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2011-11-04 06:24:32
4 November 2011 Last updated at 10:01 GMT
By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News
Six men locked away in steel tubes for a year-and-a-half to simulate a mission to Mars have emerged from isolation.
The Mars500 project, undertaken at a Moscow institute, was intended to find out how the human mind and body would cope on a long-duration spaceflight.
It is a venture that has fascinated all who have followed it around the globe.
The study even saw three of the men carry out a pretend landing on Mars, donning real spacesuits and walking across an enclosed sandy yard.
MARS SIMULATION PROJECT
Mars500 crew
Aim was to gather knowledge and experience to help prepare for real Mars mission
This meant probing the psychological and physiological effects of extended isolation
Project simulated outward cruise, landing operations and return journey to Earth
About 100 experiments were planned; crew partook in a series of medical studies
Resources restricted at departure; crew had to manage food consumption
Text communications only were possible with the ground; max 25min delay in round signal time
"The international crew has completed the 520 day mission," Russian commander Alexey Sitev announced after stepping through the openned hatch of the "Mars500 spaceship".
"The programme has been fully carried out. All the crew members are in good health. We are now ready for further tests," he told those gathered to witness the emergence.
The rest of the crew - Russian Alexandr Smoleevskiy and Sukhrob Kamolov; Europeans Romain Charles and Diego Urbina; and Chinese national, Wang Yue - smiled and waved to family members who had come to greet them at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP).
The crew has now been taken away into quarantine for medical checks.
For much of the Mars500 project, the six had only limited contact with the outside world. Their spaceship had no windows, and the protocols demanded their communications endured a similar time lag to that encountered by real messages as they travelled the vast distance between Earth and Mars.
At its maximum, the round travel time for a question to be sent and for an answer to be received was about 25 minutes.
This meant having to resort to text media, such as email and Twitter, and video blogs.
Asked before he came out what he was most looking forward, Italian-Colombian Diego Urbina told BBC News via Twitter: "Meeting my family, calling my friends, bumping into strangers, going to the beach."
THE LAYOUT OF THE MARS500 'SPACESHIP'
Mars 500 facility (BBC/Esa)
MEDICAL MODULE: A 12m-long cylinder that acted as the laboratory. It was also the sickbay were a crewmember to become ill
HABITABLE MODULE: The main living quarters. The 20m-long module has beds, a galley, a social area. It also acted as the main control room
LANDING MODULE: This was only used during the 30-day landing operation. Three crewmembers visited the "surface of Mars"
UTILITY MODULE: It is divided into four compartments, to store food and other supplies, to house a greenhouse, a gym a refrigeration unit
SURFACE MODULE: To walk across the soil and rocks of Mars, crewmembers put on Orlan spacesuits and passed through an airlock
There were many aspects of a real mission that could not be simulated in a Moscow suburb, of course - such as weightlessness and the dangers associated with space radiation.
But scientists have expressed great satisfaction with the data that has been acquired, and are looking forward to applying the lessons learned to ever more realistic scenarios.
The men carried out tests to see how they were coping in the confined space
During the 17-plus-months of their virtual voyage, the crew took part in various studies to assess the effect their isolation was having on their psychological and physiological well being.
Their stress and hormone levels were monitored, as were their sleep patterns, and their moods. The men also carried out an assessment of the benefits of dietary supplements in such situations.
"I can only praise the crew for their courage and their great spirit," said Dr Martin Zell from the European Space Agency, which was a major sponsor on the project.
"They were a brilliant team - they really will finish as a crew and not six individuals," he told BBC News.
Tentative discussions have now begun between the partners on the International Space Station (ISS) about the possibility of doing some sort of isolation experiment in orbit.
Initially, this might simply involve introducing a delay in communications to controllers in Moscow and Houston, US. Ultimately, it could also involve removing crew members into separate modules to give them a taste of what the Mars500 participants have gone through.
Certainly, the partners want the ISS to become more of an "exploration testbed" in the decade ahead - a platform to try out the new approaches and new technologies that will help humans move deeper into the Solar System.
Mars simulation We may still be decades away from a real mission to the Red Planet
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk