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North America
Page last updated: July 24, 2024
Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists heading for Virginia. Self-governing since 1620, Bermuda is the oldest and most populous of the British Overseas Territories. Vacationing on the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important for the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years as Bermuda has developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence from the UK was soundly defeated in 1995.
North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of South Carolina (US)
32 20 N, 64 45 W
North America
Total : 54 km²
Land: 54 km²
Water: 0 km²
About one-third the size of Washington, DC
Total: 0 km
103 km
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Low hills separated by fertile depressions
Highest point: Town Hill 79 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Agricultural land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 20% (2018 est.)
Other: 65.2% (2018 est.)
NA
Relatively even population distribution throughout
Hurricanes (June to November)
Consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995
Total: 72,800
Male: 35,401
Female: 37,399 (2024 est.)
Comparison rankings: female 201; male 202; total 202
Noun: Bermudian(s)
Adjective: Bermudian
African descent 52%, White 31%, mixed 9%, Asian 4%, other 4% (2010 est.)
English (official), Portuguese
Protestant 46.2% (includes Anglican 15.8%, African Methodist Episcopal 8.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 6.7, Pentecostal 3.5%, Methodist 2.7%, Presbyterian 2.0%, Church of God 1.6%, Baptist 1.2%, Salvation Army 1.1%, Brethren 1.0%, other Protestant 2.0%), Roman Catholic 14.5%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other Christian 9.1%, Muslim 1%, other 3.9%, none 17.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2010 est.)
0-14 years: 16.4% (male 6,133/female 5,817)
15-64 years: 60.9% (male 22,247/female 22,113)
65 years and over: 22.7% (2024 est.) (male 7,021/female 9,469)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 52.9
Youth dependency ratio: 22.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 30.1
Potential support ratio: 3.3 (2021)
Total: 43.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 41.5 years
Female: 46.3 years
0.3% (2024 est.)
10.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
9.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Relatively even population distribution throughout
Urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
10,000 HAMILTON (capital) (2018)
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Total: 2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 1.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Total population: 82.5 years (2024 est.)
Male: 79.4 years
Female: 85.7 years
1.88 children born/woman (2024 est.)
0.92 (2024 est.)
NA
Improved: urban: 99.9% of population
Rural: NA
Total: 99.9% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population
Rural: NA
Total: 0.1% of population (2020)
NA
NA
Improved: urban: 99.9% of population
Rural: NA
Total: 99.9% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population
Rural: NA
Total: 0.1% of population (2020)
NA
47.6% (2023 est.)
1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA
Total: 13 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 13 years (2015)
Dense population and heavy vehicle traffic create serious congestion and air pollution problems; water resources scarce (most obtained as rainwater or from wells); solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills
Subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Agricultural land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 20% (2018 est.)
Other: 65.2% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Carbon dioxide emissions: 0.61 megatons (2016 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 82,000 tons (2012 est.)
Municipal solid waste recycled annually: 1,640 tons (2012 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2% (2012 est.)
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bermuda
Former: Somers Islands
Etymology: the islands making up Bermuda are named after Juan de BERMUDEZ, an early 16th century Spanish sea captain and the first European explorer of the archipelago
Overseas Territory of the UK with limited self-government; parliamentary democracy
Overseas territory of the UK
Name: Hamilton
Geographic coordinates: 32 17 N, 64 47 W
Time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON (ca. 1734-1796) who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788-1794
9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick
None (overseas territory of the UK)
Bermuda Day, 24 May; note - formerly known as Victoria Day, Empire Day, and Commonwealth Day
History: several previous (dating to 1684); latest entered into force 8 June 1968 (Bermuda Constitution Order 1968)
Amendments: proposal procedure - NA; passage by an Order in Council in the UK; amended several times, last in 2012
English common law
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the UK
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Rena LALGIE (since 14 December 2020)
Head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017)
Cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
Elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (11 seats; 3 members appointed by the governor, 5 by the premier, and 3 by the opposition party; members serve 5-year terms)
House of Assembly (36 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve up to 5-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last appointments in 2022 (next appointments in 2027)
House of Assembly - last held on 1 October 2020 (next to be held by 2025)
Election results: Senate - composition- men 5, women 6, percentage women 63.6%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - PLP 62.1%, OBA 32.3%, other 5.4%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - PLP 30, OBA 6; composition - men 28, women 7, percentage women 20%; total Parliament percentage women 28.3%
Highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 1 associate justice); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the court of final appeal
Judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal justice appointed by the governor; justice tenure by individual appointment; Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission and appointed by the governor; judge tenure based on terms of appointment
Subordinate courts: commercial court (began in 2006); magistrates' courts
Free Democratic Movement or FDM [Marc A. R. BEAN]
One Bermuda Alliance or OBA [N. H. Cole SIMONS]
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [E. David BURT]
Caricom (associate), ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), UPU, WCO
Red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda
Note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue
Red lion
Coat of arms of Bermuda:
Name: Hail to Bermuda
Lyrics/music: Bette JOHNS
Note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the King" is official (see United Kingdom)
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural); note - excerpted from the UK entry
Selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications
Small, tourism- and construction-based, territorial-island economy; American import and tourist destination; known offshore banking hub; increasing inflation; major re-exportation and re-importation area
$6.349 billion (2022 est.)
$5.965 billion (2021 est.)
$5.659 billion (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars
6.43% (2022 est.)
5.42% (2021 est.)
-6.84% (2020 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
$99,800 (2022 est.)
$93,600 (2021 est.)
$88,600 (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars
$7.828 billion (2022 est.)
Note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
1.9% (2017 est.)
1.4% (2016 est.)
Fitch rating: N/A (2015)
Moody's rating: A2 (2016)
Standard & Poors rating: A+ (2015)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 0.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 5.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 93.8% (2017 est.)
Comparison rankings: services 3; industry 221; agriculture 200
Household consumption: 51.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 15.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 13.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 49.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -30.4% (2017 est.)
Bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products, honey
International business, tourism, light manufacturing
5.57% (2022 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
33,480 (2016 est.)
7% (2017 est.)
7% (2016 est.)
Total: 29.3% (2014 est.)
Male: 29.7%
Female: 29%
11% (2008 est.)
22.99% of GDP (2022 est.)
22.72% of GDP (2021 est.)
22.86% of GDP (2020 est.)
Note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Revenues: $999.2 million (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $1.176 billion (2017 est.)
-2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
43% of GDP (FY14/15)
16.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
$962.258 million (2021 est.)
$853.85 million (2020 est.)
$838.701 million (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
$1.136 billion (2021 est.)
$1.027 billion (2020 est.)
$1.605 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Zambia 26%, US 16%, Angola 10%, France 10%, Tanzania 8% (2022)
Note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Fertilizers, ships, liquor, vaccines, railway cargo containers (2022)
Note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
$1.925 billion (2021 est.)
$1.723 billion (2020 est.)
$2.224 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
US 34%, Norway 19%, South Korea 19%, China 5%, Canada 5% (2022)
Note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Ships, refined petroleum, railway cargo containers, packaged medicine, cars (2022)
Note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
$2.515 billion (2017 est.)
$2.435 billion (2015 est.)
Bermudian dollars (BMD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1 (2023 est.)
1 (2022 est.)
1 (2021 est.)
1 (2020 est.)
1 (2019 est.)
Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 173,000 kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 581.097 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 42.493 million kWh (2022 est.)
Comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 35; consumption 171; installed generating capacity 177
Fossil fuels: 99% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Imports: 54.3 metric tons (2022 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 4,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
582,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 582,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
124.882 million Btu/person (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 25,000 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2021 est.)
Total subscriptions: 68,000 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2021 est.)
General assessment: the telecom sector has seen a decline in subscriber numbers (particularly for prepaid mobile services the mainstay of short term visitors) and revenue; fixed and mobile broadband services are two areas that have benefited from the crisis as employees and students have resorted to working from home; one area of the telecom market that is not prepared for growth is 5G mobile; governments, regulators, and even the mobile network operators have shown that they have not been investing in 5G opportunities at the present time; network expansion and enhancements remain concentrated around improving LTE coverage (2021)
Domestic: the system has a fixed-line teledensity of 39 per 100, coupled with a mobile-cellular teledensity of roughly 110 per 100 persons (2021)
International: country code - 1-441; landing points for the GlobeNet, Gemini Bermuda, CBUS, and the CB-1 submarine cables to the Caribbean, South America and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 (2019)
3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating
.bm
Total: 64,000 (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 100% (2021 est.)
Total: 23,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2020 est.)
VP-B
1 (2024)
Total: 447 km
Paved: 447 km (2010)
Note: 225 km public roads; 222 km private roads
Total: 122 (2023)
By type: container ship 15, oil tanker 8, other 99
Total ports: 4 (2024)
Large: 0
Medium: 1
Small: 2
Very small: 0
Size unknown: 1
Ports with oil terminals: 3
Key ports: Freeport, Hamilton, Ireland Island, St. George
Royal Bermuda Regiment; Bermuda Police Service (2024)
Note: the Royal Bermuda Regiment (aka "The Regiment") includes the Royal Bermuda Regiment Coast Guard
The Royal Bermuda Regiment has about 350 troops (2024)
The Regiment is equipped with small arms (2024)
Men and women who are Commonwealth citizens and 18-45 years of age can volunteer for the Bermuda Regiment; service is for a minimum period of three years and two months from the date of enlistment; service can be extended only by volunteering or an executive order from the Governor; annual training commitment is about 30 days a year, which includes a two-week camp, weekends, and drill nights (2024)
Defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Bermuda Regiment’s responsibilities include maritime security of Bermuda’s inshore waters, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, humanitarian/disaster assistance, security of key installations, and assisting the Bermuda Police with maintaining public order; it includes explosive ordnance disposal, diver, maritime, security police, and support units (2024)