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FLOCK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual FLOCK(2)
NAME
flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/file.h>
int flock(int fd, int operation);
DESCRIPTION
Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by fd. The argument operation is one of the following:
LOCK_SH Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a given file at a given time.
LOCK_EX Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a given file at a given time.
LOCK_UN Remove an existing lock held by this process.
A call to flock() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another process. To make a nonblocking request, include LOCK_NB (by ORing) with any of the above
operations.
A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks.
Locks created by flock() are associated with an open file description (see open(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example,
fork(2) or dup(2)) refer to the same lock, and this lock may be modified or released using any of these file descriptors. Furthermore, the lock is released ei‐
ther by an explicit LOCK_UN operation on any of these duplicate file descriptors, or when all such file descriptors have been closed.
If a process uses open(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one file descriptor for the same file, these file descriptors are treated independently by flock().
An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already placed via another file descriptor.
A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a file. Subsequent flock() calls on an already locked file will convert an existing lock to
the new lock mode.
Locks created by flock() are preserved across an execve(2).
A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the mode in which the file was opened.
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
EBADF fd is not an open file descriptor.
EINTR While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by delivery of a signal caught by a handler; see signal(7).
EINVAL operation is invalid.
ENOLCK The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records.
EWOULDBLOCK
The file is locked and the LOCK_NB flag was selected.
CONFORMING TO
4.4BSD (the flock() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of flock(), possibly implemented in terms of fcntl(2), appears on most UNIX systems.
NOTES
Since kernel 2.0, flock() is implemented as a system call in its own right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to fcntl(2). With this im‐
plementation, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed by flock() and fcntl(2), and flock() does not detect deadlock. (Note, however, that on
some systems, such as the modern BSDs, flock() and fcntl(2) locks do interact with one another.)
flock() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a file, a process is free to ignore the use of flock() and perform I/O on the file.
flock() and fcntl(2) locks have different semantics with respect to forked processes and dup(2). On systems that implement flock() using fcntl(2), the semantics
of flock() will be different from those described in this manual page.
Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaranteed to be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new lock is established.
Between these two steps, a pending lock request by another process may be granted, with the result that the conversion either blocks, or fails if LOCK_NB was
specified. (This is the original BSD behavior, and occurs on many other implementations.)
NFS details
In Linux kernels up to 2.6.11, flock() does not lock files over NFS (i.e., the scope of locks was limited to the local system). Instead, one could use fcntl(2)
byte-range locking, which does work over NFS, given a sufficiently recent version of Linux and a server which supports locking.
Since Linux 2.6.12, NFS clients support flock() locks by emulating them as fcntl(2) byte-range locks on the entire file. This means that fcntl(2) and flock()
locks do interact with one another over NFS. It also means that in order to place an exclusive lock, the file must be opened for writing.
Since Linux 2.6.37, the kernel supports a compatibility mode that allows flock() locks (and also fcntl(2) byte region locks) to be treated as local; see the dis‐
cussion of the local_lock option in nfs(5).
CIFS details
In Linux kernels up to 5.4, flock() is not propagated over SMB. A file with such locks will not appear locked for remote clients.
Since Linux 5.5, flock() locks are emulated with SMB byte-range locks on the entire file. Similarly to NFS, this means that fcntl(2) and flock() locks interact
with one another. Another important side-effect is that the locks are not advisory anymore: any IO on a locked file will always fail with EACCES when done from
a separate file descriptor. This difference originates from the design of locks in the SMB protocol, which provides mandatory locking semantics.
Remote and mandatory locking semantics may vary with SMB protocol, mount options and server type. See mount.cifs(8) for additional information.
SEE ALSO
flock(1), close(2), dup(2), execve(2), fcntl(2), fork(2), open(2), lockf(3), lslocks(8)
Documentation/filesystems/locks.txt in the Linux kernel source tree (Documentation/locks.txt in older kernels)
Linux 2021-03-22 FLOCK(2)