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Keywords: RGRP, SDES, XR, Reporting, Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Lennox
Request for Comments: 8861 8x8 / Jitsi
Category: Standards Track M. Westerlund
ISSN: 2070-1721 Ericsson
Q. Wu
Huawei
C. Perkins
University of Glasgow
January 2021
Sending Multiple RTP Streams in a Single RTP Session: Grouping RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Reception Statistics and Other Feedback
Abstract
RTP allows multiple RTP streams to be sent in a single session but
requires each Synchronization Source (SSRC) to send RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) reception quality reports for every other SSRC
visible in the session. This causes the number of RTCP reception
reports to grow with the number of SSRCs, rather than the number of
endpoints. In many cases, most of these RTCP reception reports are
unnecessary, since all SSRCs of an endpoint are normally co-located
and see the same reception quality. This memo defines a Reporting
Group extension to RTCP to reduce the reporting overhead in such
scenarios.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8861.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. RTCP Reporting Groups
3.1. Semantics and Behavior of RTCP Reporting Groups
3.2. Identifying Members of an RTCP Reporting Group
3.2.1. Definition and Use of the RTCP RGRP SDES Item
3.2.2. Definition and Use of the RTCP RGRS Packet
3.3. Interactions with the RTP/AVPF Feedback Profile
3.4. Interactions with RTCP Extended Report (XR) Packets
3.5. Middlebox Considerations
3.6. SDP Signaling for Reporting Groups
4. Properties of RTCP Reporting Groups
4.1. Bandwidth Benefits of RTCP Reporting Groups
4.2. Compatibility of RTCP Reporting Groups
5. Security Considerations
6. IANA Considerations
7. References
7.1. Normative References
7.2. Informative References
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] is a protocol for
group communication, supporting multiparty multimedia sessions. A
single RTP session can support multiple participants sending data at
once and can also support participants sending multiple simultaneous
RTP streams. Examples of the latter might include a participant with
multiple cameras who chooses to send multiple views of a scene, or a
participant that sends audio and video flows multiplexed in a single
RTP session. Rules for handling RTP sessions containing multiple RTP
streams are described in [RFC3550], with some clarifications in
[RFC8108].
An RTP endpoint will have one or more Synchronization Sources
(SSRCs). It will have at least one RTP stream, and thus at least one
SSRC, for each media source it sends, and it might use multiple SSRCs
per media source when using media scalability features [RFC6190],
forward error correction, RTP retransmission [RFC4588], or similar
mechanisms. An endpoint that is not sending any RTP streams will
have at least one SSRC to use for reporting and any feedback
messages. Each SSRC has to send RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Sender
Reports (SRs) corresponding to the RTP packets it sends and Receiver
Reports (RRs) for traffic it receives. (SRs and RRs are described in
[RFC3550].) That is, every SSRC will send RTCP packets to report on
every other SSRC. This rule is simple, but it can be quite
inefficient for endpoints that send large numbers of RTP streams in a
single RTP session. Consider a session comprising ten participants,
each sending three media sources, each media source associated with
its own RTP stream. There will be 30 SSRCs in such an RTP session,
and each of those 30 SSRCs will send an RTCP SR/RR packet (containing
several report blocks) per reporting interval as each SSRC reports on
all the others. However, the three SSRCs comprising each participant
are commonly co-located such that they see identical reception
quality. If there was a way to indicate that several SSRCs are co-
located and see the same reception quality, then two-thirds of those
RTCP reports could be suppressed. This would allow the remaining
RTCP reports to be sent more often, while keeping within the same
RTCP bandwidth fraction.
This memo defines such an RTCP extension: RTCP Reporting Groups.
This extension is used to indicate the SSRCs that originate from the
same endpoint and therefore have identical reception quality, hence
allowing the endpoints to suppress unnecessary RTCP reception quality
reports.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. RTCP Reporting Groups
An RTCP Reporting Group is a set of SSRCs that are co-located at a
single endpoint (which could be an end host or a middlebox) in an RTP
session. Since they are co-located, every SSRC in the RTCP Reporting
Group will have an identical view of the network conditions and will
see the same lost packets, jitter, etc. This allows a single
representative to send RTCP reception quality reports on behalf of
the rest of the Reporting Group, reducing the number of RTCP packets
that need to be sent without loss of information.
3.1. Semantics and Behavior of RTCP Reporting Groups
A group of co-located SSRCs that see identical network conditions can
form an RTCP Reporting Group. If Reporting Groups are in use, an RTP
endpoint with multiple SSRCs MAY put those SSRCs into a Reporting
Group if their view of the network is identical, i.e., if they report
on traffic received at the same interface of an RTP endpoint. SSRCs
with different views of the network MUST NOT be put into the same
Reporting Group.
An endpoint that has combined its SSRCs into an RTCP Reporting Group
will choose one (or a subset) of those SSRCs to act as "reporting
source(s)" for that RTCP Reporting Group. A reporting source will
send RTCP SR/RR reception quality reports on behalf of the other
members of the RTCP Reporting Group. A reporting source MUST
suppress the RTCP SR/RR reports that relate to other members of the
Reporting Group and only report on remote SSRCs. The other members
(non-reporting sources) of the RTCP Reporting Group will suppress
their RTCP reception quality reports and will instead send an RTCP
Reporting Group Reporting Sources (RGRS) packet (see Section 3.2.2)
to indicate that they are part of an RTCP Reporting Group and give
the SSRCs of the reporting sources.
If there are large numbers of remote SSRCs in the RTP session, then
the reception quality reports generated by the reporting source might
grow too large to fit into a single compound RTCP packet, forcing the
reporting source to use a round-robin policy to determine what remote
SSRCs it includes in each compound RTCP packet, and so reducing the
frequency of reports on each SSRC. To avoid this, in sessions with
large numbers of remote SSRCs, an RTCP Reporting Group MAY use more
than one reporting source. If several SSRCs are acting as reporting
sources for an RTCP Reporting Group, then each reporting source MUST
have non-overlapping sets of remote SSRCs it reports on.
An endpoint MUST NOT create an RTCP Reporting Group that comprises
only a single local SSRC (i.e., an RTCP Reporting Group where the
reporting source is the only member of the group), unless it is
anticipated that the group might have additional SSRCs added to it in
the future.
If a reporting source leaves the RTP session (i.e., if it sends an
RTCP BYE packet or it leaves the session without sending a BYE
according to the rules of [RFC3550], Section 6.3.7), the remaining
members of the RTCP Reporting Group MUST (a) have another reporting
source -- if one exists -- report on the remote SSRCs that the
leaving SSRC had reported on, (b) choose a new reporting source, or
(c) disband the RTCP Reporting Group and begin sending reception
quality reports per [RFC3550] and [RFC8108].
The RTCP timing rules assign different bandwidth fractions to senders
and receivers. This lets senders transmit RTCP reception quality
reports more often than receivers. If a reporting source in an RTCP
Reporting Group is a receiver but one or more non-reporting SSRCs in
the RTCP Reporting Group are senders, then the endpoint MAY treat the
reporting source as a sender for the purpose of RTCP bandwidth
allocation, increasing its RTCP bandwidth allocation, provided it
also treats one of the senders as if it were a receiver and makes the
corresponding reduction in RTCP bandwidth for that SSRC. However,
the application needs to consider the impact on the frequency of
transmitting of the synchronization information included in RTCP SRs.
3.2. Identifying Members of an RTCP Reporting Group
When RTCP Reporting Groups are in use, the other SSRCs in the RTP
session need to be able to identify which SSRCs are members of an
RTCP Reporting Group. Two RTCP extensions are defined to support
this: the RTCP Reporting Group (RGRP) Source Description (SDES) item
is used by the reporting source(s) to identify an RTCP Reporting
Group, and the RTCP RGRS packet is used by other members of an RTCP
Reporting Group to identify the reporting source(s).
3.2.1. Definition and Use of the RTCP RGRP SDES Item
This document defines a new RTCP RGRP SDES item to identify an RTCP
Reporting Group. The motivation for giving a Reporting Group an
identifier is to ensure that (1) the RTCP Reporting Group and its
member SSRCs can be correctly associated when there are multiple
reporting sources and (2) a reporting SSRC can be associated with the
correct Reporting Group if an SSRC collision occurs.
This document defines the RTCP RGRP SDES item. The RTCP RGRP SDES
item MUST be sent by the reporting sources in a Reporting Group and
MUST NOT be sent by other members of the Reporting Group or by SSRCs
that are not members of any RTCP Reporting Group. Specifically,
every reporting source in an RTCP Reporting Group MUST include an
RTCP SDES packet containing an RGRP item in every compound RTCP
packet in which it sends an RR or SR packet (i.e., in every RTCP
packet it sends, unless Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use).
Syntactically, the format of the RTCP RGRP SDES item is identical to
that of the RTCP SDES CNAME item [RFC7022], except that the SDES item
type field MUST have value RGRP=11 instead of CNAME=1. The value of
the RTCP RGRP SDES item MUST be chosen with the same concerns about
global uniqueness and the same privacy considerations as the RTCP
SDES CNAME. The value of the RTCP RGRP SDES item MUST be stable
throughout the lifetime of the Reporting Group, even if some or all
of the reporting sources change their SSRC due to collisions or if
the set of reporting sources changes.
An RTP mixer or translator that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets from
members of a Reporting Group MUST forward the corresponding RTCP RGRP
SDES items as well, even if it otherwise strips SDES items other than
the CNAME item.
3.2.2. Definition and Use of the RTCP RGRS Packet
A new RTCP packet type is defined to allow the members of an RTCP
Reporting Group to identify the reporting sources for that group.
This allows participants in an RTP session to distinguish an SSRC
that is sending empty RTCP reception reports because it is a member
of an RTCP Reporting Group from an SSRC that is sending empty RTCP
reception reports because it is not receiving any traffic. It also
explicitly identifies the reporting sources, allowing other members
of the RTP session to (1) know which SSRCs are acting as the
reporting sources for an RTCP Reporting Group and (2) detect if RTCP
packets from any of the reporting sources are being lost.
The format of the RTCP RGRS packet is defined below. It comprises
the fixed RTCP header that indicates the packet type and length, the
SSRC of the packet sender, and a list of reporting sources for the
RTCP Reporting Group of which the packet sender is a member.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|V=2|P| SC | PT=RGRS(212) | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SSRC of packet sender |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
: List of SSRC(s) for the Reporting Source(s) :
: ... :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The fields in the RTCP RGRS packet have the following definitions:
version (V): 2-bit unsigned integer. This field identifies the RTP
version. The current RTP version is 2.
padding (P): 1 bit. If set, the padding bit indicates that the RTCP
packet contains additional padding octets at the end that are not
part of the control information but are included in the length
field. See [RFC3550].
Source Count (SC): 5-bit unsigned integer. Indicates the number of
reporting source SSRCs that are included in this RTCP packet. As
the RTCP RGRS packet MUST NOT be sent by reporting sources, all
the SSRCs in the list of reporting sources will be different from
the SSRC of the packet sender. Every RTCP RGRS packet MUST
contain at least one reporting source SSRC.
Payload type (PT): 8-bit unsigned integer. The RTCP packet type
number that identifies the packet as being an RTCP RGRS packet.
The RGRS RTCP packet has the value 212.
Length: 16-bit unsigned integer. The length of this packet in
32-bit words minus one, including the header and any padding.
This is in line with the definition of the length field used in
RTCP SRs and RRs [RFC3550]. Since all RTCP RGRS packets include
at least one reporting source SSRC, the length will always be 2 or
greater.
SSRC of packet sender: 32 bits. The SSRC of the sender of this
packet.
List of SSRCs for the Reporting Source(s): A variable number (as
indicated by the SC header field) of 32-bit SSRC values of the
reporting sources for the RTCP Reporting Group of which the packet
sender is a member.
Every source that belongs to an RTCP Reporting Group but is not a
reporting source MUST include an RTCP RGRS packet in every compound
RTCP packet in which it sends an RR or SR packet (i.e., in every RTCP
packet it sends, unless Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use). Each
RTCP RGRS packet MUST contain the SSRC identifier of at least one
reporting source. If there are more reporting sources in an RTCP
Reporting Group than can fit into an RTCP RGRS packet, the members of
that Reporting Group MUST send the SSRCs of the reporting sources in
a round-robin fashion in consecutive RTCP RGRS packets, such that all
the SSRCs of the reporting sources are included over the course of
several RTCP reporting intervals.
An RTP mixer or translator that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets from
members of a Reporting Group MUST also forward the corresponding RGRS
RTCP packets. If the RTP mixer or translator rewrites SSRC values of
the packets it forwards, it MUST make the corresponding changes to
the RTCP RGRS packets.
3.3. Interactions with the RTP/AVPF Feedback Profile
The use of the RTP/AVPF Feedback Profile [RFC4585] allows SSRCs to
send rapid RTCP feedback requests and codec control messages. If the
use of the RTP/AVPF profile has been negotiated in an RTP session,
members of an RTCP Reporting Group can send rapid RTCP feedback and
codec control messages per [RFC5104], per [RFC4585] as updated by
Section 5.4 of [RFC8108], and by the following considerations.
The members of an RTCP Reporting Group will all see identical network
conditions. Accordingly, one might therefore think that it doesn't
matter which SSRC in the Reporting Group sends the RTP/AVPF feedback
or codec control messages. There might be, however, cases where the
sender of the feedback/codec control message has semantic importance,
or when only a subset of the members of an RTCP Reporting Group might
want to send RTP/AVPF feedback or a codec control message in response
to a particular event. For example, an RTP video sender might choose
to treat packet loss feedback received from SSRCs known to be audio
receivers with less urgency than feedback that it receives from video
receivers when deciding what packets to retransmit, and a multimedia
receiver using Reporting Groups might want to choose the outgoing
SSRC for feedback packets to reflect this.
Each member of an RTCP Reporting Group SHOULD therefore send RTP/AVPF
feedback/codec control messages independently of the other members of
the Reporting Group, to respect the semantic meaning of the message
sender. The suppression rules of [RFC4585] will ensure that only a
single copy of each feedback packet is (typically) generated, even if
several members of a Reporting Group send the same feedback. When an
endpoint knows that several members of its RTCP Reporting Group will
be sending identical feedback and that the sender of the feedback is
not semantically important, that endpoint MAY choose to send all its
feedback from the reporting source and deterministically suppress
feedback packets generated by the other sources in the Reporting
Group.
It is important to note that the RTP/AVPF timing rules operate on a
per-SSRC basis. Using a single reporting source to send all feedback
for a Reporting Group will hence limit the amount of feedback that
can be sent to that which can be sent by one SSRC. If this limit is
a problem, then the Reporting Group can allow each of its members to
send its own feedback, using its own SSRC.
If the RTP/AVPF feedback messages or codec control requests are sent
as compound RTCP packets, then those compound RTCP packets MUST
include either an RTCP RGRS packet or an RTCP RGRP SDES item,
depending on whether they are sent by the reporting source or a
non-reporting source in the RTCP Reporting Group, respectively. The
contents of noncompound RTCP feedback or codec control messages are
not affected by the use of RTCP Reporting Groups.
3.4. Interactions with RTCP Extended Report (XR) Packets
When using RTCP Extended Report (XR) packets [RFC3611] with RTCP
Reporting Groups, it is RECOMMENDED that the reporting source be used
to send the RTCP XR packets. If multiple reporting sources are in
use, the reporting source that sends the SR/RR packets that relate to
a particular remote SSRC SHOULD send the RTCP XR reports about that
SSRC. This is motivated as one commonly combine the RTCP XR metrics
with the regular report block to more fully understand the situation.
Receiving these blocks in different compound packets reduces their
value, as the measuring intervals are not synchronized in those
cases.
Some RTCP XR report blocks are specific to particular types of media
and might be relevant to only some members of a Reporting Group. For
example, it would make no sense for an SSRC that is receiving video
to send a Voice over IP (VoIP) metric RTCP XR report block. Such
media-specific RTCP XR report blocks MUST be sent by the SSRC to
which they are relevant and MUST NOT be included in the common report
sent by the reporting source. This might mean that some SSRCs send
RTCP XR packets in compound RTCP packets that contain an empty RTCP
SR/RR packet and that the time period covered by the RTCP XR packet
is different from that covered by the RTCP SR/RR packet. If it is
important that the RTCP XR packet and RTCP SR/RR packet cover the
same time period, then that source SHOULD be removed from the RTCP
Reporting Group, and standard RTCP packets be sent instead.
3.5. Middlebox Considerations
Many different types of middleboxes are used with RTP. RTCP
Reporting Groups are potentially relevant to those types of RTP
middleboxes that have their own SSRCs and generate RTCP reports for
the traffic they receive. RTP middleboxes that do not have their own
SSRC and that do not send RTCP reports on the traffic they receive
cannot use the RTCP Reporting Group extension, since they generate no
RTCP reports to that group.
An RTP middlebox that has several SSRCs of its own can use the RTCP
Reporting Group extension to group the RTCP reports it generates.
This can occur, for example, if a middlebox is acting as an RTP mixer
for both audio and video flows that are multiplexed onto a single RTP
session, where the middlebox has one SSRC for the audio mixer and one
for the video mixer part, and when the middlebox wants to avoid
cross-reporting between audio and video.
A middlebox cannot use the RTCP Reporting Group extension to group
RTCP packets from the SSRCs that it is forwarding. It can, however,
group the RTCP packets from the SSRCs it is forwarding into compound
RTCP packets, following the rules in Section 6.1 of [RFC3550] and
Section 5.3 of [RFC8108]. If the middlebox is using RTCP Reporting
Groups for its own SSRCs, it MAY include RTCP packets from the SSRCs
that it is forwarding as part of the compound RTCP packets its
reporting source generates.
A middlebox that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets sent by members of a
Reporting Group MUST forward the corresponding RTCP RGRP SDES items,
as described in Section 3.2.1. A middlebox that forwards RTCP SR or
RR packets sent by members of a Reporting Group MUST also forward the
corresponding RTCP RGRS packets, as described in Section 3.2.2.
Failure to forward these packets can cause compatibility problems, as
described in Section 4.2.
If a middlebox rewrites SSRC values in the RTP and RTCP packets that
it is forwarding, then it MUST make the corresponding changes in RTCP
SDES packets containing RGRP items and in RTCP RGRS packets, to allow
them to be associated with the rewritten SSRCs.
3.6. SDP Signaling for Reporting Groups
This document defines the "a=rtcp-rgrp" Session Description Protocol
(SDP) [RFC4566] attribute to indicate if the session participant is
capable of supporting RTCP Reporting Groups for applications that use
SDP for configuration of RTP sessions. It is a property attribute
and hence takes no value. The multiplexing category [RFC8859] is
IDENTICAL, as the functionality applies at the RTP session level. A
participant that proposes the use of RTCP Reporting Groups SHALL
itself support the reception of RTCP Reporting Groups. The formal
definition of this attribute is as follows:
Name: rtcp-rgrp
Value: None
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Example: a=rtcp-rgrp
When using SDP Offer/Answer [RFC3264], the following procedures are
to be used:
Generating the initial SDP offer:
If the offerer supports the RTCP Reporting Group extensions and is
willing to accept RTCP packets containing those extensions, then
it MUST include an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute in the initial offer.
If the offerer does not support RTCP Reporting Group extensions or
is not willing to accept RTCP packets containing those extensions,
then it MUST NOT include the "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute in the offer.
Generating the SDP answer:
If the SDP offer contains an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute, and if the
answerer supports RTCP Reporting Groups and is willing to receive
RTCP packets using the RTCP Reporting Group extensions, then the
answerer MAY include an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute in the answer and
MAY send RTCP packets containing the RTCP Reporting Group
extensions. If the offer does not contain an "a=rtcp-rgrp"
attribute, or if the offer does contain such an attribute but the
answerer does not wish to accept RTCP packets using the RTCP
Reporting Group extensions, then the answer MUST NOT include an
"a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute.
Offerer processing of the SDP answer:
If the SDP answer contains an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute and the
corresponding offer also contained an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute,
then the offerer MUST be prepared to accept and process RTCP
packets that contain the Reporting Group extensions and MAY send
RTCP packets that contain the Reporting Group extensions. If the
SDP answer contains an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute but the
corresponding offer did not contain the "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute,
then the offerer MUST reject the call. If the SDP answer does not
contain an "a=rtcp-rgrp" attribute, then the offerer MUST NOT send
packets containing the RTCP Reporting Group extensions and does
not need to process packets containing the RTCP Reporting Group
extensions.
In declarative usage of SDP, such as the Real-Time Streaming Protocol
(RTSP) [RFC7826] and the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)
[RFC2974], the presence of the attribute indicates that the session
participant MAY use RTCP Reporting Groups in its RTCP transmissions.
An implementation that doesn't explicitly support RTCP Reporting
Groups MAY join an RTP session as long as it has been verified that
the implementation doesn't suffer from the problems discussed in
Section 4.2.
4. Properties of RTCP Reporting Groups
This section provides additional information on what the resulting
properties are (i.e., resulting effects or impacts) as related to the
design specified in Section 3. The content of this section is non-
normative.
4.1. Bandwidth Benefits of RTCP Reporting Groups
To understand the benefits of RTCP Reporting Groups, consider a
scenario in which the two endpoints in a session each have a hundred
sources, of which eight each are sending within any given reporting
interval.
For ease of analysis, we can make the simplifying approximation that
the duration of the RTCP reporting interval is equal to the total
size of the RTCP packets sent during an RTCP interval, divided by the
RTCP bandwidth. (This will be approximately true in scenarios where
the bandwidth is not so high that the minimum RTCP interval is
reached.) To further simplify, we can assume that RTCP senders are
following the recommendations regarding compound RTCP packets in
[RFC8108]; thus, the per-packet transport-layer overhead will be
small relative to the RTCP data. Thus, only the actual RTCP data
itself need be considered.
In a report interval in this scenario, there will, as a baseline, be
200 SDES packets, 184 RR packets, and 16 SR packets. This amounts to
approximately 6.5 KB of RTCP packets per report interval, assuming
16-byte CNAMEs and no other SDES information.
Using the original "everyone reports on every sender" feedback rules
[RFC3550], each of the 184 receivers will send 16 report blocks, and
each of the 16 senders will send 15. This amounts to approximately
76 KB of report block traffic per interval; 92% of RTCP traffic
consists of report blocks.
If Reporting Groups are used, however, there is only 0.4 KB of
reports per interval, with no loss of useful information.
Additionally, there will be (assuming 16-byte RGRPs and a single
reporting source per Reporting Group) an additional 2.4 KB per cycle
of RTCP RGRP SDES items and RGRS packets. Put another way, the
unmodified reporting interval per [RFC3550] is approximately 9 times
longer than if Reporting Groups are in use.
4.2. Compatibility of RTCP Reporting Groups
The RTCP traffic generated by receivers using RTCP Reporting Groups
might appear, to observers unaware of these semantics, to be
generated by receivers who are experiencing a network disconnection,
as the non-reporting sources appear not to be receiving a given
sender at all.
This could be a potentially critical problem for such a sender using
RTCP for congestion control, as such a sender might think that it is
sending so much traffic that it is causing complete congestion
collapse.
However, such an interpretation of the session statistics would
require a fairly sophisticated RTCP analysis. Any receiver of RTCP
statistics that is just interested in information about itself needs
to be prepared for the possibility that any given reception report
might not contain information about a specific media source, because
reception reports in large conferences can be round-robined.
Thus, the extent to which such backward-compatibility issues would
actually cause trouble in practice is unclear.
5. Security Considerations
The security considerations of [RFC3550] and [RFC8108] apply. If the
RTP/AVPF profile is in use, then the security considerations of
[RFC4585] (and [RFC5104], if used) also apply. If RTCP XR is used,
the security considerations of [RFC3611], including security
considerations regarding any XR report blocks used, also apply.
The RTCP RGRP SDES item is vulnerable to malicious modifications
unless integrity protection is used. A modification of this item's
length field causes the parsing of the RTCP packet in which it is
contained to fail. Depending on the implementation, parsing of the
full compound RTCP packet can also fail, causing the whole packet to
be discarded. A modification of the value of this SDES item would
make the receiver of the report think that the sender of the report
was a member of a different RTCP Reporting Group. This will
potentially create an inconsistency, when the RGRS reports the source
as being in the same Reporting Group as another source with another
Reporting Group identifier. The impacts on a receiver implementation
that such inconsistencies could cause are difficult to fully predict.
One case is that when congestion control or other adaptation
mechanisms are used, an inconsistent report can result in a media
sender reducing its bitrate. However, a direct modification of the
RR or a feedback message itself would be a more efficient attack and
would be equally costly to perform.
The new RGRS RTCP packet type is very simple. The common RTCP packet
type header shares the same security risks as those that affect
previous RTCP packet types. Errors or modification of the length
field can cause the full compound packet to fail header validation
(see Appendix A.2 of [RFC3550]), resulting in the whole compound RTCP
packet being discarded. Modification of the SC field or the P field
would cause an inconsistency when processing the RTCP packet, likely
resulting in the packet being classified as invalid. A modification
of the PT field would cause the packet to be interpreted according to
some other packet type's rules. In such a case, the result might be
more or less predictable but would be specific to the packet type.
Modification of the "SSRC of packet sender" field would attribute
this packet to another sender, resulting in a receiver believing that
the Reporting Group also applies for this SSRC, if it exists. If it
doesn't exist, unless corresponding modifications are also done on an
SR/RR packet and an SDES packet, the RTCP packet SHOULD be discarded.
If consistent changes are done, such a scenario could be part of a
resource exhaustion attack on a receiver implementation.
Modification of the "List of SSRCs for the Reporting Source(s)" field
would change the SSRC the receiver expects to report on behalf of
this SSRC. If that SSRC exists, this situation could potentially
change the Reporting Group used for this SSRC. A change to another
Reporting Group belonging to another endpoint is likely detectable,
as there would be a mismatch between the SSRC of the packet sender's
endpoint information, transport addresses, SDES CNAME, etc., and the
corresponding information from the Reporting Group indicated.
In general, the Reporting Group is providing limited-impact attacks
on the endpoints. The most significant result from a deliberate
attack would be to cause the information to be discarded or be
inconsistent, including the discarding of all RTCP packets that are
modified. This causes a lack of information at any receiver entity,
possibly disregarding the endpoint's participation in the session.
To protect against such attacks from external non-trusted entities,
integrity and source authentication SHOULD be applied. This can be
done, for example, by using the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
(SRTP) [RFC3711] with appropriate key management; other options
exist, as discussed in "Options for Securing RTP Sessions" [RFC7201].
The Reporting Group Identifier has properties that could potentially
impact privacy. If this identifier were to be generated by an
implementation in a way that makes it long-term stable or
predictable, it could be used for tracking a particular endpoint.
Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that it be generated as a short-term
persistent RGRP, following the rules for short-term persistent CNAMEs
in [RFC7022]. The rest of the information revealed, i.e., the SSRCs,
the size of the Reporting Group, and the number of reporting sources
in a Reporting Group, is of a less sensitive nature, considering that
the SSRCs and the communication would be revealed without this
extension anyway. By encrypting the Reporting Group extensions, the
confidentiality of the SSRC values would be preserved, but the values
can still be revealed if SRTP [RFC3711] is used. The size of the
Reporting Groups and the number of reporting sources are likely
determinable from analysis of the packet pattern and sizes. However,
this information appears to have limited value.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA has registered a new RTCP RGRP SDES item in the "RTP SDES Item
Types" registry, as follows:
+=======+========+============================+===========+
| Value | Abbrev | Name | Reference |
+=======+========+============================+===========+
| 11 | RGRP | Reporting Group Identifier | RFC 8861 |
+-------+--------+----------------------------+-----------+
Table 1: New RTCP RGRP SDES Item: Reporting Group
Identifier
The definition of the RTCP RGRP SDES item is given in Section 3.2.1
of this memo.
IANA has registered a new RTCP packet type in the "RTCP Control
Packet Types (PT)" registry, as follows:
+=======+========+===================================+===========+
| Value | Abbrev | Name | Reference |
+=======+========+===================================+===========+
| 212 | RGRS | Reporting Group Reporting Sources | RFC 8861 |
+-------+--------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
Table 2: New RTCP Packet Type: Reporting Group Reporting Sources
The definition of the RTCP RGRS packet type is given in Section 3.2.2
of this memo.
IANA has also registered a new SDP attribute.
SDP Attribute ("att-field"):
Contact Name: IESG
Contact Email: iesg@ietf.org
Attribute name: rtcp-rgrp
Long form: RTCP Reporting Groups
Type of name: att-field
Type of attribute: Media or session level
Subject to charset: No
Purpose: To negotiate or configure the use of the
RTCP Reporting Group extension
Reference: RFC 8861
Value: None
Mux Category: IDENTICAL
The definition of the "a=rtcp-rgrp" SDES attribute is given in
Section 3.6 of this memo.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.
[RFC7022] Begen, A., Perkins, C., Wing, D., and E. Rescorla,
"Guidelines for Choosing RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)
Canonical Names (CNAMEs)", RFC 7022, DOI 10.17487/RFC7022,
September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7022>.
[RFC8108] Lennox, J., Westerlund, M., Wu, Q., and C. Perkins,
"Sending Multiple RTP Streams in a Single RTP Session",
RFC 8108, DOI 10.17487/RFC8108, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8108>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8859] Nandakumar, S., "A Framework for Session Description
Protocol (SDP) Attributes When Multiplexing", RFC 8859,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8859, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8859>.
7.2. Informative References
[RFC2974] Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session
Announcement Protocol", RFC 2974, DOI 10.17487/RFC2974,
October 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2974>.
[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Ed., Caceres, R., Ed., and A. Clark, Ed.,
"RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)",
RFC 3611, DOI 10.17487/RFC3611, November 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3611>.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
[RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
"Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>.
[RFC4588] Rey, J., Leon, D., Miyazaki, A., Varsa, V., and R.
Hakenberg, "RTP Retransmission Payload Format", RFC 4588,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4588, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4588>.
[RFC5104] Wenger, S., Chandra, U., Westerlund, M., and B. Burman,
"Codec Control Messages in the RTP Audio-Visual Profile
with Feedback (AVPF)", RFC 5104, DOI 10.17487/RFC5104,
February 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5104>.
[RFC5506] Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506, April
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>.
[RFC6190] Wenger, S., Wang, Y.-K., Schierl, T., and A.
Eleftheriadis, "RTP Payload Format for Scalable Video
Coding", RFC 6190, DOI 10.17487/RFC6190, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6190>.
[RFC7201] Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
Sessions", RFC 7201, DOI 10.17487/RFC7201, April 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7201>.
[RFC7826] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., Lanphier, R., Westerlund, M.,
and M. Stiemerling, Ed., "Real-Time Streaming Protocol
Version 2.0", RFC 7826, DOI 10.17487/RFC7826, December
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7826>.
Authors' Addresses
Jonathan Lennox
8x8, Inc. / Jitsi
Jersey City, NJ 07302
United States of America
Email: jonathan.lennox@8x8.com
Magnus Westerlund
Ericsson
Torshamnsgatan 23
SE-164 80 Kista
Sweden
Email: magnus.westerlund@ericsson.com
Qin Wu
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012
China
Email: bill.wu@huawei.com
Colin Perkins
University of Glasgow
School of Computing Science
Glasgow
G12 8QQ
United Kingdom
Email: csp@csperkins.org