 65535.
When a user message is fragmented by SCTP for transport, the same
Stream Sequence Number MUST be carried in each of the fragments of
the message.
Payload Protocol Identifier: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents an application (or upper layer) specified
protocol identifier. This value is passed to SCTP by its upper
layer and sent to its peer. This identifier is not used by SCTP
but can be used by certain network entities, as well as by the
peer application, to identify the type of information being
carried in this DATA chunk. This field MUST be sent even in
fragmented DATA chunks (to make sure it is available for agents in
the middle of the network). Note that this field is not touched
by an SCTP implementation; the upper layer is responsible for the
host to network byte order conversion of this field.
The value 0 indicates that no application identifier is specified
by the upper layer for this payload data.
User Data: variable length
This is the payload user data. The implementation MUST pad the
end of the data to a 4-byte boundary with all zero bytes. Any
padding MUST NOT be included in the Length field. A sender MUST
never add more than 3 bytes of padding.
An unfragmented user message MUST have both the B and E bits set to
1. Setting both B and E bits to 0 indicates a middle fragment of a
multi-fragment user message, as summarized in the following table:
+===+===+===========================================+
| B | E | Description |
+===+===+===========================================+
| 1 | 0 | First piece of a fragmented user message |
+---+---+-------------------------------------------+
| 0 | 0 | Middle piece of a fragmented user message |
+---+---+-------------------------------------------+
| 0 | 1 | Last piece of a fragmented user message |
+---+---+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 | 1 | Unfragmented message |
+---+---+-------------------------------------------+
Table 4: Fragment Description Flags
When a user message is fragmented into multiple chunks, the TSNs are
used by the receiver to reassemble the message. This means that the
TSNs for each fragment of a fragmented user message MUST be strictly
sequential.
The TSNs of DATA chunks sent SHOULD be strictly sequential.
Note: The extension described in [RFC8260] can be used to mitigate
the head of line blocking when transferring large user messages.
3.3.2. Initiation (INIT) (1)
This chunk is used to initiate an SCTP association between two
endpoints. The format of the INIT chunk is shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 1 | Chunk Flags | Chunk Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Initiate Tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of Outbound Streams | Number of Inbound Streams |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Initial TSN |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Optional/Variable-Length Parameters /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The following parameters are specified for the INIT chunk. Unless
otherwise noted, each parameter MUST only be included once in the
INIT chunk.
+===================================+===========+
| Fixed-Length Parameter | Status |
+===================================+===========+
| Initiate Tag | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Advertised Receiver Window Credit | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Number of Outbound Streams | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Number of Inbound Streams | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Initial TSN | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
Table 5: Fixed-Length Parameters of INIT Chunks
+===================================+============+================+
| Variable-Length Parameter | Status | Type Value |
+===================================+============+================+
| IPv4 Address (Note 1) | Optional | 5 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| IPv6 Address (Note 1) | Optional | 6 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Cookie Preservative | Optional | 9 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2) | Optional | 32768 (0x8000) |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Host Name Address (Note 3) | Deprecated | 11 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Supported Address Types (Note 4) | Optional | 12 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
Table 6: Variable-Length Parameters of INIT Chunks
Note 1: The INIT chunks can contain multiple addresses that can be
IPv4 and/or IPv6 in any combination.
Note 2: The ECN Capable field is reserved for future use of Explicit
Congestion Notification.
Note 3: An INIT chunk MUST NOT contain the Host Name Address
parameter. The receiver of an INIT chunk containing a Host Name
Address parameter MUST send an ABORT chunk and MAY include an
"Unresolvable Address" error cause.
Note 4: This parameter, when present, specifies all the address types
the sending endpoint can support. The absence of this parameter
indicates that the sending endpoint can support any address type.
If an INIT chunk is received with all mandatory parameters that are
specified for the INIT chunk, then the receiver SHOULD process the
INIT chunk and send back an INIT ACK. The receiver of the INIT chunk
MAY bundle an ERROR chunk with the COOKIE ACK chunk later. However,
restrictive implementations MAY send back an ABORT chunk in response
to the INIT chunk.
The Chunk Flags field in INIT chunks is reserved, and all bits in it
SHOULD be set to 0 by the sender and ignored by the receiver.
Initiate Tag: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The receiver of the INIT chunk (the responding end) records the
value of the Initiate Tag parameter. This value MUST be placed
into the Verification Tag field of every SCTP packet that the
receiver of the INIT chunk transmits within this association.
The Initiate Tag is allowed to have any value except 0. See
Section 5.3.1 for more on the selection of the tag value.
If the value of the Initiate Tag in a received INIT chunk is found
to be 0, the receiver MUST silently discard the packet.
Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd): 32 bits (unsigned
integer)
This value represents the dedicated buffer space, in number of
bytes, the sender of the INIT chunk has reserved in association
with this window.
The Advertised Receiver Window Credit MUST NOT be smaller than
1500.
A receiver of an INIT chunk with the a_rwnd value set to a value
smaller than 1500 MUST discard the packet, SHOULD send a packet in
response containing an ABORT chunk and using the Initiate Tag as
the Verification Tag, and MUST NOT change the state of any
existing association.
During the life of the association, this buffer space SHOULD NOT
be reduced (i.e., dedicated buffers ought not to be taken away
from this association); however, an endpoint MAY change the value
of a_rwnd it sends in SACK chunks.
Number of Outbound Streams (OS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the number of outbound streams the sender of this INIT
chunk wishes to create in this association. The value of 0 MUST
NOT be used.
A receiver of an INIT chunk with the OS value set to 0 MUST
discard the packet, SHOULD send a packet in response containing an
ABORT chunk and using the Initiate Tag as the Verification Tag,
and MUST NOT change the state of any existing association.
Number of Inbound Streams (MIS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the maximum number of streams the sender of this INIT
chunk allows the peer end to create in this association. The
value 0 MUST NOT be used.
Note: There is no negotiation of the actual number of streams;
instead, the two endpoints will use the min(requested, offered).
See Section 5.1.1 for details.
A receiver of an INIT chunk with the MIS value set to 0 MUST
discard the packet, SHOULD send a packet in response containing an
ABORT chunk and using the Initiate Tag as the Verification Tag,
and MUST NOT change the state of any existing association.
Initial TSN (I-TSN): 32 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the TSN that the sender of the INIT chunk will use
initially. The valid range is from 0 to 4294967295 and the
Initial TSN SHOULD be set to a random value in that range. The
methods described in [RFC4086] can be used for the Initial TSN
randomization.
3.3.2.1. Optional or Variable-Length Parameters in INIT chunks
The following parameters follow the Type-Length-Value format as
defined in Section 3.2.1. Any Type-Length-Value fields MUST be
placed after the fixed-length fields. (The fixed-length fields are
defined in the previous section.)
3.3.2.1.1. IPv4 Address (5)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 5 | Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IPv4 Address: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
Contains an IPv4 address of the sending endpoint. It is binary
encoded.
3.3.2.1.2. IPv6 Address (6)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 6 | Length = 20 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| IPv6 Address |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IPv6 Address: 128 bits (unsigned integer)
Contains an IPv6 [RFC8200] address of the sending endpoint. It is
binary encoded.
A sender MUST NOT use an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address [RFC4291] but
SHOULD instead use an IPv4 Address parameter for an IPv4 address.
Combined with the Source Port Number in the SCTP common header, the
value passed in an IPv4 or IPv6 Address parameter indicates a
transport address the sender of the INIT chunk will support for the
association being initiated. That is, during the life time of this
association, this IP address can appear in the source address field
of an IP datagram sent from the sender of the INIT chunk and can be
used as a destination address of an IP datagram sent from the
receiver of the INIT chunk.
More than one IP Address parameter can be included in an INIT chunk
when the sender of the INIT chunk is multi-homed. Moreover, a multi-
homed endpoint might have access to different types of network; thus,
more than one address type can be present in one INIT chunk, i.e.,
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are allowed in the same INIT chunk.
If the INIT chunk contains at least one IP Address parameter, then
the source address of the IP datagram containing the INIT chunk and
any additional address(es) provided within the INIT can be used as
destinations by the endpoint receiving the INIT chunk. If the INIT
chunk does not contain any IP Address parameters, the endpoint
receiving the INIT chunk MUST use the source address associated with
the received IP datagram as its sole destination address for the
association.
Note that not using any IP Address parameters in the INIT and INIT
ACK chunk is a way to make an association more likely to work in
combination with Network Address Translation (NAT).
3.3.2.1.3. Cookie Preservative (9)
The sender of the INIT chunk uses this parameter to suggest to the
receiver of the INIT chunk a longer life span for the State Cookie.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 9 | Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Suggested Cookie Life-Span Increment (msec.) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Suggested Cookie Life-Span Increment: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This parameter indicates to the receiver how much increment in
milliseconds the sender wishes the receiver to add to its default
cookie life span.
This optional parameter MAY be added to the INIT chunk by the
sender when it reattempts establishing an association with a peer
to which its previous attempt of establishing the association
failed due to a stale cookie operation error. The receiver MAY
choose to ignore the suggested cookie life span increase for its
own security reasons.
3.3.2.1.4. Host Name Address (11)
The sender of an INIT chunk or INIT ACK chunk MUST NOT include this
parameter. The usage of the Host Name Address parameter is
deprecated. The receiver of an INIT chunk or an INIT ACK containing
a Host Name Address parameter MUST send an ABORT chunk and MAY
include an "Unresolvable Address" error cause.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 11 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Host Name /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Host Name: variable length
This field contains a host name in "host name syntax" per
Section 2.1 of [RFC1123]. The method for resolving the host name
is out of scope of SCTP.
At least one null terminator is included in the Host Name string
and MUST be included in the length.
3.3.2.1.5. Supported Address Types (12)
The sender of the INIT chunk uses this parameter to list all the
address types it can support.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 12 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Type #1 | Address Type #2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ...... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+
Address Type: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This is filled with the type value of the corresponding address
TLV (e.g., 5 for indicating IPv4, and 6 for indicating IPv6). The
value indicating the Host Name Address parameter MUST NOT be used
when sending this parameter and MUST be ignored when receiving
this parameter.
3.3.3. Initiation Acknowledgement (INIT ACK) (2)
The INIT ACK chunk is used to acknowledge the initiation of an SCTP
association. The format of the INIT ACK chunk is shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 2 | Chunk Flags | Chunk Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Initiate Tag |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertised Receiver Window Credit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of Outbound Streams | Number of Inbound Streams |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Initial TSN |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Optional/Variable-Length Parameters /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The parameter part of INIT ACK is formatted similarly to the INIT
chunk. The following parameters are specified for the INIT ACK
chunk:
+===================================+===========+
| Fixed-Length Parameter | Status |
+===================================+===========+
| Initiate Tag | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Advertised Receiver Window Credit | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Number of Outbound Streams | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Number of Inbound Streams | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| Initial TSN | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+
Table 7: Fixed-Length Parameters of INIT ACK
Chunks
It uses two extra variable parameters: the State Cookie and the
Unrecognized Parameter.
+===================================+============+================+
| Variable-Length Parameter | Status | Type Value |
+===================================+============+================+
| State Cookie | Mandatory | 7 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| IPv4 Address (Note 1) | Optional | 5 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| IPv6 Address (Note 1) | Optional | 6 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Unrecognized Parameter | Optional | 8 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2) | Optional | 32768 (0x8000) |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Host Name Address (Note 3) | Deprecated | 11 |
+-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+
Table 8: Variable-Length Parameters of INIT ACK Chunks
Note 1: The INIT ACK chunks can contain any number of IP Address
parameters that can be IPv4 and/or IPv6 in any combination.
Note 2: The ECN Capable field is reserved for future use of Explicit
Congestion Notification.
Note 3: An INIT ACK chunk MUST NOT contain the Host Name Address
parameter. The receiver of INIT ACK chunks containing a Host Name
Address parameter MUST send an ABORT chunk and MAY include an
"Unresolvable Address" error cause.
The Chunk Flags field in INIT ACK chunks is reserved, and all bits in
it SHOULD be set to 0 by the sender and ignored by the receiver.
Initiate Tag: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The receiver of the INIT ACK chunk records the value of the
Initiate Tag parameter. This value MUST be placed into the
Verification Tag field of every SCTP packet that the receiver of
the INIT ACK chunk transmits within this association.
The Initiate Tag MUST NOT take the value 0. See Section 5.3.1 for
more on the selection of the Initiate Tag value.
If an endpoint in the COOKIE-WAIT state receives an INIT ACK chunk
with the Initiate Tag set to 0, it MUST destroy the TCB and SHOULD
send an ABORT chunk with the T bit set. If such an INIT ACK chunk
is received in any state other than CLOSED or COOKIE-WAIT, it
SHOULD be discarded silently (see Section 5.2.3).
Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd): 32 bits (unsigned
integer)
This value represents the dedicated buffer space, in number of
bytes, the sender of the INIT ACK chunk has reserved in
association with this window.
The Advertised Receiver Window Credit MUST NOT be smaller than
1500.
A receiver of an INIT ACK chunk with the a_rwnd value set to a
value smaller than 1500 MUST discard the packet, SHOULD send a
packet in response containing an ABORT chunk and using the
Initiate Tag as the Verification Tag, and MUST NOT change the
state of any existing association.
During the life of the association, this buffer space SHOULD NOT
be reduced (i.e., dedicated buffers ought not to be taken away
from this association); however, an endpoint MAY change the value
of a_rwnd it sends in SACK chunks.
Number of Outbound Streams (OS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the number of outbound streams the sender of this INIT ACK
chunk wishes to create in this association. The value of 0 MUST
NOT be used, and the value MUST NOT be greater than the MIS value
sent in the INIT chunk.
If an endpoint in the COOKIE-WAIT state receives an INIT ACK chunk
with the OS value set to 0, it MUST destroy the TCB and SHOULD
send an ABORT chunk. If such an INIT ACK chunk is received in any
state other than CLOSED or COOKIE-WAIT, it SHOULD be discarded
silently (see Section 5.2.3).
Number of Inbound Streams (MIS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the maximum number of streams the sender of this INIT ACK
chunk allows the peer end to create in this association. The
value 0 MUST NOT be used.
Note: There is no negotiation of the actual number of streams, but
instead the two endpoints will use the min(requested, offered).
See Section 5.1.1 for details.
If an endpoint in the COOKIE-WAIT state receives an INIT ACK chunk
with the MIS value set to 0, it MUST destroy the TCB and SHOULD
send an ABORT chunk. If such an INIT ACK chunk is received in any
state other than CLOSED or COOKIE-WAIT, it SHOULD be discarded
silently (see Section 5.2.3).
Initial TSN (I-TSN): 32 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the TSN that the sender of the INIT ACK chunk will use
initially. The valid range is from 0 to 4294967295 and the
Initial TSN SHOULD be set to a random value in that range. The
methods described in [RFC4086] can be used for the Initial TSN
randomization.
Implementation Note: An implementation MUST be prepared to receive an
INIT ACK chunk that is quite large (more than 1500 bytes) due to the
variable size of the State Cookie and the variable address list. For
example, if a responder to the INIT chunk has 1000 IPv4 addresses it
wishes to send, it would need at least 8,000 bytes to encode this in
the INIT ACK chunk.
If an INIT ACK chunk is received with all mandatory parameters that
are specified for the INIT ACK chunk, then the receiver SHOULD
process the INIT ACK chunk and send back a COOKIE ECHO chunk. The
receiver of the INIT ACK chunk MAY bundle an ERROR chunk with the
COOKIE ECHO chunk. However, restrictive implementations MAY send
back an ABORT chunk in response to the INIT ACK chunk.
In combination with the Source Port Number carried in the SCTP common
header, each IP Address parameter in the INIT ACK chunk indicates to
the receiver of the INIT ACK chunk a valid transport address
supported by the sender of the INIT ACK chunk for the life time of
the association being initiated.
If the INIT ACK chunk contains at least one IP Address parameter,
then the source address of the IP datagram containing the INIT ACK
chunk and any additional address(es) provided within the INIT ACK
chunk MAY be used as destinations by the receiver of the INIT ACK
chunk. If the INIT ACK chunk does not contain any IP Address
parameters, the receiver of the INIT ACK chunk MUST use the source
address associated with the received IP datagram as its sole
destination address for the association.
The State Cookie and Unrecognized Parameters use the Type-Length-
Value format as defined in Section 3.2.1 and are described below.
The other fields are defined in the same way as their counterparts in
the INIT chunk.
3.3.3.1. Optional or Variable-Length Parameters in INIT ACK Chunks
The State Cookie and Unrecognized Parameters use the Type-Length-
Value format, as defined in Section 3.2.1, and are described below.
The IPv4 Address parameter is described in Section 3.3.2.1.1, and the
IPv6 Address parameter is described in Section 3.3.2.1.2. The Host
Name Address parameter is described in Section 3.3.2.1.4 and MUST NOT
be included in an INIT ACK chunk. Any Type-Length-Value fields MUST
be placed after the fixed-length fields. (The fixed-length fields
are defined in the previous section.)
3.3.3.1.1. State Cookie (7)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 7 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Cookie /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Cookie: variable length
This parameter value MUST contain all the necessary state and
parameter information required for the sender of this INIT ACK
chunk to create the association, along with a Message
Authentication Code (MAC). See Section 5.1.3 for details on State
Cookie definition.
3.3.3.1.2. Unrecognized Parameter (8)
This parameter is returned to the originator of the INIT chunk when
the INIT chunk contains an unrecognized parameter that has a type
that indicates it SHOULD be reported to the sender.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 8 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Unrecognized Parameter /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Unrecognized Parameter: variable length
The Parameter Value field will contain an unrecognized parameter
copied from the INIT chunk complete with Parameter Type, Length,
and Value fields.
3.3.4. Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) (3)
This chunk is sent to the peer endpoint to acknowledge received DATA
chunks and to inform the peer endpoint of gaps in the received
subsequences of DATA chunks as represented by their TSNs.
The SACK chunk MUST contain the Cumulative TSN Ack, Advertised
Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd), Number of Gap Ack Blocks, and Number
of Duplicate TSNs fields.
By definition, the value of the Cumulative TSN Ack parameter is the
last TSN received before a break in the sequence of received TSNs
occurs; the next TSN value following this one has not yet been
received at the endpoint sending the SACK chunk. This parameter
therefore acknowledges receipt of all TSNs less than or equal to its
value.
The handling of a_rwnd by the receiver of the SACK chunk is discussed
in detail in Section 6.2.1.
The SACK chunk also contains zero or more Gap Ack Blocks. Each Gap
Ack Block acknowledges a subsequence of TSNs received following a
break in the sequence of received TSNs. The Gap Ack Blocks SHOULD be
isolated. This means that the TSN just before each Gap Ack Block and
the TSN just after each Gap Ack Block have not been received. By
definition, all TSNs acknowledged by Gap Ack Blocks are greater than
the value of the Cumulative TSN Ack.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 3 | Chunk Flags | Chunk Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cumulative TSN Ack |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of Gap Ack Blocks = N | Number of Duplicate TSNs = M |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Gap Ack Block #1 Start | Gap Ack Block #1 End |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ /
\ ... \
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Gap Ack Block #N Start | Gap Ack Block #N End |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Duplicate TSN 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ /
\ ... \
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Duplicate TSN M |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
All set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Cumulative TSN Ack: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The largest TSN, such that all TSNs smaller than or equal to it
have been received and the next one has not been received. In the
case where no DATA chunk has been received, this value is set to
the peer's Initial TSN minus one.
Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd): 32 bits (unsigned
integer)
This field indicates the updated receive buffer space in bytes of
the sender of this SACK chunk; see Section 6.2.1 for details.
Number of Gap Ack Blocks: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Indicates the number of Gap Ack Blocks included in this SACK
chunk.
Number of Duplicate TSNs: 16 bit
This field contains the number of duplicate TSNs the endpoint has
received. Each duplicate TSN is listed following the Gap Ack
Block list.
Gap Ack Blocks:
These fields contain the Gap Ack Blocks. They are repeated for
each Gap Ack Block up to the number of Gap Ack Blocks defined in
the Number of Gap Ack Blocks field. All DATA chunks with TSNs
greater than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack Block
Start) and less than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack
Block End) of each Gap Ack Block are assumed to have been received
correctly.
Gap Ack Block Start: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Indicates the Start offset TSN for this Gap Ack Block. To
calculate the actual TSN number, the Cumulative TSN Ack is added
to this offset number. This calculated TSN identifies the lowest
TSN in this Gap Ack Block that has been received.
Gap Ack Block End: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Indicates the End offset TSN for this Gap Ack Block. To calculate
the actual TSN number, the Cumulative TSN Ack is added to this
offset number. This calculated TSN identifies the highest TSN in
this Gap Ack Block that has been received.
For example, assume that the receiver has the following DATA
chunks newly arrived at the time when it decides to send a
Selective ACK:
------------
| TSN = 17 |
------------
| | <- still missing
------------
| TSN = 15 |
------------
| TSN = 14 |
------------
| | <- still missing
------------
| TSN = 12 |
------------
| TSN = 11 |
------------
| TSN = 10 |
------------
Then, the parameter part of the SACK chunk MUST be constructed as
follows (assuming the new a_rwnd is set to 4660 by the sender):
+-------------------+-------------------+
| Cumulative TSN Ack = 12 |
+-------------------+-------------------+
| a_rwnd = 4660 |
+-------------------+-------------------+
| num of block = 2 | num of dup = 0 |
+-------------------+-------------------+
|block #1 start = 2 | block #1 end = 3 |
+-------------------+-------------------+
|block #2 start = 5 | block #2 end = 5 |
+-------------------+-------------------+
Duplicate TSN: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
Indicates the number of times a TSN was received in duplicate
since the last SACK chunk was sent. Every time a receiver gets a
duplicate TSN (before sending the SACK chunk), it adds it to the
list of duplicates. The duplicate count is reinitialized to zero
after sending each SACK chunk.
For example, if a receiver were to get the TSN 19 three times, it
would list 19 twice in the outbound SACK chunk. After sending the
SACK chunk, if it received yet one more TSN 19, it would list 19
as a duplicate once in the next outgoing SACK chunk.
3.3.5. Heartbeat Request (HEARTBEAT) (4)
An endpoint SHOULD send a HEARTBEAT (HB) chunk to its peer endpoint
to probe the reachability of a particular destination transport
address defined in the present association.
The parameter field contains the Heartbeat Information, which is a
variable-length opaque data structure understood only by the sender.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 4 | Chunk Flags | Heartbeat Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Heartbeat Information TLV (Variable-Length) /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Heartbeat Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the chunk in bytes, including the chunk header
and the Heartbeat Information field.
Heartbeat Information: variable length
Defined as a variable-length parameter using the format described
in Section 3.2.1, that is:
+=====================+===========+============+
| Variable Parameters | Status | Type Value |
+=====================+===========+============+
| Heartbeat Info | Mandatory | 1 |
+---------------------+-----------+------------+
Table 9: Variable-Length Parameters of
HEARTBEAT Chunks
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Heartbeat Info Type = 1 | HB Info Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Sender-Specific Heartbeat Info /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The Sender-Specific Heartbeat Info field SHOULD include
information about the sender's current time when this HEARTBEAT
chunk is sent and the destination transport address to which this
HEARTBEAT chunk is sent (see Section 8.3). This information is
simply reflected back by the receiver in the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk
(see Section 3.3.6). Note also that the HEARTBEAT chunk is both
for reachability checking and for path verification (see
Section 5.4). When a HEARTBEAT chunk is being used for path
verification purposes, it MUST include a random nonce of length 64
bits or longer ([RFC4086] provides some information on randomness
guidelines).
3.3.6. Heartbeat Acknowledgement (HEARTBEAT ACK) (5)
An endpoint MUST send this chunk to its peer endpoint as a response
to a HEARTBEAT chunk (see Section 8.3). A packet containing the
HEARTBEAT ACK chunk is always sent to the source IP address of the IP
datagram containing the HEARTBEAT chunk to which this HEARTBEAT ACK
chunk is responding.
The parameter field contains a variable-length opaque data structure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 5 | Chunk Flags | Heartbeat Ack Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ Heartbeat Information TLV (Variable-Length) /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Heartbeat Ack Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the chunk in bytes, including the chunk header
and the Heartbeat Information field.
Heartbeat Information: variable length
This field MUST contain the Heartbeat Info parameter (as defined
in Section 3.3.5) of the Heartbeat Request to which this Heartbeat
Acknowledgement is responding.
+=====================+===========+============+
| Variable Parameters | Status | Type Value |
+=====================+===========+============+
| Heartbeat Info | Mandatory | 1 |
+---------------------+-----------+------------+
Table 10: Variable-Length Parameters of
HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
3.3.7. Abort Association (ABORT) (6)
The ABORT chunk is sent to the peer of an association to close the
association. The ABORT chunk MAY contain error causes to inform the
receiver about the reason of the abort. DATA chunks MUST NOT be
bundled with ABORT chunks. Control chunks (except for INIT, INIT
ACK, and SHUTDOWN COMPLETE) MAY be bundled with an ABORT chunk, but
they MUST be placed before the ABORT chunk in the SCTP packet;
otherwise, they will be ignored by the receiver.
If an endpoint receives an ABORT chunk with a format error or no TCB
is found, it MUST silently discard it. Moreover, under any
circumstances, an endpoint that receives an ABORT chunk MUST NOT
respond to that ABORT chunk by sending an ABORT chunk of its own.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 6 | Reserved |T| Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ zero or more Error Causes /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Reserved: 7 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
T bit: 1 bit
The T bit is set to 0 if the sender filled in the Verification
Tag expected by the peer. If the Verification Tag is
reflected, the T bit MUST be set to 1. Reflecting means that
the sent Verification Tag is the same as the received one.
Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the chunk in bytes, including the chunk header
and all the Error Cause fields present.
See Section 3.3.10 for Error Cause definitions.
Note: Special rules apply to this chunk for verification; please see
Section 8.5.1 for details.
3.3.8. Shutdown Association (SHUTDOWN) (7)
An endpoint in an association MUST use this chunk to initiate a
graceful close of the association with its peer. This chunk has the
following format.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 7 | Chunk Flags | Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cumulative TSN Ack |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Indicates the length of the parameter. Set to 8.
Cumulative TSN Ack: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The largest TSN, such that all TSNs smaller than or equal to it
have been received and the next one has not been received.
Note: Since the SHUTDOWN chunk does not contain Gap Ack Blocks, it
cannot be used to acknowledge TSNs received out of order. In a SACK
chunk, lack of Gap Ack Blocks that were previously included indicates
that the data receiver reneged on the associated DATA chunks.
Since the SHUTDOWN chunk does not contain Gap Ack Blocks, the
receiver of the SHUTDOWN chunk MUST NOT interpret the lack of a Gap
Ack Block as a renege. (See Section 6.2 for information on
reneging.)
The sender of the SHUTDOWN chunk MAY bundle a SACK chunk to indicate
any gaps in the received TSNs.
3.3.9. Shutdown Acknowledgement (SHUTDOWN ACK) (8)
This chunk MUST be used to acknowledge the receipt of the SHUTDOWN
chunk at the completion of the shutdown process; see Section 9.2 for
details.
The SHUTDOWN ACK chunk has no parameters.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 8 | Chunk Flags | Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
3.3.10. Operation Error (ERROR) (9)
An endpoint sends this chunk to its peer endpoint to notify it of
certain error conditions. It contains one or more error causes. An
Operation Error is not considered fatal in and of itself, but the
corresponding error cause MAY be used with an ABORT chunk to report a
fatal condition. An ERROR chunk has the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 9 | Chunk Flags | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ \
/ one or more Error Causes /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the chunk in bytes, including the chunk header
and all the Error Cause fields present.
Error causes are defined as variable-length parameters using the
format described in Section 3.2.1, that is:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Cause-Specific Information /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Cause Code: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the type of error conditions being reported.
+=======+==============================================+
| Value | Cause Code |
+=======+==============================================+
| 1 | Invalid Stream Identifier |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 2 | Missing Mandatory Parameter |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 3 | Stale Cookie |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 4 | Out of Resource |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 5 | Unresolvable Address |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 6 | Unrecognized Chunk Type |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 7 | Invalid Mandatory Parameter |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 8 | Unrecognized Parameters |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 9 | No User Data |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 10 | Cookie Received While Shutting Down |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 11 | Restart of an Association with New Addresses |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 12 | User-Initiated Abort |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
| 13 | Protocol Violation |
+-------+----------------------------------------------+
Table 11: Cause Code
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields.
Cause-Specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.13 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 15.4.
3.3.10.1. Invalid Stream Identifier (1)
Indicates that the endpoint received a DATA chunk sent using a
nonexistent stream.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 1 | Cause Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Stream Identifier | (Reserved) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Stream Identifier: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Contains the Stream Identifier of the DATA chunk received in
error.
Reserved: 16 bits
This field is reserved. It is set to all 0's on transmit and
ignored on receipt.
3.3.10.2. Missing Mandatory Parameter (2)
Indicates that one or more mandatory TLV parameters are missing in a
received INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 2 | Cause Length = 8 + N * 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of missing params = N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Missing Param Type #1 | Missing Param Type #2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Missing Param Type #N-1 | Missing Param Type #N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Number of Missing params: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This field contains the number of parameters contained in the
Cause-Specific Information field.
Missing Param Type: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Each field will contain the missing mandatory parameter number.
3.3.10.3. Stale Cookie (3)
Indicates the receipt of a valid State Cookie that has expired.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 3 | Cause Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Measure of Staleness (usec.) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Measure of Staleness: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This field contains the difference, rounded up in microseconds,
between the current time and the time the State Cookie expired.
The sender of this error cause MAY choose to report how long past
expiration the State Cookie is by including a non-zero value in
the Measure of Staleness field. If the sender does not wish to
provide the Measure of Staleness, it SHOULD set this field to the
value of zero.
3.3.10.4. Out of Resource (4)
Indicates that the sender is out of resource. This is usually sent
in combination with or within an ABORT chunk.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 4 | Cause Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
3.3.10.5. Unresolvable Address (5)
Indicates that the sender is not able to resolve the specified
address parameter (e.g., type of address is not supported by the
sender). This is usually sent in combination with or within an ABORT
chunk.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 5 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Unresolvable Address /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Unresolvable Address: variable length
The Unresolvable Address field contains the complete Type, Length,
and Value of the address parameter (or Host Name parameter) that
contains the unresolvable address or host name.
3.3.10.6. Unrecognized Chunk Type (6)
This error cause is returned to the originator of the chunk if the
receiver does not understand the chunk and the upper bits of the
'Chunk Type' are set to 01 or 11.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 6 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Unrecognized Chunk /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Unrecognized Chunk: variable length
The Unrecognized Chunk field contains the unrecognized chunk from
the SCTP packet complete with Chunk Type, Chunk Flags, and Chunk
Length.
3.3.10.7. Invalid Mandatory Parameter (7)
This error cause is returned to the originator of an INIT or INIT ACK
chunk when one of the mandatory parameters is set to an invalid
value.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 7 | Cause Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
3.3.10.8. Unrecognized Parameters (8)
This error cause is returned to the originator of the INIT ACK chunk
if the receiver does not recognize one or more Optional TLV
parameters in the INIT ACK chunk.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 8 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Unrecognized Parameters /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Unrecognized Parameters: variable length
The Unrecognized Parameters field contains the unrecognized
parameters copied from the INIT ACK chunk complete with TLV. This
error cause is normally contained in an ERROR chunk bundled with
the COOKIE ECHO chunk when responding to the INIT ACK chunk, when
the sender of the COOKIE ECHO chunk wishes to report unrecognized
parameters.
3.3.10.9. No User Data (9)
This error cause is returned to the originator of a DATA chunk if a
received DATA chunk has no user data.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 9 | Cause Length = 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TSN |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
TSN: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This parameter contains the TSN of the DATA chunk received with no
User Data field.
This cause code is normally returned in an ABORT chunk (see
Section 6.2).
3.3.10.10. Cookie Received While Shutting Down (10)
A COOKIE ECHO chunk was received while the endpoint was in the
SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state. This error is usually returned in an ERROR
chunk bundled with the retransmitted SHUTDOWN ACK chunk.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 10 | Cause Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
3.3.10.11. Restart of an Association with New Addresses (11)
An INIT chunk was received on an existing association. But the INIT
chunk added addresses to the association that were previously not
part of the association. The new addresses are listed in the error
cause. This error cause is normally sent as part of an ABORT chunk
refusing the INIT chunk (see Section 5.2).
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 11 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ New Address TLVs /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Note: Each New Address TLV is an exact copy of the TLV that was found
in the INIT chunk that was new, including the Parameter Type and the
Parameter Length.
3.3.10.12. User-Initiated Abort (12)
This error cause MAY be included in ABORT chunks that are sent
because of an upper-layer request. The upper layer can specify an
Upper Layer Abort Reason that is transported by SCTP transparently
and MAY be delivered to the upper-layer protocol at the peer.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 12 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Upper Layer Abort Reason /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
3.3.10.13. Protocol Violation (13)
This error cause MAY be included in ABORT chunks that are sent
because an SCTP endpoint detects a protocol violation of the peer
that is not covered by the error causes described in Sections
3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.12. An implementation MAY provide additional
information specifying what kind of protocol violation has been
detected.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 13 | Cause Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Additional Information /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
3.3.11. Cookie Echo (COOKIE ECHO) (10)
This chunk is used only during the initialization of an association.
It is sent by the initiator of an association to its peer to complete
the initialization process. This chunk MUST precede any DATA chunk
sent within the association but MAY be bundled with one or more DATA
chunks in the same packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 10 | Chunk Flags | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Cookie /
\ \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the chunk in bytes, including the 4 bytes of
the chunk header and the size of the cookie.
Cookie: variable size
This field MUST contain the exact cookie received in the State
Cookie parameter from the previous INIT ACK chunk.
An implementation SHOULD make the cookie as small as possible to
ensure interoperability.
Note: A Cookie Echo does not contain a State Cookie parameter;
instead, the data within the State Cookie's Parameter Value
becomes the data within the Cookie Echo's Chunk Value. This
allows an implementation to change only the first 2 bytes of the
State Cookie parameter to become a COOKIE ECHO chunk.
3.3.12. Cookie Acknowledgement (COOKIE ACK) (11)
This chunk is used only during the initialization of an association.
It is used to acknowledge the receipt of a COOKIE ECHO chunk. This
chunk MUST precede any DATA or SACK chunk sent within the association
but MAY be bundled with one or more DATA chunks or SACK chunk's in
the same SCTP packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 11 | Chunk Flags | Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
3.3.13. Shutdown Complete (SHUTDOWN COMPLETE) (14)
This chunk MUST be used to acknowledge the receipt of the SHUTDOWN
ACK chunk at the completion of the shutdown process; see Section 9.2
for details.
The SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk has no parameters.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 14 | Reserved |T| Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Chunk Flags: 8 bits
Reserved: 7 bits
Set to 0 on transmit and ignored on receipt.
T bit: 1 bit
The T bit is set to 0 if the sender filled in the Verification
Tag expected by the peer. If the Verification Tag is
reflected, the T bit MUST be set to 1. Reflecting means that
the sent Verification Tag is the same as the received one.
Note: Special rules apply to this chunk for verification; please see
Section 8.5.1 for details.
4. SCTP Association State Diagram
During the life time of an SCTP association, the SCTP endpoint's
association progresses from one state to another in response to
various events. The events that might potentially advance an
association's state include:
* SCTP user primitive calls, e.g., [ASSOCIATE], [SHUTDOWN], or
[ABORT],
* reception of INIT, COOKIE ECHO, ABORT, SHUTDOWN, etc., and control
chunks, or
* some timeout events.
The state diagram in the figures below illustrates state changes,
together with the causing events and resulting actions. Note that
some of the error conditions are not shown in the state diagram.
Full descriptions of all special cases are found in the text.
Note: Chunk names are given in all capital letters, while parameter
names have the first letter capitalized, e.g., COOKIE ECHO chunk type
vs. State Cookie parameter. If more than one event/message can occur
that causes a state transition, it is labeled (A) or (B).
----- -------- (from any state)
/ \ /receive ABORT [ABORT]
receive INIT | | |-------------- or ----------
---------------------| v v delete TCB send ABORT
generate State Cookie \ +---------+ delete TCB
send INIT ACK ---| CLOSED |
+---------+
/ \
/ \ [ASSOCIATE]
| |-----------------
| | create TCB
| | send INIT
receive valid | | start T1-init timer
COOKIE ECHO | v
(1) -----------------| +-----------+
create TCB | |COOKIE-WAIT| (2)
send COOKIE ACK | +-----------+
| |
| | receive INIT ACK
| |-------------------
| | send COOKIE ECHO
| | stop T1-init timer
| | start T1-cookie timer
| v
| +-------------+
| |COOKIE-ECHOED| (3)
| +-------------+
| |
| | receive COOKIE ACK
| |-------------------
| | stop T1-cookie timer
v v
+---------------+
| ESTABLISHED |
+---------------+
|
|
/--------+--------\
[SHUTDOWN] / \
-------------------| |
check outstanding | |
DATA chunks | |
v |
+----------------+ |
|SHUTDOWN-PENDING| | receive SHUTDOWN
+----------------+ |------------------
| check outstanding
| | DATA chunks
No more outstanding | |
-----------------------| |
send SHUTDOWN | |
start T2-shutdown timer| |
v v
+-------------+ +-----------------+
(4) |SHUTDOWN-SENT| |SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED| (5,6)
+-------------+ +-----------------+
| \ |
receive SHUTDOWN ACK | \ |
-----------------------| \ |
stop T2-shutdown timer | \ |
send SHUTDOWN COMPLETE | \ |
delete TCB | \ |
| \ | No more outstanding
| \ |--------------------
| \ | send SHUTDOWN ACK
receive SHUTDOWN -|- \ | start T2-shutdown timer
--------------------/ | \----------\ |
send SHUTDOWN ACK | \ |
start T2-shutdown timer| \ |
| \ |
| | |
| v v
| +-----------------+
| |SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT| (7)
| +-----------------+
| | (A)
| |receive SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
| |-------------------------
| | stop T2-shutdown timer
| | delete TCB
| |
| | (B)
| | receive SHUTDOWN ACK
| |-----------------------
| | stop T2-shutdown timer
| | send SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
| | delete TCB
| |
\ +---------+ /
\-->| CLOSED |<--/
+---------+
Figure 3: State Transition Diagram of SCTP
The following applies:
1) If the State Cookie in the received COOKIE ECHO chunk is invalid
(i.e., failed to pass the integrity check), the receiver MUST
silently discard the packet. Or, if the received State Cookie is
expired (see Section 5.1.5), the receiver MUST send back an ERROR
chunk. In either case, the receiver stays in the CLOSED state.
2) If the T1-init timer expires, the endpoint MUST retransmit the
INIT chunk and restart the T1-init timer. The endpoint stays in
the COOKIE-WAIT state. This MUST be repeated up to
'Max.Init.Retransmits' times. After that, the endpoint MUST
abort the initialization process and report the error to the SCTP
user.
3) If the T1-cookie timer expires, the endpoint MUST retransmit
COOKIE ECHO chunk and restart the T1-cookie timer. The endpoint
stays in the COOKIE-ECHOED state. This MUST be repeated up to
'Max.Init.Retransmits' times. After that, the endpoint MUST
abort the initialization process and report the error to the SCTP
user.
4) In the SHUTDOWN-SENT state, the endpoint MUST acknowledge any
received DATA chunks without delay.
5) In the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state, the endpoint MUST NOT accept any
new send requests from its SCTP user.
6) In the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state, the endpoint MUST transmit or
retransmit data and leave this state when all data in queue is
transmitted.
7) In the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state, the endpoint MUST NOT accept any
new send requests from its SCTP user.
The CLOSED state is used to indicate that an association is not
created (i.e., does not exist).
5. Association Initialization
Before the first data transmission can take place from one SCTP
endpoint ("A") to another SCTP endpoint ("Z"), the two endpoints MUST
complete an initialization process in order to set up an SCTP
association between them.
The SCTP user at an endpoint can use the ASSOCIATE primitive to
initialize an SCTP association to another SCTP endpoint.
Implementation Note: From an SCTP user's point of view, an
association might be implicitly opened, without an ASSOCIATE
primitive (see Section 11.1.2) being invoked, by the initiating
endpoint's sending of the first user data to the destination
endpoint. The initiating SCTP will assume default values for all
mandatory and optional parameters for the INIT/INIT ACK chunk.
Once the association is established, unidirectional streams are open
for data transfer on both ends (see Section 5.1.1).
5.1. Normal Establishment of an Association
The initialization process consists of the following steps (assuming
that SCTP endpoint "A" tries to set up an association with SCTP
endpoint "Z" and "Z" accepts the new association):
A) "A" first builds a TCB and sends an INIT chunk to "Z". In the
INIT chunk, "A" MUST provide its Verification Tag (Tag_A) in the
Initiate Tag field. Tag_A SHOULD be a random number in the range
of 1 to 4294967295 (see Section 5.3.1 for Tag value selection).
After sending the INIT chunk, "A" starts the T1-init timer and
enters the COOKIE-WAIT state.
B) "Z" responds immediately with an INIT ACK chunk. The destination
IP address of the INIT ACK chunk MUST be set to the source IP
address of the INIT chunk to which this INIT ACK chunk is
responding. In the response, besides filling in other
parameters, "Z" MUST set the Verification Tag field to Tag_A and
also provide its own Verification Tag (Tag_Z) in the Initiate Tag
field.
Moreover, "Z" MUST generate and send along with the INIT ACK
chunk a State Cookie. See Section 5.1.3 for State Cookie
generation.
After sending an INIT ACK chunk with the State Cookie parameter,
"Z" MUST NOT allocate any resources or keep any states for the
new association. Otherwise, "Z" will be vulnerable to resource
attacks.
C) Upon reception of the INIT ACK chunk from "Z", "A" stops the
T1-init timer and leaves the COOKIE-WAIT state. "A" then sends
the State Cookie received in the INIT ACK chunk in a COOKIE ECHO
chunk, starts the T1-cookie timer, and enters the COOKIE-ECHOED
state.
The COOKIE ECHO chunk MAY be bundled with any pending outbound
DATA chunks, but it MUST be the first chunk in the packet and,
until the COOKIE ACK chunk is returned, the sender MUST NOT send
any other packets to the peer.
D) Upon reception of the COOKIE ECHO chunk, endpoint "Z" replies
with a COOKIE ACK chunk after building a TCB and moving to the
ESTABLISHED state. A COOKIE ACK chunk MAY be bundled with any
pending DATA chunks (and/or SACK chunks), but the COOKIE ACK
chunk MUST be the first chunk in the packet.
Implementation Note: An implementation can choose to send the
COMMUNICATION UP notification to the SCTP user upon reception of
a valid COOKIE ECHO chunk.
E) Upon reception of the COOKIE ACK chunk, endpoint "A" moves from
the COOKIE-ECHOED state to the ESTABLISHED state, stopping the
T1-cookie timer. It can also notify its ULP about the successful
establishment of the association with a COMMUNICATION UP
notification (see Section 11).
An INIT or INIT ACK chunk MUST NOT be bundled with any other chunk.
They MUST be the only chunks present in the SCTP packets that carry
them.
An endpoint MUST send the INIT ACK chunk to the IP address from which
it received the INIT chunk.
The T1-init timer and T1-cookie timer SHOULD follow the same rules
given in Section 6.3. If the application provided multiple IP
addresses of the peer, there SHOULD be a T1-init and T1-cookie timer
for each address of the peer. Retransmissions of INIT chunks and
COOKIE ECHO chunks SHOULD use all addresses of the peer similar to
retransmissions of DATA chunks.
If an endpoint receives an INIT, INIT ACK, or COOKIE ECHO chunk but
decides not to establish the new association due to missing mandatory
parameters in the received INIT or INIT ACK chunk, invalid parameter
values, or lack of local resources, it SHOULD respond with an ABORT
chunk. It SHOULD also specify the cause of abort, such as the type
of the missing mandatory parameters, etc., by including an error
cause in the ABORT chunk. The Verification Tag field in the common
header of the outbound SCTP packet containing the ABORT chunk MUST be
set to the Initiate Tag value of the received INIT or INIT ACK chunk
this ABORT chunk is responding to.
Note that a COOKIE ECHO chunk that does not pass the integrity check
is not considered an 'invalid mandatory parameter' and requires
special handling; see Section 5.1.5.
After the reception of the first DATA chunk in an association, the
endpoint MUST immediately respond with a SACK chunk to acknowledge
the DATA chunk. Subsequent acknowledgements SHOULD be done as
described in Section 6.2.
When the TCB is created, each endpoint MUST set its internal
Cumulative TSN Ack Point to the value of its transmitted Initial TSN
minus one.
Implementation Note: The IP addresses and SCTP port are generally
used as the key to find the TCB within an SCTP instance.
5.1.1. Handle Stream Parameters
In the INIT and INIT ACK chunks, the sender of the chunk MUST
indicate the number of outbound streams (OS) it wishes to have in the
association, as well as the maximum inbound streams (MIS) it will
accept from the other endpoint.
After receiving the stream configuration information from the other
side, each endpoint MUST perform the following check: If the peer's
MIS is less than the endpoint's OS, meaning that the peer is
incapable of supporting all the outbound streams the endpoint wants
to configure, the endpoint MUST use MIS outbound streams and MAY
report any shortage to the upper layer. The upper layer can then
choose to abort the association if the resource shortage is
unacceptable.
After the association is initialized, the valid outbound stream
identifier range for either endpoint MUST be 0 to min(local OS,
remote MIS) - 1.
5.1.2. Handle Address Parameters
During the association initialization, an endpoint uses the following
rules to discover and collect the destination transport address(es)
of its peer.
A) If there are no address parameters present in the received INIT
or INIT ACK chunk, the endpoint MUST take the source IP address
from which the chunk arrives and record it, in combination with
the SCTP Source Port Number, as the only destination transport
address for this peer.
B) If there is a Host Name Address parameter present in the received
INIT or INIT ACK chunk, the endpoint MUST immediately send an
ABORT chunk and MAY include an "Unresolvable Address" error cause
to its peer. The ABORT chunk SHOULD be sent to the source IP
address from which the last peer packet was received.
C) If there are only IPv4/IPv6 addresses present in the received
INIT or INIT ACK chunk, the receiver MUST derive and record all
the transport addresses from the received chunk AND the source IP
address that sent the INIT or INIT ACK chunk. The transport
addresses are derived by the combination of SCTP Source Port
Number (from the common header) and the IP Address parameter(s)
carried in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk and the source IP address
of the IP datagram. The receiver SHOULD use only these transport
addresses as destination transport addresses when sending
subsequent packets to its peer.
D) An INIT or INIT ACK chunk MUST be treated as belonging to an
already established association (or one in the process of being
established) if the use of any of the valid address parameters
contained within the chunk would identify an existing TCB.
Implementation Note: In some cases (e.g., when the implementation
does not control the source IP address that is used for
transmitting), an endpoint might need to include in its INIT or INIT
ACK chunk all possible IP addresses from which packets to the peer
could be transmitted.
After all transport addresses are derived from the INIT or INIT ACK
chunk using the above rules, the endpoint selects one of the
transport addresses as the initial primary path.
The packet containing the INIT ACK chunk MUST be sent to the source
address of the packet containing the INIT chunk.
The sender of INIT chunks MAY include a 'Supported Address Types'
parameter in the INIT chunk to indicate what types of addresses are
acceptable.
Implementation Note: In the case that the receiver of an INIT ACK
chunk fails to resolve the address parameter due to an unsupported
type, it can abort the initiation process and then attempt a
reinitiation by using a 'Supported Address Types' parameter in the
new INIT chunk to indicate what types of address it prefers.
If an SCTP endpoint that only supports either IPv4 or IPv6 receives
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in an INIT or INIT ACK chunk from its peer,
it MUST use all the addresses belonging to the supported address
family. The other addresses MAY be ignored. The endpoint SHOULD NOT
respond with any kind of error indication.
If an SCTP endpoint lists in the 'Supported Address Types' parameter
either IPv4 or IPv6 but uses the other family for sending the packet
containing the INIT chunk, or if it also lists addresses of the other
family in the INIT chunk, then the address family that is not listed
in the 'Supported Address Types' parameter SHOULD also be considered
as supported by the receiver of the INIT chunk. The receiver of the
INIT chunk SHOULD NOT respond with any kind of error indication.
5.1.3. Generating State Cookie
When sending an INIT ACK chunk as a response to an INIT chunk, the
sender of the INIT ACK chunk creates a State Cookie and sends it in
the State Cookie parameter of the INIT ACK chunk. Inside this State
Cookie, the sender MUST include a MAC (see [RFC2104] for an example)
to provide integrity protection on the State Cookie. The State
Cookie SHOULD also contain a timestamp on when the State Cookie is
created and the lifespan of the State Cookie, along with all the
information necessary for it to establish the association, including
the port numbers and the Verification Tags.
The method used to generate the MAC is strictly a private matter for
the receiver of the INIT chunk. The use of a MAC is mandatory to
prevent denial-of-service attacks. MAC algorithms can have different
performances depending on the platform. Choosing a high-performance
MAC algorithm increases the resistance against cookie flooding
attacks. A MAC with acceptable security properties SHOULD be used.
The secret key SHOULD be random ([RFC4086] provides some information
on randomness guidelines). The secret keys need to have an
appropriate size. The secret key SHOULD be changed reasonably
frequently (e.g., hourly), and the timestamp in the State Cookie MAY
be used to determine which key is used to verify the MAC.
If the State Cookie is not encrypted, it MUST NOT contain information
that is not being envisioned to be shared.
An implementation SHOULD make the cookie as small as possible to
ensure interoperability.
5.1.4. State Cookie Processing
When an endpoint (in the COOKIE-WAIT state) receives an INIT ACK
chunk with a State Cookie parameter, it MUST immediately send a
COOKIE ECHO chunk to its peer with the received State Cookie. The
sender MAY also add any pending DATA chunks to the packet after the
COOKIE ECHO chunk.
The endpoint MUST also start the T1-cookie timer after sending the
COOKIE ECHO chunk. If the timer expires, the endpoint MUST
retransmit the COOKIE ECHO chunk and restart the T1-cookie timer.
This is repeated until either a COOKIE ACK chunk is received or
'Max.Init.Retransmits' (see Section 16) is reached, causing the peer
endpoint to be marked unreachable (and thus the association enters
the CLOSED state).
5.1.5. State Cookie Authentication
When an endpoint receives a COOKIE ECHO chunk from another endpoint
with which it has no association, it takes the following actions:
1) Compute a MAC using the information carried in the State Cookie
and the secret key. The timestamp in the State Cookie MAY be
used to determine which secret key to use. If secrets are kept
only for a limited amount of time and the secret key to use is
not available anymore, the packet containing the COOKIE ECHO
chunk MUST be silently discarded. [RFC2104] can be used as a
guideline for generating the MAC.
2) Authenticate the State Cookie as one that it previously generated
by comparing the computed MAC against the one carried in the
State Cookie. If this comparison fails, the SCTP packet,
including the COOKIE ECHO chunk and any DATA chunks, MUST be
silently discarded.
3) Compare the port numbers and the Verification Tag contained
within the COOKIE ECHO chunk to the actual port numbers and the
Verification Tag within the SCTP common header of the received
packet. If these values do not match, the packet MUST be
silently discarded.
4) Compare the creation timestamp in the State Cookie to the current
local time. If the elapsed time is longer than the lifespan
carried in the State Cookie, then the packet, including the
COOKIE ECHO chunk and any attached DATA chunks, SHOULD be
discarded, and the endpoint MUST transmit an ERROR chunk with a
"Stale Cookie" error cause to the peer endpoint.
5) If the State Cookie is valid, create an association to the sender
of the COOKIE ECHO chunk with the information in the State Cookie
carried in the COOKIE ECHO chunk and enter the ESTABLISHED state.
6) Send a COOKIE ACK chunk to the peer acknowledging receipt of the
COOKIE ECHO chunk. The COOKIE ACK chunk MAY be bundled with an
outbound DATA chunk or SACK chunk; however, the COOKIE ACK chunk
MUST be the first chunk in the SCTP packet.
7) Immediately acknowledge any DATA chunk bundled with the COOKIE
ECHO chunk with a SACK chunk (subsequent DATA chunk
acknowledgement SHOULD follow the rules defined in Section 6.2).
As mentioned in step 6, if the SACK chunk is bundled with the
COOKIE ACK chunk, the COOKIE ACK chunk MUST appear first in the
SCTP packet.
If a COOKIE ECHO chunk is received from an endpoint with which the
receiver of the COOKIE ECHO chunk has an existing association, the
procedures in Section 5.2 SHOULD be followed.
5.1.6. An Example of Normal Association Establishment
In the following example, "A" initiates the association and then
sends a user message to "Z"; then, "Z" sends two user messages to "A"
later (assuming no bundling or fragmentation occurs):
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{app sets association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A
& other info] ------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (compose Cookie_Z)
/-- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A,
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z,
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z, & other info]
COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
(Start T1-cookie timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (build TCB, enter ESTABLISHED
state)
/---- COOKIE ACK
/
(Cancel T1-cookie timer, <---/
enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=init TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_A,
Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
...
{app sends 2 messages;strm 0}
/---- DATA
/ [TSN=init TSN_Z,
<--/ Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data 1]
SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_Z, /---- DATA
Block=0] --------\ / [TSN=init TSN_Z +1,
\/ Strm=0,Seq=1 & user data 2]
<------/\
\
\------>
Figure 4: A Setup Example
If the T1-init timer expires at "A" after the INIT or COOKIE ECHO
chunks are sent, the same INIT or COOKIE ECHO chunk with the same
Initiate Tag (i.e., Tag_A) or State Cookie is retransmitted and the
timer is restarted. This is repeated 'Max.Init.Retransmits' times
before "A" considers "Z" unreachable and reports the failure to its
upper layer (and thus the association enters the CLOSED state).
When retransmitting the INIT chunk, the endpoint MUST follow the
rules defined in Section 6.3 to determine the proper timer value.
5.2. Handle Duplicate or Unexpected INIT, INIT ACK, COOKIE ECHO, and
COOKIE ACK Chunks
During the life time of an association (in one of the possible
states), an endpoint can receive from its peer endpoint one of the
setup chunks (INIT, INIT ACK, COOKIE ECHO, or COOKIE ACK). The
receiver treats such a setup chunk as a duplicate and process it as
described in this section.
Note: An endpoint will not receive the chunk unless the chunk was
sent to an SCTP transport address and is from an SCTP transport
address associated with this endpoint. Therefore, the endpoint
processes such a chunk as part of its current association.
The following scenarios can cause duplicated or unexpected chunks:
A) the peer has crashed without being detected, restarted itself,
and sent a new INIT chunk trying to restore the association,
B) both sides are trying to initialize the association at about the
same time,
C) the chunk is from a stale packet that was used to establish the
present association or a past association that is no longer in
existence,
D) the chunk is a false packet generated by an attacker, or
E) the peer never received the COOKIE ACK chunk and is
retransmitting its COOKIE ECHO chunk.
The rules in the following sections are applied in order to identify
and correctly handle these cases.
5.2.1. INIT Chunk Received in COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED State (Item
B)
This usually indicates an initialization collision, i.e., each
endpoint is attempting, at about the same time, to establish an
association with the other endpoint.
Upon receipt of an INIT chunk in the COOKIE-WAIT state, an endpoint
MUST respond with an INIT ACK chunk using the same parameters it sent
in its original INIT chunk (including its Initiate Tag, unchanged).
When responding, the following rules MUST be applied:
1) The packet containing the INIT ACK chunk MUST only be sent to an
address passed by the upper layer in the request to initialize
the association.
2) The packet containing the INIT ACK chunk MUST only be sent to an
address reported in the incoming INIT chunk.
3) The packet containing the INIT ACK chunk SHOULD be sent to the
source address of the received packet containing the INIT chunk.
Upon receipt of an INIT chunk in the COOKIE-ECHOED state, an endpoint
MUST respond with an INIT ACK chunk using the same parameters it sent
in its original INIT chunk (including its Initiate Tag, unchanged),
provided that no new address has been added to the forming
association. If the INIT chunk indicates that a new address has been
added to the association, then the entire INIT chunk MUST be
discarded, and the state of the existing association SHOULD NOT be
changed. An ABORT chunk SHOULD be sent in a response that MAY
include the "Restart of an Association with New Addresses" error
cause. The error SHOULD list the addresses that were added to the
restarting association.
When responding in either state (COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED) with
an INIT ACK chunk, the original parameters are combined with those
from the newly received INIT chunk. The endpoint MUST also generate
a State Cookie with the INIT ACK chunk. The endpoint uses the
parameters sent in its INIT chunk to calculate the State Cookie.
After that, the endpoint MUST NOT change its state, the T1-init timer
MUST be left running, and the corresponding TCB MUST NOT be
destroyed. The normal procedures for handling State Cookies when a
TCB exists will resolve the duplicate INIT chunks to a single
association.
For an endpoint that is in the COOKIE-ECHOED state, it MUST populate
its Tie-Tags within both the association TCB and inside the State
Cookie (see Section 5.2.2 for a description of the Tie-Tags).
5.2.2. Unexpected INIT Chunk in States Other than CLOSED, COOKIE-
ECHOED, COOKIE-WAIT, and SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
Unless otherwise stated, upon receipt of an unexpected INIT chunk for
this association, the endpoint MUST generate an INIT ACK chunk with a
State Cookie. Before responding, the endpoint MUST check to see if
the unexpected INIT chunk adds new addresses to the association. If
new addresses are added to the association, the endpoint MUST respond
with an ABORT chunk, copying the 'Initiate Tag' of the unexpected
INIT chunk into the 'Verification Tag' of the outbound packet
carrying the ABORT chunk. In the ABORT chunk, the error cause MAY be
set to "Restart of an Association with New Addresses". The error
SHOULD list the addresses that were added to the restarting
association. If no new addresses are added, when responding to the
INIT chunk in the outbound INIT ACK chunk, the endpoint MUST copy its
current Tie-Tags to a reserved place within the State Cookie and the
association's TCB. We refer to these locations inside the cookie as
the Peer's-Tie-Tag and the Local-Tie-Tag. We will refer to the copy
within an association's TCB as the Local Tag and Peer's Tag. The
outbound SCTP packet containing this INIT ACK chunk MUST carry a
Verification Tag value equal to the Initiate Tag found in the
unexpected INIT chunk. And the INIT ACK chunk MUST contain a new
Initiate Tag (randomly generated; see Section 5.3.1). Other
parameters for the endpoint SHOULD be copied from the existing
parameters of the association (e.g., number of outbound streams) into
the INIT ACK chunk and cookie.
After sending the INIT ACK or ABORT chunk, the endpoint MUST take no
further actions, i.e., the existing association, including its
current state, and the corresponding TCB MUST NOT be changed.
Only when a TCB exists and the association is not in a COOKIE-WAIT or
SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state are the Tie-Tags populated with a random
value other than 0. For a normal association INIT chunk (i.e., the
endpoint is in the CLOSED state), the Tie-Tags MUST be set to 0
(indicating that no previous TCB existed).
5.2.3. Unexpected INIT ACK Chunk
If an INIT ACK chunk is received by an endpoint in any state other
than the COOKIE-WAIT or CLOSED state, the endpoint SHOULD discard the
INIT ACK chunk. An unexpected INIT ACK chunk usually indicates the
processing of an old or duplicated INIT chunk.
5.2.4. Handle a COOKIE ECHO Chunk When a TCB Exists
When a COOKIE ECHO chunk is received by an endpoint in any state for
an existing association (i.e., not in the CLOSED state), the
following rules are applied:
1) Compute a MAC as described in step 1 of Section 5.1.5.
2) Authenticate the State Cookie as described in step 2 of
Section 5.1.5 (this is case C or D above).
3) Compare the timestamp in the State Cookie to the current time.
If the State Cookie is older than the lifespan carried in the
State Cookie and the Verification Tags contained in the State
Cookie do not match the current association's Verification Tags,
the packet, including the COOKIE ECHO chunk and any DATA chunks,
SHOULD be discarded. The endpoint also MUST transmit an ERROR
chunk with a "Stale Cookie" error cause to the peer endpoint
(this is case C or D in Section 5.2).
If both Verification Tags in the State Cookie match the
Verification Tags of the current association, consider the State
Cookie valid (this is case E in Section 5.2), even if the
lifespan is exceeded.
4) If the State Cookie proves to be valid, unpack the TCB into a
temporary TCB.
5) Refer to Table 12 to determine the correct action to be taken.
+===========+============+===============+================+========+
| Local Tag | Peer's Tag | Local-Tie-Tag | Peer's-Tie-Tag | Action |
+===========+============+===============+================+========+
| X | X | M | M | (A) |
+-----------+------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
| M | X | A | A | (B) |
+-----------+------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
| M | 0 | A | A | (B) |
+-----------+------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
| X | M | 0 | 0 | (C) |
+-----------+------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
| M | M | A | A | (D) |
+-----------+------------+---------------+----------------+--------+
Table 12: Handling of a COOKIE ECHO Chunk When a TCB Exists
Legend:
X - Tag does not match the existing TCB.
M - Tag matches the existing TCB.
0 - Tag unknown (Peer's Tag not known yet / No Tie-Tag in cookie).
A - All cases, i.e., M, X, or 0.
For any case not shown in Table 12, the cookie SHOULD be silently
discarded.
Action:
A) In this case, the peer might have restarted. When the endpoint
recognizes this potential 'restart', the existing session is
treated the same as if it received an ABORT chunk followed by a
new COOKIE ECHO chunk with the following exceptions:
* Any SCTP DATA chunks MAY be retained (this is an
implementation-specific option).
* A RESTART notification SHOULD be sent to the ULP instead of a
COMMUNICATION LOST notification.
All the congestion control parameters (e.g., cwnd, ssthresh)
related to this peer MUST be reset to their initial values (see
Section 6.2.1).
After this, the endpoint enters the ESTABLISHED state.
If the endpoint is in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state and recognizes
that the peer has restarted (Action A), it MUST NOT set up a new
association but instead resend the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk and send an
ERROR chunk with a "Cookie Received While Shutting Down" error
cause to its peer.
B) In this case, both sides might be attempting to start an
association at about the same time, but the peer endpoint sent
its INIT chunk after responding to the local endpoint's INIT
chunk. Thus, it might have picked a new Verification Tag, not
being aware of the previous tag it had sent this endpoint. The
endpoint SHOULD stay in or enter the ESTABLISHED state, but it
MUST update its peer's Verification Tag from the State Cookie,
stop any T1-init or T1-cookie timers that might be running, and
send a COOKIE ACK chunk.
C) In this case, the local endpoint's cookie has arrived late.
Before it arrived, the local endpoint sent an INIT chunk and
received an INIT ACK chunk and finally sent a COOKIE ECHO chunk
with the peer's same tag but a new tag of its own. The cookie
SHOULD be silently discarded. The endpoint SHOULD NOT change
states and SHOULD leave any timers running.
D) When both local and remote tags match, the endpoint SHOULD enter
the ESTABLISHED state if it is in the COOKIE-ECHOED state. It
SHOULD stop any T1-cookie timer that is running and send a COOKIE
ACK chunk.
Note: The "peer's Verification Tag" is the tag received in the
Initiate Tag field of the INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
5.2.4.1. An Example of an Association Restart
In the following example, "A" initiates the association after a
restart has occurred. Endpoint "Z" had no knowledge of the restart
until the exchange (i.e., Heartbeats had not yet detected the failure
of "A") (assuming no bundling or fragmentation occurs):
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
<-------------- Association is established---------------------->
Tag=Tag_A Tag=Tag_Z
<--------------------------------------------------------------->
{A crashes and restarts}
{app sets up an association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A'
& other info] --------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (find an existing TCB,
populate TieTags if needed,
compose Cookie_Z with Tie-Tags
and other info)
/--- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A',
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z',
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z]
(leave original TCB in place)
COOKIE ECHO [Veri=Tag_Z',
Cookie_Z]-------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (Find existing association,
Tie-Tags in Cookie_Z match
Tie-Tags in TCB,
Tags do not match, i.e.,
case X X M M above,
Announce Restart to ULP
and reset association).
/---- COOKIE ACK
(Cancel T1-init timer, <------/
Enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=Initial TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/--- SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_A,Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
Figure 5: A Restart Example
5.2.5. Handle Duplicate COOKIE ACK Chunk
At any state other than COOKIE-ECHOED, an endpoint SHOULD silently
discard a received COOKIE ACK chunk.
5.2.6. Handle Stale Cookie Error
Receipt of an ERROR chunk with a "Stale Cookie" error cause indicates
one of a number of possible events:
A) The association failed to completely set up before the State
Cookie issued by the sender was processed.
B) An old State Cookie was processed after setup completed.
C) An old State Cookie is received from someone that the receiver is
not interested in having an association with and the ABORT chunk
was lost.
When processing an ERROR chunk with a "Stale Cookie" error cause, an
endpoint SHOULD first examine if an association is in the process of
being set up, i.e., the association is in the COOKIE-ECHOED state.
In all cases, if the association is not in the COOKIE-ECHOED state,
the ERROR chunk SHOULD be silently discarded.
If the association is in the COOKIE-ECHOED state, the endpoint MAY
elect one of the following three alternatives.
1) Send a new INIT chunk to the endpoint to generate a new State
Cookie and reattempt the setup procedure.
2) Discard the TCB and report to the upper layer the inability to
set up the association.
3) Send a new INIT chunk to the endpoint, adding a Cookie
Preservative parameter requesting an extension to the life time
of the State Cookie. When calculating the time extension, an
implementation SHOULD use the RTT information measured based on
the previous COOKIE ECHO/ERROR chunk exchange and SHOULD add no
more than 1 second beyond the measured RTT, due to long State
Cookie life times making the endpoint more subject to a replay
attack.
5.3. Other Initialization Issues
5.3.1. Selection of Tag Value
Initiate Tag values SHOULD be selected from the range of 1 to 2^32 -
1. It is very important that the Initiate Tag value be randomized to
help protect against off-path attacks. The methods described in
[RFC4086] can be used for the Initiate Tag randomization. Careful
selection of Initiate Tags is also necessary to prevent old duplicate
packets from previous associations being mistakenly processed as
belonging to the current association.
Moreover, the Verification Tag value used by either endpoint in a
given association MUST NOT change during the life time of an
association. A new Verification Tag value MUST be used each time the
endpoint tears down and then reestablishes an association to the same
peer.
5.4. Path Verification
During association establishment, the two peers exchange a list of
addresses. In the predominant case, these lists accurately represent
the addresses owned by each peer. However, a misbehaving peer might
supply addresses that it does not own. To prevent this, the
following rules are applied to all addresses of the new association:
1) Any addresses passed to the sender of the INIT chunk by its upper
layer in the request to initialize an association are
automatically considered to be CONFIRMED.
2) For the receiver of the COOKIE ECHO chunk, the only CONFIRMED
address is the address to which the packet containing the INIT
ACK chunk was sent.
3) All other addresses not covered by rules 1 and 2 are considered
UNCONFIRMED and are subject to probing for verification.
To probe an address for verification, an endpoint will send HEARTBEAT
chunks including a 64-bit random nonce and a path indicator (to
identify the address that the HEARTBEAT chunk is sent to) within the
Heartbeat Info parameter.
Upon receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk, a verification is made that
the nonce included in the Heartbeat Info parameter is the one sent to
the address indicated inside the Heartbeat Info parameter. When this
match occurs, the address that the original HEARTBEAT was sent to is
now considered CONFIRMED and available for normal data transfer.
These probing procedures are started when an association moves to the
ESTABLISHED state and are ended when all paths are confirmed.
In each RTO, a probe MAY be sent on an active UNCONFIRMED path in an
attempt to move it to the CONFIRMED state. If during this probing
the path becomes inactive, this rate is lowered to the normal
HEARTBEAT rate. At the expiration of the RTO timer, the error
counter of any path that was probed but not CONFIRMED is incremented
by one and subjected to path failure detection, as defined in
Section 8.2. When probing UNCONFIRMED addresses, however, the
association overall error count is not incremented.
The number of packets containing HEARTBEAT chunks sent at each RTO
SHOULD be limited by the 'HB.Max.Burst' parameter. It is an
implementation decision as to how to distribute packets containing
HEARTBEAT chunks to the peer's addresses for path verification.
Whenever a path is confirmed, an indication MAY be given to the upper
layer.
An endpoint MUST NOT send any chunks to an UNCONFIRMED address, with
the following exceptions:
* A HEARTBEAT chunk including a nonce MAY be sent to an UNCONFIRMED
address.
* A HEARTBEAT ACK chunk MAY be sent to an UNCONFIRMED address.
* A COOKIE ACK chunk MAY be sent to an UNCONFIRMED address, but it
MUST be bundled with a HEARTBEAT chunk including a nonce. An
implementation that does not support bundling MUST NOT send a
COOKIE ACK chunk to an UNCONFIRMED address.
* A COOKIE ECHO chunk MAY be sent to an UNCONFIRMED address, but it
MUST be bundled with a HEARTBEAT chunk including a nonce, and the
size of the SCTP packet MUST NOT exceed the PMTU. If the
implementation does not support bundling or if the bundled COOKIE
ECHO chunk plus HEARTBEAT chunk (including nonce) would result in
an SCTP packet larger than the PMTU, then the implementation MUST
NOT send a COOKIE ECHO chunk to an UNCONFIRMED address.
6. User Data Transfer
Data transmission MUST only happen in the ESTABLISHED, SHUTDOWN-
PENDING, and SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED states. The only exception to this is
that DATA chunks are allowed to be bundled with an outbound COOKIE
ECHO chunk when in the COOKIE-WAIT state.
DATA chunks MUST only be received according to the rules below in
ESTABLISHED, SHUTDOWN-PENDING, and SHUTDOWN-SENT states. A DATA
chunk received in CLOSED is out of the blue and SHOULD be handled per
Section 8.4. A DATA chunk received in any other state SHOULD be
discarded.
A SACK chunk MUST be processed in ESTABLISHED, SHUTDOWN-PENDING, and
SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED states. An incoming SACK chunk MAY be processed in
COOKIE-ECHOED. A SACK chunk in the CLOSED state is out of the blue
and SHOULD be processed according to the rules in Section 8.4. A
SACK chunk received in any other state SHOULD be discarded.
For transmission efficiency, SCTP defines mechanisms for bundling of
small user messages and fragmentation of large user messages. The
following diagram depicts the flow of user messages through SCTP.
In this section, the term "data sender" refers to the endpoint that
transmits a DATA chunk, and the term "data receiver" refers to the
endpoint that receives a DATA chunk. A data receiver will transmit
SACK chunks.
+-------------------------+
| User Messages |
+-------------------------+
SCTP user ^ |
==================|==|=======================================
| v (1)
+------------------+ +---------------------+
| SCTP DATA Chunks | | SCTP Control Chunks |
+------------------+ +---------------------+
^ | ^ |
| v (2) | v (2)
+--------------------------+
| SCTP packets |
+--------------------------+
SCTP ^ |
===========================|==|===========================
| v
Connectionless Packet Transfer Service (e.g., IP)
Figure 6: Illustration of User Data Transfer
The following applies:
1) When converting user messages into DATA chunks, an endpoint MUST
fragment large user messages into multiple DATA chunks. The size
of each DATA chunk SHOULD be smaller than or equal to the
Association Maximum DATA Chunk Size (AMDCS). The data receiver
will normally reassemble the fragmented message from DATA chunks
before delivery to the user (see Section 6.9 for details).
2) Multiple DATA and control chunks MAY be bundled by the sender
into a single SCTP packet for transmission, as long as the final
size of the SCTP packet does not exceed the current PMTU. The
receiver will unbundle the packet back into the original chunks.
Control chunks MUST come before DATA chunks in the packet.
The fragmentation and bundling mechanisms, as detailed in Sections
6.9 and 6.10, are OPTIONAL to implement by the data sender, but they
MUST be implemented by the data receiver, i.e., an endpoint MUST
properly receive and process bundled or fragmented data.
6.1. Transmission of DATA Chunks
This section specifies the rules for sending DATA chunks. In
particular, it defines zero window probing, which is required to
avoid the indefinite stalling of an association in case of a loss of
packets containing SACK chunks performing window updates.
This document is specified as if there is a single retransmission
timer per destination transport address, but implementations MAY have
a retransmission timer for each DATA chunk.
The following general rules MUST be applied by the data sender for
transmission and/or retransmission of outbound DATA chunks:
A) At any given time, the data sender MUST NOT transmit new data to
any destination transport address if its peer's rwnd indicates
that the peer has no buffer space (i.e., rwnd is smaller than the
size of the next DATA chunk; see Section 6.2.1), except for zero
window probes.
A zero window probe is a DATA chunk sent when the receiver has no
buffer space. This rule allows the sender to probe for a change
in rwnd that the sender missed due to the SACK chunks having been
lost in transit from the data receiver to the data sender. A
zero window probe MUST only be sent when the cwnd allows (see
rule B below). A zero window probe SHOULD only be sent when all
outstanding DATA chunks have been cumulatively acknowledged and
no DATA chunks are in flight. Senders MUST support zero window
probing.
If the sender continues to receive SACK chunks from the peer
while doing zero window probing, the unacknowledged window probes
SHOULD NOT increment the error counter for the association or any
destination transport address. This is because the receiver
could keep its window closed for an indefinite time. Section 6.2
describes the receiver behavior when it advertises a zero window.
The sender SHOULD send the first zero window probe after 1 RTO
when it detects that the receiver has closed its window and
SHOULD increase the probe interval exponentially afterwards.
Also note that the cwnd SHOULD be adjusted according to
Section 7.2.1. Zero window probing does not affect the
calculation of cwnd.
The sender MUST also have an algorithm for sending new DATA
chunks to avoid silly window syndrome (SWS) as described in
[RFC1122]. The algorithm can be similar to the one described in
Section 4.2.3.4 of [RFC1122].
B) At any given time, the sender MUST NOT transmit new data to a
given transport address if it has cwnd + (PMDCS - 1) or more
bytes of data outstanding to that transport address. If data is
available, the sender SHOULD exceed cwnd by up to (PMDCS - 1)
bytes on a new data transmission if the flightsize does not
currently reach cwnd. The breach of cwnd MUST constitute one
packet only.
C) When the time comes for the sender to transmit, before sending
new DATA chunks, the sender MUST first transmit any DATA chunks
that are marked for retransmission (limited by the current cwnd).
D) When the time comes for the sender to transmit new DATA chunks,
the protocol parameter 'Max.Burst' SHOULD be used to limit the
number of packets sent. The limit MAY be applied by adjusting
cwnd temporarily, as follows:
if ((flightsize + Max.Burst * PMDCS) < cwnd)
cwnd = flightsize + Max.Burst * PMDCS
Or, it MAY be applied by strictly limiting the number of packets
emitted by the output routine. When calculating the number of
packets to transmit, and particularly when using the formula
above, cwnd SHOULD NOT be changed permanently.
E) Then, the sender can send as many new DATA chunks as rule A and
rule B allow.
Multiple DATA chunks committed for transmission MAY be bundled in a
single packet. Furthermore, DATA chunks being retransmitted MAY be
bundled with new DATA chunks, as long as the resulting SCTP packet
size does not exceed the PMTU. A ULP can request that no bundling is
performed, but this only turns off any delays that an SCTP
implementation might be using to increase bundling efficiency. It
does not in itself stop all bundling from occurring (i.e., in case of
congestion or retransmission).
Before an endpoint transmits a DATA chunk, if any received DATA
chunks have not been acknowledged (e.g., due to delayed ack), the
sender SHOULD create a SACK chunk and bundle it with the outbound
DATA chunk, as long as the size of the final SCTP packet does not
exceed the current PMTU. See Section 6.2.
When the window is full (i.e., transmission is disallowed by rule A
and/or rule B), the sender MAY still accept send requests from its
upper layer but MUST transmit no more DATA chunks until some or all
of the outstanding DATA chunks are acknowledged and transmission is
allowed by rule A and rule B again.
Whenever a transmission or retransmission is made to any address, if
the T3-rtx timer of that address is not currently running, the sender
MUST start that timer. If the timer for that address is already
running, the sender MUST restart the timer if the earliest (i.e.,
lowest TSN) outstanding DATA chunk sent to that address is being
retransmitted. Otherwise, the data sender MUST NOT restart the
timer.
When starting or restarting the T3-rtx timer, the timer value SHOULD
be adjusted according to the timer rules defined in Sections 6.3.2
and 6.3.3.
The data sender MUST NOT use a TSN that is more than 2^31 - 1 above
the beginning TSN of the current send window.
For each stream, the data sender MUST NOT have more than 2^16 - 1
ordered user messages in the current send window.
Whenever the sender of a DATA chunk can benefit from the
corresponding SACK chunk being sent back without delay, the sender
MAY set the I bit in the DATA chunk header. Please note that why the
sender has set the I bit is irrelevant to the receiver.
Reasons for setting the I bit include, but are not limited to, the
following (see Section 4 of [RFC7053] for a discussion of the
benefits):
* The application requests that the I bit of the last DATA chunk of
a user message be set when providing the user message to the SCTP
implementation (see Section 11.1).
* The sender is in the SHUTDOWN-PENDING state.
* The sending of a DATA chunk fills the congestion or receiver
window.
6.2. Acknowledgement on Reception of DATA Chunks
The SCTP endpoint MUST always acknowledge the reception of each valid
DATA chunk when the DATA chunk received is inside its receive window.
When the receiver's advertised window is 0, the receiver MUST drop
any new incoming DATA chunk with a TSN larger than the largest TSN
received so far. Also, if the new incoming DATA chunk holds a TSN
value less than the largest TSN received so far, then the receiver
SHOULD drop the largest TSN held for reordering and accept the new
incoming DATA chunk. In either case, if such a DATA chunk is
dropped, the receiver MUST immediately send back a SACK chunk with
the current receive window showing only DATA chunks received and
accepted so far. The dropped DATA chunk(s) MUST NOT be included in
the SACK chunk, as they were not accepted. The receiver MUST also
have an algorithm for advertising its receive window to avoid
receiver silly window syndrome (SWS), as described in [RFC1122]. The
algorithm can be similar to the one described in Section 4.2.3.3 of
[RFC1122].
The guidelines on the delayed acknowledgement algorithm specified in
Section 4.2 of [RFC5681] SHOULD be followed. Specifically, an
acknowledgement SHOULD be generated for at least every second packet
(not every second DATA chunk) received and SHOULD be generated within
200 ms of the arrival of any unacknowledged DATA chunk. In some
situations, it might be beneficial for an SCTP transmitter to be more
conservative than the algorithms detailed in this document allow.
However, an SCTP transmitter MUST NOT be more aggressive in sending
SACK chunks than the following algorithms allow.
An SCTP receiver MUST NOT generate more than one SACK chunk for every
incoming packet, other than to update the offered window as the
receiving application consumes new data. When the window opens up,
an SCTP receiver SHOULD send additional SACK chunks to update the
window even if no new data is received. The receiver MUST avoid
sending a large number of window updates -- in particular, large
bursts of them. One way to achieve this is to send a window update
only if the window can be increased by at least a quarter of the
receive buffer size of the association.
Implementation Note: The maximum delay for generating an
acknowledgement MAY be configured by the SCTP administrator, either
statically or dynamically, in order to meet the specific timing
requirement of the protocol being carried.
An implementation MUST NOT allow the maximum delay (protocol
parameter 'SACK.Delay') to be configured to be more than 500 ms. In
other words, an implementation MAY lower the value of 'SACK.Delay'
below 500 ms but MUST NOT raise it above 500 ms.
Acknowledgements MUST be sent in SACK chunks unless shutdown was
requested by the ULP, in which case an endpoint MAY send an
acknowledgement in the SHUTDOWN chunk. A SACK chunk can acknowledge
the reception of multiple DATA chunks. See Section 3.3.4 for SACK
chunk format. In particular, the SCTP endpoint MUST fill in the
Cumulative TSN Ack field to indicate the latest sequential TSN (of a
valid DATA chunk) it has received. Any received DATA chunks with TSN
greater than the value in the Cumulative TSN Ack field are reported
in the Gap Ack Block fields. The SCTP endpoint MUST report as many
Gap Ack Blocks as can fit in a single SACK chunk such that the size
of the SCTP packet does not exceed the current PMTU.
The SHUTDOWN chunk does not contain Gap Ack Block fields. Therefore,
the endpoint SHOULD use a SACK chunk instead of the SHUTDOWN chunk to
acknowledge DATA chunks received out of order.
Upon receipt of an SCTP packet containing a DATA chunk with the I bit
set, the receiver SHOULD NOT delay the sending of the corresponding
SACK chunk, i.e., the receiver SHOULD immediately respond with the
corresponding SACK chunk.
When a packet arrives with duplicate DATA chunk(s) and with no new
DATA chunk(s), the endpoint MUST immediately send a SACK chunk with
no delay. If a packet arrives with duplicate DATA chunk(s) bundled
with new DATA chunks, the endpoint MAY immediately send a SACK chunk.
Normally, receipt of duplicate DATA chunks will occur when the
original SACK chunk was lost and the peer's RTO has expired. The
duplicate TSN number(s) SHOULD be reported in the SACK chunk as
duplicate.
When an endpoint receives a SACK chunk, it MAY use the duplicate TSN
information to determine if SACK chunk loss is occurring. Further
use of this data is for future study.
The data receiver is responsible for maintaining its receive buffers.
The data receiver SHOULD notify the data sender in a timely manner of
changes in its ability to receive data. How an implementation
manages its receive buffers is dependent on many factors (e.g.,
operating system, memory management system, amount of memory, etc.).
However, the data sender strategy defined in Section 6.2.1 is based
on the assumption of receiver operation similar to the following:
A) At initialization of the association, the endpoint tells the peer
how much receive buffer space it has allocated to the association
in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk. The endpoint sets a_rwnd to this
value.
B) As DATA chunks are received and buffered, decrement a_rwnd by the
number of bytes received and buffered. This is, in effect,
closing rwnd at the data sender and restricting the amount of
data it can transmit.
C) As DATA chunks are delivered to the ULP and released from the
receive buffers, increment a_rwnd by the number of bytes
delivered to the upper layer. This is, in effect, opening up
rwnd on the data sender and allowing it to send more data. The
data receiver SHOULD NOT increment a_rwnd unless it has released
bytes from its receive buffer. For example, if the receiver is
holding fragmented DATA chunks in a reassembly queue, it SHOULD
NOT increment a_rwnd.
D) When sending a SACK chunk, the data receiver SHOULD place the
current value of a_rwnd into the a_rwnd field. The data receiver
SHOULD take into account that the data sender will not retransmit
DATA chunks that are acked via the Cumulative TSN Ack (i.e., will
drop from its retransmit queue).
Under certain circumstances, the data receiver MAY drop DATA chunks
that it has received but has not released from its receive buffers
(i.e., delivered to the ULP). These DATA chunks might have been
acked in Gap Ack Blocks. For example, the data receiver might be
holding data in its receive buffers while reassembling a fragmented
user message from its peer when it runs out of receive buffer space.
It MAY drop these DATA chunks even though it has acknowledged them in
Gap Ack Blocks. If a data receiver drops DATA chunks, it MUST NOT
include them in Gap Ack Blocks in subsequent SACK chunks until they
are received again via retransmission. In addition, the endpoint
SHOULD take into account the dropped data when calculating its
a_rwnd.
An endpoint SHOULD NOT revoke a SACK chunk and discard data. Only in
extreme circumstances might an endpoint use this procedure (such as
out of buffer space). The data receiver SHOULD take into account
that dropping data that has been acked in Gap Ack Blocks can result
in suboptimal retransmission strategies in the data sender and thus
in suboptimal performance.
The following example illustrates the use of delayed
acknowledgements:
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{App sends 3 messages; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=7,Strm=0,Seq=3] ------------> (ack delayed)
(Start T3-rtx timer)
DATA [TSN=8,Strm=0,Seq=4] ------------> (send ack)
/------- SACK [TSN Ack=8,block=0]
(cancel T3-rtx timer) <-----/
DATA [TSN=9,Strm=0,Seq=5] ------------> (ack delayed)
(Start T3-rtx timer)
...
{App sends 1 message; strm 1}
(bundle SACK with DATA)
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=9,block=0] \
/ DATA [TSN=6,Strm=1,Seq=2]
(cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/ (Start T3-rtx timer)
(ack delayed)
(send ack)
SACK [TSN Ack=6,block=0] -------------> (cancel T3-rtx timer)
Figure 7: Delayed Acknowledgement Example
If an endpoint receives a DATA chunk with no user data (i.e., the
Length field is set to 16), it SHOULD send an ABORT chunk with a "No
User Data" error cause.
An endpoint SHOULD NOT send a DATA chunk with no user data part.
This avoids the need to be able to return a zero-length user message
in the API, especially in the socket API as specified in [RFC6458]
for details.
6.2.1. Processing a Received SACK Chunk
Each SACK chunk an endpoint receives contains an a_rwnd value. This
value represents the amount of buffer space the data receiver, at the
time of transmitting the SACK chunk, has left of its total receive
buffer space (as specified in the INIT/INIT ACK chunk). Using
a_rwnd, Cumulative TSN Ack, and Gap Ack Blocks, the data sender can
develop a representation of the peer's receive buffer space.
One of the problems the data sender takes into account when
processing a SACK chunk is that a SACK chunk can be received out of
order. That is, a SACK chunk sent by the data receiver can pass an
earlier SACK chunk and be received first by the data sender. If a
SACK chunk is received out of order, the data sender can develop an
incorrect view of the peer's receive buffer space.
Since there is no explicit identifier that can be used to detect out-
of-order SACK chunks, the data sender uses heuristics to determine if
a SACK chunk is new.
An endpoint SHOULD use the following rules to calculate the rwnd,
using the a_rwnd value, the Cumulative TSN Ack, and Gap Ack Blocks in
a received SACK chunk.
A) At the establishment of the association, the endpoint initializes
the rwnd to the Advertised Receiver Window Credit (a_rwnd) the
peer specified in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
B) Any time a DATA chunk is transmitted (or retransmitted) to a
peer, the endpoint subtracts the data size of the chunk from the
rwnd of that peer.
C) Any time a DATA chunk is marked for retransmission, either via
T3-rtx timer expiration (Section 6.3.3) or via Fast Retransmit
(Section 7.2.4), add the data size of those chunks to the rwnd.
D) Any time a SACK chunk arrives, the endpoint performs the
following:
i) If Cumulative TSN Ack is less than the Cumulative TSN Ack
Point, then drop the SACK chunk. Since Cumulative TSN Ack
is monotonically increasing, a SACK chunk whose Cumulative
TSN Ack is less than the Cumulative TSN Ack Point indicates
an out-of-order SACK chunk.
ii) Set rwnd equal to the newly received a_rwnd minus the
number of bytes still outstanding after processing the
Cumulative TSN Ack and the Gap Ack Blocks.
iii) If the SACK chunk is missing a TSN that was previously
acknowledged via a Gap Ack Block (e.g., the data receiver
reneged on the data), then consider the corresponding DATA
that might be possibly missing: Count one miss indication
towards Fast Retransmit as described in Section 7.2.4, and
if no retransmit timer is running for the destination
address to which the DATA chunk was originally transmitted,
then T3-rtx is started for that destination address.
iv) If the Cumulative TSN Ack matches or exceeds the Fast
Recovery exit point (Section 7.2.4), Fast Recovery is
exited.
6.3. Management of Retransmission Timer
An SCTP endpoint uses a retransmission timer T3-rtx to ensure data
delivery in the absence of any feedback from its peer. The duration
of this timer is referred to as RTO (retransmission timeout).
When an endpoint's peer is multi-homed, the endpoint will calculate a
separate RTO for each different destination transport address of its
peer endpoint.
The computation and management of RTO in SCTP follow closely how TCP
manages its retransmission timer. To compute the current RTO, an
endpoint maintains two state variables per destination transport
address: SRTT (smoothed round-trip time) and RTTVAR (round-trip time
variation).
6.3.1. RTO Calculation
The rules governing the computation of SRTT, RTTVAR, and RTO are as
follows:
C1) Until an RTT measurement has been made for a packet sent to the
given destination transport address, set RTO to the protocol
parameter 'RTO.Initial'.
C2) When the first RTT measurement R is made, perform:
SRTT = R
RTTVAR = R/2
RTO = SRTT + 4 * RTTVAR
C3) When a new RTT measurement R' is made, perform:
RTTVAR = (1 - RTO.Beta) * RTTVAR + RTO.Beta * |SRTT - R'|
SRTT = (1 - RTO.Alpha) * SRTT + RTO.Alpha * R'
Note: The value of SRTT used in the update to RTTVAR is its
value before updating SRTT itself using the second assignment.
After the computation, update:
RTO = SRTT + 4 * RTTVAR
C4) When data is in flight and when allowed by rule C5 below, a new
RTT measurement MUST be made each round trip. Furthermore, new
RTT measurements SHOULD be made no more than once per round trip
for a given destination transport address. There are two
reasons for this recommendation: First, it appears that
measuring more frequently often does not in practice yield any
significant benefit [ALLMAN99]; second, if measurements are made
more often, then the values of 'RTO.Alpha' and 'RTO.Beta' in
rule C3 above SHOULD be adjusted so that SRTT and RTTVAR still
adjust to changes at roughly the same rate (in terms of how many
round trips it takes them to reflect new values) as they would
if making only one measurement per round trip and using
'RTO.Alpha' and 'RTO.Beta' as given in rule C3. However, the
exact nature of these adjustments remains a research issue.
C5) Karn's algorithm: RTT measurements MUST NOT be made using chunks
that were retransmitted (and thus for which it is ambiguous
whether the reply was for the first instance of the chunk or for
a later instance).
RTT measurements SHOULD only be made using a DATA chunk with TSN
r if no DATA chunk with TSN less than or equal to r was
retransmitted since the DATA chunk with TSN r was sent first.
C6) Whenever RTO is computed, if it is less than 'RTO.Min' seconds,
then it is rounded up to 'RTO.Min' seconds. The reason for this
rule is that RTOs that do not have a high minimum value are
susceptible to unnecessary timeouts [ALLMAN99].
C7) A maximum value MAY be placed on RTO, provided it is at least
'RTO.Max' seconds.
There is no requirement for the clock granularity G used for
computing RTT measurements and the different state variables, other
than:
G1) Whenever RTTVAR is computed, if RTTVAR == 0, then adjust RTTVAR
= G.
Experience [ALLMAN99] has shown that finer clock granularities (less
than 100 msec) perform somewhat better than more coarse
granularities.
See Section 16 for suggested parameter values.
6.3.2. Retransmission Timer Rules
The rules for managing the retransmission timer are as follows:
R1) Every time a DATA chunk is sent to any address (including a
retransmission), if the T3-rtx timer of that address is not
running, start it running so that it will expire after the RTO
of that address. The RTO used here is that obtained after any
doubling due to previous T3-rtx timer expirations on the
corresponding destination address as discussed in rule E2 below.
R2) Whenever all outstanding data sent to an address have been
acknowledged, turn off the T3-rtx timer of that address.
R3) Whenever a SACK chunk is received that acknowledges the DATA
chunk with the earliest outstanding TSN for that address,
restart the T3-rtx timer for that address with its current RTO
(if there is still outstanding data on that address).
R4) Whenever a SACK chunk is received missing a TSN that was
previously acknowledged via a Gap Ack Block, start the T3-rtx
for the destination address to which the DATA chunk was
originally transmitted if it is not already running.
The following example shows the use of various timer rules (assuming
that the receiver uses delayed acks).
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{App begins to send}
Data [TSN=7,Strm=0,Seq=3] ------------> (ack delayed)
(Start T3-rtx timer)
{App sends 1 message; strm 1}
(bundle ack with data)
DATA [TSN=8,Strm=0,Seq=4] ----\ /-- SACK [TSN Ack=7,Block=0]
\ / DATA [TSN=6,Strm=1,Seq=2]
\ / (Start T3-rtx timer)
\
/ \
(Restart T3-rtx timer) <------/ \--> (ack delayed)
(ack delayed)
{send ack}
SACK [TSN Ack=6,Block=0] --------------> (Cancel T3-rtx timer)
..
(send ack)
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <-------------- SACK [TSN Ack=8,Block=0]
Figure 8: Timer Rule Examples
6.3.3. Handle T3-rtx Expiration
Whenever the retransmission timer T3-rtx expires for a destination
address, do the following:
E1) For the destination address for which the timer expires, adjust
its ssthresh with rules defined in Section 7.2.3 and set cwnd =
PMDCS.
E2) For the destination address for which the timer expires, set RTO
= RTO * 2 ("back off the timer"). The maximum value discussed
in rule C7 above ('RTO.Max') MAY be used to provide an upper
bound to this doubling operation.
E3) Determine how many of the earliest (i.e., lowest TSN)
outstanding DATA chunks for the address for which the T3-rtx has
expired will fit into a single SCTP packet, subject to the PMTU
corresponding to the destination transport address to which the
retransmission is being sent (this might be different from the
address for which the timer expires; see Section 6.4). Call
this value K. Bundle and retransmit those K DATA chunks in a
single packet to the destination endpoint.
E4) Start the retransmission timer T3-rtx on the destination address
to which the retransmission is sent if rule R1 above indicates
to do so. The RTO to be used for starting T3-rtx SHOULD be the
one for the destination address to which the retransmission is
sent, which, when the receiver is multi-homed, might be
different from the destination address for which the timer
expired (see Section 6.4 below).
After retransmitting, once a new RTT measurement is obtained (which
can happen only when new data has been sent and acknowledged, per
rule C5, or for a measurement made from a HEARTBEAT chunk; see
Section 8.3), the computation in rule C3 is performed, including the
computation of RTO, which might result in "collapsing" RTO back down
after it has been subject to doubling (rule E2).
Any DATA chunks that were sent to the address for which the T3-rtx
timer expired but did not fit in an SCTP packet of size smaller than
or equal to the PMTU (rule E3 above) SHOULD be marked for
retransmission and sent as soon as cwnd allows (normally, when a SACK
chunk arrives).
The final rule for managing the retransmission timer concerns
failover (see Section 6.4.1):
F1) Whenever an endpoint switches from the current destination
transport address to a different one, the current retransmission
timers are left running. As soon as the endpoint transmits a
packet containing DATA chunk(s) to the new transport address,
start the timer on that transport address, using the RTO value
of the destination address to which the data is being sent, if
rule R1 indicates to do so.
6.4. Multi-Homed SCTP Endpoints
An SCTP endpoint is considered multi-homed if there is more than one
transport address that can be used as a destination address to reach
that endpoint.
Moreover, the ULP of an endpoint selects one of the multiple
destination addresses of a multi-homed peer endpoint as the primary
path (see Sections 5.1.2 and 11.1 for details).
By default, an endpoint SHOULD always transmit to the primary path,
unless the SCTP user explicitly specifies the destination transport
address (and possibly source transport address) to use.
An endpoint SHOULD transmit reply chunks (e.g., INIT ACK, COOKIE ACK,
and HEARTBEAT ACK) in response to control chunks to the same
destination transport address from which it received the control
chunk to which it is replying.
The selection of the destination transport address for packets
containing SACK chunks is implementation dependent. However, an
endpoint SHOULD NOT vary the destination transport address of a SACK
chunk when it receives DATA chunks coming from the same source
address.
When acknowledging multiple DATA chunks received in packets from
different source addresses in a single SACK chunk, the SACK chunk MAY
be transmitted to one of the destination transport addresses from
which the DATA or control chunks being acknowledged were received.
When a receiver of a duplicate DATA chunk sends a SACK chunk to a
multi-homed endpoint, it MAY be beneficial to vary the destination
address and not use the source address of the DATA chunk. The reason
is that receiving a duplicate from a multi-homed endpoint might
indicate that the return path (as specified in the source address of
the DATA chunk) for the SACK chunk is broken.
Furthermore, when its peer is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD try to
retransmit a chunk that timed out to an active destination transport
address that is different from the last destination address to which
the chunk was sent.
When its peer is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD send fast
retransmissions to the same destination transport address to which
the original data was sent. If the primary path has been changed and
the original data was sent to the old primary path before the Fast
Retransmit, the implementation MAY send it to the new primary path.
Retransmissions do not affect the total outstanding data count.
However, if the DATA chunk is retransmitted onto a different
destination address, both the outstanding data counts on the new
destination address and the old destination address to which the data
chunk was last sent is adjusted accordingly.
6.4.1. Failover from an Inactive Destination Address
Some of the transport addresses of a multi-homed SCTP endpoint might
become inactive due to either the occurrence of certain error
conditions (see Section 8.2) or adjustments from the SCTP user.
When there is outbound data to send and the primary path becomes
inactive (e.g., due to failures) or where the SCTP user explicitly
requests to send data to an inactive destination transport address
before reporting an error to its ULP, the SCTP endpoint SHOULD try to
send the data to an alternate active destination transport address if
one exists.
When retransmitting data that timed out, if the endpoint is multi-
homed, it needs to consider each source-destination address pair in
its retransmission selection policy. When retransmitting timed-out
data, the endpoint SHOULD attempt to pick the most divergent source-
destination pair from the original source-destination pair to which
the packet was transmitted.
Note: Rules for picking the most divergent source-destination pair
are an implementation decision and are not specified within this
document.
6.5. Stream Identifier and Stream Sequence Number
Every DATA chunk MUST carry a valid stream identifier. If an
endpoint receives a DATA chunk with an invalid stream identifier, it
SHOULD acknowledge the reception of the DATA chunk following the
normal procedure, immediately send an ERROR chunk with cause set to
"Invalid Stream Identifier" (see Section 3.3.10), and discard the
DATA chunk. The endpoint MAY bundle the ERROR chunk and the SACK
chunk in the same packet.
The Stream Sequence Number in all the outgoing streams MUST start
from 0 when the association is established. The Stream Sequence
Number of an outgoing stream MUST be incremented by 1 for each
ordered user message sent on that outgoing stream. In particular,
when the Stream Sequence Number reaches the value 65535, the next
Stream Sequence Number MUST be set to 0. For unordered user
messages, the Stream Sequence Number MUST NOT be changed.
6.6. Ordered and Unordered Delivery
Within a stream, an endpoint MUST deliver DATA chunks received with
the U flag set to 0 to the upper layer according to the order of
their Stream Sequence Number. If DATA chunks arrive out of order of
their Stream Sequence Number, the endpoint MUST hold the received
DATA chunks from delivery to the ULP until they are reordered.
However, an SCTP endpoint can indicate that no ordered delivery is
required for a particular DATA chunk transmitted within the stream by
setting the U flag of the DATA chunk to 1.
When an endpoint receives a DATA chunk with the U flag set to 1, it
bypasses the ordering mechanism and immediately deliver the data to
the upper layer (after reassembly if the user data is fragmented by
the data sender).
This provides an effective way of transmitting "out-of-band" data in
a given stream. Also, a stream can be used as an "unordered" stream
by simply setting the U flag to 1 in all DATA chunks sent through
that stream.
Implementation Note: When sending an unordered DATA chunk, an
implementation MAY choose to place the DATA chunk in an outbound
packet that is at the head of the outbound transmission queue if
possible.
The 'Stream Sequence Number' field in a DATA chunk with U flag set to
1 has no significance. The sender can fill the 'Stream Sequence
Number' with arbitrary value, but the receiver MUST ignore the field.
Note: When transmitting ordered and unordered data, an endpoint does
not increment its Stream Sequence Number when transmitting a DATA
chunk with U flag set to 1.
6.7. Report Gaps in Received DATA TSNs
Upon the reception of a new DATA chunk, an endpoint examines the
continuity of the TSNs received. If the endpoint detects a gap in
the received DATA chunk sequence, it SHOULD send a SACK chunk with
Gap Ack Blocks immediately. The data receiver continues sending a
SACK chunk after receipt of each SCTP packet that does not fill the
gap.
Based on the Gap Ack Block from the received SACK chunk, the endpoint
can calculate the missing DATA chunks and make decisions on whether
to retransmit them (see Section 6.2.1 for details).
Multiple gaps can be reported in one single SACK chunk (see
Section 3.3.4).
When its peer is multi-homed, the SCTP endpoint SHOULD always try to
send the SACK chunk to the same destination address from which the
last DATA chunk was received.
Upon the reception of a SACK chunk, the endpoint MUST remove all DATA
chunks that have been acknowledged by the SACK chunk's Cumulative TSN
Ack from its transmit queue. All DATA chunks with TSNs not included
in the Gap Ack Blocks that are smaller than the highest-acknowledged
TSN reported in the SACK chunk MUST be treated as "missing" by the
sending endpoint. The number of "missing" reports for each
outstanding DATA chunk MUST be recorded by the data sender to make
retransmission decisions. See Section 7.2.4 for details.
The following example shows the use of SACK chunk to report a gap.
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{App sends 3 messages; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=6,Strm=0,Seq=2] ---------------> (ack delayed)
(Start T3-rtx timer)
DATA [TSN=7,Strm=0,Seq=3] --------> X (lost)
DATA [TSN=8,Strm=0,Seq=4] ---------------> (gap detected,
immediately send ack)
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=6,Block=1,
/ Start=2,End=2]
<-----/
(remove 6 from out-queue,
and mark 7 as "1" missing report)
Figure 9: Reporting a Gap Using SACK Chunk
The maximum number of Gap Ack Blocks that can be reported within a
single SACK chunk is limited by the current PMTU. When a single SACK
chunk cannot cover all the Gap Ack Blocks needed to be reported due
to the PMTU limitation, the endpoint MUST send only one SACK chunk.
This single SACK chunk MUST report the Gap Ack Blocks from the lowest
to highest TSNs, within the size limit set by the PMTU, and leave the
remaining highest TSN numbers unacknowledged.
6.8. CRC32c Checksum Calculation
When sending an SCTP packet, the endpoint MUST strengthen the data
integrity of the transmission by including the CRC32c checksum value
calculated on the packet, as described below.
After the packet is constructed (containing the SCTP common header
and one or more control or DATA chunks), the transmitter MUST:
1) fill in the proper Verification Tag in the SCTP common header and
initialize the checksum field to 0,
2) calculate the CRC32c checksum of the whole packet, including the
SCTP common header and all the chunks (refer to Appendix A for
details of the CRC32c algorithm), and
3) put the resultant value into the checksum field in the common
header and leave the rest of the bits unchanged.
When an SCTP packet is received, the receiver MUST first check the
CRC32c checksum as follows:
1) Store the received CRC32c checksum value aside.
2) Replace the 32 bits of the checksum field in the received SCTP
packet with 0 and calculate a CRC32c checksum value of the whole
received packet.
3) Verify that the calculated CRC32c checksum is the same as the
received CRC32c checksum. If it is not, the receiver MUST treat
the packet as an invalid SCTP packet.
The default procedure for handling invalid SCTP packets is to
silently discard them.
Any hardware implementation SHOULD permit alternative verification of
the CRC in software.
6.9. Fragmentation and Reassembly
An endpoint MAY support fragmentation when sending DATA chunks, but
it MUST support reassembly when receiving DATA chunks. If an
endpoint supports fragmentation, it MUST fragment a user message if
the size of the user message to be sent causes the outbound SCTP
packet size to exceed the current PMTU. An endpoint that does not
support fragmentation and is requested to send a user message such
that the outbound SCTP packet size would exceed the current PMTU MUST
return an error to its upper layer and MUST NOT attempt to send the
user message.
An SCTP implementation MAY provide a mechanism to the upper layer
that disables fragmentation when sending DATA chunks. When
fragmentation of DATA chunks is disabled, the SCTP implementation
MUST behave in the same way an implementation that does not support
fragmentation, i.e., it rejects calls that would result in sending
SCTP packets that exceed the current PMTU.
Implementation Note: In this error case, the SEND primitive discussed
in Section 11.1.5 would need to return an error to the upper layer.
If its peer is multi-homed, the endpoint SHOULD choose a DATA chunk
size smaller than or equal to the AMDCS.
Once a user message is fragmented, it cannot be re-fragmented.
Instead, if the PMTU has been reduced, then IP fragmentation MUST be
used. Therefore, an SCTP association can fail if IP fragmentation is
not working on any path. Please see Section 7.3 for details of PMTU
discovery.
When determining when to fragment, the SCTP implementation MUST take
into account the SCTP packet header as well as the DATA chunk
header(s). The implementation MUST also take into account the space
required for a SACK chunk if bundling a SACK chunk with the DATA
chunk.
Fragmentation takes the following steps:
1) The data sender MUST break the user message into a series of DATA
chunks. The sender SHOULD choose a size of DATA chunks that is
smaller than or equal to the AMDCS.
2) The transmitter MUST then assign, in sequence, a separate TSN to
each of the DATA chunks in the series. The transmitter assigns
the same Stream Sequence Number to each of the DATA chunks. If
the user indicates that the user message is to be delivered using
unordered delivery, then the U flag of each DATA chunk of the
user message MUST be set to 1.
3) The transmitter MUST also set the B/E bits of the first DATA
chunk in the series to 10, the B/E bits of the last DATA chunk in
the series to 01, and the B/E bits of all other DATA chunks in
the series to 00.
An endpoint MUST recognize fragmented DATA chunks by examining the B/
E bits in each of the received DATA chunks and queue the fragmented
DATA chunks for reassembly. Once the user message is reassembled,
SCTP passes the reassembled user message to the specific stream for
possible reordering and final dispatching.
If the data receiver runs out of buffer space while still waiting for
more fragments to complete the reassembly of the message, it SHOULD
dispatch part of its inbound message through a partial delivery API
(see Section 11), freeing some of its receive buffer space so that
the rest of the message can be received.
6.10. Bundling
An endpoint bundles chunks by simply including multiple chunks in one
outbound SCTP packet. The total size of the resultant SCTP packet
MUST be less that or equal to the current PMTU.
If its peer endpoint is multi-homed, the sending endpoint SHOULD
choose a size no larger than the PMTU of the current primary path.
When bundling control chunks with DATA chunks, an endpoint MUST place
control chunks first in the outbound SCTP packet. The transmitter
MUST transmit DATA chunks within an SCTP packet in increasing order
of TSN.
Note: Since control chunks are placed first in a packet and since
DATA chunks are transmitted before SHUTDOWN or SHUTDOWN ACK chunks,
DATA chunks cannot be bundled with SHUTDOWN or SHUTDOWN ACK chunks.
Partial chunks MUST NOT be placed in an SCTP packet. A partial chunk
is a chunk that is not completely contained in the SCTP packet; i.e.,
the SCTP packet is too short to contain all the bytes of the chunk as
indicated by the chunk length.
An endpoint MUST process received chunks in their order in the
packet. The receiver uses the Chunk Length field to determine the
end of a chunk and beginning of the next chunk, taking account of the
fact that all chunks end on a 4-byte boundary. If the receiver
detects a partial chunk, it MUST drop the chunk.
An endpoint MUST NOT bundle INIT, INIT ACK, or SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
chunks with any other chunks.
7. Congestion Control
Congestion control is one of the basic functions in SCTP. To manage
congestion, the mechanisms and algorithms in this section are to be
employed.
Implementation Note: As far as its specific performance requirements
are met, an implementation is always allowed to adopt a more
conservative congestion control algorithm than the one defined below.
The congestion control algorithms used by SCTP are based on
[RFC5681]. This section describes how the algorithms defined in
[RFC5681] are adapted for use in SCTP. We first list differences in
protocol designs between TCP and SCTP and then describe SCTP's
congestion control scheme. The description will use the same
terminology as in TCP congestion control whenever appropriate.
SCTP congestion control is always applied to the entire association
and not to individual streams.
7.1. SCTP Differences from TCP Congestion Control
Gap Ack Blocks in the SCTP SACK chunk carry the same semantic meaning
as the TCP SACK. TCP considers the information carried in the SACK
as advisory information only. SCTP considers the information carried
in the Gap Ack Blocks in the SACK chunk as advisory. In SCTP, any
DATA chunk that has been acknowledged by a SACK chunk, including DATA
that arrived at the receiving end out of order, is not considered
fully delivered until the Cumulative TSN Ack Point passes the TSN of
the DATA chunk (i.e., the DATA chunk has been acknowledged by the
Cumulative TSN Ack field in the SACK chunk). Consequently, the value
of cwnd controls the amount of outstanding data, rather than (as in
the case of non-SACK TCP) the upper bound between the highest
acknowledged sequence number and the latest DATA chunk that can be
sent within the congestion window. SCTP SACK leads to different
implementations of Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery than non-SACK
TCP. As an example, see [FALL96].
The biggest difference between SCTP and TCP, however, is multi-
homing. SCTP is designed to establish robust communication
associations between two endpoints, each of which might be reachable
by more than one transport address. Potentially different addresses
might lead to different data paths between the two endpoints; thus,
ideally, one needs a separate set of congestion control parameters
for each of the paths. The treatment here of congestion control for
multi-homed receivers is new with SCTP and might require refinement
in the future. The current algorithms make the following
assumptions:
* The sender usually uses the same destination address until being
instructed by the upper layer to do otherwise; however, SCTP MAY
change to an alternate destination in the event an address is
marked inactive (see Section 8.2). Also, SCTP MAY retransmit to a
different transport address than the original transmission.
* The sender keeps a separate congestion control parameter set for
each of the destination addresses it can send to (not each source-
destination pair but for each destination). The parameters SHOULD
decay if the address is not used for a long enough time period.
[RFC5681] specifies this period of time as a retransmission
timeout.
* For each of the destination addresses, an endpoint does slow start
upon the first transmission to that address.
Note: TCP guarantees in-sequence delivery of data to its upper-layer
protocol within a single TCP session. This means that when TCP
notices a gap in the received sequence number, it waits until the gap
is filled before delivering the data that was received with sequence
numbers higher than that of the missing data. On the other hand,
SCTP can deliver data to its upper-layer protocol, even if there is a
gap in TSN if the Stream Sequence Numbers are in sequence for a
particular stream (i.e., the missing DATA chunks are for a different
stream) or if unordered delivery is indicated. Although this does
not affect cwnd, it might affect rwnd calculation.
7.2. SCTP Slow-Start and Congestion Avoidance
The slow-start and congestion avoidance algorithms MUST be used by an
endpoint to control the amount of data being injected into the
network. The congestion control in SCTP is employed in regard to the
association, not to an individual stream. In some situations, it
might be beneficial for an SCTP sender to be more conservative than
the algorithms allow; however, an SCTP sender MUST NOT be more
aggressive than the following algorithms allow.
Like TCP, an SCTP endpoint uses the following three control variables
to regulate its transmission rate.
* Receiver advertised window size (rwnd, in bytes), which is set by
the receiver based on its available buffer space for incoming
packets.
Note: This variable is kept on the entire association.
* Congestion control window (cwnd, in bytes), which is adjusted by
the sender based on observed network conditions.
Note: This variable is maintained on a per-destination-address
basis.
* Slow-start threshold (ssthresh, in bytes), which is used by the
sender to distinguish slow-start and congestion avoidance phases.
Note: This variable is maintained on a per-destination-address
basis.
SCTP also requires one additional control variable,
partial_bytes_acked, which is used during the congestion avoidance
phase to facilitate cwnd adjustment.
Unlike TCP, an SCTP sender MUST keep a set of the control variables
cwnd, ssthresh, and partial_bytes_acked for EACH destination address
of its peer (when its peer is multi-homed). When calculating one of
these variables, the length of the DATA chunk, including the padding,
SHOULD be used.
Only one rwnd is kept for the whole association (no matter if the
peer is multi-homed or has a single address).
7.2.1. Slow-Start
Beginning data transmission into a network with unknown conditions or
after a sufficiently long idle period requires SCTP to probe the
network to determine the available capacity. The slow-start
algorithm is used for this purpose at the beginning of a transfer or
after repairing loss detected by the retransmission timer.
* The initial cwnd before data transmission MUST be set to min(4 *
PMDCS, max(2 * PMDCS, 4404)) bytes if the peer address is an IPv4
address and to min(4 * PMDCS, max(2 * PMDCS, 4344)) bytes if the
peer address is an IPv6 address.
* The initial cwnd after a retransmission timeout MUST be no more
than PMDCS, and only one packet is allowed to be in flight until
successful acknowledgement.
* The initial value of ssthresh SHOULD be arbitrarily high (e.g.,
the size of the largest-possible advertised window).
* Whenever cwnd is greater than zero, the endpoint is allowed to
have cwnd bytes of data outstanding on that transport address. A
limited overbooking as described in rule B in Section 6.1 SHOULD
be supported.
* When cwnd is less than or equal to ssthresh, an SCTP endpoint MUST
use the slow-start algorithm to increase cwnd only if the current
congestion window is being fully utilized and the data sender is
not in Fast Recovery. Only when these two conditions are met can
the cwnd be increased; otherwise, the cwnd MUST NOT be increased.
If these conditions are met, then cwnd MUST be increased by, at
most, the lesser of
1. the total size of the previously outstanding DATA chunk(s)
acknowledged and
2. L times the destination's PMDCS.
The first upper bound protects against the ACK-Splitting attack
outlined in [SAVAGE99]. The positive integer L SHOULD be 1 and
MAY be larger than 1. See [RFC3465] for details of choosing L.
In instances where its peer endpoint is multi-homed, if an
endpoint receives a SACK chunk that results in updating the cwnd,
then it SHOULD update its cwnd (or cwnds) apportioned to the
destination addresses to which it transmitted the acknowledged
data.
* While the endpoint does not transmit data on a given transport
address, the cwnd of the transport address SHOULD be adjusted to
max(cwnd / 2, 4 * PMDCS) once per RTO. Before the first cwnd
adjustment, the ssthresh of the transport address SHOULD be set to
the cwnd.
7.2.2. Congestion Avoidance
When cwnd is greater than ssthresh, cwnd SHOULD be incremented by
PMDCS per RTT if the sender has cwnd or more bytes of data
outstanding for the corresponding transport address. The basic
recommendations for incrementing cwnd during congestion avoidance are
as follows:
* SCTP MAY increment cwnd by PMDCS.
* SCTP SHOULD increment cwnd by PMDCS once per RTT when the sender
has cwnd or more bytes of data outstanding for the corresponding
transport address.
* SCTP MUST NOT increment cwnd by more than PMDCS per RTT.
In practice, an implementation can achieve this goal in the following
way:
* partial_bytes_acked is initialized to 0.
* Whenever cwnd is greater than ssthresh, upon each SACK chunk
arrival, increase partial_bytes_acked by the total number of bytes
(including the chunk header and the padding) of all new DATA
chunks acknowledged in that SACK chunk, including chunks
acknowledged by the new Cumulative TSN Ack, by Gap Ack Blocks, and
by the number of bytes of duplicated chunks reported in Duplicate
TSNs.
* When (1) partial_bytes_acked is greater than cwnd and (2) before
the arrival of the SACK chunk the sender had less than cwnd bytes
of data outstanding (i.e., before the arrival of the SACK chunk,
flightsize was less than cwnd), reset partial_bytes_acked to cwnd.
* When (1) partial_bytes_acked is equal to or greater than cwnd and
(2) before the arrival of the SACK chunk the sender had cwnd or
more bytes of data outstanding (i.e., before the arrival of the
SACK chunk, flightsize was greater than or equal to cwnd),
partial_bytes_acked is reset to (partial_bytes_acked - cwnd).
Next, cwnd is increased by PMDCS.
* Same as in the slow start, when the sender does not transmit DATA
chunks on a given transport address, the cwnd of the transport
address SHOULD be adjusted to max(cwnd / 2, 4 * PMDCS) per RTO.
* When all of the data transmitted by the sender has been
acknowledged by the receiver, partial_bytes_acked is initialized
to 0.
7.2.3. Congestion Control
Upon detection of packet losses from SACK chunks (see Section 7.2.4),
an endpoint SHOULD do the following:
ssthresh = max(cwnd / 2, 4 * PMDCS)
cwnd = ssthresh
partial_bytes_acked = 0
Basically, a packet loss causes cwnd to be cut in half.
When the T3-rtx timer expires on an address, SCTP SHOULD perform slow
start by:
ssthresh = max(cwnd / 2, 4 * PMDCS)
cwnd = PMDCS
partial_bytes_acked = 0
and ensure that no more than one SCTP packet will be in flight for
that address until the endpoint receives acknowledgement for
successful delivery of data to that address.
7.2.4. Fast Retransmit on Gap Reports
In the absence of data loss, an endpoint performs delayed
acknowledgement. However, whenever an endpoint notices a hole in the
arriving TSN sequence, it SHOULD start sending a SACK chunk back
every time a packet arrives carrying data until the hole is filled.
Whenever an endpoint receives a SACK chunk that indicates that some
TSNs are missing, it SHOULD wait for two further miss indications
(via subsequent SACK chunks for a total of three missing reports) on
the same TSNs before taking action with regard to Fast Retransmit.
Miss indications SHOULD follow the Highest TSN Newly Acknowledged
(HTNA) algorithm. For each incoming SACK chunk, miss indications are
incremented only for missing TSNs prior to the HTNA in the SACK
chunk. A newly acknowledged DATA chunk is one not previously
acknowledged in a SACK chunk. If an endpoint is in Fast Recovery and
a SACK chunks arrives that advances the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, the
miss indications are incremented for all TSNs reported missing in the
SACK chunk.
When the third consecutive miss indication is received for one or
more TSNs, the data sender does the following:
1) Mark the DATA chunk(s) with three miss indications for
retransmission.
2) If not in Fast Recovery, adjust the ssthresh and cwnd of the
destination address(es) to which the missing DATA chunks were
last sent, according to the formula described in Section 7.2.3.
3) If not in Fast Recovery, determine how many of the earliest
(i.e., lowest TSN) DATA chunks marked for retransmission will fit
into a single packet, subject to constraint of the PMTU of the
destination transport address to which the packet is being sent.
Call this value K. Retransmit those K DATA chunks in a single
packet. When a Fast Retransmit is being performed, the sender
SHOULD ignore the value of cwnd and SHOULD NOT delay
retransmission for this single packet.
4) Restart the T3-rtx timer only if the last SACK chunk acknowledged
the lowest outstanding TSN number sent to that address or the
endpoint is retransmitting the first outstanding DATA chunk sent
to that address.
5) Mark the DATA chunk(s) as being fast retransmitted and thus
ineligible for a subsequent Fast Retransmit. Those TSNs marked
for retransmission due to the Fast-Retransmit algorithm that did
not fit in the sent datagram carrying K other TSNs are also
marked as ineligible for a subsequent Fast Retransmit. However,
as they are marked for retransmission, they will be retransmitted
later on as soon as cwnd allows.
6) If not in Fast Recovery, enter Fast Recovery and mark the highest
outstanding TSN as the Fast Recovery exit point. When a SACK
chunk acknowledges all TSNs up to and including this exit point,
Fast Recovery is exited. While in Fast Recovery, the ssthresh
and cwnd SHOULD NOT change for any destinations due to a
subsequent Fast Recovery event (i.e., one SHOULD NOT reduce the
cwnd further due to a subsequent Fast Retransmit).
Note: Before the above adjustments, if the received SACK chunk also
acknowledges new DATA chunks and advances the Cumulative TSN Ack
Point, the cwnd adjustment rules defined in Sections 7.2.1 and 7.2.2
MUST be applied first.
7.2.5. Reinitialization
During the lifetime of an SCTP association, events can happen that
result in using the network under unknown new conditions. When
detected by an SCTP implementation, the congestion control MUST be
reinitialized.
7.2.5.1. Change of Differentiated Services Code Points
SCTP implementations MAY allow an application to configure the
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) used for sending packets.
If a DSCP change might result in outgoing packets being queued in
different queues, the congestion control parameters for all affected
destination addresses MUST be reset to their initial values.
7.2.5.2. Change of Routes
SCTP implementations MAY be aware of routing changes affecting
packets sent to a destination address. In particular, this includes
the selection of a different source address used for sending packets
to a destination address. If such a routing change happens, the
congestion control parameters for the affected destination addresses
MUST be reset to their initial values.
7.3. PMTU Discovery
[RFC8899], [RFC8201], and [RFC1191] specify "Packetization Layer Path
MTU Discovery", whereby an endpoint maintains an estimate of PMTU
along a given Internet path and refrains from sending packets along
that path that exceed the PMTU, other than occasional attempts to
probe for a change in the PMTU. [RFC8899] is thorough in its
discussion of the PMTU discovery mechanism and strategies for
determining the current end-to-end PMTU setting as well as detecting
changes in this value.
An endpoint SHOULD apply these techniques and SHOULD do so on a per-
destination-address basis.
There are two important SCTP-specific points regarding PMTU
discovery:
1) SCTP associations can span multiple addresses. An endpoint MUST
maintain separate PMTU estimates for each destination address of
its peer.
2) The sender SHOULD track an AMDCS that will be the smallest PMDCS
discovered for all of the peer's destination addresses. When
fragmenting messages into multiple parts, this AMDCS SHOULD be
used to calculate the size of each DATA chunk. This will allow
retransmissions to be seamlessly sent to an alternate address
without encountering IP fragmentation.
8. Fault Management
8.1. Endpoint Failure Detection
An endpoint SHOULD keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
retransmissions to its peer (this includes data retransmissions to
all the destination transport addresses of the peer if it is multi-
homed), including the number of unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks
observed on the path that is currently used for data transfer.
Unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks observed on paths different from the
path currently used for data transfer SHOULD NOT increment the
association error counter, as this could lead to association closure
even if the path that is currently used for data transfer is
available (but idle). If the value of this counter exceeds the limit
indicated in the protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans', the
endpoint SHOULD consider the peer endpoint unreachable and SHALL stop
transmitting any more data to it (and thus the association enters the
CLOSED state). In addition, the endpoint SHOULD report the failure
to the upper layer and optionally report back all outstanding user
data remaining in its outbound queue. The association is
automatically closed when the peer endpoint becomes unreachable.
The counter used for endpoint failure detection MUST be reset each
time a DATA chunk sent to that peer endpoint is acknowledged (by the
reception of a SACK chunk). When a HEARTBEAT ACK chunk is received
from the peer endpoint, the counter SHOULD also be reset. The
receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk MAY choose not to clear the
counter if there is outstanding data on the association. This allows
for handling the possible difference in reachability based on DATA
chunks and HEARTBEAT chunks.
8.2. Path Failure Detection
When its peer endpoint is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD keep an
error counter for each of the destination transport addresses of the
peer endpoint.
Each time the T3-rtx timer expires on any address, or when a
HEARTBEAT chunk sent to an idle address is not acknowledged within an
RTO, the error counter of that destination address will be
incremented. When the value in the error counter exceeds the
protocol parameter 'Path.Max.Retrans' of that destination address,
the endpoint SHOULD mark the destination transport address as
inactive, and a notification SHOULD be sent to the upper layer.
When an outstanding TSN is acknowledged or a HEARTBEAT chunk sent to
that address is acknowledged with a HEARTBEAT ACK chunk, the endpoint
SHOULD clear the error counter of the destination transport address
to which the DATA chunk was last sent (or HEARTBEAT chunk was sent)
and SHOULD also report to the upper layer when an inactive
destination address is marked as active. When the peer endpoint is
multi-homed and the last chunk sent to it was a retransmission to an
alternate address, there exists an ambiguity as to whether or not the
acknowledgement could be credited to the address of the last chunk
sent. However, this ambiguity does not seem to have significant
consequences for SCTP behavior. If this ambiguity is undesirable,
the transmitter MAY choose not to clear the error counter if the last
chunk sent was a retransmission.
Note: When configuring the SCTP endpoint, the user ought to avoid
having the value of 'Association.Max.Retrans' larger than the
summation of the 'Path.Max.Retrans' of all the destination addresses
for the remote endpoint. Otherwise, all the destination addresses
might become inactive while the endpoint still considers the peer
endpoint reachable. When this condition occurs, how SCTP chooses to
function is implementation specific.
When the primary path is marked inactive (due to excessive
retransmissions, for instance), the sender MAY automatically transmit
new packets to an alternate destination address if one exists and is
active. If more than one alternate address is active when the
primary path is marked inactive, only ONE transport address SHOULD be
chosen and used as the new destination transport address.
8.3. Path Heartbeat
By default, an SCTP endpoint SHOULD monitor the reachability of the
idle destination transport address(es) of its peer by sending a
HEARTBEAT chunk periodically to the destination transport
address(es). The sending of HEARTBEAT chunks MAY begin upon reaching
the ESTABLISHED state and is discontinued after sending either a
SHUTDOWN chunk or SHUTDOWN ACK chunk. A receiver of a HEARTBEAT
chunk MUST respond to a HEARTBEAT chunk with a HEARTBEAT ACK chunk
after entering the COOKIE-ECHOED state (sender of the INIT chunk) or
the ESTABLISHED state (receiver of the INIT chunk), up until reaching
the SHUTDOWN-SENT state (sender of the SHUTDOWN chunk) or the
SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state (receiver of the SHUTDOWN chunk).
A destination transport address is considered "idle" if no new chunk
that can be used for updating path RTT (usually including first
transmission DATA, INIT, COOKIE ECHO, or HEARTBEAT chunks, etc.) and
no HEARTBEAT chunk has been sent to it within the current heartbeat
period of that address. This applies to both active and inactive
destination addresses.
The upper layer can optionally initiate the following functions:
A) Disable heartbeat on a specific destination transport address of
a given association,
B) Change the 'HB.interval',
C) Re-enable heartbeat on a specific destination transport address
of a given association, and
D) Request the sending of an on-demand HEARTBEAT chunk on a specific
destination transport address of a given association.
The endpoint SHOULD increment the respective error counter of the
destination transport address each time a HEARTBEAT chunk is sent to
that address and not acknowledged within one RTO.
When the value of this counter exceeds the protocol parameter
'Path.Max.Retrans', the endpoint SHOULD mark the corresponding
destination address as inactive if it is not so marked and SHOULD
also report to the upper layer the change in reachability of this
destination address. After this, the endpoint SHOULD continue
sending HEARTBEAT chunks on this destination address but SHOULD stop
increasing the counter.
The sender of the HEARTBEAT chunk SHOULD include in the Heartbeat
Information field of the chunk the current time when the packet is
sent and the destination address to which the packet is sent.
Implementation Note: An alternative implementation of the heartbeat
mechanism that can be used is to increment the error counter variable
every time a HEARTBEAT chunk is sent to a destination. Whenever a
HEARTBEAT ACK chunk arrives, the sender SHOULD clear the error
counter of the destination that the HEARTBEAT chunk was sent to.
This, in effect, would clear the previously stroked error (and any
other error counts as well).
The receiver of the HEARTBEAT chunk SHOULD immediately respond with a
HEARTBEAT ACK chunk that contains the Heartbeat Information TLV,
together with any other received TLVs, copied unchanged from the
received HEARTBEAT chunk.
Upon the receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk, the sender of the
HEARTBEAT chunk SHOULD clear the error counter of the destination
transport address to which the HEARTBEAT chunk was sent and mark the
destination transport address as active if it is not so marked. The
endpoint SHOULD report to the upper layer when an inactive
destination address is marked as active due to the reception of the
latest HEARTBEAT ACK chunk. The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk
SHOULD also clear the association overall error count (as defined in
Section 8.1).
The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk SHOULD also perform an RTT
measurement for that destination transport address using the time
value carried in the HEARTBEAT ACK chunk.
On an idle destination address that is allowed to heartbeat, it is
RECOMMENDED that a HEARTBEAT chunk is sent once per RTO of that
destination address plus the protocol parameter 'HB.interval', with
jittering of +/- 50% of the RTO value and exponential backoff of the
RTO if the previous HEARTBEAT chunk is unanswered.
A primitive is provided for the SCTP user to change the 'HB.interval'
and turn on or off the heartbeat on a given destination address. The
'HB.interval' set by the SCTP user is added to the RTO of that
destination (including any exponential backoff). Only one heartbeat
SHOULD be sent each time the heartbeat timer expires (if multiple
destinations are idle). It is an implementation decision on how to
choose which of the candidate idle destinations to heartbeat to (if
more than one destination is idle).
When tuning the 'HB.interval', there is a side effect that SHOULD be
taken into account. When this value is increased, i.e., the time
between the sending of HEARTBEAT chunks is longer, the detection of
lost ABORT chunks takes longer as well. If a peer endpoint sends an
ABORT chunk for any reason and the ABORT chunk is lost, the local
endpoint will only discover the lost ABORT chunk by sending a DATA
chunk or HEARTBEAT chunk (thus causing the peer to send another ABORT
chunk). This is to be considered when tuning the heartbeat timer.
If the sending of HEARTBEAT chunks is disabled, only sending DATA
chunks to the association will discover a lost ABORT chunk from the
peer.
8.4. Handle "Out of the Blue" Packets
An SCTP packet is called an "Out of the Blue" (OOTB) packet if it is
correctly formed (i.e., passed the receiver's CRC32c check; see
Section 6.8), but the receiver is not able to identify the
association to which this packet belongs.
The receiver of an OOTB packet does the following:
1) If the OOTB packet is to or from a non-unicast address, a
receiver SHOULD silently discard the packet. Otherwise,
2) If the OOTB packet contains an ABORT chunk, the receiver MUST
silently discard the OOTB packet and take no further action.
Otherwise,
3) If the packet contains an INIT chunk with a Verification Tag set
to 0, it SHOULD be processed as described in Section 5.1. If,
for whatever reason, the INIT chunk cannot be processed normally
and an ABORT chunk has to be sent in response, the Verification
Tag of the packet containing the ABORT chunk MUST be the Initiate
Tag of the received INIT chunk, and the T bit of the ABORT chunk
has to be set to 0, indicating that the Verification Tag is not
reflected. Otherwise,
4) If the packet contains a COOKIE ECHO chunk as the first chunk, it
MUST be processed as described in Section 5.1. Otherwise,
5) If the packet contains a SHUTDOWN ACK chunk, the receiver SHOULD
respond to the sender of the OOTB packet with a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
chunk. When sending the SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk, the receiver of
the OOTB packet MUST fill in the Verification Tag field of the
outbound packet with the Verification Tag received in the
SHUTDOWN ACK chunk and set the T bit in the Chunk Flags to
indicate that the Verification Tag is reflected. Otherwise,
6) If the packet contains a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk, the receiver
SHOULD silently discard the packet and take no further action.
Otherwise,
7) If the packet contains an ERROR chunk with the "Stale Cookie"
error cause or a COOKIE ACK chunk, the SCTP packet SHOULD be
silently discarded. Otherwise,
8) The receiver SHOULD respond to the sender of the OOTB packet with
an ABORT chunk. When sending the ABORT chunk, the receiver of
the OOTB packet MUST fill in the Verification Tag field of the
outbound packet with the value found in the Verification Tag
field of the OOTB packet and set the T bit in the Chunk Flags to
indicate that the Verification Tag is reflected. After sending
this ABORT chunk, the receiver of the OOTB packet MUST discard
the OOTB packet and MUST NOT take any further action.
8.5. Verification Tag
The Verification Tag rules defined in this section apply when sending
or receiving SCTP packets that do not contain an INIT, SHUTDOWN
COMPLETE, COOKIE ECHO (see Section 5.1), ABORT, or SHUTDOWN ACK
chunk. The rules for sending and receiving SCTP packets containing
one of these chunk types are discussed separately in Section 8.5.1.
When sending an SCTP packet, the endpoint MUST fill in the
Verification Tag field of the outbound packet with the tag value in
the Initiate Tag parameter of the INIT or INIT ACK chunk received
from its peer.
When receiving an SCTP packet, the endpoint MUST ensure that the
value in the Verification Tag field of the received SCTP packet
matches its own tag. If the received Verification Tag value does not
match the receiver's own tag value, the receiver MUST silently
discard the packet and MUST NOT process it any further, except for
those cases listed in Section 8.5.1 below.
8.5.1. Exceptions in Verification Tag Rules
A) Rules for packets carrying an INIT chunk:
* The sender MUST set the Verification Tag of the packet to 0.
* When an endpoint receives an SCTP packet with the Verification
Tag set to 0, it SHOULD verify that the packet contains only an
INIT chunk. Otherwise, the receiver MUST silently discard the
packet.
B) Rules for packets carrying an ABORT chunk:
* The endpoint MUST always fill in the Verification Tag field of
the outbound packet with the destination endpoint's tag value
if it is known.
* If the ABORT chunk is sent in response to an OOTB packet, the
endpoint MUST follow the procedure described in Section 8.4.
* The receiver of an ABORT chunk MUST accept the packet if the
Verification Tag field of the packet matches its own tag and
the T bit is not set OR if it is set to its Peer's Tag and the
T bit is set in the Chunk Flags. Otherwise, the receiver MUST
silently discard the packet and take no further action.
C) Rules for packets carrying a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk:
* When sending a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk, if the receiver of the
SHUTDOWN ACK chunk has a TCB, then the destination endpoint's
tag MUST be used and the T bit MUST NOT be set. Only where no
TCB exists SHOULD the sender use the Verification Tag from the
SHUTDOWN ACK chunk and MUST set the T bit.
* The receiver of a SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk accepts the packet if
the Verification Tag field of the packet matches its own tag
and the T bit is not set OR if it is set to its Peer's Tag and
the T bit is set in the Chunk Flags. Otherwise, the receiver
MUST silently discard the packet and take no further action.
An endpoint MUST ignore the SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk if it is
not in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state.
D) Rules for packets carrying a COOKIE ECHO chunk:
* When sending a COOKIE ECHO chunk, the endpoint MUST use the
value of the Initiate Tag received in the INIT ACK chunk.
* The receiver of a COOKIE ECHO chunk follows the procedures in
Section 5.
E) Rules for packets carrying a SHUTDOWN ACK chunk:
* If the receiver is in COOKIE-ECHOED or COOKIE-WAIT state, the
procedures in Section 8.4 SHOULD be followed; in other words,
it is treated as an OOTB packet.
9. Termination of Association
An endpoint SHOULD terminate its association when it exits from
service. An association can be terminated by either abort or
shutdown. An abort of an association is abortive by definition in
that any data pending on either end of the association is discarded
and not delivered to the peer. A shutdown of an association is
considered a graceful close where all data in queue by either
endpoint is delivered to the respective peers. However, in the case
of a shutdown, SCTP does not support a half-open state (like TCP),
wherein one side might continue sending data while the other end is
closed. When either endpoint performs a shutdown, the association on
each peer will stop accepting new data from its user and only deliver
data in queue at the time of sending or receiving the SHUTDOWN chunk.
9.1. Abort of an Association
When an endpoint decides to abort an existing association, it MUST
send an ABORT chunk to its peer endpoint. The sender MUST fill in
the peer's Verification Tag in the outbound packet and MUST NOT
bundle any DATA chunk with the ABORT chunk. If the association is
aborted on request of the upper layer, a "User-Initiated Abort" error
cause (see Section 3.3.10.12) SHOULD be present in the ABORT chunk.
An endpoint MUST NOT respond to any received packet that contains an
ABORT chunk (also see Section 8.4).
An endpoint receiving an ABORT chunk MUST apply the special
Verification Tag check rules described in Section 8.5.1.
After checking the Verification Tag, the receiving endpoint MUST
remove the association from its record and SHOULD report the
termination to its upper layer. If a "User-Initiated Abort" error
cause is present in the ABORT chunk, the Upper Layer Abort Reason
SHOULD be made available to the upper layer.
9.2. Shutdown of an Association
Using the SHUTDOWN primitive (see Section 11.1), the upper layer of
an endpoint in an association can gracefully close the association.
This will allow all outstanding DATA chunks from the peer of the
shutdown initiator to be delivered before the association terminates.
Upon receipt of the SHUTDOWN primitive from its upper layer, the
endpoint enters the SHUTDOWN-PENDING state and remains there until
all outstanding data has been acknowledged by its peer. The endpoint
accepts no new data from its upper layer but retransmits data to the
peer endpoint if necessary to fill gaps.
Once all its outstanding data has been acknowledged, the endpoint
sends a SHUTDOWN chunk to its peer, including in the Cumulative TSN
Ack field the last sequential TSN it has received from the peer. It
SHOULD then start the T2-shutdown timer and enter the SHUTDOWN-SENT
state. If the timer expires, the endpoint MUST resend the SHUTDOWN
chunk with the updated last sequential TSN received from its peer.
The rules in Section 6.3 MUST be followed to determine the proper
timer value for T2-shutdown. To indicate any gaps in TSN, the
endpoint MAY also bundle a SACK chunk with the SHUTDOWN chunk in the
same SCTP packet.
An endpoint SHOULD limit the number of retransmissions of the
SHUTDOWN chunk to the protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans'.
If this threshold is exceeded, the endpoint SHOULD destroy the TCB
and SHOULD report the peer endpoint unreachable to the upper layer
(and thus the association enters the CLOSED state). The reception of
any packet from its peer (i.e., as the peer sends all of its queued
DATA chunks) SHOULD clear the endpoint's retransmission count and
restart the T2-shutdown timer, giving its peer ample opportunity to
transmit all of its queued DATA chunks that have not yet been sent.
Upon reception of the SHUTDOWN chunk, the peer endpoint does the
following:
* enter the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state,
* stop accepting new data from its SCTP user, and
* verify, by checking the Cumulative TSN Ack field of the chunk,
that all its outstanding DATA chunks have been received by the
SHUTDOWN chunk sender.
Once an endpoint has reached the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state, it MUST
ignore ULP shutdown requests but MUST continue responding to SHUTDOWN
chunks from its peer.
If there are still outstanding DATA chunks left, the SHUTDOWN chunk
receiver MUST continue to follow normal data transmission procedures
defined in Section 6, until all outstanding DATA chunks are
acknowledged; however, the SHUTDOWN chunk receiver MUST NOT accept
new data from its SCTP user.
While in the SHUTDOWN-SENT state, the SHUTDOWN chunk sender MUST
immediately respond to each received packet containing one or more
DATA chunks with a SHUTDOWN chunk and restart the T2-shutdown timer.
If a SHUTDOWN chunk by itself cannot acknowledge all of the received
DATA chunks (i.e., there are TSNs that can be acknowledged that are
larger than the cumulative TSN and thus gaps exist in the TSN
sequence) or if duplicate TSNs have been received, then a SACK chunk
MUST also be sent.
The sender of the SHUTDOWN chunk MAY also start an overall guard
timer T5-shutdown-guard to bound the overall time for the shutdown
sequence. At the expiration of this timer, the sender SHOULD abort
the association by sending an ABORT chunk. If the T5-shutdown-guard
timer is used, it SHOULD be set to the RECOMMENDED value of 5 times
'RTO.Max'.
If the receiver of the SHUTDOWN chunk has no more outstanding DATA
chunks, the SHUTDOWN chunk receiver MUST send a SHUTDOWN ACK chunk
and start a T2-shutdown timer of its own, entering the SHUTDOWN-ACK-
SENT state. If the timer expires, the endpoint MUST resend the
SHUTDOWN ACK chunk.
The sender of the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk SHOULD limit the number of
retransmissions of the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk to the protocol parameter
'Association.Max.Retrans'. If this threshold is exceeded, the
endpoint SHOULD destroy the TCB and SHOULD report the peer endpoint
unreachable to the upper layer (and thus the association enters the
CLOSED state).
Upon the receipt of the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk, the sender of the
SHUTDOWN chunk MUST stop the T2-shutdown timer, send a SHUTDOWN
COMPLETE chunk to its peer, and remove all record of the association.
Upon reception of the SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk, the endpoint verifies
that it is in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state; if it is not, the chunk
SHOULD be discarded. If the endpoint is in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
state, the endpoint SHOULD stop the T2-shutdown timer and remove all
knowledge of the association (and thus the association enters the
CLOSED state).
An endpoint SHOULD ensure that all its outstanding DATA chunks have
been acknowledged before initiating the shutdown procedure.
An endpoint SHOULD reject any new data request from its upper layer
if it is in the SHUTDOWN-PENDING, SHUTDOWN-SENT, SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED,
or SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state.
If an endpoint is in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state and receives an INIT
chunk (e.g., if the SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk was lost) with source and
destination transport addresses (either in the IP addresses or in the
INIT chunk) that belong to this association, it SHOULD discard the
INIT chunk and retransmit the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk.
Note: Receipt of a packet containing an INIT chunk with the same
source and destination IP addresses as used in transport addresses
assigned to an endpoint but with a different port number indicates
the initialization of a separate association.
The sender of the INIT or COOKIE ECHO chunk SHOULD respond to the
receipt of a SHUTDOWN ACK chunk with a stand-alone SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
chunk in an SCTP packet with the Verification Tag field of its common
header set to the same tag that was received in the packet containing
the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk. This is considered an OOTB packet as defined
in Section 8.4. The sender of the INIT chunk lets T1-init continue
running and remains in the COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED state.
Normal T1-init timer expiration will cause the INIT or COOKIE chunk
to be retransmitted and thus start a new association.
If a SHUTDOWN chunk is received in the COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE ECHOED
state, the SHUTDOWN chunk SHOULD be silently discarded.
If an endpoint is in the SHUTDOWN-SENT state and receives a SHUTDOWN
chunk from its peer, the endpoint SHOULD respond immediately with a
SHUTDOWN ACK chunk to its peer and move into the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
state, restarting its T2-shutdown timer.
If an endpoint is in the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state and receives a
SHUTDOWN ACK, it MUST stop the T2-shutdown timer, send a SHUTDOWN
COMPLETE chunk to its peer, and remove all record of the association.
10. ICMP Handling
Whenever an ICMP message is received by an SCTP endpoint, the
following procedures MUST be followed to ensure proper utilization of
the information being provided by layer 3.
ICMP1) An implementation MAY ignore all ICMPv4 messages where the
type field is not set to "Destination Unreachable".
ICMP2) An implementation MAY ignore all ICMPv6 messages where the
type field is not "Destination Unreachable", "Parameter
Problem", or "Packet Too Big".
ICMP3) An implementation SHOULD ignore any ICMP messages where the
code indicates "Port Unreachable".
ICMP4) An implementation MAY ignore all ICMPv6 messages of type
"Parameter Problem" if the code is not "Unrecognized Next
Header Type Encountered".
ICMP5) An implementation MUST use the payload of the ICMP message
(v4 or v6) to locate the association that sent the message to
which ICMP is responding. If the association cannot be
found, an implementation SHOULD ignore the ICMP message.
ICMP6) An implementation MUST validate that the Verification Tag
contained in the ICMP message matches the Verification Tag of
the peer. If the Verification Tag is not 0 and does not
match, discard the ICMP message. If it is 0 and the ICMP
message contains enough bytes to verify that the chunk type
is an INIT chunk and that the Initiate Tag matches the tag of
the peer, continue with ICMP7. If the ICMP message is too
short or the chunk type or the Initiate Tag does not match,
silently discard the packet.
ICMP7) If the ICMP message is either an ICMPv6 message of type
"Packet Too Big" or an ICMPv4 message of type "Destination
Unreachable" and code "Fragmentation Needed", an
implementation SHOULD process this information as defined for
PMTU discovery.
ICMP8) If the ICMP code is "Unrecognized Next Header Type
Encountered" or "Protocol Unreachable", an implementation
MUST treat this message as an abort with the T bit set if it
does not contain an INIT chunk. If it does contain an INIT
chunk and the association is in the COOKIE-WAIT state, handle
the ICMP message like an ABORT chunk.
ICMP9) If the ICMP type is "Destination Unreachable", the
implementation MAY move the destination to the unreachable
state or, alternatively, increment the path error counter.
SCTP MAY provide information to the upper layer indicating
the reception of ICMP messages when reporting a network
status change.
These procedures differ from [RFC1122] and from its requirements for
processing of port-unreachable messages and the requirements that an
implementation MUST abort associations in response to a protocol
unreachable message. Port-unreachable messages are not processed,
since an implementation will send an ABORT chunk, not a port-
unreachable message. The stricter handling of the protocol
unreachable message is due to security concerns for hosts that do not
support SCTP.
11. Interface with Upper Layer
The Upper Layer Protocols (ULPs) request services by passing
primitives to SCTP and receive notifications from SCTP for various
events.
The primitives and notifications described in this section can be
used as a guideline for implementing SCTP. The following functional
description of ULP interface primitives is shown for illustrative
purposes. Different SCTP implementations can have different ULP
interfaces. However, all SCTP implementations are expected to
provide a certain minimum set of services to guarantee that all SCTP
implementations can support the same protocol hierarchy.
Please note that this section is informational only.
[RFC6458] and Section 7 ("Socket API Considerations") of [RFC7053]
define an extension of the socket API for SCTP as described in this
document.
11.1. ULP-to-SCTP
The following sections functionally characterize a ULP/SCTP
interface. The notation used is similar to most procedure or
function calls in high-level languages.
The ULP primitives described below specify the basic functions that
SCTP performs to support inter-process communication. Individual
implementations define their own exact format and provide
combinations or subsets of the basic functions in single calls.
11.1.1. Initialize
INITIALIZE ([local port],[local eligible address list])
-> local SCTP instance name
This primitive allows SCTP to initialize its internal data structures
and allocate necessary resources for setting up its operation
environment. Once SCTP is initialized, ULP can communicate directly
with other endpoints without re-invoking this primitive.
SCTP will return a local SCTP instance name to the ULP.
Mandatory attributes:
None.
Optional attributes:
local port: SCTP port number, if ULP wants it to be specified.
local eligible address list: an address list that the local SCTP
endpoint binds. By default, if an address list is not
included, all IP addresses assigned to the host are used by the
local endpoint.
Implementation Note: If this optional attribute is supported by an
implementation, it will be the responsibility of the implementation
to enforce that the IP source address field of any SCTP packets sent
by this endpoint contains one of the IP addresses indicated in the
local eligible address list.
11.1.2. Associate
ASSOCIATE(local SCTP instance name,
initial destination transport addr list, outbound stream count)
-> association id [,destination transport addr list]
[,outbound stream count]
This primitive allows the upper layer to initiate an association to a
specific peer endpoint.
The peer endpoint is specified by one or more of the transport
addresses that defines the endpoint (see Section 1.3). If the local
SCTP instance has not been initialized, the ASSOCIATE is considered
an error.
An association id, which is a local handle to the SCTP association,
will be returned on successful establishment of the association. If
SCTP is not able to open an SCTP association with the peer endpoint,
an error is returned.
Other association parameters can be returned, including the complete
destination transport addresses of the peer as well as the outbound
stream count of the local endpoint. One of the transport addresses
from the returned destination addresses will be selected by the local
endpoint as the default primary path for sending SCTP packets to this
peer. The returned "destination transport addr list" can be used by
the ULP to change the default primary path or to force sending a
packet to a specific transport address.
Implementation Note: If the ASSOCIATE primitive is implemented as a
blocking function call, the ASSOCIATE primitive can return
association parameters in addition to the association id upon
successful establishment. If ASSOCIATE primitive is implemented as a
non-blocking call, only the association id is returned and
association parameters are passed using the COMMUNICATION UP
notification.
Mandatory attributes:
local SCTP instance name: obtained from the INITIALIZE operation.
initial destination transport addr list: a non-empty list of
transport addresses of the peer endpoint with which the
association is to be established.
outbound stream count: the number of outbound streams the ULP
would like to open towards this peer endpoint.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.3. Shutdown
SHUTDOWN(association id) -> result
Gracefully closes an association. Any locally queued user data will
be delivered to the peer. The association will be terminated only
after the peer acknowledges all the SCTP packets sent. A success
code will be returned on successful termination of the association.
If attempting to terminate the association results in a failure, an
error code is returned.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.4. Abort
ABORT(association id [, Upper Layer Abort Reason]) -> result
Ungracefully closes an association. Any locally queued user data
will be discarded, and an ABORT chunk is sent to the peer. A success
code will be returned on successful abort of the association. If
attempting to abort the association results in a failure, an error
code is returned.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
Optional attributes:
Upper Layer Abort Reason: reason of the abort to be passed to the
peer.
11.1.5. Send
SEND(association id, buffer address, byte count [,context]
[,stream id] [,life time] [,destination transport address]
[,unordered flag] [,no-bundle flag] [,payload protocol-id]
[,sack-immediately flag]) -> result
This is the main method to send user data via SCTP.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
buffer address: the location where the user message to be
transmitted is stored.
byte count: the size of the user data in number of bytes.
Optional attributes:
context: optional information provided that will be carried in
the SEND FAILURE notification to the ULP if the transportation
of this user message fails.
stream id: indicates which stream to send the data on. If not
specified, stream 0 will be used.
life time: specifies the life time of the user data. The user
data will not be sent by SCTP after the life time expires.
This parameter can be used to avoid efforts to transmit stale
user messages. SCTP notifies the ULP if the data cannot be
initiated to transport (i.e., sent to the destination via
SCTP's SEND primitive) within the life time variable. However,
the user data will be transmitted if SCTP has attempted to
transmit a chunk before the life time expired.
Implementation Note: In order to better support the data life
time option, the transmitter can hold back the assigning of the
TSN number to an outbound DATA chunk to the last moment. And,
for implementation simplicity, once a TSN number has been
assigned, the sender considers the send of this DATA chunk as
committed, overriding any life time option attached to the DATA
chunk.
destination transport address: specified as one of the
destination transport addresses of the peer endpoint to which
this packet is sent. Whenever possible, SCTP uses this
destination transport address for sending the packets, instead
of the current primary path.
unordered flag: this flag, if present, indicates that the user
would like the data delivered in an unordered fashion to the
peer (i.e., the U flag is set to 1 on all DATA chunks carrying
this message).
no-bundle flag: instructs SCTP not to delay the sending of DATA
chunks for this user data just to allow it to be bundled with
other outbound DATA chunks. When faced with network
congestion, SCTP might still bundle the data, even when this
flag is present.
payload protocol-id: a 32-bit unsigned integer that is to be
passed to the peer, indicating the type of payload protocol
data being transmitted. Note that the upper layer is
responsible for the host to network byte order conversion of
this field, which is passed by SCTP as 4 bytes of opaque data.
sack-immediately flag: set the I bit on the last DATA chunk used
for the user message to be transmitted.
11.1.6. Set Primary
SETPRIMARY(association id, destination transport address,
[source transport address]) -> result
Instructs the local SCTP to use the specified destination transport
address as the primary path for sending packets.
The result of attempting this operation is returned. If the
specified destination transport address is not present in the
"destination transport address list" returned earlier in an ASSOCIATE
primitive or COMMUNICATION UP notification, an error is returned.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: specified as one of the transport
addresses of the peer endpoint, which is used as the primary
address for sending packets. This overrides the current
primary address information maintained by the local SCTP
endpoint.
Optional attributes:
source transport address: optionally, some implementations can
allow you to set the default source address placed in all
outgoing IP datagrams.
11.1.7. Receive
RECEIVE(association id, buffer address, buffer size [,stream id])
-> byte count [,transport address] [,stream id]
[,stream sequence number] [,partial flag] [,payload protocol-id]
This primitive reads the first user message in the SCTP in-queue into
the buffer specified by ULP, if there is one available. The size of
the message read, in bytes, will be returned. It might, depending on
the specific implementation, also return other information, such as
the sender's address, the stream id on which it is received, whether
there are more messages available for retrieval, etc. For ordered
messages, their Stream Sequence Number might also be returned.
Depending upon the implementation, if this primitive is invoked when
no message is available, the implementation returns an indication of
this condition or blocks the invoking process until data does become
available.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
buffer address: the memory location indicated by the ULP to store
the received message.
buffer size: the maximum size of data to be received, in bytes.
Optional attributes:
stream id: to indicate which stream to receive the data on.
stream sequence number: the Stream Sequence Number assigned by
the sending SCTP peer.
partial flag: if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
primitive contains a partial delivery of the whole message.
When this flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number
accompanies this primitive. When this flag is set to 0, it
indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this
stream sequence number.
payload protocol-id: a 32-bit unsigned integer that is received
from the peer indicating the type of payload protocol of the
received data. Note that the upper layer is responsible for
the host to network byte order conversion of this field, which
is passed by SCTP as 4 bytes of opaque data.
11.1.8. Status
STATUS(association id) -> status data
This primitive returns a data block containing the following
information:
* association connection state,
* destination transport address list,
* destination transport address reachability states,
* current receiver window size,
* current congestion window sizes,
* number of unacknowledged DATA chunks,
* number of DATA chunks pending receipt,
* primary path,
* most recent SRTT on primary path,
* RTO on primary path,
* SRTT and RTO on other destination addresses, etc.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.9. Change Heartbeat
CHANGE HEARTBEAT(association id, destination transport address,
new state [,interval]) -> result
Instructs the local endpoint to enable or disable heartbeat on the
specified destination transport address.
The result of attempting this operation is returned.
Note: Even when enabled, heartbeat will not take place if the
destination transport address is not idle.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: specified as one of the transport
addresses of the peer endpoint.
new state: the new state of heartbeat for this destination
transport address (either enabled or disabled).
Optional attributes:
interval: if present, indicates the frequency of the heartbeat if
this is to enable heartbeat on a destination transport address.
This value is added to the RTO of the destination transport
address. This value, if present, affects all destinations.
11.1.10. Request Heartbeat
REQUESTHEARTBEAT(association id, destination transport address)
-> result
Instructs the local endpoint to perform a heartbeat on the specified
destination transport address of the given association. The returned
result indicates whether the transmission of the HEARTBEAT chunk to
the destination address is successful.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: the transport address of the
association on which a heartbeat is issued.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.11. Get SRTT Report
GETSRTTREPORT(association id, destination transport address)
-> srtt result
Instructs the local SCTP to report the current SRTT measurement on
the specified destination transport address of the given association.
The returned result can be an integer containing the most recent SRTT
in milliseconds.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: the transport address of the
association on which the SRTT measurement is to be reported.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.12. Set Failure Threshold
SETFAILURETHRESHOLD(association id, destination transport address,
failure threshold) -> result
This primitive allows the local SCTP to customize the reachability
failure detection threshold 'Path.Max.Retrans' for the specified
destination address. Note that this can also be done using the
SETPROTOCOLPARAMETERS primitive (Section 11.1.13).
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: the transport address of the
association on which the failure detection threshold is to be
set.
failure threshold: the new value of 'Path.Max.Retrans' for the
destination address.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.1.13. Set Protocol Parameters
SETPROTOCOLPARAMETERS(association id,
[destination transport address,] protocol parameter list)
-> result
This primitive allows the local SCTP to customize the protocol
parameters.
Mandatory attributes:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
protocol parameter list: the specific names and values of the
protocol parameters (e.g., 'Association.Max.Retrans' (see
Section 16) or other parameters like the DSCP) that the SCTP
user wishes to customize.
Optional attributes:
destination transport address: some of the protocol parameters
might be set on a per-destination-transport-address basis.
11.1.14. Receive Unsent Message
RECEIVE_UNSENT(data retrieval id, buffer address, buffer size
[,stream id] [, stream sequence number] [,partial flag]
[,payload protocol-id])
This primitive reads a user message that has never been sent into the
buffer specified by ULP.
Mandatory attributes:
data retrieval id: the identification passed to the ULP in the
SEND FAILURE notification.
buffer address: the memory location indicated by the ULP to store
the received message.
buffer size: the maximum size of data to be received, in bytes.
Optional attributes:
stream id: this is a return value that is set to indicate which
stream the data was sent to.
stream sequence number: this value is returned, indicating the
Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.
partial flag: if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
message is a partial delivery of the whole message. When this
flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number
accompanies this primitive. When this flag is set to 0, it
indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this
stream sequence number.
payload protocol-id: The 32-bit unsigned integer that was set to
be sent to the peer, indicating the type of payload protocol of
the received data.
11.1.15. Receive Unacknowledged Message
RECEIVE_UNACKED(data retrieval id, buffer address, buffer size,
[,stream id] [,stream sequence number] [,partial flag]
[,payload protocol-id])
This primitive reads a user message that has been sent and has not
been acknowledged by the peer into the buffer specified by ULP.
Mandatory attributes:
data retrieval id: the identification passed to the ULP in the
SEND FAILURE notification.
buffer address: the memory location indicated by the ULP to store
the received message.
buffer size: the maximum size of data to be received, in bytes.
Optional attributes:
stream id: this is a return value that is set to indicate which
stream the data was sent to.
stream sequence number: this value is returned, indicating the
Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.
partial flag: if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
message is a partial delivery of the whole message. When this
flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number
accompanies this primitive. When this flag is set to 0, it
indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this
stream sequence number.
payload protocol-id: the 32-bit unsigned integer that was sent to
the peer indicating the type of payload protocol of the
received data.
11.1.16. Destroy SCTP Instance
DESTROY(local SCTP instance name)
Mandatory attributes:
local SCTP instance name: this is the value that was passed to
the application in the initialize primitive and it indicates
which SCTP instance is to be destroyed.
Optional attributes:
None.
11.2. SCTP-to-ULP
It is assumed that the operating system or application environment
provides a means for the SCTP to asynchronously signal the ULP
process. When SCTP does signal a ULP process, certain information is
passed to the ULP.
Implementation Note: In some cases, this might be done through a
separate socket or error channel.
11.2.1. DATA ARRIVE Notification
SCTP invokes this notification on the ULP when a user message is
successfully received and ready for retrieval.
The following might optionally be passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
stream id: to indicate which stream the data is received on.
11.2.2. SEND FAILURE Notification
If a message cannot be delivered, SCTP invokes this notification on
the ULP.
The following might optionally be passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
data retrieval id: an identification used to retrieve unsent and
unacknowledged data.
mode: indicates whether no part of the message never has been sent
or if at least part of it has been sent but it is not completely
acknowledged.
cause code: indicating the reason of the failure, e.g., size too
large, message life time expiration, etc.
context: optional information associated with this message (see
Section 11.1.5).
11.2.3. NETWORK STATUS CHANGE Notification
When a destination transport address is marked inactive (e.g., when
SCTP detects a failure) or marked active (e.g., when SCTP detects a
recovery), SCTP invokes this notification on the ULP.
The following is passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
destination transport address: this indicates the destination
transport address of the peer endpoint affected by the change.
new-status: this indicates the new status.
11.2.4. COMMUNICATION UP Notification
This notification is used when SCTP becomes ready to send or receive
user messages or when a lost communication to an endpoint is
restored.
Implementation Note: If the ASSOCIATE primitive is implemented as a
blocking function call, the association parameters are returned as a
result of the ASSOCIATE primitive itself. In that case, the
COMMUNICATION UP notification is optional at the association
initiator's side.
The following is passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
status: this indicates what type of event has occurred.
destination transport address list: the complete set of transport
addresses of the peer.
outbound stream count: the maximum number of streams allowed to be
used in this association by the ULP.
inbound stream count: the number of streams the peer endpoint has
requested with this association (this might not be the same number
as 'outbound stream count').
11.2.5. COMMUNICATION LOST Notification
When SCTP loses communication to an endpoint completely (e.g., via
Heartbeats) or detects that the endpoint has performed an abort
operation, it invokes this notification on the ULP.
The following is passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
status: this indicates what type of event has occurred; the status
might indicate that a failure OR a normal termination event
occurred in response to a shutdown or abort request.
The following might be passed with the notification:
last-acked: the TSN last acked by that peer endpoint.
last-sent: the TSN last sent to that peer endpoint.
Upper Layer Abort Reason: the abort reason specified in case of a
user-initiated abort.
11.2.6. COMMUNICATION ERROR Notification
When SCTP receives an ERROR chunk from its peer and decides to notify
its ULP, it can invoke this notification on the ULP.
The following can be passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
error info: this indicates the type of error and optionally some
additional information received through the ERROR chunk.
11.2.7. RESTART Notification
When SCTP detects that the peer has restarted, it might send this
notification to its ULP.
The following can be passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
11.2.8. SHUTDOWN COMPLETE Notification
When SCTP completes the shutdown procedures (Section 9.2), this
notification is passed to the upper layer.
The following can be passed with the notification:
association id: local handle to the SCTP association.
12. Security Considerations
12.1. Security Objectives
As a common transport protocol designed to reliably carry time-
sensitive user messages, such as billing or signaling messages for
telephony services, between two networked endpoints, SCTP has the
following security objectives:
* availability of reliable and timely data transport services
* integrity of the user-to-user information carried by SCTP
12.2. SCTP Responses to Potential Threats
SCTP could potentially be used in a wide variety of risk situations.
It is important for operators of systems running SCTP to analyze
their particular situations and decide on the appropriate counter-
measures.
Operators of systems running SCTP might consult [RFC2196] for
guidance in securing their site.
12.2.1. Countering Insider Attacks
The principles of [RFC2196] might be applied to minimize the risk of
theft of information or sabotage by insiders. Such procedures
include publication of security policies, control of access at the
physical, software, and network levels, and separation of services.
12.2.2. Protecting against Data Corruption in the Network
Where the risk of undetected errors in datagrams delivered by the
lower-layer transport services is considered to be too great,
additional integrity protection is required. If this additional
protection were provided in the application layer, the SCTP header
would remain vulnerable to deliberate integrity attacks. While the
existing SCTP mechanisms for detection of packet replays are
considered sufficient for normal operation, stronger protections are
needed to protect SCTP when the operating environment contains
significant risk of deliberate attacks from a sophisticated
adversary.
The SCTP Authentication extension SCTP-AUTH [RFC4895] MAY be used
when the threat environment requires stronger integrity protections
but does not require confidentiality.
12.2.3. Protecting Confidentiality
In most cases, the risk of breach of confidentiality applies to the
signaling data payload, not to the SCTP or lower-layer protocol
overheads. If that is true, encryption of the SCTP user data only
might be considered. As with the supplementary checksum service,
user data encryption MAY be performed by the SCTP user application.
[RFC6083] MAY be used for this. Alternately, the user application
MAY use an implementation-specific API to request that the IP
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] be used to provide
confidentiality and integrity.
Particularly for mobile users, the requirement for confidentiality
might include the masking of IP addresses and ports. In this case,
ESP SHOULD be used instead of application-level confidentiality. If
ESP is used to protect confidentiality of SCTP traffic, an ESP
cryptographic transform that includes cryptographic integrity
protection MUST be used, because, if there is a confidentiality
threat, there will also be a strong integrity threat.
Regardless of where confidentiality is provided, the Internet Key
Exchange Protocol version 2 (IKEv2) [RFC7296] SHOULD be used for key
management of ESP.
Operators might consult [RFC4301] for more information on the
security services available at and immediately above the Internet
Protocol layer.
12.2.4. Protecting against Blind Denial-of-Service Attacks
A blind attack is one where the attacker is unable to intercept or
otherwise see the content of data flows passing to and from the
target SCTP node. Blind denial-of-service attacks can take the form
of flooding, masquerade, or improper monopolization of services.
12.2.4.1. Flooding
The objective of flooding is to cause loss of service and incorrect
behavior at target systems through resource exhaustion, interference
with legitimate transactions, and exploitation of buffer-related
software bugs. Flooding can be directed either at the SCTP node or
at resources in the intervening IP Access Links or the Internet.
Where the latter entities are the target, flooding will manifest
itself as loss of network services, including potentially the breach
of any firewalls in place.
In general, protection against flooding begins at the equipment
design level, where it includes measures such as:
* avoiding commitment of limited resources before determining that
the request for service is legitimate.
* giving priority to completion of processing in progress over the
acceptance of new work.
* identification and removal of duplicate or stale queued requests
for service.
* not responding to unexpected packets sent to non-unicast
addresses.
Network equipment is expected to be capable of generating an alarm
and log if a suspicious increase in traffic occurs. The log provides
information, such as the identity of the incoming link and source
address(es) used, which will help the network or SCTP system operator
to take protective measures. Procedures are expected to be in place
for the operator to act on such alarms if a clear pattern of abuse
emerges.
The design of SCTP is resistant to flooding attacks, particularly in
its use of a four-way startup handshake, its use of a cookie to defer
commitment of resources at the responding SCTP node until the
handshake is completed, and its use of a Verification Tag to prevent
insertion of extraneous packets into the flow of an established
association.
ESP might be useful in reducing the risk of certain kinds of denial-
of-service attacks.
Support for the Host Name Address parameter has been removed from the
protocol. Endpoints receiving INIT or INIT ACK chunks containing the
Host Name Address parameter MUST send an ABORT chunk in response and
MAY include an "Unresolvable Address" error cause.
12.2.4.2. Blind Masquerade
Masquerade can be used to deny service in several ways:
* by tying up resources at the target SCTP node to which the
impersonated node has limited access. For example, the target
node can by policy permit a maximum of one SCTP association with
the impersonated SCTP node. The masquerading attacker can attempt
to establish an association purporting to come from the
impersonated node so that the latter cannot do so when it requires
it.
* by deliberately allowing the impersonation to be detected, thereby
provoking counter-measures that cause the impersonated node to be
locked out of the target SCTP node.
* by interfering with an established association by inserting
extraneous content such as a SHUTDOWN chunk.
SCTP reduces the risk of blind masquerade attacks through IP spoofing
by use of the four-way startup handshake. Because the initial
exchange is memoryless, no lockout mechanism is triggered by blind
masquerade attacks. In addition, the packet containing the INIT ACK
chunk with the State Cookie is transmitted back to the IP address
from which it received the packet containing the INIT chunk. Thus,
the attacker would not receive the INIT ACK chunk containing the
State Cookie. SCTP protects against insertion of extraneous packets
into the flow of an established association by use of the
Verification Tag.
Logging of received INIT chunks and abnormalities, such as unexpected
INIT ACK chunks, might be considered as a way to detect patterns of
hostile activity. However, the potential usefulness of such logging
has to be weighed against the increased SCTP startup processing it
implies, rendering the SCTP node more vulnerable to flooding attacks.
Logging is pointless without the establishment of operating
procedures to review and analyze the logs on a routine basis.
12.2.4.3. Improper Monopolization of Services
Attacks under this heading are performed openly and legitimately by
the attacker. They are directed against fellow users of the target
SCTP node or of the shared resources between the attacker and the
target node. Possible attacks include the opening of a large number
of associations between the attacker's node and the target or
transfer of large volumes of information within a legitimately
established association.
Policy limits are expected to be placed on the number of associations
per adjoining SCTP node. SCTP user applications are expected to be
capable of detecting large volumes of illegitimate or "no-op"
messages within a given association and either logging or terminating
the association as a result, based on local policy.
12.3. SCTP Interactions with Firewalls
It is helpful for some firewalls if they can inspect just the first
fragment of a fragmented SCTP packet and unambiguously determine
whether it corresponds to an INIT chunk (for further information,
please refer to [RFC1858]). Accordingly, we stress the requirements,
as stated in Section 3.1, that (1) an INIT chunk MUST NOT be bundled
with any other chunk in a packet and (2) a packet containing an INIT
chunk MUST have a zero Verification Tag. The receiver of an INIT
chunk MUST silently discard the INIT chunk and all further chunks if
the INIT chunk is bundled with other chunks or the packet has a non-
zero Verification Tag.
12.4. Protection of Non-SCTP-capable Hosts
To provide a non-SCTP-capable host with the same level of protection
against attacks as for SCTP-capable ones, all SCTP implementations
MUST implement the ICMP handling described in Section 10.
When an SCTP implementation receives a packet containing multiple
control or DATA chunks and the processing of the packet would result
in sending multiple chunks in response, the sender of the response
chunk(s) MUST NOT send more than one packet containing chunks other
than DATA chunks. This requirement protects the network for
triggering a packet burst in response to a single packet. If
bundling is supported, multiple response chunks that fit into a
single packet MAY be bundled together into one single response
packet. If bundling is not supported, then the sender MUST NOT send
more than one response chunk and MUST discard all other responses.
Note that this rule does not apply to a SACK chunk, since a SACK
chunk is, in itself, a response to DATA chunks, and a SACK chunk does
not require a response of more DATA chunks.
An SCTP implementation MUST abort the association if it receives a
SACK chunk acknowledging a TSN that has not been sent.
An SCTP implementation that receives an INIT chunk that would require
a large packet in response, due to the inclusion of multiple
"Unrecognized Parameter" parameters, MAY (at its discretion) elect to
omit some or all of the "Unrecognized Parameter" parameters to reduce
the size of the INIT ACK chunk. Due to a combination of the size of
the State Cookie parameter and the number of addresses a receiver of
an INIT chunk indicates to a peer, it is always possible that the
INIT ACK chunk will be larger than the original INIT chunk. An SCTP
implementation SHOULD attempt to make the INIT ACK chunk as small as
possible to reduce the possibility of byte amplification attacks.
13. Network Management Considerations
The MIB module for SCTP defined in [RFC3873] applies for the version
of the protocol specified in this document.
14. Recommended Transmission Control Block (TCB) Parameters
This section details a set of parameters that are expected to be
contained within the TCB for an implementation. This section is for
illustrative purposes and is not considered to be requirements on an
implementation or as an exhaustive list of all parameters inside an
SCTP TCB. Each implementation might need its own additional
parameters for optimization.
14.1. Parameters Necessary for the SCTP Instance
Associations: A list of current associations and mappings to the
data consumers for each association. This might be in
the form of a hash table or other implementation-
dependent structure. The data consumers might be
process identification information, such as file
descriptors, named pipe pointer, or table pointers
dependent on how SCTP is implemented.
Secret Key: A secret key used by this endpoint to compute the MAC.
This SHOULD be a cryptographic quality random number
with a sufficient length. Discussion in [RFC4086] can
be helpful in selection of the key.
Address List: The list of IP addresses that this instance has bound.
This information is passed to one's peer(s) in INIT
and INIT ACK chunks.
SCTP Port: The local SCTP port number to which the endpoint is
bound.
14.2. Parameters Necessary per Association (i.e., the TCB)
Peer Verification Tag: Tag value to be sent in every packet and is
received in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
My Verification Tag: Tag expected in every inbound packet and sent
in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk.
State: COOKIE-WAIT, COOKIE-ECHOED, ESTABLISHED, SHUTDOWN-
PENDING, SHUTDOWN-SENT, SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED, SHUTDOWN-
ACK-SENT.
Note: No "CLOSED" state is illustrated, since, if an
association is "CLOSED", its TCB SHOULD be removed.
Peer Transport Address List: A list of SCTP transport addresses to
which the peer is bound. This information is derived
from the INIT or INIT ACK chunk and is used to
associate an inbound packet with a given association.
Normally, this information is hashed or keyed for
quick lookup and access of the TCB.
Primary Path: This is the current primary destination transport
address of the peer endpoint. It might also specify a
source transport address on this endpoint.
Overall Error Count: The overall association error count.
Overall Error Threshold: The threshold for this association that, if
the Overall Error Count reaches, will cause this
association to be torn down.
Peer Rwnd: Current calculated value of the peer's rwnd.
Next TSN: The next TSN number to be assigned to a new DATA
chunk. This is sent in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk to
the peer and incremented each time a DATA chunk is
assigned a TSN (normally, just prior to transmit or
during fragmentation).
Last Rcvd TSN: This is the last TSN received in sequence. This
value is set initially by taking the peer's Initial
TSN, received in the INIT or INIT ACK chunk, and
subtracting one from it.
Mapping Array: An array of bits or bytes indicating which out-of-
order TSNs have been received (relative to the Last
Rcvd TSN). If no gaps exist, i.e., no out-of-order
packets have been received, this array will be set to
all zero. This structure might be in the form of a
circular buffer or bit array.
Ack State: This flag indicates if the next received packet is to
be responded to with a SACK chunk. This is
initialized to 0. When a packet is received, it is
incremented. If this value reaches 2 or more, a SACK
chunk is sent and the value is reset to 0. Note: This
is used only when no DATA chunks are received out of
order. When DATA chunks are out of order, SACK chunks
are not delayed (see Section 6).
Inbound Streams: An array of structures to track the inbound
streams, normally including the next sequence number
expected and possibly the stream number.
Outbound Streams: An array of structures to track the outbound
streams, normally including the next sequence number
to be sent on the stream.
Reasm Queue: A reassembly queue.
Receive Buffer: A buffer to store received user data that has not
been delivered to the upper layer.
Local Transport Address List: The list of local IP addresses bound
in to this association.
Association Maximum DATA Chunk Size: The smallest Path Maximum DATA
Chunk Size of all destination addresses.
14.3. Per Transport Address Data
For each destination transport address in the peer's address list
derived from the INIT or INIT ACK chunk, a number of data elements
need to be maintained, including:
Error Count: The current error count for this destination.
Error Threshold: Current error threshold for this destination, i.e.,
what value marks the destination down if error count
reaches this value.
cwnd: The current congestion window.
ssthresh: The current ssthresh value.
RTO: The current retransmission timeout value.
SRTT: The current smoothed round-trip time.
RTTVAR: The current RTT variation.
partial bytes acked: The tracking method for increase of cwnd when
in congestion avoidance mode (see Section 7.2.2).
state: The current state of this destination, i.e., DOWN, UP,
ALLOW-HEARTBEAT, NO-HEARTBEAT, etc.
PMTU: The current known PMTU.
PMDCS: The current known PMDCS.
Per Destination Timer: A timer used by each destination.
RTO-Pending: A flag used to track if one of the DATA chunks sent to
this address is currently being used to compute an
RTT. If this flag is 0, the next DATA chunk sent to
this destination is expected to be used to compute an
RTT and this flag is expected to be set. Every time
the RTT calculation completes (i.e., the DATA chunk is
acknowledged), clear this flag.
last-time: The time to which this destination was last sent.
This can be used to determine if the sending of a
HEARTBEAT chunk is needed.
14.4. General Parameters Needed
Out Queue: A queue of outbound DATA chunks.
In Queue: A queue of inbound DATA chunks.
15. IANA Considerations
This document defines five registries that IANA maintains:
* through definition of additional chunk types,
* through definition of additional chunk flags,
* through definition of additional parameter types,
* through definition of additional cause codes within ERROR chunks,
or
* through definition of additional payload protocol identifiers.
IANA has performed the following updates for the above five
registries:
* In the "Chunk Types" registry, IANA has replaced the registry
reference to [RFC4960] and [RFC6096] with a reference to this
document.
In addition, in the Notes section, the reference to Section 3.2 of
[RFC6096] has been updated with a reference to Section 15.2 of
this document.
Finally, each reference to [RFC4960] has been replaced with a
reference to this document for the following chunk types:
- Payload Data (DATA)
- Initiation (INIT)
- Initiation Acknowledgement (INIT ACK)
- Selective Acknowledgement (SACK)
- Heartbeat Request (HEARTBEAT)
- Heartbeat Acknowledgement (HEARTBEAT ACK)
- Abort (ABORT)
- Shutdown (SHUTDOWN)
- Shutdown Acknowledgement (SHUTDOWN ACK)
- Operation Error (ERROR)
- State Cookie (COOKIE ECHO)
- Cookie Acknowledgement (COOKIE ACK)
- Reserved for Explicit Congestion Notification Echo (ECNE)
- Reserved for Congestion Window Reduced (CWR)
- Shutdown Complete (SHUTDOWN COMPLETE)
- Reserved for IETF-defined Chunk Extensions
* In the "Chunk Parameter Types" registry, IANA has replaced the
registry reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to this document.
IANA has changed the name of the "Unrecognized Parameters" chunk
parameter type to "Unrecognized Parameter" in the "Chunk Parameter
Types" registry.
In addition, each reference to [RFC4960] has been replaced with a
reference to this document for the following chunk parameter
types:
- Heartbeat Info
- IPv4 Address
- IPv6 Address
- State Cookie
- Unrecognized Parameter
- Cookie Preservative
- Host Name Address
- Supported Address Types
IANA has added a reference to this document for the following
chunk parameter type:
- Reserved for ECN Capable (0x8000)
Also, IANA has added the value 65535 to be reserved for IETF-
defined extensions.
* In the "Chunk Flags" registry, IANA replaced the registry
reference to [RFC6096] with a reference to this document.
In addition, each reference to [RFC4960] has been replaced with a
reference to this document for the following DATA chunk flags:
- E bit
- B bit
- U bit
IANA has also replaced the reference to [RFC7053] with a reference
to this document for the following DATA chunk flag:
- I bit
IANA has replaced the reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document for the following ABORT chunk flag:
- T bit
IANA has replaced the reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document for the following SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk flag:
- T bit
* In the "Error Cause Codes" registry, IANA has replaced the
registry reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to this document.
IANA has changed the name of the "User Initiated Abort" error
cause to "User-Initiated Abort" and the name of the "Stale Cookie
Error" error cause to "Stale Cookie" in the "Error Cause Codes"
registry.
In addition, each reference to [RFC4960] has been replaced with a
reference to this document for the following cause codes:
- Invalid Stream Identifier
- Missing Mandatory Parameter
- Stale Cookie
- Out of Resource
- Unresolvable Address
- Unrecognized Chunk Type
- Invalid Mandatory Parameter
- Unrecognized Parameters
- No User Data
- Cookie Received While Shutting Down
- Restart of an Association with New Addresses
IANA has also replaced each reference to [RFC4460] with a
reference to this document for the following cause codes:
- User-Initiated Abort
- Protocol Violation
* In the "SCTP Payload Protocol Identifiers" registry, IANA has
replaced the registry reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document.
IANA has replaced the reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document for the following SCTP payload protocol identifier:
- Reserved by SCTP
SCTP requires that the IANA "Port Numbers" registry be opened for
SCTP port registrations; Section 15.6 describes how. An IESG-
appointed Expert Reviewer supports IANA in evaluating SCTP port
allocation requests.
In the "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry",
IANA has replaced each reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document for the following SCTP port numbers:
* 9 (discard)
* 20 (ftp-data)
* 21 (ftp)
* 22 (ssh)
* 80 (http)
* 179 (bgp)
* 443 (https)
Furthermore, in the "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Digest
Algorithm Values" registry, IANA has replaced the reference to
Appendix B of [RFC4960] with a reference to Appendix A of this
document.
In addition, in the "ONC RPC Netids (Standards Action)" registry,
IANA has replaced each reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to
this document for the following netids:
* sctp
* sctp6
In the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry, IANA has replaced each
reference to [RFC4960] with a reference to this document for the
following elements with the name:
* sourceTransportPort
* destinationTransportPort
* collectorTransportPort
* exporterTransportPort
* postNAPTSourceTransportPort
* postNAPTDestinationTransportPort
15.1. IETF-Defined Chunk Extension
The assignment of new chunk type codes is done through an IETF Review
action, as defined in [RFC8126]. Documentation for a new chunk MUST
contain the following information:
a) A long and short name for the new chunk type.
b) A detailed description of the structure of the chunk, which MUST
conform to the basic structure defined in Section 3.2.
c) A detailed definition and description of intended use of each
field within the chunk, including the chunk flags if any.
Defined chunk flags will be used as initial entries in the chunk
flags table for the new chunk type.
d) A detailed procedural description of the use of the new chunk
type within the operation of the protocol.
The last chunk type (255) is reserved for future extension if
necessary.
For each new chunk type, IANA creates a registration table for the
chunk flags of that type. The procedure for registering particular
chunk flags is described in Section 15.2.
15.2. IETF-Defined Chunk Flags Registration
The assignment of new chunk flags is done through an RFC Required
action, as defined in [RFC8126]. Documentation for the chunk flags
MUST contain the following information:
a) A name for the new chunk flag.
b) A detailed procedural description of the use of the new chunk
flag within the operation of the protocol. It MUST be considered
that implementations not supporting the flag will send 0 on
transmit and just ignore it on receipt.
IANA selects a chunk flags value. This MUST be one of 0x01, 0x02,
0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, or 0x80, which MUST be unique within
the chunk flag values for the specific chunk type.
15.3. IETF-Defined Chunk Parameter Extension
The assignment of new chunk parameter type codes is done through an
IETF Review action, as defined in [RFC8126]. Documentation of the
chunk parameter MUST contain the following information:
a) Name of the parameter type.
b) Detailed description of the structure of the parameter field.
This structure MUST conform to the general Type-Length-Value
format described in Section 3.2.1.
c) Detailed definition of each component of the parameter value.
d) Detailed description of the intended use of this parameter type
and an indication of whether and under what circumstances
multiple instances of this parameter type can be found within the
same chunk.
e) Each parameter type MUST be unique across all chunks.
15.4. IETF-Defined Additional Error Causes
Additional cause codes can be allocated through a Specification
Required action as defined in [RFC8126]. Provided documentation MUST
include the following information:
a) Name of the error condition.
b) Detailed description of the conditions under which an SCTP
endpoint issues an ERROR (or ABORT) chunk with this cause code.
c) Expected action by the SCTP endpoint that receives an ERROR (or
ABORT) chunk containing this cause code.
d) Detailed description of the structure and content of data fields
that accompany this cause code.
The initial word (32 bits) of a cause code parameter MUST conform to
the format shown in Section 3.3.10, that is:
* first 2 bytes contain the cause code value
* last 2 bytes contain the length of the error cause.
15.5. Payload Protocol Identifiers
The assignment of payload protocol identifiers is done using the
First Come First Served policy, as defined in [RFC8126].
Except for value 0, which is reserved to indicate an unspecified
payload protocol identifier in a DATA chunk, an SCTP implementation
will not be responsible for standardizing or verifying any payload
protocol identifiers. An SCTP implementation simply receives the
identifier from the upper layer and carries it with the corresponding
payload data.
The upper layer, i.e., the SCTP user, SHOULD standardize any specific
protocol identifier with IANA if it is so desired. The use of any
specific payload protocol identifier is out of the scope of this
specification.
15.6. Port Numbers Registry
SCTP services can use contact port numbers to provide service to
unknown callers, as in TCP and UDP. An IESG-appointed Expert
Reviewer supports IANA in evaluating SCTP port allocation requests,
according to the procedure defined in [RFC8126]. The details of this
process are defined in [RFC6335].
16. Suggested SCTP Protocol Parameter Values
The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:
RTO.Initial: 1 second
RTO.Min: 1 second
RTO.Max: 60 seconds
Max.Burst: 4
RTO.Alpha: 1/8
RTO.Beta: 1/4
Valid.Cookie.Life: 60 seconds
Association.Max.Retrans: 10 attempts
Path.Max.Retrans: 5 attempts (per destination address)
Max.Init.Retransmits: 8 attempts
HB.interval: 30 seconds
HB.Max.Burst: 1
SACK.Delay: 200 milliseconds
Implementation Note: The SCTP implementation can allow ULP to
customize some of these protocol parameters (see Section 11).
'RTO.Min' SHOULD be set as described above in this section.
17. References
17.1. Normative References
[ITU.V42.1994]
International Telecommunications Union, "Error-correcting
Procedures for DCEs Using Asynchronous-to-Synchronous
Conversion", ITU-T Recommendation V.42, 1994.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.
[RFC1123] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1123, October 1989,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1123>.
[RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.
[RFC1982] Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Serial Number Arithmetic", RFC 1982,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1982, August 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1982>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.
[RFC4895] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Lei, P., and E. Rescorla,
"Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 4895, DOI 10.17487/RFC4895, August
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4895>.
[RFC5681] Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion
Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.
[RFC6335] Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.
[RFC6083] Tuexen, M., Seggelmann, R., and E. Rescorla, "Datagram
Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6083,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6083, January 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6083>.
[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
"Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.
[RFC8899] Fairhurst, G., Jones, T., Tüxen, M., Rüngeler, I., and T.
Völker, "Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery for
Datagram Transports", RFC 8899, DOI 10.17487/RFC8899,
September 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8899>.
17.2. Informative References
[FALL96] Fall, K. and S. Floyd, "Simulation-based Comparisons of
Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCP", SIGCOM 99, V. 26, N. 3, pp
5-21, July 1996.
[SAVAGE99] Savage, S., Cardwell, N., Wetherall, D., and T. Anderson,
"TCP Congestion Control with a Misbehaving Receiver", ACM
Computer Communications Review 29(5), October 1999.
[ALLMAN99] Allman, M. and V. Paxson, "On Estimating End-to-End
Network Path Properties", SIGCOM 99, October 1999.
[WILLIAMS93]
Williams, R., "A PAINLESS GUIDE TO CRC ERROR DETECTION
ALGORITHMS", SIGCOM 99, August 1993,
<https://archive.org/stream/PainlessCRC/crc_v3.txt>.
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC1858] Ziemba, G., Reed, D., and P. Traina, "Security
Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1858, October 1995,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1858>.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.
[RFC2196] Fraser, B., "Site Security Handbook", FYI 8, RFC 2196,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2196, September 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2196>.
[RFC2522] Karn, P. and W. Simpson, "Photuris: Session-Key Management
Protocol", RFC 2522, DOI 10.17487/RFC2522, March 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2522>.
[RFC2960] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C.,
Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M.,
Zhang, L., and V. Paxson, "Stream Control Transmission
Protocol", RFC 2960, DOI 10.17487/RFC2960, October 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2960>.
[RFC3465] Allman, M., "TCP Congestion Control with Appropriate Byte
Counting (ABC)", RFC 3465, DOI 10.17487/RFC3465, February
2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3465>.
[RFC3873] Pastor, J. and M. Belinchon, "Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) Management Information Base (MIB)",
RFC 3873, DOI 10.17487/RFC3873, September 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3873>.
[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4460] Stewart, R., Arias-Rodriguez, I., Poon, K., Caro, A., and
M. Tuexen, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Specification Errata and Issues", RFC 4460,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4460, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4460>.
[RFC4960] Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.
[RFC6096] Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) Chunk Flags Registration", RFC 6096,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6096, January 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6096>.
[RFC6458] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Poon, K., Lei, P., and V.
Yasevich, "Sockets API Extensions for the Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP)", RFC 6458,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6458, December 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6458>.
[RFC6951] Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "UDP Encapsulation of Stream
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Packets for End-Host
to End-Host Communication", RFC 6951,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6951, May 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6951>.
[RFC7053] Tuexen, M., Ruengeler, I., and R. Stewart, "SACK-
IMMEDIATELY Extension for the Stream Control Transmission
Protocol", RFC 7053, DOI 10.17487/RFC7053, November 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7053>.
[RFC8260] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Loreto, S., and R. Seggelmann,
"Stream Schedulers and User Message Interleaving for the
Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 8260,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8260, November 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8260>.
[RFC8261] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Jesup, R., and S. Loreto,
"Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Encapsulation of
SCTP Packets", RFC 8261, DOI 10.17487/RFC8261, November
2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8261>.
[RFC8540] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., and M. Proshin, "Stream Control
Transmission Protocol: Errata and Issues in RFC 4960",
RFC 8540, DOI 10.17487/RFC8540, February 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8540>.
Appendix A. CRC32c Checksum Calculation
We define a 'reflected value' as one that is the opposite of the
normal bit order of the machine. The 32-bit CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
Check) is calculated, as described for CRC32c and uses the polynomial
code 0x11EDC6F41 (Castagnoli93) or x^32+x^28+x^27+x^26+x^25+x^23+x^22
+x^20+x^19+x^18+x^14+x^13+x^11+x^10+x^9+x^8+x^6+x^0. The CRC is
computed using a procedure similar to ETHERNET CRC [ITU.V42.1994],
modified to reflect transport-level usage.
CRC computation uses polynomial division. A message bit-string M is
transformed to a polynomial, M(X), and the CRC is calculated from
M(X) using polynomial arithmetic.
When CRCs are used at the link layer, the polynomial is derived from
on-the-wire bit ordering: the first bit 'on the wire' is the high-
order coefficient. Since SCTP is a transport-level protocol, it
cannot know the actual serial-media bit ordering. Moreover,
different links in the path between SCTP endpoints can use different
link-level bit orders.
A convention therefore is established for mapping SCTP transport
messages to polynomials for purposes of CRC computation. The bit-
ordering for mapping SCTP messages to polynomials is that bytes are
taken most-significant first, but, within each byte, bits are taken
least-significant first. The first byte of the message provides the
eight highest coefficients. Within each byte, the least-significant
SCTP bit gives the most-significant polynomial coefficient within
that byte, and the most-significant SCTP bit is the least-significant
polynomial coefficient in that byte. (This bit ordering is sometimes
called 'mirrored' or 'reflected' [WILLIAMS93].) CRC polynomials are
to be transformed back into SCTP transport-level byte values, using a
consistent mapping.
The SCTP transport-level CRC value can be calculated as follows:
* CRC input data is assigned to a byte stream, numbered from 0 to
N-1.
* The transport-level byte stream is mapped to a polynomial value.
An N-byte PDU with j bytes numbered 0 to N-1 is considered as
coefficients of a polynomial M(x) of order 8*N-1, with bit 0 of
byte j being coefficient x^(8*(N-j)-8) and bit 7 of byte j being
coefficient x^(8*(N-j)-1).
* The CRC remainder register is initialized with all 1s and the CRC
is computed with an algorithm that simultaneously multiplies by
x^32 and divides by the CRC polynomial.
* The polynomial is multiplied by x^32 and divided by G(x), the
generator polynomial, producing a remainder R(x) of degree less
than or equal to 31.
* The coefficients of R(x) are considered a 32-bit sequence.
* The bit sequence is complemented. The result is the CRC
polynomial.
* The CRC polynomial is mapped back into SCTP transport-level bytes.
The coefficient of x^31 gives the value of bit 7 of SCTP byte 0,
and the coefficient of x^24 gives the value of bit 0 of byte 0.
The coefficient of x^7 gives bit 7 of byte 3, and the coefficient
of x^0 gives bit 0 of byte 3. The resulting 4-byte transport-
level sequence is the 32-bit SCTP checksum value.
Implementation Note: Standards documents, textbooks, and vendor
literature on CRCs often follow an alternative formulation, in which
the register used to hold the remainder of the long-division
algorithm is initialized to zero rather than all ones, and instead
the first 32 bits of the message are complemented. The long-division
algorithm used in our formulation is specified such that the initial
multiplication by 2^32 and the long-division are combined into one
simultaneous operation. For such algorithms, and for messages longer
than 64 bits, the two specifications are precisely equivalent. That
equivalence is the intent of this document.
Implementors of SCTP are warned that both specifications are to be
found in the literature, sometimes with no restriction on the long-
division algorithm. The choice of formulation in this document is to
permit non-SCTP usage, where the same CRC algorithm can be used to
protect messages shorter than 64 bits.
There can be a computational advantage in validating the association
against the Verification Tag, prior to performing a checksum, as
invalid tags will result in the same action as a bad checksum in most
cases. The exceptions for this technique would be packets containing
INIT chunks and some SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE chunks, as well as a stale
COOKIE ECHO chunks. These special-case exchanges represent small
packets and will minimize the effect of the checksum calculation.
The following non-normative sample code is taken from an open-source
CRC generator [WILLIAMS93], using the "mirroring" technique and
yielding a lookup table for SCTP CRC32c with 256 entries, each 32
bits wide. While neither especially slow nor especially fast, as
software table-lookup CRCs go, it has the advantage of working on
both big-endian and little-endian CPUs, using the same (host-order)
lookup tables, and using only the predefined ntohl() and htonl()
operations. The code is somewhat modified from [WILLIAMS93] to
ensure portability between big-endian and little-endian
architectures, use fixed-sized types to allow portability between
32-bit and 64-bit platforms, and use general C code improvements.
(Note that, if the byte endian-ness of the target architecture is
known to be little endian, the final bit-reversal and byte-reversal
steps can be folded into a single operation.)
<CODE BEGINS>
/****************************************************************/
/* Note: The definitions for Ross Williams's table generator */
/* would be TB_WIDTH=4, TB_POLY=0x1EDC6F41, TB_REVER=TRUE. */
/* For Mr. Williams's direct calculation code, use the settings */
/* cm_width=32, cm_poly=0x1EDC6F41, cm_init=0xFFFFFFFF, */
/* cm_refin=TRUE, cm_refot=TRUE, cm_xorot=0x00000000. */
/****************************************************************/
/* Example of the crc table file */
#ifndef __crc32cr_h__
#define __crc32cr_h__
#define CRC32C_POLY 0x1EDC6F41UL
#define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])
uint32_t crc_c[256] = {
0x00000000UL, 0xF26B8303UL, 0xE13B70F7UL, 0x1350F3F4UL,
0xC79A971FUL, 0x35F1141CUL, 0x26A1E7E8UL, 0xD4CA64EBUL,
0x8AD958CFUL, 0x78B2DBCCUL, 0x6BE22838UL, 0x9989AB3BUL,
0x4D43CFD0UL, 0xBF284CD3UL, 0xAC78BF27UL, 0x5E133C24UL,
0x105EC76FUL, 0xE235446CUL, 0xF165B798UL, 0x030E349BUL,
0xD7C45070UL, 0x25AFD373UL, 0x36FF2087UL, 0xC494A384UL,
0x9A879FA0UL, 0x68EC1CA3UL, 0x7BBCEF57UL, 0x89D76C54UL,
0x5D1D08BFUL, 0xAF768BBCUL, 0xBC267848UL, 0x4E4DFB4BUL,
0x20BD8EDEUL, 0xD2D60DDDUL, 0xC186FE29UL, 0x33ED7D2AUL,
0xE72719C1UL, 0x154C9AC2UL, 0x061C6936UL, 0xF477EA35UL,
0xAA64D611UL, 0x580F5512UL, 0x4B5FA6E6UL, 0xB93425E5UL,
0x6DFE410EUL, 0x9F95C20DUL, 0x8CC531F9UL, 0x7EAEB2FAUL,
0x30E349B1UL, 0xC288CAB2UL, 0xD1D83946UL, 0x23B3BA45UL,
0xF779DEAEUL, 0x05125DADUL, 0x1642AE59UL, 0xE4292D5AUL,
0xBA3A117EUL, 0x4851927DUL, 0x5B016189UL, 0xA96AE28AUL,
0x7DA08661UL, 0x8FCB0562UL, 0x9C9BF696UL, 0x6EF07595UL,
0x417B1DBCUL, 0xB3109EBFUL, 0xA0406D4BUL, 0x522BEE48UL,
0x86E18AA3UL, 0x748A09A0UL, 0x67DAFA54UL, 0x95B17957UL,
0xCBA24573UL, 0x39C9C670UL, 0x2A993584UL, 0xD8F2B687UL,
0x0C38D26CUL, 0xFE53516FUL, 0xED03A29BUL, 0x1F682198UL,
0x5125DAD3UL, 0xA34E59D0UL, 0xB01EAA24UL, 0x42752927UL,
0x96BF4DCCUL, 0x64D4CECFUL, 0x77843D3BUL, 0x85EFBE38UL,
0xDBFC821CUL, 0x2997011FUL, 0x3AC7F2EBUL, 0xC8AC71E8UL,
0x1C661503UL, 0xEE0D9600UL, 0xFD5D65F4UL, 0x0F36E6F7UL,
0x61C69362UL, 0x93AD1061UL, 0x80FDE395UL, 0x72966096UL,
0xA65C047DUL, 0x5437877EUL, 0x4767748AUL, 0xB50CF789UL,
0xEB1FCBADUL, 0x197448AEUL, 0x0A24BB5AUL, 0xF84F3859UL,
0x2C855CB2UL, 0xDEEEDFB1UL, 0xCDBE2C45UL, 0x3FD5AF46UL,
0x7198540DUL, 0x83F3D70EUL, 0x90A324FAUL, 0x62C8A7F9UL,
0xB602C312UL, 0x44694011UL, 0x5739B3E5UL, 0xA55230E6UL,
0xFB410CC2UL, 0x092A8FC1UL, 0x1A7A7C35UL, 0xE811FF36UL,
0x3CDB9BDDUL, 0xCEB018DEUL, 0xDDE0EB2AUL, 0x2F8B6829UL,
0x82F63B78UL, 0x709DB87BUL, 0x63CD4B8FUL, 0x91A6C88CUL,
0x456CAC67UL, 0xB7072F64UL, 0xA457DC90UL, 0x563C5F93UL,
0x082F63B7UL, 0xFA44E0B4UL, 0xE9141340UL, 0x1B7F9043UL,
0xCFB5F4A8UL, 0x3DDE77ABUL, 0x2E8E845FUL, 0xDCE5075CUL,
0x92A8FC17UL, 0x60C37F14UL, 0x73938CE0UL, 0x81F80FE3UL,
0x55326B08UL, 0xA759E80BUL, 0xB4091BFFUL, 0x466298FCUL,
0x1871A4D8UL, 0xEA1A27DBUL, 0xF94AD42FUL, 0x0B21572CUL,
0xDFEB33C7UL, 0x2D80B0C4UL, 0x3ED04330UL, 0xCCBBC033UL,
0xA24BB5A6UL, 0x502036A5UL, 0x4370C551UL, 0xB11B4652UL,
0x65D122B9UL, 0x97BAA1BAUL, 0x84EA524EUL, 0x7681D14DUL,
0x2892ED69UL, 0xDAF96E6AUL, 0xC9A99D9EUL, 0x3BC21E9DUL,
0xEF087A76UL, 0x1D63F975UL, 0x0E330A81UL, 0xFC588982UL,
0xB21572C9UL, 0x407EF1CAUL, 0x532E023EUL, 0xA145813DUL,
0x758FE5D6UL, 0x87E466D5UL, 0x94B49521UL, 0x66DF1622UL,
0x38CC2A06UL, 0xCAA7A905UL, 0xD9F75AF1UL, 0x2B9CD9F2UL,
0xFF56BD19UL, 0x0D3D3E1AUL, 0x1E6DCDEEUL, 0xEC064EEDUL,
0xC38D26C4UL, 0x31E6A5C7UL, 0x22B65633UL, 0xD0DDD530UL,
0x0417B1DBUL, 0xF67C32D8UL, 0xE52CC12CUL, 0x1747422FUL,
0x49547E0BUL, 0xBB3FFD08UL, 0xA86F0EFCUL, 0x5A048DFFUL,
0x8ECEE914UL, 0x7CA56A17UL, 0x6FF599E3UL, 0x9D9E1AE0UL,
0xD3D3E1ABUL, 0x21B862A8UL, 0x32E8915CUL, 0xC083125FUL,
0x144976B4UL, 0xE622F5B7UL, 0xF5720643UL, 0x07198540UL,
0x590AB964UL, 0xAB613A67UL, 0xB831C993UL, 0x4A5A4A90UL,
0x9E902E7BUL, 0x6CFBAD78UL, 0x7FAB5E8CUL, 0x8DC0DD8FUL,
0xE330A81AUL, 0x115B2B19UL, 0x020BD8EDUL, 0xF0605BEEUL,
0x24AA3F05UL, 0xD6C1BC06UL, 0xC5914FF2UL, 0x37FACCF1UL,
0x69E9F0D5UL, 0x9B8273D6UL, 0x88D28022UL, 0x7AB90321UL,
0xAE7367CAUL, 0x5C18E4C9UL, 0x4F48173DUL, 0xBD23943EUL,
0xF36E6F75UL, 0x0105EC76UL, 0x12551F82UL, 0xE03E9C81UL,
0x34F4F86AUL, 0xC69F7B69UL, 0xD5CF889DUL, 0x27A40B9EUL,
0x79B737BAUL, 0x8BDCB4B9UL, 0x988C474DUL, 0x6AE7C44EUL,
0xBE2DA0A5UL, 0x4C4623A6UL, 0x5F16D052UL, 0xAD7D5351UL,
};
#endif
/* Example of table build routine */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define OUTPUT_FILE "crc32cr.h"
#define CRC32C_POLY 0x1EDC6F41UL
static FILE *tf;
static uint32_t
reflect_32(uint32_t b)
{
int i;
uint32_t rw = 0UL;
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
if (b & 1)
rw |= 1UL << (31 - i);
b >>= 1;
}
return (rw);
}
static uint32_t
build_crc_table (int index)
{
int i;
uint32_t rb;
rb = reflect_32(index);
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
if (rb & 0x80000000UL)
rb = (rb << 1) ^ (uint32_t)CRC32C_POLY;
else
rb <<= 1;
}
return (reflect_32(rb));
}
int
main (void)
{
int i;
printf("\nGenerating CRC32c table file <%s>.\n",
OUTPUT_FILE);
if ((tf = fopen(OUTPUT_FILE, "w")) == NULL) {
printf("Unable to open %s.\n", OUTPUT_FILE);
exit (1);
}
fprintf(tf, "#ifndef __crc32cr_h__\n");
fprintf(tf, "#define __crc32cr_h__\n\n");
fprintf(tf, "#define CRC32C_POLY 0x%08XUL\n",
(uint32_t)CRC32C_POLY);
fprintf(tf,
"#define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])\n");
fprintf(tf, "\nuint32_t crc_c[256] =\n{\n");
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
fprintf(tf, "0x%08XUL,", build_crc_table (i));
if ((i & 3) == 3)
fprintf(tf, "\n");
else
fprintf(tf, " ");
}
fprintf(tf, "};\n\n#endif\n");
if (fclose(tf) != 0)
printf("Unable to close <%s>.\n", OUTPUT_FILE);
else
printf("\nThe CRC32c table has been written to <%s>.\n",
OUTPUT_FILE);
return (0);
}
/* Example of crc insertion */
#include "crc32cr.h"
uint32_t
generate_crc32c(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
{
unsigned int i;
uint32_t crc32 = 0xffffffffUL;
uint32_t result;
uint32_t byte0, byte1, byte2, byte3;
for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
CRC32C(crc32, buffer[i]);
}
result = ~crc32;
/* result now holds the negated polynomial remainder,
* since the table and algorithm are "reflected" [williams95].
* That is, result has the same value as if we mapped the message
* to a polynomial, computed the host-bit-order polynomial
* remainder, performed final negation, and then did an
* end-for-end bit-reversal.
* Note that a 32-bit bit-reversal is identical to four in-place
* 8-bit bit-reversals followed by an end-for-end byteswap.
* In other words, the bits of each byte are in the right order,
* but the bytes have been byteswapped. So, we now do an explicit
* byteswap. On a little-endian machine, this byteswap and
* the final ntohl cancel out and could be elided.
*/
byte0 = result & 0xff;
byte1 = (result>>8) & 0xff;
byte2 = (result>>16) & 0xff;
byte3 = (result>>24) & 0xff;
crc32 = ((byte0 << 24) |
(byte1 << 16) |
(byte2 << 8) |
byte3);
return (crc32);
}
int
insert_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
{
SCTP_message *message;
uint32_t crc32;
message = (SCTP_message *)buffer;
message->common_header.checksum = 0UL;
crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer,length);
/* and insert it into the message */
message->common_header.checksum = htonl(crc32);
return (1);
}
int
validate_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
{
SCTP_message *message;
unsigned int i;
uint32_t original_crc32;
uint32_t crc32;
/* save and zero checksum */
message = (SCTP_message *)buffer;
original_crc32 = ntohl(message->common_header.checksum);
message->common_header.checksum = 0L;
crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer, length);
return ((original_crc32 == crc32) ? 1 : -1);
}
<CODE ENDS>
Acknowledgements
An undertaking represented by this updated document is not a small
feat and represents the summation of the initial coauthors of
[RFC2960]: Q. Xie, K. Morneault, C. Sharp, H. Schwarzbauer,
T. Taylor, I. Rytina, M. Kalla, L. Zhang, and V. Paxson.
Add to that, the comments from everyone who contributed to [RFC2960]:
Mark Allman, R. J. Atkinson, Richard Band, Scott Bradner, Steve
Bellovin, Peter Butler, Ram Dantu, R. Ezhirpavai, Mike Fisk, Sally
Floyd, Atsushi Fukumoto, Matt Holdrege, Henry Houh, Christian
Huitema, Gary Lehecka, Jonathan Lee, David Lehmann, John Loughney,
Daniel Luan, Barry Nagelberg, Thomas Narten, Erik Nordmark, Lyndon
Ong, Shyamal Prasad, Kelvin Porter, Heinz Prantner, Jarno Rajahalme,
Raymond E. Reeves, Renee Revis, Ivan Arias Rodriguez, A. Sankar, Greg
Sidebottom, Brian Wyld, La Monte Yarroll, and many others for their
invaluable comments.
Then, add the coauthors of [RFC4460]: I. Arias-Rodriguez, K. Poon,
and A. Caro.
Then, add to these the efforts of all the subsequent seven SCTP
interoperability tests and those who commented on [RFC4460], as shown
in its acknowledgements: Barry Zuckerman, La Monte Yarroll, Qiaobing
Xie, Wang Xiaopeng, Jonathan Wood, Jeff Waskow, Mike Turner, John
Townsend, Sabina Torrente, Cliff Thomas, Yuji Suzuki, Manoj Solanki,
Sverre Slotte, Keyur Shah, Jan Rovins, Ben Robinson, Renee Revis, Ian
Periam, RC Monee, Sanjay Rao, Sujith Radhakrishnan, Heinz Prantner,
Biren Patel, Nathalie Mouellic, Mitch Miers, Bernward Meyknecht, Stan
McClellan, Oliver Mayor, Tomas Orti Martin, Sandeep Mahajan, David
Lehmann, Jonathan Lee, Philippe Langlois, Karl Knutson, Joe Keller,
Gareth Keily, Andreas Jungmaier, Janardhan Iyengar, Mutsuya Irie,
John Hebert, Kausar Hassan, Fred Hasle, Dan Harrison, Jon Grim,
Laurent Glaude, Steven Furniss, Atsushi Fukumoto, Ken Fujita, Steve
Dimig, Thomas Curran, Serkan Cil, Melissa Campbell, Peter Butler, Rob
Brennan, Harsh Bhondwe, Brian Bidulock, Caitlin Bestler, Jon Berger,
Robby Benedyk, Stephen Baucke, Sandeep Balani, and Ronnie Sellar.
A special thanks to Mark Allman, who actually should have been a
coauthor of [RFC4460] for his work on the max-burst but managed to
wiggle out due to a technicality.
Also, we would like to acknowledge Lyndon Ong and Phil Conrad for
their valuable input and many contributions.
Furthermore, you have [RFC4960] and those who have commented upon
that, including Alfred Hönes and Ronnie Sellars.
Then, add the coauthor of [RFC8540]: Maksim Proshin.
And people who have commented on [RFC8540]: Pontus Andersson, Eric
W. Biederman, Cedric Bonnet, Spencer Dawkins, Gorry Fairhurst,
Benjamin Kaduk, Mirja Kühlewind, Peter Lei, Gyula Marosi, Lionel
Morand, Jeff Morriss, Tom Petch, Kacheong Poon, Julien Pourtet, Irene
Rüngeler, Michael Welzl, and Qiaobing Xie.
And, finally, the people who have provided comments for this
document, including Gorry Fairhurst, Martin Duke, Benjamin Kaduk,
Tero Kivinen, Eliot Lear, Marcelo Ricardo Leitner, David Mandelberg,
John Preuß Mattsson, Claudio Porfiri, Maksim Proshin, Ines Robles,
Timo Völker, Magnus Westerlund, and Zhouming.
Our thanks cannot be adequately expressed to all of you who have
participated in the coding, testing, and updating process of this
document. All we can say is, Thank You!
Authors' Addresses
Randall R. Stewart
Netflix, Inc.
2455 Heritage Green Ave
Davenport, FL 33837
United States of America
Email: randall@lakerest.net
Michael Tüxen
Münster University of Applied Sciences
Stegerwaldstrasse 39
48565 Steinfurt
Germany
Email: tuexen@fh-muenster.de
Karen E. E. Nielsen
Kamstrup A/S
Industrivej 28
DK-8660 Skanderborg
Denmark
Email: kee@kamstrup.com