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Africa
Page last updated: July 24, 2024
Senegal is one of the few countries in the world with evidence of continuous human life from the Paleolithic period to present. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, the Jolof Empire ruled most of Senegal. Starting in the 15th century, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain traded along the Senegalese coast. Senegal’s location on the western tip of Africa made it a favorable base for the European slave trade. European powers used the Senegalese island of Goree as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland, and at the height of the slave trade in Senegal, over one-third of the Senegalese population was enslaved. In 1815, France abolished slavery and began expanding inland. During the second half of the 19th century, France took possession of Senegal as a French colony. In 1959, the French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. In 1982, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union dissolved in 1989.
Since the 1980s, the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance -- a separatist movement based in southern Senegal -- has led a low-level insurgency. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed. Since 2012, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect. Senegal is one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. The Socialist Party of Senegal ruled for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000 and re-elected in 2007. WADE amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. In 2012, WADE’s decision to run for a third presidential term sparked public backlash that led to his loss to current President Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum limited future presidents to two consecutive five-year terms. President Bassirou Diomaye FAYE took office in April 2024.
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
14 00 N, 14 00 W
Africa
Total : 196,722 km²
Land: 192,530 km²
Water: 4,192 km²
Slightly smaller than South Dakota; slightly larger than twice the size of Indiana
Area comparison map:
Total: 2,684 km
Border countries (5): The Gambia 749 km; Guinea 363 km; Guinea-Bissau 341 km; Mali 489 km; Mauritania 742 km
531 km
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Highest point: unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 69 m
Fish, phosphates, iron ore
Agricultural land: 46.8% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 43.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 9.4% (2018 est.)
1,200 km² (2012)
Senegal (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, and Mauritania [m] ) - 1,641 km; Gambie (Gambia) (shared with Guinea [s] and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km
Note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 km²)
Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin
The population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map
Lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal
Total: 18,847,519
Male: 9,283,314
Female: 9,564,205 (2024 est.)
Comparison rankings: female 66; male 66; total 66
Noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Senegalese
Wolof 39.7%, Pulaar 27.5%, Sereer 16%, Mandinka 4.9%, Jola 4.2%, Soninke 2.4%, other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2019 est.)
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka, Serer, Soninke
Muslim 97.2% (most adhere to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods), Christian 2.7% (mostly Roman Catholic) (2019 est.)
Senegal has a large and growing youth population but has not been successful in developing its potential human capital. Senegal’s high total fertility rate of almost 4.5 children per woman continues to bolster the country’s large youth cohort – more than 60% of the population is under the age of 25. Fertility remains high because of the continued desire for large families, the low use of family planning, and early childbearing. Because of the country’s high illiteracy rate (more than 40%), high unemployment (even among university graduates), and widespread poverty, Senegalese youths face dim prospects; women are especially disadvantaged.
Senegal historically was a destination country for economic migrants, but in recent years West African migrants more often use Senegal as a transit point to North Africa – and sometimes illegally onward to Europe. The country also has been host to several thousand black Mauritanian refugees since they were expelled from their homeland during its 1989 border conflict with Senegal. The country’s economic crisis in the 1970s stimulated emigration; departures accelerated in the 1990s. Destinations shifted from neighboring countries, which were experiencing economic decline, civil wars, and increasing xenophobia, to Libya and Mauritania because of their booming oil industries and to developed countries (most notably former colonial ruler France, as well as Italy and Spain). The latter became attractive in the 1990s because of job opportunities and their periodic regularization programs (legalizing the status of illegal migrants).
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 3,907,986/female 3,760,594)
15-64 years: 55.9% (male 5,098,038/female 5,437,195)
65 years and over: 3.4% (2024 est.) (male 277,290/female 366,416)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 81.5
Youth dependency ratio: 75.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 5.7
Potential support ratio: 17.4 (2021 est.)
Total: 19.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 18.4 years
Female: 20 years
2.46% (2024 est.)
30.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
The population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map
Urban population: 49.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
3.340 million DAKAR (capital) (2023)
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
21.9 years (2019 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
261 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Total: 31.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 34.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Total population: 70.6 years (2024 est.)
Male: 68.8 years
Female: 72.4 years
4.06 children born/woman (2024 est.)
1.98 (2024 est.)
26.9% (2019)
Improved: urban: 95.9% of population
Rural: 79.3% of population
Total: 87.3% of population
Unimproved: urban: 4.1% of population
Rural: 20.7% of population
Total: 12.7% of population (2020 est.)
5.2% of GDP (2020)
0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Improved: urban: 94.1% of population
Rural: 55.5% of population
Total: 74.1% of population
Unimproved: urban: 5.9% of population
Rural: 44.5% of population
Total: 25.9% of population (2020 est.)
Degree of risk: very high (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and sexually transmitted diseases: hepatitis B (2024)
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
Animal contact diseases: rabies
Respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis
8.8% (2016)
Total: 0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Beer: 0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 6.9% (2020 est.)
Male: 13.1% (2020 est.)
Female: 0.7% (2020 est.)
14.4% (2019)
65.3% (2023 est.)
Women married by age 15: 8.8%
Women married by age 18: 30.5%
Men married by age 18: 0.7% (2019 est.)
5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 56.3%
Male: 68.4%
Female: 45.4% (2021)
Total: 9 years
Male: 8 years
Female: 10 years (2021)
Deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching
Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Agricultural land: 46.8% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 43.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 9.4% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 49.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
Severe localized food insecurity: due to localized shortfalls in cereal production and reduced incomes - according to the latest analysis, about 881,000 people are estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance between June and August 2022, mostly on account of localized shortfalls in cereal production in 2021 and reduced incomes owing to the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic (2022)
1.46% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 38.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 10.9 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 11.74 megatons (2020 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,454,059 tons (2016 est.)
Senegal (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, and Mauritania [m] ) - 1,641 km; Gambie (Gambia) (shared with Guinea [s] and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km
Note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 km²)
Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin
Municipal: 260 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 2.76 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
38.97 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
Conventional short form: Senegal
Local long form: Republique du Sénégal
Local short form: Sénégal
Former: Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation
Etymology: named for the Senegal River that forms the northern border of the country; many theories exist for the origin of the river name; perhaps the most widely cited derives the name from "Azenegue," the Portuguese appellation for the Berber Zenaga people who lived north of the river
Presidential republic
Name: Dakar
Geographic coordinates: 14 44 N, 17 38 W
Time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, D.C., during Standard Time)
Etymology: the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called "Dakar" by French colonialists
14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, KĂ©edougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
History: previous 1959 (pre-independence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable; amended several times, last in 2019
Civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Council
Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Senegal
Dual citizenship recognized: no, but Senegalese citizens do not automatically lose their citizenship if they acquire citizenship in another state
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: President Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (since 2 April 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ousmane SONKO (since 2 April 2024)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single, renewable 5-year term; election last held on 24 March 2024 (next to be held in 2029)
Election results:
2024: Bassirou Diomaye FAYE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Bassirou Diomaye FAYE (PASTEF) 54%, Amadou BA (APR) 36%, other 10%
2019: Macky SALL reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Macky SALL (APR) 58.3%, Idrissa SECK (Rewmi) 20.5%, Ousmane SONKO (PASTEF) 15.7%, other 5.5%
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale (165 seats; 112 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency; member term is 5-years)
Elections: last held on 31 July 2022 (next scheduled to be held in July 2027)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - BBY 46.6%, YAW 32.9%, WS 14.5%, other 6%; seats by party/coalition - BBY 82, YAW 42, WS 24, other 17; composition - men 89, women 76, percentage women 46.1%
Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour SuprĂŞme (consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years
Subordinate courts: High Court of Justice (for crimes of high treason by the president); Courts of Appeal; Court of Auditors; assize courts; regional and district courts; Labor Court
Alliance for Citizenship and Work or ACT [Abdoul MBAYE]
Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR [Macky SALL]
Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]
AND (National Alliance for Democracy) [Aissatou MBODJ]
And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE]
ARC (Alternative for the next generation of citizens) [Anta Babacar NGOM]
Awalé [Abdourahmane DIOUF]
Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope) [vacant] (coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP)
Bokk Gis Gis coalition [Pape DIOP]
Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk [Mansour Sy DJAMIL]
Coalition Mimi 2024 [Aminata TOURE]
Dare the Future movement [Aissata Tall SALL]
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Mamadou NDOYE]
Democratic Renaissance Congress [NA]
Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]
Gainde Centrist Bloc or BCG [Jean-Paul DIAS MENDES ]
General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR [Thierno BOCOUM]
Grand Party or GP [Malick GAKOU]
Gueum sa Bopp (Believe in yourself) [Bougane Dany GUEYE]
Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Maguette THIAM]
Jotna Coalition [Dr Abdoulaye NIANE]
Liberate the People (Yewwi Askan Wi) or YAW [Ousmane SONKO, Déthié FALL, Cheikh Tidiane YOUM]
Madicke 2019 coalition [Madicke NIANG]
National Union for the People or UNP [Abdoul MBAYE]
Only Senegal Movement [Pierre Goudiaby ATEPA]
Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Cheikh Ahmadou Kara MBAKE]
Party of Unity and Rally or PUR [Cheikh Mouhamadou Moustapha SY]
Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi [Abdoulaye BALDE]
PRP (Republican party for Progress) [Déthié FALL]
Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]
Save Senegal (Wallu Senegal Grand Coalition) or WS [Karim WADE] (coalition includes PDS, Jotna Coalition, Democratic Renaissance Congress)
Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Karim WADE]
Socialist Party or PS [vacant]
Tekki Movement [Mamadou Lamine DIALLO]
RĂ©ewum Ngor (Republic of Values) [Thierno Alassane SALL]
Servants (Les Serviteurs) [Pape Djibril FALL]
ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope
Note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Lion; national colors: green, yellow, red
Name: "Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons" (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)
Lyrics/music: Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER
Note: adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title
Total World Heritage Sites: 7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales: Island of Gorée (c); Niokolo-Koba National Park (n); Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (n); Island of Saint-Louis (c); Stone Circles of Senegambia (c); Saloum Delta (c); Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula, and Bedik Cultural Landscapes (c)
Lower middle-income, services-driven West African economy; key mining, construction, agriculture, and fishing industries; tourism and exports hit hard by COVID-19; large informal economy; developing offshore oil and gas fields; systemic corruption
$77.382 billion (2023 est.)
$74.621 billion (2022 est.)
$71.874 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars
3.7% (2023 est.)
3.82% (2022 est.)
6.54% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
$4,400 (2023 est.)
$4,300 (2022 est.)
$4,300 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars
$31.014 billion (2023 est.)
Note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
9.7% (2022 est.)
2.18% (2021 est.)
2.54% (2020 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Moody's rating: Ba3 (2017)
Standard & Poors rating: B+ (2000)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 16.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 24.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 58.8% (2017 est.)
Comparison rankings: services 132; industry 114; agriculture 57
Household consumption: 71.9% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 15.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 25.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 3.4% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 27% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -42.8% (2017 est.)
Groundnuts, watermelons, rice, cassava, sugarcane, millet, maize, onions, sorghum, milk (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair
2.9% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
5.257 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
2.93% (2023 est.)
2.97% (2022 est.)
3.37% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment
Total: 5% (2021 est.)
Male: 3.5%
Female: 7.5%
46.7% (2011 est.)
36.2 (2021 est.)
Note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Lowest 10%: 3% (2021 est.)
Highest 10%: 28.8% (2021 est.)
Note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
9.47% of GDP (2023 est.)
10.89% of GDP (2022 est.)
11.25% of GDP (2021 est.)
Note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Revenues: $4.76 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $5.662 billion (2019 est.)
-3.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
48.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
47.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
18.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
-$3.327 billion (2021 est.)
-$2.662 billion (2020 est.)
-$1.898 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
$6.78 billion (2021 est.)
$5.063 billion (2020 est.)
$5.836 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Mali 18%, India 16%, Switzerland 11%, US 8%, China 4% (2022)
Note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Gold, phosphoric acid, refined petroleum, fish, precious metal products (2022)
Note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
$12.278 billion (2021 est.)
$9.627 billion (2020 est.)
$9.17 billion (2019 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
China 22%, India 8%, France 7%, Belgium 5%, Netherlands 4% (2022)
Note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Refined petroleum, ships, rice, crude petroleum, plastic products (2022)
Note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
$1.827 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$116.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$8.571 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$6.327 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
606.57 (2023 est.)
623.76 (2022 est.)
554.531 (2021 est.)
575.586 (2020 est.)
585.911 (2019 est.)
Electrification - total population: 67.9% (2022 est.)
Electrification - urban areas: 96.6%
Electrification - rural areas: 43.4%
Installed generating capacity: 1.668 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 7.025 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 326.425 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.057 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 99; imports 101; consumption 117; installed generating capacity 127
Fossil fuels: 74.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Solar: 10.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Wind: 9.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Consumption: 502,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 502,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Total petroleum production: 9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 55,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Production: 54.646 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Consumption: 54.498 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
9.152 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.134 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 7.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 92,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
7.836 million Btu/person (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 297,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 20.855 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)
General assessment: Senegal’s telecom market continues to show steady growth in all sectors; this has been supported by the particular demands made on consumers during the pandemic, which resulted in a particularly strong increase in the number of subscribers; the mobile subscriber base increased 6.7% in 2020, year-on-year, and by 4.1% in 2021, while the number of fixed broadband subscribers increased 17.5% year-on-year in 2021; mobile internet platforms account for the vast majority of all internet accesses; quality of service issues continue to plague the market, with the regulator periodically issuing fines to the market players (2022)
Domestic: fixed-line is 2 per 100 and mobile-cellular 118 per 100 persons (2021)
International: country code - 221; landing points for the ACE, Atlantis-2, MainOne and SAT-3/WASC submarine cables providing connectivity from South Africa, numerous western African countries, Europe and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)
Senegal’s media environment includes over 25 private television stations, hundreds of radio stations, and more than 45 newspapers. State-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) broadcasts from five cities in Senegal and a wide range of independent TV programming is available via satellite; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible on FM in Dakar
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Total: 9.86 million (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 58% (2021 est.)
Total: 153,813 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2020 est.)
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 11
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 21,038 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 40,000 (2018) mt-km
6V
19 (2024)
43 km gas, 8 km refined products (2017)
Total: 906 km (2017) (713 km operational in 2017)
Narrow gauge: 906 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
Total: 16,665 km
Paved: 6,126 km (includes 241 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 10,539 km (2017)
1,000 km (2012) (primarily on the Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance Rivers)
Total: 36 (2023)
By type: general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 30
Total ports: 6 (2024)
Large: 0
Medium: 1
Small: 1
Very small: 4
Ports with oil terminals: 4
Key ports: Dakar, Karabane, Lyndiane, M'bao Oil Terminal, Rufisque, St. Louis
Senegalese Armed Forces (les Forces Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army (l’Armée de Terre, AT), Senegalese National Navy (Marine Séenéegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (l'Arméee de l'Air du Séenéegal, AAS), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components)
Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)
Note: the National Police operates in major cities, while the Gendarmerie under the FAS primarily operates outside urban areas; both services have specialized anti-terrorism units
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2019 est.)
Approximately 27,000 active personnel (15,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air Force; 16,000 National Gendarmerie); 15,000 National Police (2023)
The FAS inventory includes mostly older or secondhand equipment from a variety of countries, including France, South Africa, and Russia/former Soviet Union; in recent years, the FAS has undertaken a modernization program and has received small amounts of newer equipment from more than 10 countries, with France as the leading supplier (2023)
18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 20 years of age for selective compulsory service for men and possibly women; 24-month service obligation (2023)
200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA; plus about 525 police); 800 (ECOWAS Military Intervention in The Gambia--ECOMIG); 500 (ECOWAS Stabilization Support Mission in Guinea-Bissau--EESMGB); 450 police Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2024)
Despite limited resources, the FAS is considered to be a well-equipped, experienced, and effective military; it has a history of non-interference in the country’s political process and positive relations with civil authorities; the FAS is experienced in foreign deployments and has received assistance from the French military, which maintains a presence in Senegal, as well as Germany, Spain, the UK, and the US; the FAS’s primary focuses are border, internal, and maritime security; it is watching the prevalence of multiple active terrorist groups across the region and political instability in neighboring Mali and Guinea and has recently established new military and gendarmerie camps along its eastern border with Mali; the FAS also works with the civilian government in areas such as preventive healthcare, infrastructure development, environmental protection, and disaster response
Senegalese security forces have been engaged in a low-level counterinsurgency campaign in the southern Casamance region against various factions of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of the Casamance (MDFC) since 1982; the conflict is one of longest running low-level insurgencies in the World, having claimed more than 5,000 lives while leaving another 60,000 displaced; in May 2023, a faction of the MFDC agreed to a peace deal (2023)
Senegalese Space Study Agency (Agence Sénégalaise d'Etudes Spatiales or ASES; launched in 2023 under the Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation) (2024)
Small, nascent program focused on acquiring satellites, largely for socio-economic development and research; conducts research in such fields as astronomy and planetary sciences; has cooperated with the European Space Agency, and the space agencies of France and the US (2024)
Terrorist group(s): Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)
Refugees (country of origin): 11,518 (Mauritania) (2023)
IDPs: 8,400 (2022)
A transit point on the cocaine route from South America to Europe; large production of cannabis in southern Casamance region; the high domestic use of cannabis, ecstasy, and to a lesser extent crack cocaine