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# Botany Cheatsheet ## Plant Anatomy ### Parts of a Flower - **Pistil:** The female reproductive part of the flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. - **Stamen:** The male reproductive part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament. - **Sepal:** The outermost part of the flower, usually green in color and protecting the flower bud. - **Petal:** The brightly colored part of the flower that attracts pollinators. ### Parts of a Leaf - **Blade:** The broad, flat portion of the leaf. - **Petiole:** The stalk that attaches the blade to the stem. - **Veins:** The network of vessels that transport water and nutrients throughout the leaf. ### Parts of a Stem - **Node:** The point on the stem where a leaf is attached. - **Internode:** The section of stem between two nodes. - **Apical bud:** The bud at the tip of the stem that allows for upward growth. ## Plant Physiology ### Photosynthesis - **Definition:** The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll and other pigments. - **Equation:** 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - **Importance:** The primary source of energy for most life on Earth. ### Respiration - **Definition:** The process by which organisms convert organic matter into energy. - **Equation:** C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP - **Importance:** Provides the energy necessary for growth and other life processes. ## Botanical Classification ### Taxonomy - **Definition:** The science of classifying organisms. - **Classification system:** Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. ### Binomial Nomenclature - **Definition:** A system for naming species using two names, the genus name and the specific epithet. - **Example:** *Solanum lycopersicum* (Tomato) ## Plant Reproduction ### Sexual Reproduction - **Definition:** Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two different parents. - **Examples:** Seed production, spore production. ### Asexual Reproduction - **Definition:** Reproduction without the involvement of gametes. - **Examples:** Vegetative propagation, bulb division. ## Plant Ecology ### Biomes - **Definition:** A major ecological community of plants and animals that is determined by climate and geography. - **Examples:** Tundra, Taiga, Temperate Forest, Rainforest, Desert, Grassland. ### Succession - **Definition:** The process by which an ecological community undergoes a change in species composition over time. - **Types:** Primary succession, secondary succession. ## Plant Uses ### Food - **Examples:** Fruits, vegetables, grains, spices. ### Medicine - **Examples:** Digitalis (Foxglove), Taxol (Pacific Yew). ### Industrial - **Examples:** Timber, paper, textiles. ## Resources - [Botanical Society of America](https://botany.org/) - [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](https://www.kew.org/) - [USDA Plants Database](https://plants.usda.gov/)