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🇩🇪 Germany

Europe

Page last updated: May 29, 2024

Introduction

Background

As Europe's largest economy and second most-populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, including the EC (now the EU) and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War allowed German reunification to occur in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Geography

Location

Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Geographic coordinates

51°00' N, 09°00' E

Map references

Europe

Area

Total: 357,022 km²

Land: 348,672 km²

Water: 8,350 km²

Area - comparative

Three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana

Area comparison map:

Land boundaries

Total: 3,694 km

Border countries (9): Austria 801 km; Belgium 133 km; Czechia 704 km; Denmark 140 km; France 418 km; Luxembourg 128 km; Netherlands 575 km; Poland 447 km; Switzerland 348 km

Coastline

2,389 km

Maritime claims

Territorial sea: 12 nm

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate

Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Terrain

Lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Elevation

Highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

Lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.5 m

Mean elevation: 263 m

Natural resources

Coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

Land use

Agricultural land: 48% (2018 est.)

Arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

Permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

Permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

Forest: 31.8% (2018 est.)

Other: 20.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land

5,056 km² (2020)

Major lakes (area km²)

Fresh water lake(s): Lake Constance (shared with Switzerland and Austria) - 540 km²

Salt water lake(s): Stettiner Haff/Zalew Szczecinski (shared with Poland) - 900 km²

Major rivers (by length in km)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km

Note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area km²)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 km²), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Population distribution

Second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia

Natural hazards

Flooding

Geography - note

Strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward

People and Society

Population

Total: 84,119,100

Male: 41,572,702

Female: 42,546,398 (2024 est.)

Comparison rankings: female 18; male 19; total 19

Nationality

Noun: German(s)

Adjective: German

Ethnic groups

German 85.4%, Turkish 1.8%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Syrian 1.1%, Romanian 1%, Poland 1%, other/stateless/unspecified 8.3% (2022 est.)

Note: data represent population by nationality

Languages

German (official); note - Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Major-language sample(s):

Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Roman Catholic 24.8%, Protestant 22.6%, Muslim 3.7%, other 5.1%, none 43.8% (2022 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 13.8% (male 5,925,800/female 5,688,603)

15-64 years: 62.5% (male 26,705,657/female 25,875,865)

65 years and over: 23.7% (2024 est.) (male 8,941,245/female 10,981,930)

2023 population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

Total dependency ratio: 56.4

Youth dependency ratio: 21.7

Elderly dependency ratio: 34.7

Potential support ratio: 2.9 (2021 est.)

Median age

Total: 46.8 years (2024 est.)

Male: 45.5 years

Female: 48.3 years

Population growth rate

-0.12% (2024 est.)

Birth rate

8.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate

12 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate

1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution

Second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia

Urbanization

Urban population: 77.8% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: 0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Major urban areas - population

3.574 million BERLIN (capital), 1.788 million Hamburg, 1.576 million Munich, 1.144 million Cologne, 796,000 Frankfurt (2023)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Male: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 81.9 years (2024 est.)

Male: 79.6 years

Female: 84.4 years

Total fertility rate

1.58 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.77 (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

67% (2018)

Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Drinking water source

Improved: urban: 100% of population

Rural: 100% of population

Total: 100% of population

Unimproved: urban: 0% of population

Rural: 0% of population

Total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure

12.8% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density

4.44 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density

8 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access

Improved: urban: 100% of population

Rural: 100% of population

Total: 100% of population

Unimproved: urban: 0% of population

Rural: 0% of population

Total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.3% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

Total: 10.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Beer: 5.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine: 3.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits: 1.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

Total: 22% (2020 est.)

Male: 24.1% (2020 est.)

Female: 19.9% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.5% (2014/17)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.4% (2023 est.)

Education expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy

Total population: NA

Male: NA

Female: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Total: 17 years

Male: 17 years

Female: 17 years (2020)

Environment

Environment - current issues

Emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Environment - international agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Climate

Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Land use

Agricultural land: 48% (2018 est.)

Arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

Permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

Permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

Forest: 31.8% (2018 est.)

Other: 20.2% (2018 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 77.8% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: 0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Revenue from forest resources

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)

Air pollutants

Particulate matter emissions: 10.73 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 727.97 megatons (2016 est.)

Methane emissions: 49.92 megatons (2020 est.)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 51.046 million tons (2015 est.)

Municipal solid waste recycled annually: 24,415,302 tons (2015 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 47.8% (2015 est.)

Major lakes (area km²)

Fresh water lake(s): Lake Constance (shared with Switzerland and Austria) - 540 km²

Salt water lake(s): Stettiner Haff/Zalew Szczecinski (shared with Poland) - 900 km²

Major rivers (by length in km)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km

Note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area km²)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 km²), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal

Municipal: 10.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Industrial: 17.68 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Agricultural: 400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources

154 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Geoparks

Total global geoparks and regional networks: 8

Global geoparks and regional networks: Bergstraße-Odenwald ; Harz, Braunschweiger Land; Swabian Alb; TERRA.vita; Vulkaneifel; Thuringia Inselsberg -Drei Gleichen; Muskauer Faltenbogen / Łuk Mużakowa (includes Poland); Ries (2023)

Government

Country name

Conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany

Conventional short form: Germany

Local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Local short form: Deutschland

Former: German Reich

Etymology: the Gauls (Celts) of Western Europe may have referred to the newly arriving Germanic tribes who settled in neighboring areas east of the Rhine during the first centuries B.C. as "Germani," a term the Romans adopted as "Germania"; the native designation "Deutsch" comes from the Old High German "diutisc" meaning "of the people"

Government type

Federal parliamentary republic

Capital

Name: Berlin

Geographic coordinates: 52 31 N, 13 24 E

Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology: the origin of the name is unclear but may be related to the old West Slavic (Polabian) word "berl" or "birl," meaning "swamp"

Administrative divisions

16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat), while Bremen calls itself a Free Hanseatic City (Freie Hansestadt) and Hamburg considers itself a Free and Hanseatic City (Freie und Hansestadt)

Independence

18 January 1871 (establishment of the German Empire); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)

National holiday

German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Constitution

History: previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10-23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949

Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in early 2021, the German federal government introduced a bill to incorporate children’s rights into the constitution

Legal system

Civil law system

International law organization participation

Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no

Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years

Dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from government

Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; age 16 for some state and municipal elections

Executive branch

Chief of state: President Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017)

Head of government: Chancellor Olaf SCHOLZ (since 8 December 2021)

Cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president

Elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 February 2022 (next to be held in February 2027); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 8 December 2021 (next to be held after the Bundestag election in 2025)

Election results:

2022: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER reelected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 1,045, Max OTTE (CDU) 140, Gerhard TRABERT (The Left) 96, Stefanie GEBAUER (Free Voters) 58, abstentions 86

2021: Olaf SCHOLZ (SPD) elected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 395 to 303

2017: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 931, Christopher Butterwegge (independent) 128, abstentions 103

Legislative branch

Description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:

Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats statutory, 71 current; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)

Federal Diet or Bundestag (736 seats statutory, 736 for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; currently includes 4 seats for independent members; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members' terms depend upon the states they represent)

Elections: Bundesrat - none; determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election

Bundestag - last held on 26 September 2021 (next to be held by September 2025); almost all postwar German governments have been coalitions

Election results: Bundesrat - composition - men 43, women 26, percentage women 37.7%

Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 28%, CDU/CSU 26.8%, Alliance '90/Greens 16%, FDP 12.5%, AfD 11%, The Left 5.3%, other .04%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 197, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 81, The Left 39, other 3; composition - men 476, women 260, percentage women 34.9%; note - total Parliament percentage women 35.5%

Note: due to Germany's recognition of the concepts of "overhang" (when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituency seats won in an election under Germany's mixed member proportional system) and "leveling" (whereby additional seats are elected to supplement the members directly elected by each constituency in order to ensure that each party's share of the total seats is roughly proportional to the party's overall shares of votes at the national level), the 20th Bundestag is the largest to date

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)

Judge selection and term of office: Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated states and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68

Subordinate courts: Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in late 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg - English-speaking Stuttgart Commercial Court and English-speaking Mannheim Commercial Court

Political parties and leaders

Alliance '90/Greens [Ricarda LANG and Omid NOURIPOUR]

Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alice WEIDEL and Tino CHRUPALLA]

Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Friedrich MERZ]

Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]

Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]

Free Voters [Hubert AIWANGER]

The Left or Die Linke [Janine WISSLER and Martin SCHIRDEWAN]

Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Lars KLINGBEIL]

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag description

Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field

National symbol(s)

Eagle; national colors: black, red, yellow

National anthem

Name: "Das Lied der Deutschen" (Song of the Germans)

Lyrics/music: August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN

Note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany

National heritage

Total World Heritage Sites: 52 (49 cultural, 3 natural)

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (c); Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (c); Speyer Cathedral (c); Upper Middle Rhine Valley (c); Aachen Cathedral (c); Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau (c); Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura (c); Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar, and Upper Harz Water Management System (c); Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter, and Church of Our Lady in Trier (c); Hanseatic City of Lübeck (c); Old Town of Regensburg (c); Messel Pit Fossil Site (n)

Economy

Economic overview

Leading EU service-based export-driven economy; highly skilled and educated labor force; fairly fiscally conservative; energy-related economic disruptions due to Russian gas cessations; increased defense spending and rising debts

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$4.523 trillion (2022 est.)

$4.442 trillion (2021 est.)

$4.306 trillion (2020 est.)

Note: data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP growth rate

1.81% (2022 est.)

3.16% (2021 est.)

-3.83% (2020 est.)

Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita

$54,000 (2022 est.)

$53,400 (2021 est.)

$51,800 (2020 est.)

Note: data in 2017 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$4.082 trillion (2022 est.)

Note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.87% (2022 est.)

3.07% (2021 est.)

0.14% (2020 est.)

Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Credit ratings

Fitch rating: AAA (1994)

Moody's rating: Aaa (1986)

Standard & Poors rating: AAA (1983)

Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Credit ratings prior to 1989 refer to West Germany.

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 0.7% (2017 est.)

Industry: 30.7% (2017 est.)

Services: 68.6% (2017 est.)

Comparison rankings: services 79; industry 73; agriculture 208

GDP - composition, by end use

Household consumption: 53.1% (2017 est.)

Government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.)

Investment in fixed capital: 20.4% (2017 est.)

Investment in inventories: -0.5% (2017 est.)

Exports of goods and services: 47.3% (2017 est.)

Imports of goods and services: -39.7% (2017 est.)

Agricultural products

Milk, sugar beets, wheat, barley, potatoes, pork, rapeseed, maize, rye, triticale (2022)

Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

Iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Industrial production growth rate

-0.92% (2022 est.)

Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

44.198 million (2022 est.)

Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate

3.14% (2022 est.)

3.64% (2021 est.)

3.86% (2020 est.)

Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

Total: 7% (2021 est.)

Male: 7.2%

Female: 6.6%

Population below poverty line

14.7% (2021 est.)

Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

31.7 (2019 est.)

Note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures

On food: 12% of household expenditures (2021 est.)

On alcohol and tobacco: 3.5% of household expenditures (2021 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Lowest 10%: 3.1%

Highest 10%: 25.2% (2019 est.)

Note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances

0.47% of GDP (2022 est.)

0.49% of GDP (2021 est.)

0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget

Revenues: $1.785 trillion (2020 est.)

Expenditures: $1.945 trillion (2020 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank

Taxes and other revenues

11.18% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Current account balance

$172.459 billion (2022 est.)

$329.969 billion (2021 est.)

$275.87 billion (2020 est.)

Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports

$2.06 trillion (2022 est.)

$2.021 trillion (2021 est.)

$1.692 trillion (2020 est.)

Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

US 10%, France 7%, China 7%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2022)

Note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

Cars, packaged medicine, vehicle parts/accessories, vaccines, plastic products (2022)

Note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports

$1.973 trillion (2022 est.)

$1.785 trillion (2021 est.)

$1.464 trillion (2020 est.)

Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

China 10%, Netherlands 9%, Poland 6%, Belgium 6%, Italy 5% (2022)

Note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

Natural gas, cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum (2022)

Note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$293.914 billion (2022 est.)

$295.736 billion (2021 est.)

$268.409 billion (2020 est.)

Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external

$5,671,463,000,000 (2019 est.)

$5,751,408,000,000 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates

Euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:

0.95 (2022 est.)

0.845 (2021 est.)

0.876 (2020 est.)

0.893 (2019 est.)

0.847 (2018 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

Electricity

Installed generating capacity: 248.265 million kW (2020 est.)

Consumption: 500.35 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Exports: 66.931 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Imports: 48.047 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 25.97 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 197; imports 2; exports 2; consumption 9; installed generating capacity 6

Electricity generation sources

Fossil fuels: 40.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Nuclear: 11.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Solar: 9.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Wind: 23.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Hydroelectricity: 4.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Tide and wave: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Biomass and waste: 10.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Note: as of April 2023, Germany has closed its three remaining nuclear power plants

Nuclear energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 0

Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 0

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 0GW

Percent of total electricity production: 0%

Percent of total energy produced: 0%

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 33

Coal

Production: 114.86 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Consumption: 145.379 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Exports: 2.317 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Imports: 31.503 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Proven reserves: 35.9 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 135,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 2,346,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 1,720,600 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves: 115.2 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

2.158 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

494,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

883,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas

Production: 5.129 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Consumption: 8.755 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Exports: 0 cubic meters (2020 est.)

Imports: 83.12 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Proven reserves: 23.39 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

726.881 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 218.636 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 316.064 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 192.181 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

161.174 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

Total subscriptions: 38.58 million (2022 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 46 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Total subscriptions: 104.4 million (2022 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (2022 est.)

Telecommunication systems

General assessment: with one of Europe’s largest telecom markets, Germany hosts a number of significant operators which offer effective competition in the mobile and broadband sectors; the German mobile market is driven by mobile data, with the number of mobile broadband subscribers having increased rapidly in recent years; with LTE now effectively universally available, considerable progress has recently been made in building out 5G networks (2022)

Domestic: 46 per 100 for fixed-line and 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)

International: country code - 49; landing points for SeaMeWe-3, TAT-14, AC-1, CONTACT-3, Fehmarn Balt, C-Lion1, GC1, GlobalConnect-KPN, and Germany-Denmark 2 & 3 - submarine cables to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2019)

Broadcast media

A mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; 70 national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations

Internet country code

.de

Internet users

Total: 75.53 million (2021 est.)

Percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Total: 36,215,303 (2020 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2020 est.)

Transportation

National air transport system

Number of registered air carriers: 20 (2020)

Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1,113

Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 109,796,202 (2018)

Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7,969,860,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

D

Airports

838 (2024)

Heliports

388 (2024)

Pipelines

37 km condensate, 26,985 km gas, 2,400 km oil, 4,479 km refined products, 8 km water (2013)

Railways

Total: 39,379 km (2020) 20,942 km electrified

15 km 0.900-mm gauge, 24 km 0.750-mm gauge (2015)

Roadways

Total: 830,000 km 830,000 km

Paved: 830,000 km (2022) (includes 13,155 km of expressways)

Note: includes local roads

Waterways

7,300 km (2022) (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea)

Merchant marine

Total: 595 (2023)

By type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 69, general cargo 82, oil tanker 32, other 411

Ports

Total ports: 35 (2024)

Large: 5

Medium: 4

Small: 11

Very small: 15

Ports with oil terminals: 12

Key ports: Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Emden, Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Rostock

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Joint Support and Enabling Service (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw), Cyber and Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber und Informationsraum, Kdo CIR) (2024)

Note: responsibility for internal and border security is shared by the police forces of the 16 states, the Federal Criminal Police Office, and the Federal Police; the states’ police forces report to their respective interior ministries while the Federal Police forces report to the Federal Ministry of the Interior

Military expenditures

1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

1.5% of GDP (2022)

1.5% of GDP (2021)

1.5% of GDP (2020)

1.4% of GDP (2019)

Military and security service personnel strengths

Approximately 185,000 active-duty armed forces personnel (62,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 27,000 Air Force; 20,000 Medical Service, 14,000 Cyber and Information Space Command; 45,000 other, including central staff, support, logistics, etc.) (2023)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

The inventory of Federal Armed Forces is comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; in recent years, the US has been the leading foreign supplier; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and Germany is one of the world's leading arms exporters; it also participates in joint defense production projects with the US and European partners (2024)

Military service age and obligation

17-23 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years; in July 2020, the government launched a new voluntary conscript initiative focused on homeland security tasks; volunteers serve for 7 months plus 5 months as reservists over a 6 year period (2024)

Note: women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 and accounted for about 12% of the active-duty German military in 2023

Military deployments

100 Estonia; up to 500 Iraq (NATO); Lebanon 170 (UNIFIL); up to 1,700 Lithuania (NATO); 100 Romania (NATO); 280 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)

Note: the German military has over 2,000 ground forces, plus air and naval contingents deployed on some 18 foreign missions

Military - note

The Bundeswehr’s core mission is the defense of Germany and its NATO partners; it has a wide range of peacetime duties, including crisis management, cyber security, deterrence, homeland security, humanitarian and disaster relief, and international peacekeeping and stability operations; as a key member of NATO and the EU, the Bundeswehr typically operates in a coalition environment, and its capabilities are largely based on NATO and EU planning goals and needs; it has participated in a range of NATO and EU missions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, as well as global maritime operations; the Bundeswehr has close bilateral defense ties with a number of EU countries, including the Czechia, France, the Netherlands, and Romania, as well as the UK and the US; it also contributes forces to UN peacekeeping missions

The Bundeswehr was established in 1955; at the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, it had nearly 600,000 personnel, over 7,000 tanks, and 1,000 combat aircraft; in addition, over 400,000 soldiers from other NATO countries—including about 200,000 US military personnel—were stationed in West Germany; in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Bundeswehr shrank by more than 60% in size (over 90% in tanks and about 80% in aircraft), while funding fell from nearly 3% of GDP and over 4% of government spending in the mid-1980s to 1.2% and 1.6% respectively; by the 2010s, the Bundeswehr’s ability to fulfill its regional security commitments had deteriorated; the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and full-scale assault on Ukraine in 2022 led to renewed emphasis on Germany’s leadership role in European defense and NATO and efforts to boost funding for the Bundeswehr to improve readiness, modernize, and expand

The current Bundeswehr Army is comprised of two armored divisions and a rapid forces division; the armored divisions have multiple armored and mechanized infantry brigades, including a Dutch brigade and a bi-national Franco-German brigade; one of the divisions also has a mountain infantry brigade; the rapid forces division has airborne, special operations, and helicopter forces, as well as a Dutch air mobile infantry brigade

The Navy is organized into flotillas for high seas and coastal operations; the high seas flotilla has 12 frigates, while the coastal flotilla has five corvettes and six submarines, plus mine warfare vessels, special operations forces, and marines; the marines cooperate closely with their Dutch counterparts, the Corps Mariniers, and together form a bi-national amphibious group; the Navy also has an aviation command for missions such as maritime surveillance, anti-submarine, and anti-surface warfare

The Air Force has commands for air, transport/logistics, and space operations; it has about 200 combat aircraft, plus dozens of aircraft for other missions, such as transport, tankers, electronic warfare, and reconnaissance, as well as more than 80 helicopters of various types (2023)

Space

Space agency/agencies

German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR; established 1997); predecessor organization, German Test and Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight, was established in 1969; note – the Federal Republic of Germany was allowed to research space flight after gaining sovereignty in 1955 (2024)

Space launch site(s)

Establishing a commercial ship-based launch pad 350 kms (217 miles) off the German coast in the remotest corner of its exclusive economic zone; each launch is to be supervised by a control ship and a multifunctional mission control center in Bremen, Germany; the launch ship will be based out of Bremerhaven (2024)

Space program overview

Has one of Europe’s largest space programs; is a key member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and one of its largest contributors; builds and operates satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), space probes, unmanned orbiters, and reusable space planes; conducts research and develops a range of other space-related capabilities technologies, including satellite payloads (cameras, remote sensing, communications, optics, sensors, etc.), rockets and rocket propulsion, propulsion assisted landing technologies, and aeronautics; participates in ESA’s astronaut training program and human space flight operations and hosts the European Astronaut Center; participates in other international space programs, such as the International Space Station (ISS); hosts the mission control centers for the ISS and the ESA, as well as the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); in addition to ESA/EU and their member states, has ties to a range of foreign space programs, including those of China, Japan, Russia, and the US; has a robust commercial space industry sector that develops a broad range of space capabilities, including satellite launchers, and cooperates closely with DLR, ESA, and other international commercial entities and government agencies (2024)

Note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida

Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Refugees (country of origin): 664,238 (Syria), 183,631 (Afghanistan), 151,254 (Iraq), 64,496 (Eritrea), 47,658 (Iran), 38,755 (Turkey), 32,155 (Somalia), 13,334 (Russia), 12,155 (Nigeria), 9,250 (Pakistan), 6,257 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,912 (Ethiopia), 5,532 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022); 1,139,690 (Ukraine) (as of 3 February 2024)

Stateless persons: 28,941 (2022)

Illicit drugs

Maritime transshipment point for cocaine heading for European drug; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics