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2023-12-30 ~ 2024-02-07
Hi, and welcome back to what has become my Tailscale blog [1].
I have a few servers that I use for running multiple container workloads. My approach in the past had been to use Caddy webserver [2] on the host to proxy the various containers. With this setup, each app would have its own DNS record, and Caddy would be configured to route traffic to the appropriate internal port based on that. For instance:
cyberchef.runtimeterror.dev {
reverse_proxy localhost:8000
}
ntfy.runtimeterror.dev, http://ntfy.runtimeterror.dev {
reverse_proxy localhost:8080
@httpget {
protocol http
method GET
path_regexp ^/([-_a-z0-9]{0,64}$|docs/|static/)
}
redir @httpget https://{host}{uri}
}
uptime.runtimeterror.dev {
reverse_proxy localhost:3001
}
miniflux.runtimeterror.dev {
reverse_proxy localhost:8080
}
And I don't really need all of these services to be public. Not because they're particularly sensitive, but I just don't really have a reason to share my personal Miniflux [3] or CyberChef [4] instances with the world at large. Those would be great candidates to proxy with Tailscale Serve [5] so they'd only be available on my tailnet. Of course, with that setup I'd then have to differentiate the services based on external port numbers since they'd all be served with the same hostname. That's not ideal either.
sudo tailscale serve --bg --https 8443 8180 Available within your tailnet: https://tsdemo.tailnet-name.ts.net/ |-- proxy http://127.0.0.1:8000 https://tsdemo.tailnet-name.ts.net:8443/ |-- proxy http://127.0.0.1:8080
It would be really great if I could directly attach each container to my tailnet and then access the apps with addresses like `https://miniflux.tailnet-name.ts.net` or `https://cyber.tailnet-name.ts.net`. Tailscale does have an official Docker image [6], and at first glance it seems like that would solve my needs pretty directly. Unfortunately, it looks like trying to leverage that container image directly would still require me to configure Tailscale Serve interactively..
<-- note -->
Tailscale just published a blog post [7] which shares some details about how to configure Funnel and Serve within the official image. The short version is that the `TS_SERVE_CONFIG` variable should point to a `serve-config.json` file. The name of the file doesn't actually matter, but the contents do - and you can generate a config by running `tailscale serve status -json` on a functioning system... or just copy-pasta'ing this example I just made for the Cyberchef [8] setup I describe later in this post:
[7] just published a blog post
{
"TCP": {
"443": {
"HTTPS": true
}
},
"Web": {
"cyber.tailnet-name.ts.net:443": {
"Handlers": {
"/": {
"Proxy": "http://127.0.0.1:8000"
}
}
}
}//, uncomment to enable funnel
// "AllowFunnel": {
// "cyber.tailnet-name.ts.net:443": true
// }
}
Replace the ports and protocols and hostnames and such, and you'll be good to go.
A compose config using this setup might look something like this:
services:
tailscale:
image: tailscale/tailscale:latest
container_name: cyberchef-tailscale
restart: unless-stopped
environment:
TS_AUTHKEY: ${TS_AUTHKEY:?err}
TS_HOSTNAME: ${TS_HOSTNAME:-ts-docker}
TS_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
TS_STATE_DIR: /var/lib/tailscale/
TS_SERVE_CONFIG: /config/serve-config.json
volumes:
- ./ts_data:/var/lib/tailscale/
- ./serve-config.json:/config/serve-config.json
cyberchef:
container_name: cyberchef
image: mpepping/cyberchef:latest
restart: unless-stopped
network_mode: service:tailscale
That's a bit cleaner than the workaround I'd put together, but you're totally welcome to keep on reading if you want to see how it compares.
<-- /note -->
And then I came across Louis-Philippe Asselin's post [9] about how he set up Tailscale in Docker Compose. When he wrote his post, there was even less documentation on how to do this stuff, so he used a modified Tailscale docker image [10] which loads a startup script [11] to handle some of the configuration steps. His repo also includes a helpful docker-compose example [12] of how to connect it together.
[9] Louis-Philippe Asselin's post
[10] modified Tailscale docker image
[12] helpful docker-compose example
I quickly realized I could modify his startup script to take care of my Tailscale Serve need. So here's how I did it.
My image starts out basically the same as Louis-Philippe's, with just pulling in the official image and then adding the customized script:
FROM tailscale/tailscale:v1.56.1 COPY start.sh /usr/bin/start.sh RUN chmod +x /usr/bin/start.sh CMD ["/usr/bin/start.sh"]
My `start.sh` script has a few tweaks for brevity/clarity, and also adds a block for conditionally enabling a basic Tailscale Serve (or Funnel) configuration:
#!/bin/ash
trap 'kill -TERM $PID' TERM INT
echo "Starting Tailscale daemon"
tailscaled --tun=userspace-networking --statedir="${TS_STATE_DIR}" ${TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS} &
PID=$!
until tailscale up --authkey="${TS_AUTHKEY}" --hostname="${TS_HOSTNAME}" ${TS_EXTRA_ARGS}; do
sleep 0.1
done
tailscale status
if [ -n "${TS_SERVE_PORT}" ]; then
if [ -n "${TS_FUNNEL}" ]; then
if ! tailscale funnel status | grep -q -A1 '(Funnel on)' | grep -q "${TS_SERVE_PORT}"; then
tailscale funnel --bg "${TS_SERVE_PORT}"
fi
else
if ! tailscale serve status | grep -q "${TS_SERVE_PORT}"; then
tailscale serve --bg "${TS_SERVE_PORT}"
fi
fi
fi
wait ${PID}
This script starts the `tailscaled` daemon in userspace mode, and it tells the daemon to store its state in a user-defined location. It then uses a supplied pre-auth key [13] to bring up the new Tailscale node and set the hostname.
If both `TS_SERVE_PORT` and `TS_FUNNEL` are set, the script will publicly proxy the designated port with Tailscale Funnel. If only `TS_SERVE_PORT` is set, it will just proxy it internal to the tailnet with Tailscale Serve.
I'm using this git repo [14] to track my work on this, and it automatically builds my tailscale-docker [15] image. So now I can can simply reference `ghcr.io/jbowdre/tailscale-docker` in my Docker configurations.
On that note...
There's also a sample `docker-compose.yml` [16] in the repo to show how to use the image:
[16] sample `docker-compose.yml`
services:
tailscale:
image: ghcr.io/jbowdre/tailscale-docker:latest
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: tailscale
environment:
TS_AUTHKEY: ${TS_AUTHKEY:?err} # from https://login.tailscale.com/admin/settings/authkeys
TS_HOSTNAME: ${TS_HOSTNAME:-ts-docker} # optional hostname to use for this node
TS_STATE_DIR: "/var/lib/tailscale/" # store ts state in a local volume
TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS:-} # optional extra args to pass to tailscaled
TS_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_EXTRA_ARGS:-} # optional extra flags to pass to tailscale up
TS_SERVE_PORT: ${TS_SERVE_PORT:-} # optional port to proxy with tailscale serve (ex: '80')
TS_FUNNEL: ${TS_FUNNEL:-} # if set, serve publicly with tailscale funnel
volumes:
- ./ts_data:/var/lib/tailscale/ # the mount point should match TS_STATE_DIR
myservice:
image: nginxdemos/hello
restart: unless-stopped
network_mode: "service:tailscale" # use the tailscale network service's network
You'll note that most of those environment variables aren't actually defined in this YAML. Instead, they'll be inherited from the environment used for spawning the containers. This provides a few benefits. First, it lets the `tailscale` service definition block function as a template to allow copying it into other Compose files without having to modify. Second, it avoids holding sensitive data in the YAML itself. And third, it allows us to set default values for undefined variables (if `TS_HOSTNAME` is empty it will be automatically replaced with `ts-docker`) or throw an error if a required value isn't set (an empty `TS_AUTHKEY` will throw an error and abort).
You can create the required variables by exporting them at the command line (`export TS_HOSTNAME=ts-docker`) - but that runs the risk of having sensitive values like an authkey stored in your shell history. It's not a great habit.
Perhaps a better approach is to set the variables in a `.env` file stored alongside the `docker-compose.yaml` but with stricter permissions. This file can be owned and only readable by root (or the defined Docker user), while the Compose file can be owned by your own user or the `docker` group.
Here's how the `.env` for this setup might look:
TS_AUTHKEY=tskey-auth-somestring-somelongerstring TS_HOSTNAME=tsdemo TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS=--verbose=1 TS_EXTRA_ARGS=--ssh TS_SERVE_PORT=8080 TS_FUNNEL=1
| Variable Name | Example | Description | |----------------------------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `TS_AUTHKEY` | `tskey-auth-somestring-somelongerstring` | used for unattended auth of the new node, get one here [17] | | `TS_HOSTNAME` | `tsdemo` | optional Tailscale hostname for the new node | | `TS_STATE_DIR` | `/var/lib/tailscale/` | required directory for storing Tailscale state, this should be mounted to the container for persistence | | `TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS` | `--verbose=1` | optional additional flags [18] for `tailscaled` | | `TS_EXTRA_ARGS` | `--ssh` | optional additional flags [19] for `tailscale up` | | `TS_SERVE_PORT` | `8080` | optional application port to expose with Tailscale Serve [20] | | `TS_FUNNEL` | `1` | if set (to anything), will proxy `TS_SERVE_PORT` **publicly** with Tailscale Funnel [21] |
A few implementation notes:
To tie this all together, I'm going to quickly run through the steps I took to create and publish two container-based services without having to do any interactive configuration.
I'll start with my CyberChef [26] instance.
*CyberChef is a simple, intuitive web app for carrying out all manner of "cyber" operations within a web browser. These operations include simple encoding like XOR and Base64, more complex encryption like AES, DES and Blowfish, creating binary and hexdumps, compression and decompression of data, calculating hashes and checksums, IPv6 and X.509 parsing, changing character encodings, and much more.*
This will be served publicly with Funnel so that my friends can use this instance if they need it.
I'll need a pre-auth key so that the Tailscale container can authenticate to my Tailnet. I can get that by going to the Tailscale Admin Portal [27] and generating a new auth key. I gave it a description, ticked the option to pre-approve whatever device authenticates with this key (since I have Device Approval [28] enabled on my tailnet). I also used the option to auto-apply the `tag:internal` tag I used for grouping my on-prem systems as well as the `tag:funnel` tag I use for approving Funnel devices in the ACL.
That gives me a new single-use authkey:
I'll use that new key as well as the knowledge that CyberChef is served by default on port `8000` to create an appropriate `.env` file:
TS_AUTHKEY=tskey-auth-somestring-somelongerstring TS_HOSTNAME=cyber TS_EXTRA_ARGS=--ssh TS_SERVE_PORT=8000 TS_FUNNEL=true
And I can add the corresponding `docker-compose.yml` to go with it:
services:
tailscale:
image: ghcr.io/jbowdre/tailscale-docker:latest
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: cyberchef-tailscale
environment:
TS_AUTHKEY: ${TS_AUTHKEY:?err}
TS_HOSTNAME: ${TS_HOSTNAME:-ts-docker}
TS_STATE_DIR: "/var/lib/tailscale/"
TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
TS_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
TS_SERVE_PORT: ${TS_SERVE_PORT:-}
TS_FUNNEL: ${TS_FUNNEL:-}
volumes:
- ./ts_data:/var/lib/tailscale/
cyberchef:
container_name: cyberchef
image: mpepping/cyberchef:latest
restart: unless-stopped
network_mode: service:tailscale
I can just bring it online like so:
docker compose up -d [+] Running 3/3 ✔ Network cyberchef_default Created ✔ Container cyberchef-tailscale Started ✔ Container cyberchef Started
I can review the logs for the `tailscale` service to confirm that the Funnel configuration was applied:
docker compose logs tailscale cyberchef-tailscale | # Health check: cyberchef-tailscale | # - not connected to home DERP region 12 cyberchef-tailscale | # - Some peers are advertising routes but --accept-routes is false cyberchef-tailscale | 2023/12/30 17:44:48 serve: creating a new proxy handler for http://127.0.0.1:8000 cyberchef-tailscale | 2023/12/30 17:44:48 Hostinfo.WireIngress changed to true cyberchef-tailscale | Available on the internet: cyberchef-tailscale | cyberchef-tailscale | https://cyber.tailnet-name.ts.net/ cyberchef-tailscale | |-- proxy http://127.0.0.1:8000 cyberchef-tailscale | cyberchef-tailscale | Funnel started and running in the background. cyberchef-tailscale | To disable the proxy, run: tailscale funnel --https=443 off
And after ~10 minutes or so (it sometimes takes a bit longer for the DNS and SSL to start working outside the tailnet), I'll be able to hit the instance at `https://cyber.tailnet-name.ts.net` from anywhere on the web.
I've lately been playing quite a bit with my omg.lol address [29] and associated services [30], and that's inspired me to revisit the world [31] of curating RSS feeds instead of relying on algorithms to keep me informed. Through that experience, I recently found Miniflux [32], a "Minimalist and opinionated feed reader". It's written in Go, is fast and lightweight, and works really well as a PWA installed on mobile devices, too.
It will be great for keeping track of my feeds, but I need to expose this service publicly. So I'll serve it up inside my tailnet with Tailscale Serve.
Here's the `.env` that I'll use:
DB_USER=db-username DB_PASS=db-passw0rd ADMIN_USER=sysadmin ADMIN_PASS=hunter2 TS_AUTHKEY=tskey-auth-somestring-somelongerstring TS_HOSTNAME=miniflux TS_EXTRA_ARGS=--ssh TS_SERVE_PORT=8080
Funnel will not be configured for this since `TS_FUNNEL` was not defined.
I adapted the example `docker-compose.yml` [33] from Miniflux to add in my Tailscale bits:
services:
tailscale:
image: ghcr.io/jbowdre/tailscale-docker:latest
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: miniflux-tailscale
environment:
TS_AUTHKEY: ${TS_AUTHKEY:?err}
TS_HOSTNAME: ${TS_HOSTNAME:-ts-docker}
TS_STATE_DIR: "/var/lib/tailscale/"
TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_TAILSCALED_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
TS_EXTRA_ARGS: ${TS_EXTRA_ARGS:-}
TS_SERVE_PORT: ${TS_SERVE_PORT:-}
TS_FUNNEL: ${TS_FUNNEL:-}
volumes:
- ./ts_data:/var/lib/tailscale/
miniflux:
image: miniflux/miniflux:latest
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: miniflux
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
environment:
- DATABASE_URL=postgres://${DB_USER}:${DB_PASS}@db/miniflux?sslmode=disable
- RUN_MIGRATIONS=1
- CREATE_ADMIN=1
- ADMIN_USERNAME=${ADMIN_USER}
- ADMIN_PASSWORD=${ADMIN_PASS}
network_mode: "service:tailscale"
db:
image: postgres:15
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: miniflux-db
environment:
- POSTGRES_USER=${DB_USER}
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=${DB_PASS}
volumes:
- ./mf_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD", "pg_isready", "-U", "${DB_USER}"]
interval: 10s
start_period: 30s
[33] example `docker-compose.yml`
I can bring it up with:
docker compose up -d [+] Running 4/4 ✔ Network miniflux_default Created ✔ Container miniflux-db Started ✔ Container miniflux-tailscale Started ✔ Container miniflux Created
And I can hit it at `https://miniflux.tailnet-name.ts.net` from within my tailnet:
Nice, right? Now to just convert all of my other containerized apps that don't really need to be public. Fortunately that shouldn't take too long since I've got this nice, portable, repeatable Docker Compose setup I can use.
Maybe I'll write about something *other* than Tailscale soon. Stay tuned!
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