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Middle East
Page last updated: June 26, 2024
Azerbaijan -- a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population -- was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades.
Beginning in 1988, Azerbaijan and Armenia fought over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which was populated largely by ethnic Armenians but incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast in the early 1920s. In the late Soviet period, an ethnic-Armenian separatist movement sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in 1994, separatists with Armenian support controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. After decades of cease-fire violations and sporadic flare-ups, a second sustained conflict began in 2020 when Azerbaijan tried to win back the territories it had lost in the 1990s. After significant Azerbaijani gains, Armenia returned the southern part of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories to Azerbaijan. In September 2023, Azerbaijan took military action to regain the rest of Nagorno-Karabakh; after a conflict that lasted only one day, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled to Armenia.
Since gaining its independence in 1991, Azerbaijan has significantly reduced the poverty rate and has directed some revenue from its oil and gas production to develop the country’s infrastructure. However, corruption remains a burden on the economy, and Western observers and members of the country’s political opposition have accused the government of authoritarianism. The country’s leadership has remained in the ALIYEV family since Heydar ALIYEV, the most highly ranked Azerbaijani member of the Communist Party during the Soviet period, became president during the first Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1993.
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range
40°30' N, 47°30' E
Asia
Total: 86,600 km²
Land: 82,629 km²
Water: 3,971 km²
Note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
About three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Maine
Area comparison map:
Total: 2,468 km
Border countries (5): Armenia 996 km; Georgia 428 km; Iran 689 km; Russia 338 km; Turkey 17 km
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)
None (landlocked)
Dry, semiarid steppe
Large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) to the west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea
Highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,466 m
Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Mean elevation: 384 m
Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite
Agricultural land: 57.6% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
14,649 km² (2020)
Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 km²
Highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population
Droughts
Both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked
Total: 10,650,239
Male: 5,330,233
Female: 5,320,006 (2024 est.)
Comparison rankings: female 90; male 90; total 88
Noun: Azerbaijani(s)
Adjective: Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezghin 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4% (2009 est.)
Note: Nagorno-Karabakh, which is part of Azerbaijan on the basis of the borders recognized when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, was populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians; Azerbaijan has over 80 ethnic groups
Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)
Major-language sample(s):
Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: Russian is widely spoken
Muslim 97.3% (predominantly Shia), Christian 2.6%, other <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1 (2020 est.)
Note: religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower
Azerbaijan’s citizenry has over 80 ethnic groups. The far eastern part of the country has the highest population density, particularly in and around Baku. Apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population. Approximately 57% of the country’s inhabitants lives in urban areas. While the population is continuing to grow, it is in the early stages of aging. The declining fertility rate – which has decreased from about 5.5 children per woman in the 1950s to less than the 2.1 replacement level in 2022 – combined with increasing life expectancy has resulted in the elderly making up a larger share of Azerbaijan’s populace. The percentage of elderly residents and the slowed growth and eventual shrinkage of the working-age population could put pressure on the country’s pension and healthcare systems.
0-14 years: 22.3% (male 1,269,241/female 1,104,529)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 3,659,441/female 3,656,493)
65 years and over: 9% (2024 est.) (male 401,551/female 558,984)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 44.2
Youth dependency ratio: 34.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.7
Potential support ratio: 10.3 (2021 est.)
Total: 34.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 32.8 years
Female: 36 years
0.43% (2024 est.)
11.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population
Urban population: 57.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
2.432 million BAKU (capital) (2023)
At birth: 1.15 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
24 years (2019 est.)
41 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Total: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 9 deaths/1,000 live births
Total population: 75.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 73.5 years
Female: 78.6 years
1.69 children born/woman (2024 est.)
0.79 (2024 est.)
NA
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: 93.3% of population
Total: 97.1% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: 6.7% of population
Total: 2.9% of population (2020 est.)
4.6% of GDP (2020)
3.17 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
4.8 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: NA
Total: NA
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: NA
Total: (2020 est.) NA
19.9% (2016)
Total: 1.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Beer: 0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0.94 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 24% (2020 est.)
Male: 47.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 0.1% (2020 est.)
4.9% (2013)
62.9% (2023 est.)
4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.7% (2019)
Total: 14 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2021)
Local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton; surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off
Party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Dry, semiarid steppe
Agricultural land: 57.6% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 57.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 24.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 37.62 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 44.87 megatons (2020 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,930,349 tons (2015 est.)
Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 km²
Municipal: 400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 570 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 11.6 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
34.68 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
Conventional short form: Azerbaijan
Local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
Local short form: Azarbaycan
Former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: the name translates as "Land of Fire" and refers to naturally occurring surface fires on ancient oil pools or from natural gas discharges
Presidential republic
Name: Baku (Baki, Baky)
Geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
Etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
Note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world
66 districts (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities (saharlar; sahar - singular);
Rayons: Abseron, Agcabadi, Agdam, Agdas, Agstafa, Agsu, Astara, Babak, Balakan, Barda, Beylaqan, Bilasuvar, Cabrayil, Calilabad, Culfa, Daskasan, Fuzuli, Gadabay, Goranboy, Goycay, Goygol, Haciqabul, Imisli, Ismayilli, Kalbacar, Kangarli, Kurdamir, Lacin, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, Neftcala, Oguz, Ordubad, Qabala, Qax, Qazax, Qobustan, Quba, Qubadli, Qusar, Saatli, Sabirabad, Sabran, Sadarak, Sahbuz, Saki, Salyan, Samaxi, Samkir, Samux, Sarur, Siyazan, Susa, Tartar, Tovuz, Ucar, Xacmaz, Xizi, Xocali, Xocavand, Yardimli, Yevlax, Zangilan, Zaqatala, Zardab
Cities: Baku, Ganca, Lankaran, Mingacevir, Naftalan, Naxcivan (Nakhichevan), Saki, Sirvan, Sumqayit, Xankandi, Yevlax
30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)
Republic Day (founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan), 28 May (1918)
History: several previous; latest adopted 12 November 1995
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by at least 63 members of the National Assembly; passage requires at least 95 votes of Assembly members in two separate readings of the draft amendment six months apart and requires presidential approval after each of the two Assembly votes, followed by presidential signature; constitutional articles on the authority, sovereignty, and unity of the people cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2009, 2016
Civil law system
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ali ASADOV (since 8 October 2019)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds (if needed) for a 7-year term; a single individual is eligible for unlimited terms; election last held on 7 February 2024 (next to be held in 2031); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum extended the presidential term from 5 to 7 years; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the same referendum also introduced the post of first vice president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the president; however, no additional vice presidents have been appointed since the constitutional amendment was passed
Election results:
2024: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 92.1%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 2.2%; on 16 February 2024, Ali ASADOV reappointed prime minister by parliamentary vote, 105-1
2018: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9%
Note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats, current 116; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held early on 9 February 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 69, CSP 3, AVP 1, CUP 1, ADMP 1, PDR 1, Great Order 1, National Front Party 1, REAL 1, VP 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, party unknown 1, independent 41; composition- men 95, women 21, percentage women 18.1%
Highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, vice chairman, and 23 judges in plenum sessions and organized into civil, economic affairs, criminal, and rights violations chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis; judges appointed for 10 years; Constitutional Court chairman and deputy chairman appointed by the president; other court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis to serve single 15-year terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (replaced the Economic Court in 2002); district and municipal courts
Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party or ADMP [Elshan MASAYEV]
Civic Solidarity Party or VHP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]
Civic Unity Party or VBP [Sabir HAJIYEV]
Great Order Party [Fazil MUSTAFA]
Islamic Party of Azerbaijan or AiP [Mavsum SAMADOV]
Musavat (Equity) Party [Arif HAJILI]
Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI]
Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI]
National Front Party [Razi NURULLAYEV]
National Revival Movement Party [Faraj GULIYEV]
Party for Democratic Reforms or DIP [Asim MOLLAZADE]
Republican Alternative Party or REAL [Ilgar MAMMADOV]
Social Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
Social Prosperity Party [Asli KAZIMOVA]
Unity Party or VP [Tahir KARIMLI]
Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]
New Azerbaijan Party (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyasi) or YAP [Ilham ALIYEV]
ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a vertical crescent moon and an eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon and star are a Turkic insignia; the eight star points represent the eight Turkic peoples of the world
Flames of fire; national colors: blue, red, green
Name: "Azerbaijan Marsi" (March of Azerbaijan)
Lyrics/music: Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV
Note: adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, "Azerbaijan Marsi" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Total World Heritage Sites: 5 (4 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales: Walled City of Baku; Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape; Historic Center of Sheki; Cultural Landscape of Khinalig People and "Koc Yolu" Transhumance Route
Oil-based economy; macroeconomic instabilities due to demand shocks; recent state bailout of largest lender; potential economic gains from Nagorno-Karabakh conflict; negatively impacted by COVID-19; investing in human capital to diversify and retain younger generation
$153.083 billion (2022 est.)
$146.327 billion (2021 est.)
$138.546 billion (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2017 dollars
4.62% (2022 est.)
5.62% (2021 est.)
-4.3% (2020 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
$15,100 (2022 est.)
$14,400 (2021 est.)
$13,700 (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2017 dollars
$78.721 billion (2022 est.)
Note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
13.85% (2022 est.)
6.65% (2021 est.)
2.76% (2020 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Fitch rating: BB+ (2016)
Moody's rating: Ba2 (2017)
Standard & Poors rating: BB+ (2016)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 6.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 53.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 40.4% (2017 est.)
Comparison rankings: services 211; industry 7; agriculture 119
Household consumption: 57.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 48.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -42% (2017 est.)
Milk, wheat, potatoes, barley, tomatoes, watermelons, cotton, apples, onions, maize (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles
0.4% (2022 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
5.433 million (2022 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
5.65% (2022 est.)
6.04% (2021 est.)
7.24% (2020 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment
Total: 16.5% (2021 est.)
Male: 14.4%
Female: 18.9%
4.9% (2015 est.)
33.7 (2008)
On food: 43.6% of household expenditures (2021 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 2% of household expenditures (2021 est.)
Lowest 10%: 3.4%
Highest 10%: 27.4% (2008)
5.02% of GDP (2022 est.)
2.78% of GDP (2021 est.)
3.29% of GDP (2020 est.)
Note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Revenues: $19.95 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $16.001 billion (2019 est.)
-1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
16.82% of GDP (2021 est.)
22.19% of GDP (2020 est.)
54.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP
13.42% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
$23.478 billion (2022 est.)
$8.203 billion (2021 est.)
-$316.301 million (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
$47.274 billion (2022 est.)
$25.494 billion (2021 est.)
$15.214 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Italy 47%, Turkey 9%, Israel 4%, India 4%, Greece 4% (2022)
Note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, aluminum (2022)
Note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
$21.274 billion (2022 est.)
$16.432 billion (2021 est.)
$15.632 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Russia 17%, Turkey 17%, China 10%, UAE 5%, Georgia 5% (2022)
Note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Cars, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, wheat, packaged medicine (2022)
Note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
$11.29 billion (2022 est.)
$8.307 billion (2021 est.)
$7.634 billion (2020 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
$17.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$13.83 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Azerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1.7 (2022 est.)
1.7 (2021 est.)
1.7 (2020 est.)
1.7 (2019 est.)
1.7 (2018 est.)
Electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 7.677 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 21.027 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 1.491 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 137 million kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 2.226 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Comparison rankings: imports 105; exports 55; installed generating capacity 74; transmission/distribution losses 130; consumption 71
Fossil fuels: 94.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Wind: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 19,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 19,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Total petroleum production: 711,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 107,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 679,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 7 billion barrels (2021 est.)
138,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
46,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
5,576 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Production: 23.075 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 11.468 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 11.586 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.233 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.699 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
35.389 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 29,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 22.497 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
64.416 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
Total subscriptions: 1.641 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 11.068 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2022 est.)
General assessment: in spite of the telecom sector being one of the major contributors to Azerbaijan’s non-oil GDP, overall development, growth, and investment in the sector has been held back by years of political and civil unrest coupled with endemic corruption; mobile penetration rates reached 100% as far back as 2011 but have largely stagnated since then; the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are slowly extending the reach of their LTE networks around the country, and this increased coverage (along with access to faster data-based services) is expected to produce a moderate resurgence for both mobile and mobile broadband over the next few years as customers migrate from 3G to 4G. 5G services are still some ways off, as the demand for high-speed data and fast broadband can easily be met by existing capacity on LTE networks; fixed-line teledensity continues to drop down each year as customers consolidate their telecommunications services around the mobile platform; the rate of decline is comparatively slower than other countries, since Azerbaijan has a relatively high proportion of (87%) of fixed-line broadband customers still on DSL; fiber is gradually being rolled out in urban areas, and this makes up the bulk of the growth being seen in the overall fixed broadband market; DSL’s predominance, however, will serve to keep Azerbaijan’s average access speeds in the sub-10Mbps range for the foreseeable future (2020)
Domestic: 16 fixed-lines subscriptions per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscriptions of 105 telephones per 100 persons (2021)
International: country code - 994; Azerbaijan’s largest mobile network operator (MNO) launched trial 5G mobile services in Baku on 27 December 2022 (2023)
3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; note - all broadcast media is pro-government, and most private broadcast media outlets are owned by entities directly linked to the government
.az
Total: 8.6 million (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
Total: 1,995,474 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)
Number of registered air carriers: 42 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 44
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,279,546 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 44.09 million (2018) mt-km
4K
32 (2024)
5 (2024)
89 km condensate, 3,890 km gas, 2,446 km oil (2013)
Total: 2,944.3 km (2017)
Broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)
Total: 24,981 km (2013)
Note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.
Total: 312 (2023)
By type: general cargo 40, oil tanker 44, other 228
Azerbaijan Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Forces, Navy Forces, State Border Service, Coast Guard
Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops, local police forces; Special State Protection Service (SSPS): National Guard (2024)
Note: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Service (intelligence, counterterrorism) are responsible for internal security; the SSPS is under the president and provides protective services to senior officials, foreign missions, significant state assets, government buildings, etc; the National Guard also serves as a reserve for the Army
4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
5% of GDP (2021 est.)
5% of GDP (2020 est.)
3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
3.6% of GDP (2018 est.)
Estimates vary; approximately 60-75,000 active armed forces; approximately 15,000 Ministry of Internal Affairs troops (2023)
Baku has been actively upgrading its equipment for over a decade with purchases from Belarus, Israel, Russia, and Turkey; while most of the military's equipment was once Soviet-era material, it now fields quantities of advanced equipment, including armored vehicles, artillery systems, air defense systems, tanks, and UAVs (2023)
18-25 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; 18 months service for conscripts (2023)
Note: most of the military is made up of professional contract soldiers; as of 2018, women made up an estimated 3% of the active duty military
The Azerbaijani military was established in 1991, although its origins go back to 1918; much of the military’s original equipment was acquired from former Soviet military forces that departed Azerbaijan by 1992; territorial defense is the military’s primary focus, particularly with regards to neighboring Armenia; a secondary focus is guarding against Iran; the Ground Forces have five army corps, plus an independent combined arms army, which is assigned to the Azerbaijani exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan); between them, the corps and the combined arms army have more than 20 mechanized or motorized combat brigades; the Ground Forces also have separate brigades of artillery, battlefield rockets, and special forces; the Air Force has a few dozen Russian-origin fighters and ground attack aircraft, as well as some combat helicopters; the Navy patrols the Caspian Sea with a corvette and several coastal patrol craft
Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1991-94 and 2020; tensions continued following the 2020 conflict, and Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023
Turkey has been Azerbaijan’s strongest military partner, a relationship that has included weapons transfers, technical advice, bilateral training exercises, and key support during its conflicts with Armenia; Azerbaijan is not part of NATO but has had a cooperative relationship with it dating back to when it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has provided troops to NATO-led missions in Kosovo (1999-2008) and Afghanistan (2002-2014) (2023)
Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency (NASA; Azərbaycan Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyi, MAKA; established in 1992 from the Kaspiy Scientific Center, established 1974); Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos; established 2010 as a state-owned satellite operating company) (2024)
National space program largely focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates foreign-built communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; has two satellite ground control stations; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual member states such as France), Israel, Russia, Turkey, and the US; Azercosmos is the largest satellite operator in the Caucasus region (2024)
Note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S
Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T
IDPs: 659,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh; IDPs are mainly ethnic Azerbaijanis but also include ethnic Kurds, Russians, and Turks predominantly from occupied territories around Nagorno-Karabakh; includes IDPs' descendants, returned IDPs, and people living in insecure areas and excludes people displaced by natural disasters; around half the IDPs live in the capital Baku) (2022)
Stateless persons: 3,585 (2022)
Limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe