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Australia and Oceania
Page last updated: July 24, 2024
Although Europeans sighted Christmas Island in 1615, it was named for the day of its rediscovery in 1643. Steep cliffs and dense jungle hampered attempts to explore the island over the next two centuries. The discovery of phosphate on the island in 1887 led to the UK annexing it the following year. In 1898, 200 Chinese indentured servants were brought in to work the mines, along with Malays, Sikhs, and a small number of Europeans. The UK administered Christmas Island from Singapore.
Japan invaded the island in 1942, but islanders sabotaged Japanese mining operations, making the mines relatively unproductive. After World War II, Australia and New Zealand bought the company mining the phosphate, and in 1958, the UK transferred sovereignty from Singapore to Australia in exchange for $20 million to compensate for the loss of future phosphate income. In 1980, Australia set up the Christmas Island National Park and expanded its boundaries throughout the 1980s until it covered more than 60% of the island’s territory. The phosphate mine was closed in 1987 because of environmental concerns, and Australia has rejected several efforts to reopen it.
In the 1980s, boats of asylum seekers started landing on Christmas Island, and the migrants claimed refugee status because they were on Australian territory. In 2001, Australia declared Christmas Island to be outside the Australian migration zone and built an immigration detention center on the island. Completed in 2008, the controversial detention center was closed in 2018 but then reopened in 2019. In 2020, the center served as a coronavirus quarantine facility for Australian citizens evacuated from China.
Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia
10 30 S, 105 40 E
Southeast Asia
Total : 135 km²
Land: 135 km²
Water: 0 km²
About three-quarters the size of Washington, DC
Total: 0 km
138.9 km
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau
Highest point: Murray Hill 361 m
Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Phosphate, beaches
Agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 100% (2018 est.)
NA
Majority of the population lives on the northern tip of the island
The narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Located along major sea lanes of the Indian Ocean
Total: 1,692
Male: 1,007
Female: 685 (2021 est.)
Comparison rankings: female 228; male 228; total 232
Noun: Christmas Islander(s)
Adjective: Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10% (2001)
Note: no indigenous population
English (official) 27.6%, Mandarin 17.2%, Malay 17.1%, Cantonese 3.9%, Min Nan 1.6%, Tagalog 1%, other 4.5%, unspecified 27.1% (2016 est.)
Note: data represent language spoken at home
Muslim 19.4%, Buddhist 18.3%, Roman Catholic 8.8%, Protestant 6.5% (includes Anglican 3.6%, Uniting Church 1.2%, other 1.7%), other Christian 3.3%, other 0.6%, none 15.3%, unspecified 27.7% (2016 est.)
0-14 years: 16.6%
15-64 years: 70.4%
65 years and over: 13% (2021)
Total: 38 years (2021 est.)
1.11% (2014 est.)
Majority of the population lives on the northern tip of the island
Loss of rainforest; impact of phosphate mining
Tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 100% (2018 est.)
Conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island
Conventional short form: Christmas Island
Etymology: named by English Captain William MYNORS for the day of its rediscovery, Christmas Day (25 December 1643); the island had been sighted by Europeans as early as 1615
Non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia
Non-self-governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities & Regional Development
Name: The Settlement (Flying Fish Cove)
Geographic coordinates: 10 25 S, 105 43 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: self-descriptive name for the main locus of population
None (territory of Australia)
None (territory of Australia)
Australia Day (commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers), 26 January (1788)
History: 1 October 1958 (Christmas Island Act 1958)
Amendments: amended many times, last in 2020
Legal system is under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law
See Australia
18 years of age
Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)
Head of government: Administrator Ms. Farzian ZAINAL (since 11 May 2023)
Cabinet: NA
Elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor-general of Australia for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia
Description: unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
Elections: held every 2 years with half the members standing for election; last held in October 2023 (next to be held in October 2025)
Election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - independent 9; composition as of January 2024 - men 8, women 1, percentage women 13%
Highest court(s): under the terms of the Territorial Law Reform Act 1992, Western Australia provides court services as needed for the island, including the Supreme Court and subordinate courts (District Court, Magistrate Court, Family Court, Children's Court, and Coroners' Court)
None
None
Territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed; the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island
Note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes
Golden bosun bird
Note: as a territory of Australia, "Advance Australia Fair" remains official as the national anthem, while "God Save the King" serves as the royal anthem (see Australia)
High-income Australian territorial economy; development through government services and phosphate mining; operates Australia’s Immigration Detention Centre; increasing tourism and government investments; sustained environmental protections
Tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)
Revenues: NA
Expenditures: NA
NZ 25%, Indonesia 18%, Singapore 12%, Australia 9%, Ireland 8% (2022)
Note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Phosphates, fertilizers, chemical analysis instruments, electrical transformers, measuring instruments (2022)
Note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Australia 93%, US 3%, Malaysia 2%, Singapore 1%, Fiji 0% (2022)
Note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Refined petroleum, cars, iron structures, air conditioners, paintings (2022)
Note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1.311 (2017 est.)
1.3442 (2016 est.)
1.3442 (2015)
1.3291 (2014 est.)
1.1094 (2013 est.)
General assessment: internet access on Christmas Island is provided by satellite; improvements through the Regional Connectivity Program to the macro and small cell mobile sites will provide new and improved mobile, voice and data connectivity for residents and visitors; the upgrade will also support local businesses and community facilities, enabling increased residential access to essential services such as telehealth and education (2022)
Domestic: improvements to Christmas Island include an upgrade to the macro cell base stations and deploy a new macro cell base station at the airport (2022)
International: international code - 61 8; ASC submarine cable to Singapore and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat provides telephone and telex service) (2019)
1 community radio station; satellite broadcasts of several Australian radio and TV stations (2017)
.cx
Total: 1,139 (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 78.6% (2021 est.)
1 (2024)
Total: 18 km (2017)
Standard gauge: 18 km (2017) 1.435-m (not in operation)
Note: the 18-km Christmas Island Phosphate Company Railway between Flying Fish Cove and South Point was decommissioned in 1987; some tracks and scrap remain in place
Total: 142 km
Paved: 32 km
Unpaved: 110 km (2011)
Total ports: 1 (2024)
Large: 0
Medium: 1
Small: 0
Very small: 0
Ports with oil terminals: 0
Key ports: Flying Fish Cove
Defense is the responsibility of Australia