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Obsoletes:
Keywords: HTTP API

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Nottingham
Request for Comments: 9205 June 2022
BCP: 56
Obsoletes: 3205
Category: Best Current Practice
ISSN: 2070-1721
Building Protocols with HTTP
Abstract
Applications often use HTTP as a substrate to create HTTP-based APIs.
This document specifies best practices for writing specifications
that use HTTP to define new application protocols. It is written
primarily to guide IETF efforts to define application protocols using
HTTP for deployment on the Internet but might be applicable in other
situations.
This document obsoletes RFC 3205.
Status of This Memo
This memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
BCPs is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9205.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Notational Conventions
2. Is HTTP Being Used?
2.1. Non-HTTP Protocols
3. What's Important About HTTP
3.1. Generic Semantics
3.2. Links
3.3. Rich Functionality
4. Best Practices for Specifying the Use of HTTP
4.1. Specifying the Use of HTTP
4.2. Specifying Server Behaviour
4.3. Specifying Client Behaviour
4.4. Specifying URLs
4.4.1. Discovering an Application's URLs
4.4.2. Considering URI Schemes
4.4.3. Choosing Transport Ports
4.5. Using HTTP Methods
4.5.1. GET
4.5.2. OPTIONS
4.6. Using HTTP Status Codes
4.6.1. Redirection
4.7. Specifying HTTP Header Fields
4.8. Defining Message Content
4.9. Leveraging HTTP Caching
4.9.1. Freshness
4.9.2. Stale Responses
4.9.3. Caching and Application Semantics
4.9.4. Varying Content Based Upon the Request
4.10. Handling Application State
4.11. Making Multiple Requests
4.12. Client Authentication
4.13. Coexisting with Web Browsing
4.14. Maintaining Application Boundaries
4.15. Using Server Push
4.16. Allowing Versioning and Evolution
5. IANA Considerations
6. Security Considerations
6.1. Privacy Considerations
7. References
7.1. Normative References
7.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 3205
Author's Address
1. Introduction
Applications other than Web browsing often use HTTP [HTTP] as a
substrate, a practice sometimes referred to as creating "HTTP-based
APIs", "REST APIs", or just "HTTP APIs". This is done for a variety
of reasons, including:
* familiarity by implementers, specifiers, administrators,
developers, and users;
* availability of a variety of client, server, and proxy
implementations;
* ease of use;
* availability of Web browsers;
* reuse of existing mechanisms like authentication and encryption;
* presence of HTTP servers and clients in target deployments; and
* its ability to traverse firewalls.
These protocols are often ad hoc, intended for only deployment by one
or a few servers and consumption by a limited set of clients. As a
result, a body of practices and tools has arisen around defining
HTTP-based APIs that favour these conditions.
However, when such an application has multiple, separate
implementations, is deployed on multiple uncoordinated servers, and
is consumed by diverse clients (as is often the case for HTTP APIs
defined by standards efforts), tools and practices intended for
limited deployment can become unsuitable.
This mismatch is largely because the API's clients and servers will
implement and evolve at different paces, leading to a need for
deployments with different features and versions to coexist. As a
result, the designers of HTTP-based APIs intended for such
deployments need to more carefully consider how extensibility of the
service will be handled and how different deployment requirements
will be accommodated.
More generally, an application protocol using HTTP faces a number of
design decisions, including:
* Should it define a new URI scheme? Use new ports?
* Should it use standard HTTP methods and status codes or define new
ones?
* How can the maximum value be extracted from the use of HTTP?
* How does it coexist with other uses of HTTP -- especially Web
browsing?
* How can interoperability problems and "protocol dead ends" be
avoided?
Section 2 defines when this document applies, Section 3 surveys the
properties of HTTP that are important to preserve, and Section 4
contains best practices for the specification of applications that
use HTTP.
It is written primarily to guide IETF efforts to define application
protocols using HTTP for deployment on the Internet but might be
applicable in other situations. Note that the requirements herein do
not necessarily apply to the development of generic HTTP extensions.
This document obsoletes [RFC3205] to reflect the experience and
developments regarding HTTP in the intervening time.
1.1. Notational Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Is HTTP Being Used?
Different applications have different goals when using HTTP. The
recommendations in this document apply when a specification defines
an application that:
* uses the transport port 80 or 443, or
* uses the URI scheme "http" or "https", or
* uses an ALPN protocol ID [RFC7301] that generically identifies
HTTP (e.g., "http/1.1", "h2", "h3"), or
* makes registrations in or overall modifications to the IANA
registries defined for HTTP.
Additionally, when a specification is using HTTP, all of the
requirements of the HTTP protocol suite are in force ([HTTP] in
particular but also other specifications such as the specific version
of HTTP in use and any extensions in use).
Note that this document is intended to apply to applications, not
generic extensions to HTTP. Furthermore, while it is intended for
IETF-specified applications, other standards organisations are
encouraged to adhere to its requirements.
2.1. Non-HTTP Protocols
An application can rely upon HTTP without meeting the criteria for
using it as defined above. For example, an application might wish to
avoid re-specifying parts of the message format but might change
other aspects of the protocol's operation, or it might want to use
application-specific methods.
Doing so permits more freedom to modify protocol operations, but at
least a portion of the benefits outlined in Section 3 are lost as
most HTTP implementations won't be easily adaptable to these changes.
The benefit of mindshare will also be lost.
Such specifications MUST NOT use HTTP's URI schemes, transport ports,
ALPN protocol IDs, or IANA registries; rather, they are encouraged to
establish their own.
3. What's Important About HTTP
This section examines the characteristics of HTTP that are important
to consider when using HTTP to define an application protocol.
3.1. Generic Semantics
Much of the value of HTTP is in its generic semantics -- that is, the
protocol elements defined by HTTP are potentially applicable to every
resource and are not specific to a particular context. Application-
specific semantics are best expressed in message content and header
fields, not status codes or methods (although status codes and
methods do have generic semantics that relate to application state).
This split between generic and application-specific semantics allows
an HTTP message to be handled by common software (e.g., HTTP servers,
intermediaries, client implementations, and caches) without requiring
those implementations to understand the application in use. It also
allows people to leverage their knowledge of HTTP semantics without
needing specialised knowledge of a particular application.
Therefore, applications that use HTTP MUST NOT redefine, refine, or
overlay the semantics of generic protocol elements such as methods,
status codes, or existing header fields. Instead, they should focus
their specifications on protocol elements that are specific to that
application -- namely, their HTTP resources.
When writing a specification, it's often tempting to specify exactly
how HTTP is to be implemented, supported, and used. However, this
can easily lead to an unintended profile of HTTP behaviour. For
example, it's common to see specifications with language like this:
| A POST request MUST result in a 201 (Created) response.
This forms an expectation in the client that the response will always
be 201 (Created) when in fact there are a number of reasons why the
status code might differ in a real deployment; for example, there
might be a proxy that requires authentication, or a server-side
error, or a redirection. If the client does not anticipate this, the
application's deployment is brittle.
See Section 4.2 for more details.
3.2. Links
Another common practice is assuming that the HTTP server's namespace
(or a portion thereof) is exclusively for the use of a single
application. This effectively overlays special, application-specific
semantics onto that space and precludes other applications from using
it.
As explained in [BCP190], such "squatting" on a part of the URL space
by a standard usurps the server's authority over its own resources,
can cause deployment issues, and is therefore bad practice in
standards.
Instead of statically defining URI components like paths, it is
RECOMMENDED that applications using HTTP define and use links
[WEB-LINKING] to allow flexibility in deployment.
Using runtime links in this fashion has a number of other benefits --
especially when an application is to have multiple implementations
and/or deployments (as is often the case for those that are
standardised).
For example, navigating with a link allows a request to be routed to
a different server without the overhead of a redirection, thereby
supporting deployment across machines well.
By using links, it also becomes possible to "mix and match" different
applications on the same server. The use of links also offers a
natural mechanism for extensibility, versioning, and capability
management because the document containing the links can also contain
information about their targets.
Using links also offers a form of cache invalidation that's seen on
the Web; when a resource's state changes, the application can change
the affected links so that a fresh copy is always fetched.
See Section 4.4 for more details.
3.3. Rich Functionality
HTTP offers a number of features to applications, such as:
* Message framing
* Multiplexing (in HTTP/2 [HTTP/2] and HTTP/3 [HTTP/3])
* Integration with TLS
* Support for intermediaries (proxies, gateways, content delivery
networks (CDNs))
* Client authentication
* Content negotiation for format, language, and other features
* Caching for server scalability, latency and bandwidth reduction,
and reliability
* Granularity of access control (through use of a rich space of
URLs)
* Partial content to selectively request part of a response
* The ability to interact with the application easily using a Web
browser
An application that uses HTTP is encouraged to utilise the various
features that the protocol offers so that its users receive the
maximum benefit from those features and so that the application can
be deployed in a variety of situations. This document does not
require specific features to be used since the appropriate design
trade-offs are highly specific to a given situation. However,
following the practices in Section 4 is a good starting point.
4. Best Practices for Specifying the Use of HTTP
This section contains best practices for specifying the use of HTTP
by applications, including practices for specific HTTP protocol
elements.
4.1. Specifying the Use of HTTP
Specifications should use [HTTP] as the primary reference for HTTP;
it is not necessary to reference all of the specifications in the
HTTP suite unless there are specific reasons to do so (e.g., a
particular feature is called out).
Because HTTP is a hop-by-hop protocol, a connection can be handled by
implementations that are not controlled by the application; for
example, proxies, CDNs, firewalls, and so on. Requiring a particular
version of HTTP makes it difficult to use in these situations and
harms interoperability. Therefore, it is NOT RECOMMENDED that
applications using HTTP specify a minimum version of HTTP to be used.
However, if an application's deployment benefits from the use of a
particular version of HTTP (for example, HTTP/2's multiplexing), this
ought be noted.
Applications using HTTP MUST NOT specify a maximum version, to
preserve the protocol's ability to evolve.
When specifying examples of protocol interactions, applications
should document both the request and response messages with complete
header sections, preferably in HTTP/1.1 format [HTTP/1.1]. For
example:
GET /thing HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Accept: application/things+json
User-Agent: Foo/1.0
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/things+json
Content-Length: 500
Server: Bar/2.2
[content here]
4.2. Specifying Server Behaviour
The server-side behaviours of an application are most effectively
specified by defining the following protocol elements:
* Media types [RFC6838], often based upon a format convention such
as JSON [JSON];
* HTTP header fields, per Section 4.7; and
* The behaviour of resources, as identified by link relations
[WEB-LINKING].
An application can define its operation by composing these protocol
elements to define a set of resources that are identified by link
relations and that implement specified behaviours, including:
* retrieval of resource state using GET in one or more formats
identified by media type;
* resource creation or update using POST or PUT, with an
appropriately identified request content format;
* data processing using POST and identified request and response
content format(s); and
* Resource deletion using DELETE.
For example, an application might specify:
| Resources linked to with the "example-widget" link relation type
| are Widgets. The state of a Widget can be fetched in the
| "application/example-widget+json" format, and can be updated by
| PUT to the same link. Widget resources can be deleted.
|
| The Example-Count response header field on Widget representations
| indicates how many Widgets are held by the sender.
|
| The "application/example-widget+json" format is a JSON [RFC8259]
| format representing the state of a Widget. It contains links to
| related information in the link indicated by the Link header field
| value with the "example-other-info" link relation type.
Applications can also specify the use of URI Templates [URI-TEMPLATE]
to allow clients to generate URLs based upon runtime data.
4.3. Specifying Client Behaviour
An application's expectations for client behaviour ought to be
closely aligned with those of Web browsers to avoid interoperability
issues when they are used.
One way to do this is to define it in terms of [FETCH] since that is
the abstraction that browsers use for HTTP.
Some client behaviours (e.g., automatic redirect handling) and
extensions (e.g., cookies) are not required by HTTP but nevertheless
have become very common. If their use is not explicitly specified by
applications using HTTP, there may be confusion and interoperability
problems. In particular:
Redirect handling: Applications need to specify how redirects are
expected to be handled; see Section 4.6.1.
Cookies: Applications using HTTP should explicitly reference the
Cookie specification [COOKIES] if they are required.
Certificates: Applications using HTTP should specify that TLS
certificates are to be checked according to Section 4.3.4 of
[HTTP] when HTTPS is used.
Applications using HTTP should not require that clients statically
support HTTP features that are usually negotiated. For example,
requiring that clients support responses with a certain content
coding ([HTTP], Section 8.4.1) instead of negotiating for it ([HTTP],
Section 12.5.3) means that otherwise conformant clients cannot
interoperate with the application. Applications can encourage the
implementation of such features, though.
4.4. Specifying URLs
In HTTP, the resources that clients interact with are identified with
URLs [URL]. As [BCP190] explains, parts of the URL are designed to
be under the control of the owner (also known as the "authority") of
that server to give them the flexibility in deployment.
This means that in most cases, specifications for applications that
use HTTP won't contain fixed application URLs or paths; while it is
common practice for a specification of a single-deployment API to
specify the path prefix "/app/v1" (for example), doing so in an IETF
specification is inappropriate.
Therefore, the specification writer needs some mechanism to allow
clients to discover an application's URLs. Additionally, they need
to specify which URL scheme(s) the application should be used with
and whether to use a dedicated port or to reuse HTTP's port(s).
4.4.1. Discovering an Application's URLs
Generally, a client will begin interacting with a given application
server by requesting an initial document that contains information
about that particular deployment, potentially including links to
other relevant resources. Doing so ensures that the deployment is as
flexible as possible (potentially spanning multiple servers), allows
evolution, and also gives the application the opportunity to tailor
the "discovery document" to the client.
There are a few common patterns for discovering that initial URL.
The most straightforward mechanism for URL discovery is to configure
the client with (or otherwise convey to it) a full URL. This might
be done in a configuration document or through another discovery
mechanism.
However, if the client only knows the server's hostname and the
identity of the application, there needs to be some way to derive the
initial URL from that information.
An application cannot define a fixed prefix for its URL paths; see
[BCP190]. Instead, a specification for such an application can use
one of the following strategies:
* Register a well-known URI [WELL-KNOWN-URI] as an entry point for
that application. This provides a fixed path on every potential
server that will not collide with other applications.
* Enable the server authority to convey a URI Template
[URI-TEMPLATE] or similar mechanism for generating a URL for an
entry point. For example, this might be done in a configuration
document or other artefact.
Once the discovery document is located, it can be fetched, cached for
later reuse (if allowed by its metadata), and used to locate other
resources that are relevant to the application using full URIs or URL
Templates.
In some cases, an application may not wish to use such a discovery
document -- for example, when communication is very brief or when the
latency concerns of doing so preclude the use of a discovery
document. These situations can be addressed by placing all of the
application's resources under a well-known location.
4.4.2. Considering URI Schemes
Applications that use HTTP will typically employ the "http" and/or
"https" URI schemes. "https" is RECOMMENDED to provide
authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, as well as to
mitigate pervasive monitoring attacks [RFC7258].
However, application-specific schemes can also be defined. When
defining a URI scheme for an application using HTTP, there are a
number of trade-offs and caveats to keep in mind:
* Unmodified Web browsers will not support the new scheme. While it
is possible to register new URI schemes with Web browsers (e.g.,
registerProtocolHandler() in [HTML], as well as several
proprietary approaches), support for these mechanisms is not
shared by all browsers, and their capabilities vary.
* Existing non-browser clients, intermediaries, servers, and
associated software will not recognise the new scheme. For
example, a client library might fail to dispatch the request, a
cache might refuse to store the response, and a proxy might fail
to forward the request.
* Because URLs commonly occur in HTTP artefacts and are often
generated automatically (e.g., in the Location response header
field), it can be difficult to ensure that the new scheme is used
consistently.
* The resources identified by the new scheme will still be available
using "http" and/or "https" URLs. Those URLs can "leak" into use,
which can present security and operability issues. For example,
using a new scheme to ensure that requests don't get sent to a
"normal" Web site is likely to fail.
* Features that rely upon the URL's origin [RFC6454], such as the
Web's same-origin policy, will be impacted by a change of scheme.
* HTTP-specific features such as cookies [COOKIES], authentication
[HTTP], caching [HTTP-CACHING], HTTP Strict Transport Security
(HSTS) [RFC6797], and Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) [FETCH]
might or might not work correctly, depending on how they are
defined and implemented. Generally, they are designed and
implemented with an assumption that the URL will always be "http"
or "https".
* Web features that require a secure context [SECCTXT] will likely
treat a new scheme as insecure.
See [RFC7595] for more information about minting new URI schemes.
4.4.3. Choosing Transport Ports
Applications can use the applicable default port (80 for HTTP, 443
for HTTPS), or they can be deployed upon other ports. This decision
can be made at deployment time or might be encouraged by the
application's specification (e.g., by registering a port for that
application).
If a non-default port is used, it needs to be reflected in the
authority of all URLs for that resource; the only mechanism for
changing a default port is changing the URI scheme (see
Section 4.4.2).
Using a port other than the default has privacy implications (i.e.,
the protocol can now be distinguished from other traffic), as well as
operability concerns (as some networks might block or otherwise
interfere with it). Privacy implications (including those stemming
from this distinguishability) should be documented in Security
Considerations.
See [RFC7605] for further guidance.
4.5. Using HTTP Methods
Applications that use HTTP MUST confine themselves to using
registered HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and PATCH.
New HTTP methods are rare; they are required to be registered in the
"HTTP Method Registry" with IETF Review (see [HTTP]) and are also
required to be generic. That means that they need to be potentially
applicable to all resources, not just those of one application.
While historically some applications (e.g., [RFC4791]) have defined
application-specific methods, [HTTP] now forbids this.
When authors believe that a new method is required, they are
encouraged to engage with the HTTP community early (e.g., on the
<mailto:ietf-http-wg@w3.org> mailing list) and document their
proposal as a separate HTTP extension rather than as part of an
application's specification.
4.5.1. GET
GET is the most common and useful HTTP method; its retrieval
semantics allow caching and side-effect free linking and underlie
many of the benefits of using HTTP.
Queries can be performed with GET, often using the query component of
the URL; this is a familiar pattern from Web browsing, and the
results can be cached, improving the efficiency of an often expensive
process. In some cases, however, GET might be unwieldy for
expressing queries because of the limited syntax of the URI; in
particular, if binary data forms part of the query terms, it needs to
be encoded to conform to the URI syntax.
While this is not an issue for short queries, it can become one for
larger query terms or those that need to sustain a high rate of
requests. Additionally, some HTTP implementations limit the size of
URLs they support, although modern HTTP software has much more
generous limits than previously (typically, considerably more than
8000 octets, as required by [HTTP]).
In these cases, an application using HTTP might consider using POST
to express queries in the request's content; doing so avoids encoding
overhead and URL length limits in implementations. However, in doing
so, it should be noted that the benefits of GET such as caching and
linking to query results are lost. Therefore, applications using
HTTP that require support for POST queries ought to consider allowing
both methods.
Processing of GET requests should not change the application's state
or have other side effects that might be significant to the client
since implementations can and do retry HTTP GET requests that fail.
Furthermore, some GET requests protected by TLS early data might be
vulnerable to replay attacks (see [RFC8470]). Note that this does
not include logging and similar functions; see [HTTP], Section 9.2.1.
Finally, note that while the generic HTTP syntax allows a GET request
message to contain content, the purpose is to allow message parsers
to be generic; per [HTTP], Section 9.3.1, content in a GET is not
recommended, has no meaning, and will be either ignored or rejected
by generic HTTP software (such as intermediaries, caches, servers,
and client libraries).
4.5.2. OPTIONS
The OPTIONS method was defined for metadata retrieval and is used
both by Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) [RFC4918]
and CORS [FETCH]. Because HTTP-based APIs often need to retrieve
metadata about resources, it is often considered for their use.
However, OPTIONS does have significant limitations:
* It isn't possible to link to the metadata with a simple URL
because OPTIONS is not the default method.
* OPTIONS responses are not cacheable because HTTP caches operate on
representations of the resource (i.e., GET and HEAD). If OPTIONS
responses are cached separately, their interactions with the HTTP
cache expiry, secondary keys, and other mechanisms need to be
considered.
* OPTIONS is "chatty" -- requesting metadata separately increases
the number of requests needed to interact with the application.
* Implementation support for OPTIONS is not universal; some servers
do not expose the ability to respond to OPTIONS requests without
significant effort.
Instead of OPTIONS, one of these alternative approaches might be more
appropriate:
* For server-wide metadata, create a well-known URI [WELL-KNOWN-URI]
or use an already existing one if appropriate (e.g., host-meta
[RFC6415]).
* For metadata about a specific resource, create a separate resource
and link to it using a Link response header field or a link
serialised into the response's content. See [WEB-LINKING]. Note
that the Link header field is available on HEAD responses, which
is useful if the client wants to discover a resource's
capabilities before they interact with it.
4.6. Using HTTP Status Codes
HTTP status codes convey semantics both for the benefit of generic
HTTP components -- such as caches, intermediaries, and clients -- and
applications themselves. However, applications can encounter a
number of pitfalls in their use.
First, status codes are often generated by components other than the
application itself. This can happen, for example, when network
errors are encountered; when a captive portal, proxy, or content
delivery network is present; or when a server is overloaded or thinks
it is under attack. They can even be generated by generic client
software when certain error conditions are encountered. As a result,
if an application assigns specific semantics to one of these status
codes, a client can be misled about its state because the status code
was generated by a generic component, not the application itself.
Furthermore, mapping application errors to individual HTTP status
codes one-to-one often leads to a situation where the finite space of
applicable HTTP status codes is exhausted. This, in turn, leads to a
number of bad practices -- including minting new, application-
specific status codes or using existing status codes even though the
link between their semantics and the application's is tenuous at
best.
Instead, applications using HTTP should define their errors to use
the most applicable status code, making generous use of the general
status codes (200, 400, and 500) when in doubt. Importantly, they
should not specify a one-to-one relationship between status codes and
application errors, thereby avoiding the exhaustion issue outlined
above.
To distinguish between multiple error conditions that are mapped to
the same status code and to avoid the misattribution issue outlined
above, applications using HTTP should convey finer-grained error
information in the response's message content and/or header fields.
[PROBLEM-DETAILS] provides one way to do so.
Because the set of registered HTTP status codes can expand,
applications using HTTP should explicitly point out that clients
ought to be able to handle all applicable status codes gracefully
(i.e., falling back to the generic n00 semantics of a given status
code; e.g., 499 can be safely handled as 400 (Bad Request) by clients
that don't recognise it). This is preferable to creating a "laundry
list" of potential status codes since such a list won't be complete
in the foreseeable future.
Applications using HTTP MUST NOT re-specify the semantics of HTTP
status codes, even if it is only by copying their definition. It is
NOT RECOMMENDED they require specific reason phrases to be used; the
reason phrase has no function in HTTP, is not guaranteed to be
preserved by implementations, and is not carried at all in the HTTP/2
[HTTP/2] message format.
Applications MUST only use registered HTTP status codes. As with
methods, new HTTP status codes are rare and required (by [HTTP]) to
be registered with IETF Review. Similarly, HTTP status codes are
generic; they are required (by [HTTP]) to be potentially applicable
to all resources, not just to those of one application.
When authors believe that a new status code is required, they are
encouraged to engage with the HTTP community early (e.g., on the
<mailto:ietf-http-wg@w3.org> mailing list) and document their
proposal as a separate HTTP extension, rather than as part of an
application's specification.
4.6.1. Redirection
The 3xx series of status codes specified in Section 15.4 of [HTTP]
directs the user agent to another resource to satisfy the request.
The most common of these are 301, 302, 307, and 308, all of which use
the Location response header field to indicate where the client
should resend the request.
There are two ways that the members of this group of status codes
differ:
* Whether they are permanent or temporary. Permanent redirects can
be used to update links stored in the client (e.g., bookmarks),
whereas temporary ones cannot. Note that this has no effect on
HTTP caching; it is completely separate.
* Whether they allow the redirected request to change the request
method from POST to GET. Web browsers generally do change POST to
GET for 301 and 302; therefore, 308 and 307 were created to allow
redirection without changing the method.
This table summarises their relationships:
+==============================+===========+===========+
| | Permanent | Temporary |
+==============================+===========+===========+
| Allows change of the request | 301 | 302 |
| method from POST to GET | | |
+------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| Does not allow change of the | 308 | 307 |
| request method | | |
+------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
Table 1
The 303 (See Other) status code can be used to inform the client that
the result of an operation is available at a different location using
GET.
As noted in [HTTP], a user agent is allowed to automatically follow a
3xx redirect that has a Location response header field, even if they
don't understand the semantics of the specific status code. However,
they aren't required to do so; therefore, if an application using
HTTP desires redirects to be automatically followed, it needs to
explicitly specify the circumstances when this is required.
Redirects can be cached (when appropriate cache directives are
present), but beyond that, they are not "sticky" -- i.e., redirection
of a URI will not result in the client assuming that similar URIs
(e.g., with different query parameters) will also be redirected.
Applications using HTTP are encouraged to specify that 301 and 302
responses change the subsequent request method from POST (but no
other method) to GET to be compatible with browsers. Generally, when
a redirected request is made, its header fields are copied from the
original request. However, they can be modified by various
mechanisms; e.g., sent Authorization ([HTTP], Section 11) and Cookie
([COOKIES]) header fields will change if the origin (and sometimes
path) of the request changes. An application using HTTP should
specify if any request header fields that it defines need to be
modified or removed upon a redirect; however, this behaviour cannot
be relied upon since a generic client (like a browser) will be
unaware of such requirements.
4.7. Specifying HTTP Header Fields
Applications often define new HTTP header fields. Typically, using
HTTP header fields is appropriate in a few different situations:
* The field is useful to intermediaries (who often wish to avoid
parsing message content), and/or
* The field is useful to generic HTTP software (e.g., clients,
servers), and/or
* It is not possible to include their values in the message content
(usually because a format does not allow it).
When the conditions above are not met, it is usually better to convey
application-specific information in other places -- e.g., the message
content or the URL query string.
New header fields MUST be registered, per Section 16.3 of [HTTP].
See Section 16.3.2 of [HTTP] for guidelines to consider when minting
new header fields. [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] provides a common structure
for new header fields and avoids many issues in their parsing and
handling; it is RECOMMENDED that new header fields use it.
It is RECOMMENDED that header field names be short (even when field
compression is used, there is an overhead) but appropriately
specific. In particular, if a header field is specific to an
application, an identifier for that application can form a prefix to
the header field name, separated by a hyphen.
For example, if the "example" application needs to create three
header fields, they might be called "example-foo", "example-bar", and
"example-baz". Note that the primary motivation here is to avoid
consuming more generic field names, not to reserve a portion of the
namespace for the application; see [RFC6648] for related
considerations.
The semantics of existing HTTP header fields MUST NOT be redefined
without updating their registration or defining an extension to them
(if allowed). For example, an application using HTTP cannot specify
that the Location header field has a special meaning in a certain
context.
See Section 4.9 for the interaction between header fields and HTTP
caching; in particular, request header fields that are used to choose
(per Section 4.1 of [HTTP-CACHING]) a response have impact there and
need to be carefully considered.
See Section 4.10 for considerations regarding header fields that
carry application state (e.g., Cookie).
4.8. Defining Message Content
Common syntactic conventions for message contents include JSON
[JSON], XML [XML], and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
[RFC8949]. Best practices for their use are out of scope for this
document.
Applications should register distinct media types for each format
they define; this makes it possible to identify them unambiguously
and negotiate for their use. See [RFC6838] for more information.
4.9. Leveraging HTTP Caching
HTTP caching [HTTP-CACHING] is one of the primary benefits of using
HTTP for applications; it provides scalability, reduces latency, and
improves reliability. Furthermore, HTTP caches are readily available
in browsers and other clients, networks as forward and reverse
proxies, content delivery networks, and as part of server software.
Even when an application using HTTP isn't designed to take advantage
of caching, it needs to consider how caches will handle its responses
to preserve correct behaviour when one is interposed (whether in the
network, server, client, or intervening infrastructure).
4.9.1. Freshness
Assigning even a short freshness lifetime ([HTTP-CACHING],
Section 4.2) -- e.g., 5 seconds -- allows a response to be reused to
satisfy multiple clients and/or a single client making the same
request repeatedly. In general, if it is safe to reuse something,
consider assigning a freshness lifetime.
The most common method for specifying freshness is the max-age
response directive ([HTTP-CACHING], Section 5.2.2.1). The Expires
header field ([HTTP-CACHING], Section 5.3) can also be used, but it
is not necessary; all modern cache implementations support the Cache-
Control header field, and specifying freshness as a delta is usually
more convenient and less error-prone.
It is not necessary to add the public response directive
([HTTP-CACHING], Section 5.2.2.9) to cache most responses; it is only
necessary when it's desirable to store an authenticated response, or
when the status code isn't understood by the cache and there isn't
explicit freshness information available.
In some situations, responses without explicit cache freshness
directives will be stored and served using a heuristic freshness
lifetime; see [HTTP-CACHING], Section 4.2.2. As the heuristic is not
under the control of the application, it is generally preferable to
set an explicit freshness lifetime or make the response explicitly
uncacheable.
If caching of a response is not desired, the appropriate cache
response directive is no-store. Other directives are not necessary,
and no-store only needs to be sent in situations where the response
might be cached; see [HTTP-CACHING], Section 3. Note that the no-
cache directive allows a response to be stored, just not reused by a
cache without validation; it does not prevent caching (despite its
name).
For example, this response cannot be stored or reused by a cache:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/example+xml
Cache-Control: no-store
[content]
4.9.2. Stale Responses
Authors should understand that stale responses (e.g., with Cache-
Control: max-age=0) can be reused by caches when disconnected from
the origin server; this can be useful for handling network issues.
If doing so is not suitable for a given response, the origin should
send the must-revalidate cache directive. See Section 4.2.4 of
[HTTP-CACHING] and also [RFC5861] for additional controls over stale
content.
Stale responses can be refreshed by assigning a validator, saving
both transfer bandwidth and latency for large responses; see
Section 13 of [HTTP].
4.9.3. Caching and Application Semantics
When an application has a need to express a lifetime that's separate
from the freshness lifetime, this should be conveyed separately,
either in the response's content or in a separate header field. When
this happens, the relationship between HTTP caching and that lifetime
needs to be carefully considered since the response will be used as
long as it is considered fresh.
In particular, application authors need to consider how responses
that are not freshly obtained from the origin server should be
handled; if they have a concept like a validity period, this will
need to be calculated considering the age of the response (see
[HTTP-CACHING], Section 4.2.3).
One way to address this is to explicitly specify that responses need
to be fresh upon use.
4.9.4. Varying Content Based Upon the Request
If an application uses a request header field to change the
response's header fields or content, authors should point out that
this has implications for caching; in general, such resources need to
either make their responses uncacheable (e.g., with the no-store
cache directive defined in [HTTP-CACHING], Section 5.2.2.5) or send
the Vary response header field ([HTTP], Section 12.5.5) on all
responses from that resource (including the "default" response).
For example, this response:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/example+xml
Cache-Control: max-age=60
ETag: "sa0f8wf20fs0f"
Vary: Accept-Encoding
[content]
can be stored for 60 seconds by both private and shared caches, can
be revalidated with If-None-Match, and varies on the Accept-Encoding
request header field.
4.10. Handling Application State
Applications can use stateful cookies [COOKIES] to identify a client
and/or store client-specific data to contextualise requests.
When used, it is important to carefully specify the scoping and use
of cookies; if the application exposes sensitive data or capabilities
(e.g., by acting as an ambient authority), exploits are possible.
Mitigations include using a request-specific token to ensure the
intent of the client.
4.11. Making Multiple Requests
Clients often need to send multiple requests to perform a task.
In HTTP/1 [HTTP/1.1], parallel requests are most often supported by
opening multiple connections. Application performance can be
impacted when too many simultaneous connections are used because
connections' congestion control will not be coordinated.
Furthermore, it can be difficult for applications to decide when to
issue and which connection to use for a given request, further
impacting performance.
HTTP/2 [HTTP/2] and HTTP/3 [HTTP/3] offer multiplexing to
applications, removing the need to use multiple connections.
However, application performance can still be significantly affected
by how the server chooses to prioritize responses. Depending on the
application, it might be best for the server to determine the
priority of responses or for the client to hint its priorities to the
server (see, e.g., [HTTP-PRIORITY]).
In all versions of HTTP, requests are made independently -- you can't
rely on the relative order of two requests to guarantee their
processing order. This is because they might be sent over a
multiplexed protocol by an intermediary or sent to different origin
servers, or the server might even perform processing in a different
order. If two requests need strict ordering, the only reliable way
to ensure the outcome is to issue the second request when the final
response to the first has begun.
Applications MUST NOT make assumptions about the relationship between
separate requests on a single transport connection; doing so breaks
many of the assumptions of HTTP as a stateless protocol and will
cause problems in interoperability, security, operability, and
evolution.
4.12. Client Authentication
Applications can use HTTP authentication (Section 11 of [HTTP]) to
identify clients. Per [RFC7617], the Basic authentication scheme is
not suitable for protecting sensitive or valuable information unless
the channel is secure (e.g., using the "https" URI scheme).
Likewise, [RFC7616] requires the Digest authentication scheme to be
used over a secure channel.
With HTTPS, clients might also be authenticated using certificates
[RFC8446], but note that such authentication is intrinsically scoped
to the underlying transport connection. As a result, a client has no
way of knowing whether the authenticated status was used in preparing
the response (though Vary: * and/or the private cache directive can
provide a partial indication), and the only way to obtain a
specifically unauthenticated response is to open a new connection.
When used, it is important to carefully specify the scoping and use
of authentication; if the application exposes sensitive data or
capabilities (e.g., by acting as an ambient authority; see
Section 8.3 of [RFC6454]), exploits are possible. Mitigations
include using a request-specific token to ensure the intent of the
client.
4.13. Coexisting with Web Browsing
Even if there is not an intent for an application to be used with a
Web browser, its resources will remain available to browsers and
other HTTP clients. This means that all such applications that use
HTTP need to consider how browsers will interact with them,
particularly regarding security.
For example, if an application's state can be changed using a POST
request, a Web browser can easily be coaxed into cross-site request
forgery (CSRF) from arbitrary Web sites.
Or, if an attacker gains control of content returned from the
application's resources (for example, part of the request is
reflected in the response, or the response contains external
information that the attacker can change), they can inject code into
the browser and access data and capabilities as if they were the
origin -- a technique known as a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack.
This is only a small sample of the kinds of issues that applications
using HTTP must consider. Generally, the best approach is to
actually consider the application as a Web application, and to follow
best practices for their secure development.
A complete enumeration of such practices is out of scope for this
document, but some considerations include:
* Using an application-specific media type in the Content-Type
header field, and requiring clients to fail if it is not used.
* Using X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff [FETCH] to ensure that
content under attacker control can't be coaxed into a form that is
interpreted as active content by a Web browser.
* Using Content-Security-Policy [CSP] to constrain the capabilities
of active content (i.e., that which can execute scripts, such as
HTML [HTML] and PDF), thereby mitigating XSS attacks.
* Using Referrer-Policy [REFERRER-POLICY] to prevent sensitive data
in URLs from being leaked in the Referer request header field.
* Using the 'HttpOnly' flag on Cookies to ensure that cookies are
not exposed to browser scripting languages [COOKIES].
* Avoiding use of compression on any sensitive information (e.g.,
authentication tokens, passwords), as the scripting environment
offered by Web browsers allows an attacker to repeatedly probe the
compression space; if the attacker has access to the network path
of the communication, they can use this capability to recover that
information.
Depending on how they are intended to be deployed, specifications for
applications using HTTP might require the use of these mechanisms in
specific ways or might merely point them out in Security
Considerations.
An example of an HTTP response from an application that does not
intend for its content to be treated as active by browsers might look
like this:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/example+json
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'
Cache-Control: max-age=3600
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer
[content]
If an application has browser compatibility as a goal, client
interaction ought to be defined in terms of [FETCH] since that is the
abstraction that browsers use for HTTP; it enforces many of these
best practices.
4.14. Maintaining Application Boundaries
Because many HTTP capabilities are scoped to the origin [RFC6454],
applications also need to consider how deployments might interact
with other applications (including Web browsing) that use the same
origin server.
For example, if cookies [COOKIES] are used to carry application
state, they will be sent with all requests to the origin by default
(unless scoped by path), and the application might receive cookies
from other applications on the origin server. This can lead to
security issues as well as collision in cookie names.
One solution to these issues is to require a dedicated hostname for
the application so that it has a unique origin. However, it is often
desirable to allow multiple applications to be deployed on a single
hostname; doing so provides the most deployment flexibility and
enables them to be "mixed" together (see [BCP190] for details).
Therefore, applications using HTTP should strive to allow multiple
applications on an origin. Specifically, when specifying the use of
cookies, HTTP authentication realms [HTTP], or other origin-wide HTTP
mechanisms, applications using HTTP should not mandate the use of a
particular name but instead let deployments configure them.
Consideration should be given to scoping them to part of the origin,
using their specified mechanisms for doing so.
Modern Web browsers constrain the ability of content from one origin
to access resources from another to avoid leaking private
information. As a result, applications that wish to expose cross-
origin data to browsers will need to implement the CORS protocol; see
[FETCH].
4.15. Using Server Push
HTTP/2 added the ability for servers to "push" request/response pairs
to clients in [HTTP/2], Section 8.4. While server push seems like a
natural fit for many common application semantics (e.g., "fanout" and
publish/subscribe), a few caveats should be noted:
* Server push is hop by hop; that is, it is not automatically
forwarded by intermediaries. As a result, it might not work
easily (or at all) with proxies, reverse proxies, and content
delivery networks.
* Server push can have a negative performance impact on HTTP when
used incorrectly, particularly if there is contention with
resources that have actually been requested by the client.
* Server push is implemented differently in different clients,
especially regarding interaction with HTTP caching, and
capabilities might vary.
* APIs for server push are currently unavailable in some
implementations and vary widely in others. In particular, there
is no current browser API for it.
* Server push is not supported in HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/1.0.
* Server push does not form part of the "core" semantics of HTTP and
therefore might not be supported by future versions of the
protocol.
Applications wishing to optimise cases where the client can perform
work related to requests before the full response is available (e.g.,
fetching links for things likely to be contained within) might
benefit from using the 103 (Early Hints) status code; see [RFC8297].
Applications using server push directly need to enforce the
requirements regarding authority in [HTTP/2], Section 8.4 to avoid
cross-origin push attacks.
4.16. Allowing Versioning and Evolution
It's often necessary to introduce new features into application
protocols and change existing ones.
In HTTP, backwards-incompatible changes can be made using mechanisms
such as:
* Using a distinct link relation type [WEB-LINKING] to identify a
URL for a resource that implements the new functionality.
* Using a distinct media type [RFC6838] to identify formats that
enable the new functionality.
* Using a distinct HTTP header field to implement new functionality
outside the message content.
5. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
6. Security Considerations
Applications using HTTP are subject to the security considerations of
HTTP itself and any extensions used; [HTTP], [HTTP-CACHING], and
[WEB-LINKING] are often relevant, amongst others.
Section 4.4.2 recommends support for "https" URLs and discourages the
use of "http" URLs to provide authentication, integrity, and
confidentiality, as well as to mitigate pervasive monitoring attacks.
Many applications using HTTP perform authentication and authorization
with bearer tokens (e.g., in session cookies). If the transport is
unencrypted, an attacker that can eavesdrop upon or modify HTTP
communications can often escalate their privilege to perform
operations on resources.
Section 4.9.3 highlights the potential for mismatch between HTTP
caching and application-specific storage of responses or information
therein.
Section 4.10 discusses the impact of using stateful mechanisms in the
protocol as ambient authority and suggests a mitigation.
Section 4.13 highlights the implications of Web browsers'
capabilities on applications that use HTTP.
Section 4.14 discusses the issues that arise when applications are
deployed on the same origin as websites (and other applications).
Section 4.15 highlights risks of using HTTP/2 server push in a manner
other than that specified.
Applications that use HTTP in a manner that involves modification of
implementations -- for example, requiring support for a new URI
scheme or a non-standard method -- risk having those implementations
"fork" from their parent HTTP implementations, with the possible
result that they do not benefit from patches and other security
improvements incorporated upstream.
6.1. Privacy Considerations
HTTP clients can expose a variety of information to servers. Besides
information that's explicitly sent as part of an application's
operation (for example, names and other user-entered data) and "on
the wire" (which is one of the reasons "https" is recommended in
Section 4.4.2), other information can be gathered through less
obvious means -- often by connecting activities of a user over time.
This includes session information, tracking the client through
fingerprinting, and code execution.
Session information includes things like the IP address of the
client, TLS session tickets, Cookies, ETags stored in the client's
cache, and other stateful mechanisms. Applications are advised to
avoid using session mechanisms unless they are unavoidable or
necessary for operation, in which case these risks need to be
documented. When they are used, implementations should be encouraged
to allow clearing such state.
Fingerprinting uses unique aspects of a client's messages and
behaviours to connect disparate requests and connections. For
example, the User-Agent request header field conveys specific
information about the implementation; the Accept-Language request
header field conveys the users' preferred language. In combination,
a number of these markers can be used to uniquely identify a client,
impacting its control over its data. As a result, applications are
advised to specify that clients should only emit the information they
need to function in requests.
Finally, if an application exposes the ability to execute code, great
care needs to be taken since any ability to observe its environment
can be used as an opportunity to both fingerprint the client and to
obtain and manipulate private data (including session information).
For example, access to high-resolution timers (even indirectly) can
be used to profile the underlying hardware, creating a unique
identifier for the system. Applications are advised to avoid
allowing the use of mobile code where possible; when it cannot be
avoided, the resulting system's security properties need be carefully
scrutinised.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[BCP190] Nottingham, M., "URI Design and Ownership", BCP 190,
RFC 8820, DOI 10.17487/RFC8820, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8820>.
[HTTP] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9110>.
[HTTP-CACHING]
Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Caching", STD 98, RFC 9111,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9111, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9111>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6454] Barth, A., "The Web Origin Concept", RFC 6454,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6454, December 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6454>.
[RFC6648] Saint-Andre, P., Crocker, D., and M. Nottingham,
"Deprecating the "X-" Prefix and Similar Constructs in
Application Protocols", BCP 178, RFC 6648,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6648, June 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6648>.
[RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[STRUCTURED-FIELDS]
Nottingham, M. and P-H. Kamp, "Structured Field Values for
HTTP", RFC 8941, DOI 10.17487/RFC8941, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8941>.
[URL] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[WEB-LINKING]
Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8288>.
[WELL-KNOWN-URI]
Nottingham, M., "Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URIs)", RFC 8615, DOI 10.17487/RFC8615, May 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8615>.
7.2. Informative References
[COOKIES] Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6265, April 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6265>.
[CSP] West, M., "Content Security Policy Level 3", W3C Working
Draft, June 2021,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2021/WD-CSP3-20210629>.
[FETCH] WHATWG, "Fetch - Living Standard",
<https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org>.
[HTML] WHATWG, "HTML - Living Standard",
<https://html.spec.whatwg.org>.
[HTTP-PRIORITY]
奥 一穂 (Oku, K.) and L. Pardue, "Extensible Prioritization
Scheme for HTTP", RFC 9218, DOI 10.17487/RFC9218, June
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9218>.
[HTTP/1.1] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP/1.1", STD 99, RFC 9112, DOI 10.17487/RFC9112,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9112>.
[HTTP/2] Thomson, M., Ed. and C. Benfield, Ed., "HTTP/2", RFC 9113,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9113, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9113>.
[HTTP/3] Bishop, M., Ed., "HTTP/3", RFC 9114, DOI 10.17487/RFC9114,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9114>.
[JSON] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[PROBLEM-DETAILS]
Nottingham, M. and E. Wilde, "Problem Details for HTTP
APIs", RFC 7807, DOI 10.17487/RFC7807, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7807>.
[REFERRER-POLICY]
Eisinger, J. and E. Stark, "Referrer Policy", W3C
Candidate Recommendation CR-referrer-policy-20170126,
January 2017,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-referrer-policy-20170126>.
[RFC3205] Moore, K., "On the use of HTTP as a Substrate", BCP 56,
RFC 3205, DOI 10.17487/RFC3205, February 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3205>.
[RFC4791] Daboo, C., Desruisseaux, B., and L. Dusseault,
"Calendaring Extensions to WebDAV (CalDAV)", RFC 4791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4791, March 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4791>.
[RFC4918] Dusseault, L., Ed., "HTTP Extensions for Web Distributed
Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV)", RFC 4918,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4918, June 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4918>.
[RFC5861] Nottingham, M., "HTTP Cache-Control Extensions for Stale
Content", RFC 5861, DOI 10.17487/RFC5861, May 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5861>.
[RFC6415] Hammer-Lahav, E., Ed. and B. Cook, "Web Host Metadata",
RFC 6415, DOI 10.17487/RFC6415, October 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6415>.
[RFC6797] Hodges, J., Jackson, C., and A. Barth, "HTTP Strict
Transport Security (HSTS)", RFC 6797,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6797, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6797>.
[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.
[RFC7301] Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
"Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
July 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>.
[RFC7595] Thaler, D., Ed., Hansen, T., and T. Hardie, "Guidelines
and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes", BCP 35,
RFC 7595, DOI 10.17487/RFC7595, June 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7595>.
[RFC7605] Touch, J., "Recommendations on Using Assigned Transport
Port Numbers", BCP 165, RFC 7605, DOI 10.17487/RFC7605,
August 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7605>.
[RFC7616] Shekh-Yusef, R., Ed., Ahrens, D., and S. Bremer, "HTTP
Digest Access Authentication", RFC 7616,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7616, September 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7616>.
[RFC7617] Reschke, J., "The 'Basic' HTTP Authentication Scheme",
RFC 7617, DOI 10.17487/RFC7617, September 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7617>.
[RFC8297] Oku, K., "An HTTP Status Code for Indicating Hints",
RFC 8297, DOI 10.17487/RFC8297, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8297>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8470] Thomson, M., Nottingham, M., and W. Tarreau, "Using Early
Data in HTTP", RFC 8470, DOI 10.17487/RFC8470, September
2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8470>.
[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
[SECCTXT] West, M., "Secure Contexts", W3C Candidate Recommendation,
September 2021,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2021/CRD-secure-contexts-20210918>.
[URI-TEMPLATE]
Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6570>.
[XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, M., Maler, E., and
F. Yergeau, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth
Edition)", W3C Recommendation REC-xml-20081126, November
2008, <https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126>.
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 3205
[RFC3205] captured the Best Current Practice in the early 2000s based
on the concerns facing protocol designers at the time. Use of HTTP
has changed considerably since then; as a result, this document is
substantially different. Consequently, the changes are too numerous
to list individually.
Author's Address
Mark Nottingham
Prahran
Australia
Email: mnot@mnot.net
URI: https://www.mnot.net/