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DRAND48(3)                                                              Linux Programmer's Manual                                                             DRAND48(3)

NAME
       drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdlib.h>

       double drand48(void);
       double erand48(unsigned short xsubi[3]);

       long lrand48(void);
       long nrand48(unsigned short xsubi[3]);

       long mrand48(void);
       long jrand48(unsigned short xsubi[3]);

       void srand48(long seedval);
       unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short seed16v[3]);
       void lcong48(unsigned short param[7]);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       All functions shown above:
           _XOPEN_SOURCE
               || /* Glibc since 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
               || /* Glibc <= 2.19: */ _SVID_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION
       These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic.

       The drand48() and erand48() functions return nonnegative double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed over the interval [0.0, 1.0).

       The lrand48() and nrand48() functions return nonnegative long integers uniformly distributed over the interval [0, 2^31).

       The mrand48() and jrand48() functions return signed long integers uniformly distributed over the interval [-2^31, 2^31).

       The  srand48(),  seed48(),  and  lcong48() functions are initialization functions, one of which should be called before using drand48(), lrand48(), or mrand48().
       The functions erand48(), nrand48(), and jrand48() do not require an initialization function to be called first.

       All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, Xi, according to the linear congruential formula:

           Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n >= 0

       The parameter m = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed.  Unless lcong48() is called, a and c are given by:

           a = 0x5DEECE66D
           c = 0xB

       The value returned by any of the functions drand48(), erand48(), lrand48(), nrand48(), mrand48(), or jrand48() is computed by first generating the next 48-bit Xi
       in  the  sequence.   Then  the appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be returned, is copied from the high-order bits of Xi and trans‐
       formed into the returned value.

       The functions drand48(), lrand48(), and mrand48() store the last 48-bit Xi generated in an internal buffer.  The functions erand48(),  nrand48(),  and  jrand48()
       require  the  calling  program to provide storage for the successive Xi values in the array argument xsubi.  The functions are initialized by placing the initial
       value of Xi into the array before calling the function for the first time.

       The initializer function srand48() sets the high order 32-bits of Xi to the argument seedval.  The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary value 0x330E.

       The initializer function seed48() sets the value of Xi to the 48-bit value specified in the array argument seed16v.  The previous value of Xi is copied  into  an
       internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is returned by seed48().

       The  initialization  function  lcong48()  allows  the user to specify initial values for Xi, a, and c.  Array argument elements param[0-2] specify Xi, param[3-5]
       specify a, and param[6] specifies c.  After lcong48() has been called, a subsequent call to either srand48() or seed48() will restore the standard  values  of  a
       and c.

ATTRIBUTES
       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬────────────────────────┐
       │Interface                                                                                                              │ Attribute     │ Value                  │
       ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────────────┤
       │drand48(), erand48(), lrand48(), nrand48(), mrand48(), jrand48(), srand48(), seed48(), lcong48()                       │ Thread safety │ MT-Unsafe race:drand48 │
       └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────────────┘

       The above functions record global state information for the random number generator, so they are not thread-safe.

CONFORMING TO
       POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4.

SEE ALSO
       rand(3), random(3)

                                                                               2021-03-22                                                                     DRAND48(3)