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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) E. Haleplidis
Request for Comments: 7408 University of Patras
Updates: 5812 November 2014
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Model Extension
Abstract
This memo extends the Forwarding and Control Element Separation
(ForCES) model defined in RFC 5812 and updates that RFC to allow
complex data types for metadata, optional default values for data
types, and optional access types for structures. It also fixes an
issue with Logical Functional Block (LFB) inheritance and introduces
two new features: a new event condition called eventBecomesEqualTo
and LFB properties. The changes introduced in this memo do not alter
the protocol and retain backward compatibility with older LFB models.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7408.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Haleplidis Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Requirements Language ......................................3
1.2. Terminology ................................................3
2. ForCES Model Extensions .........................................3
2.1. Complex Data Types for Metadata ............................3
2.2. Optional Default Values for Data Types .....................5
2.3. Optional Access Types for Structs ..........................8
2.4. New Event Condition: eventBecomesEqualTo ..................11
2.5. LFB Properties ............................................12
2.6. LFB Class Inheritance .....................................14
2.7. Enhancing XML Validation ..................................15
3. XML Extension Schema for LFB Class Library Documents ...........15
4. IANA Considerations ............................................29
5. Security Considerations ........................................29
6. References .....................................................30
6.1. Normative References ......................................30
6.2. Informative References ....................................30
Acknowledgements ..................................................31
Author's Address ..................................................31
1. Introduction
The ForCES model [RFC5812] presents a formal way to define Forwarding
Element (FE) Logical Functional Blocks (LFBs) using the eXtensible
Markup Language (XML). [RFC5812] was published several years before
this document, and experience with its use has demonstrated the need
to add new modeling concepts and change existing ones.
Specifically, this document updates the ForCES model [RFC5812] to
allow complex data types for metadata (Section 2.1), optional default
values for data types (Section 2.2), and optional access types for
structures (Section 2.3). It also fixes an issue with LFB class
inheritance (Section 2.6). Additionally, the document introduces two
new features: a new event condition named eventBecomesEqualTo
(Section 2.4) and LFB properties (Section 2.5).
These extensions are an update to the ForCES model [RFC5812] and do
not require any changes to the ForCES protocol [RFC5810] as they are
simply changes to the schema definition. Additionally, backward
compatibility is ensured as XML libraries produced with the earlier
schema are still valid with the new one. In order for XML libraries
produced by the new schema to be compatible with existing ForCES
implementations, the XML libraries MUST NOT include any of the
features described in this document.
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
Extensions to the schema and excerpts of the schema include the tags
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 --> and <!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->, which
designate the beginning and ending of extension text specified by
this document in respect to the schema in the original ForCES model
[RFC5812].
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.2. Terminology
This document uses the terminology defined in the ForCES model
[RFC5812]. In particular, the reader is expected to be familiar with
the following terms:
FE Model
LFB (Logical Functional Block) Class (or type)
LFB Instance
LFB Model
Element
Attribute
LFB Metadata
ForCES Component
LFB Class Library
2. ForCES Model Extensions
2.1. Complex Data Types for Metadata
Section 4.6 ("<metadataDefs> Element for Metadata Definitions") of
the ForCES model [RFC5812] limits the data type use in metadata to
only atomic types. Figure 1 shows the XML schema excerpt where only
typeRef and atomic are allowed for a metadata definition.
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<xsd:complexType name="metadataDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="metadataDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataID" type="xsd:integer"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="typeRef" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="atomic" type="atomicType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 1: Initial metadataDefsType Definition in the Schema
However, there are cases where complex metadata are used in the
datapath: for example, two simple use cases are described in version
1.1.0 (and subsequent versions) of the OpenFlow Switch Specification
[OpenFlowSpec1.1]:
1. The Action Set metadata is an array of actions descriptors, which
traverses the processing pipeline along with the packet data.
2. When a packet is received from a controller, it may be
accompanied by a list of actions, as metadata, to be performed on
it prior to being sent on the processing pipeline. This list of
actions is also an array.
With the extension shown in Figure 2, complex data types are also
allowed, specifically structs and arrays as metadata. The key
declarations are required to check for validity of content keys in
arrays and componentIDs in structs.
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<xsd:complexType name="metadataDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="metadataDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataID" type="xsd:integer"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="typeRef" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="atomic" type="atomicType"/>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:element name="array" type="arrayType">
<xsd:key name="contentKeyID1">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:contentKey"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@contentKeyID"/>
</xsd:key>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="struct" type="structType">
<xsd:key name="structComponentID1">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:component"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID"/>
</xsd:key>
</xsd:element>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 2: New metadataDefsType Definition in the Schema
2.2. Optional Default Values for Data Types
In the original schema, default values can only be defined for data
types defined inside LFB components and not inside structures or
arrays. Therefore, default values for data types that are constantly
being reused, e.g., counters with default value of 0, have to be
constantly respecified. Additionally, data types inside complex data
types cannot be defined with a default value, e.g., a counter inside
a struct that has a default value of 0.
This extension allows the option to add default values to data types.
These data types can then be referenced as simple components or
within complex data types such as structs. A simple use case would
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
be to have a struct component where one of the components is a
counter with a default value of zero. To achieve that, the counter
must first be defined as a data type with the required default value
and then referenced in the struct. Default values MUST adhere the
following formal restrictions:
1. Default values MUST be ignored if the data type is not an atomic
or a base data type.
2. When a data type X with default value A is referenced from a data
type Y with a default value B, the default value of the data type
that references overrides the referenced default value, e.g., in
this case, Y's default value will be B.
3. Default values of LFB components override any default value
specified from the dataTypeDef definition.
4. Default values of data types referenced in capabilities or
metadata MUST be ignored.
This extension simply adds to the definition of dataTypeDefsType in
the XML schema shown in Figure 3 to allow default values for
dataTypeDefsType. The new definition is shown in Figure 4.
<xsd:complexType name="dataTypeDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="dataTypeDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 3: Initial Excerpt of dataTypeDefsType Definition in the
Schema
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<xsd:complexType name="dataTypeDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="dataTypeDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:element name="defaultValue" type="xsd:token"
minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 4: New Excerpt of dataTypeDefsType Definition in the Schema
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
Examples of using default values is depicted in Figure 5.
<dataTypeDef>
<name>ZeroCounter</name>
<synopsis>A counter with default 0</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
<defaultValue>0</defaultValue>
</dataTypeDef>
<dataTypeDef>
<name>CounterValues</name>
<synopsis>Example default values in struct</synopsis>
<struct>
<component componentID="1">
<name>GoodPacketCounter</name>
<synopsis>A counter for good packets</synopsis>
<typeRef>ZeroCounter</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="2">
<name>BadPacketCounter</name>
<synopsis>A counter for bad packets</synopsis>
<typeRef>ZeroCounter</typeRef>
</component>
</struct>
</dataTypeDef>
Figure 5: Example of Optional Default Values
2.3. Optional Access Types for Structs
In the original schema, the access type can only be defined on
components of an LFB and not on components within structs or arrays.
That means that when it is a struct data type, it is not possible to
fine-tune access type per component within the struct. A simple use
case would be to have a read-write struct component where one of the
components is a counter with an access type that could be read-reset
or read-only, e.g., a read-reset or a read-only counter inside a
struct.
This extension allows the definition of the access type for a struct
component either in the data type definitions or in the LFB component
definitions.
When optional access types for components within a struct are
defined, the access types for these components MUST override the
access type of the struct. For example, if a struct has an access
type of read-write but has a component that is a read-only counter,
the counter's access type MUST be read-only.
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Per [RFC5812], the access type for a component in a capability is
always read-only. If an access type is provided for a component in a
capability, the access type MUST be ignored. Similarly, if an access
type is provided for a struct in a metadata, the access type MUST be
ignored.
This extension alters the definition of the struct in the XML schema
from the initial definition shown in Figure 6 to the new shown in
Figure 7.
<xsd:complexType name="structType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="component" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="optional" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" type="xsd:unsignedInt"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 6: Initial XML for the Struct Definition in the Schema
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
<xsd:complexType name="structType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="component" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="optional" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:attribute name="access" use="optional"
default="read-write">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:list itemType="accessModeType"/>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" type="xsd:unsignedInt"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
Figure 7: New XML for the Struct Definition in the Schema
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An example of using optional access types for structs is depicted in
Figure 8.
<component componentID="1" access="read-write">
<name>PacketFlows</name>
<synopsis>Packet Flows, match and counter</synopsis>
<struct>
<component componentID="1">
<name>FlowMatch</name>
<synopsis>Flow Match</synopsis>
<typeRef>MatchType</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="2" access="read-only">
<name>MatchCounter</name>
<synopsis>Packets matching the flow match</synopsis>
<typeRef>ZeroCounter</typeRef>
</component>
</struct>
</component>
Figure 8: Example of Optional Access Types for Struct
2.4. New Event Condition: eventBecomesEqualTo
This extension adds one more event condition in the model schema,
eventBecomesEqualTo. eventBecomesEqualTo is different from
eventGreaterThan and eventLessThan because the event is triggered
when the value is exactly that of the eventBecomesEqualTo threshold.
This event condition is particularly useful when there is a need to
monitor one or more states of an LFB or the FE. For example, in the
Control Element High Availability (CEHA) document [RFC7121], it may
be useful for the master CE to know which backup CEs have just become
associated in order to connect to them and begin synchronizing the
state of the FE. The master CE could always poll for such
information, but getting such an event will speed up the process, and
the event may be useful in other cases as well for monitoring state.
The event MUST be triggered only when the value of the targeted
component becomes equal to the event condition value.
Implementations MUST NOT generate subsequent events while the
targeted component's value remains equal to the event condition's
value.
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
eventBecomesEqualTo is appended to the schema as shown in Figure 9.
<xsd:element name="eventBecomesEqualTo"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
Figure 9: New Excerpt of eventBecomesEqualTo Event Condition
Definition in the Schema
It can become useful for the CE to be notified when the state has
changed once the eventBecomesEqualTo event has been triggered, e.g.,
the CE may need to know when a backup CE has lost association. Such
an event can be generated either by defining a second event on the
same component (namely, an eventChanged) or by simply reusing
eventBecomesEqualTo and using event properties (in particular,
eventHysteresis). We append the following definition to the
eventHysteresis defined in Section 4.8.5.2 of [RFC5812], with V being
the hysteresis value:
o For an eventBecomesEqualTo condition, after the last notification,
a new eventBecomesEqualTo notification MUST be generated only one
time once the value has changed by +/- V.
For example, using the value of 1 for V will, in effect, create a
singular event that will notify the CE that the value has changed by
at least 1.
A developer of a CE should consider using count or time filtering to
avoid being overrun by messages, e.g., in the case of rapid state
changes.
2.5. LFB Properties
The previous model definition specifies properties for components of
LFBs. Experience has shown that, at least for debug reasons, it
would be useful to have statistics per LFB instance to monitor sent
and received messages and errors in communication between a CE and
FE. These properties are read-only.
In order to avoid ambiguity on protocol path semantics, this document
specifies that the LFB componentID 0 specifically MUST refer to LFB
properties and ID 0 MUST NOT be used for any component definition.
This disallowance is backward compatible as no known LFB definition
uses an LFB componentID 0. Any command with a path starting from LFB
componentID 0 refers to LFB properties. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate
the change in the XML schema that disallows usage of LFB componentID
0:
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" type="xsd:unsignedInt"
use="required">
Figure 10: Initial XML for LFB componentIDs
<!-- Extension added restriction to componentID -->
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" use="required">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:unsignedInt">
<xsd:minExclusive value="0"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<!-- End of extension -->
Figure 11: New XML to Disallow Usage of LFB componentID 0
The following data type definitions are to be used as properties for
LFB instances.
<dataTypeDef>
<name>LFBProperties</name>
<synopsis>LFB Properties definition</synopsis>
<struct>
<component componentID="1">
<name>PacketsSentToCE</name>
<synopsis>Packets sent to CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="2">
<name>SentErrorPacketsToCE</name>
<synopsis>Error Packets sent to CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="3">
<name>BytesSentToCE</name>
<synopsis>Bytes sent to CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="4">
<name>SentErrorBytesToCE</name>
<synopsis>Error Bytes sent to CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="5">
<name>PacketsReceivedFromCE</name>
<synopsis>Packets received from CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
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</component>
<component componentID="6">
<name>ReceivedErrorPacketsFromCE</name>
<synopsis>Error Packets received from CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="7">
<name>BytesReceivedFromCE</name>
<synopsis>Bytes received from CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
<component componentID="8">
<name>ReceivedErrorBytesFromCE</name>
<synopsis>Error Bytes received from CE</synopsis>
<typeRef>uint32</typeRef>
</component>
</struct>
</dataTypeDef>
Figure 12: Properties for LFB Instances
2.6. LFB Class Inheritance
The ForCES model [RFC5812] allows inheritance for LFB classes.
However, the XML schema defines only the LFB class from which an LFB
class inherits. Recent implementations have identified an issue
where ambiguity rises when different versions of the parent LFB class
exist. This document augments the derivedFrom part of the LFB class
definition with an optional version attribute when the derivedFrom
field is used.
Having the version attribute as optional was a decision based on the
need to maintain backward compatibility with the XML schema defined
in [RFC5812]. However, if the version is omitted, then derivedFrom
will always specify the first version of the parent LFB class, which
usually is version 1.0.
This extension alters the definition of derivedFrom in the XML schema
from the initial definition shown in Figure 13 to the new shown in
Figure 14.
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" minOccurs="0"/>
Figure 13: Initial XML for LFB Class Inheritance
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<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" minOccurs="0">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleContent>
<xsd:extension base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:attribute name="version"
type="versionType" use="optional"/>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:simpleContent>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
Figure 14: New XML for LFB Class Inheritance
An example of the use of the version attribute is given in Figure 15.
<derivedFrom version="1.0">EtherPHYCop</derivedFrom>
Figure 15: Example of Use of New XML for LFB Class Inheritance
2.7. Enhancing XML Validation
As specified earlier, this is not an extension but an enhancement of
the schema to provide additional validation rules. This includes
adding new key declarations to provide uniqueness as defined by the
ForCES model [RFC5812]. Such validations work only within the same
XML file.
This document introduces the following validation rules that did not
exist in the original schema in [RFC5812]:
1. Each metadataID must be unique.
2. LFBClassIDs must be unique.
3. componentID, capabilityID, and Event baseID must be unique per
LFB.
4. eventIDs must be unique per LFB.
5. Special values in atomic data types must be unique per atomic
data type.
3. XML Extension Schema for LFB Class Library Documents
This section includes the new XML schema. Note that the namespace
number has been updated from 1.0 to 1.1.
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The extensions described in this document are backwards compatible in
terms of the operation of the ForCES protocol. In terms of the XML,
any definitions that were valid under the old namespace are valid
under the new namespace. It is to be noted that any auxiliary tools
that are processing XML definitions written under both namespaces
will need to be able to understand both.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:forces:lfbmodel:1.1"
xmlns:lfb="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:forces:lfbmodel:1.1"
targetNamespace="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:forces:lfbmodel:1.1"
elementFormDefault="qualified" attributeFormDefault="unqualified">
<xsd:annotation>
<xsd:documentation xml:lang="en">
Schema for Defining LFB Classes and associated types
(frames, data types for LFB attributes, and metadata).
</xsd:documentation>
</xsd:annotation>
<xsd:element name="description" type="xsd:string"/>
<xsd:element name="synopsis" type="xsd:string"/>
<!-- Document root element: LFBLibrary -->
<xsd:element name="LFBLibrary">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="load" type="loadType"
minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xsd:element name="frameDefs" type="frameDefsType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="dataTypeDefs" type="dataTypeDefsType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataDefs" type="metadataDefsType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="LFBClassDefs" type="LFBClassDefsType"
minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="provides" type="xsd:Name"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- Uniqueness constraints -->
<xsd:key name="frame">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:frameDefs/lfb:frameDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="dataType">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:dataTypeDefs/lfb:dataTypeDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
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</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="metadataDef">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:metadataDefs/lfb:metadataDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="metadataDefID">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:metadataDefs/lfb:metadataDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:metadataID"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="LFBClassDef">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:LFBClassDefs/lfb:LFBClassDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="LFBClassDefID">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:LFBClassDefs/lfb:LFBClassDef"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@LFBClassID"/>
</xsd:key>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:complexType name="loadType">
<xsd:attribute name="library" type="xsd:Name" use="required"/>
<xsd:attribute name="location" type="xsd:anyURI"
use="optional"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="frameDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="frameDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="dataTypeDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="dataTypeDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
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<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:element name="defaultValue" type="xsd:token"
minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- Predefined (built-in) atomic data-types are: char, uchar,
int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, uint64, string[N], string,
byte[N], boolean, octetstring[N], float32, float64 -->
<xsd:group name="typeDeclarationGroup">
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="typeRef" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="atomic" type="atomicType"/>
<xsd:element name="array" type="arrayType">
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<!-- declare keys to have unique IDs -->
<xsd:key name="contentKeyID">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:contentKey"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@contentKeyID"/>
</xsd:key>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="struct" type="structType">
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<!-- key declaration to make componentIDs
unique in a struct -->
<xsd:key name="structComponentID">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:component"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID"/>
</xsd:key>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="union" type="structType"/>
<xsd:element name="alias" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:group>
<xsd:simpleType name="typeRefNMTOKEN">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:token">
<xsd:pattern value="\c+"/>
<xsd:pattern value="string\[\d+\]"/>
<xsd:pattern value="byte\[\d+\]"/>
<xsd:pattern value="octetstring\[\d+\]"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
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<xsd:complexType name="atomicType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="baseType" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="rangeRestriction"
type="rangeRestrictionType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="specialValues" type="specialValuesType"
minOccurs="0">
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:key name="SpecialValue">
<xsd:selector xpath="specialValue"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@value"/>
</xsd:key>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="rangeRestrictionType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="allowedRange" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:attribute name="min" type="xsd:integer"
use="required"/>
<xsd:attribute name="max" type="xsd:integer"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="specialValuesType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="specialValue" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="value" type="xsd:token"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="arrayType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
<xsd:element name="contentKey" minOccurs="0"
maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
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<xsd:element name="contentKeyField"
type="xsd:string" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="contentKeyID" type="xsd:integer"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="type" use="optional" default="variable-size">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="fixed-size"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="variable-size"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<xsd:attribute name="length" type="xsd:integer"
use="optional"/>
<xsd:attribute name="maxLength" type="xsd:integer"
use="optional"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="structType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="component" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="optional" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:attribute name="access" use="optional"
default="read-write">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:list itemType="accessModeType"/>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" type="xsd:unsignedInt"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
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</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="metadataDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataID" type="xsd:integer"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="typeRef" type="typeRefNMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="atomic" type="atomicType"/>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:element name="array" type="arrayType">
<!--declare keys to have unique IDs -->
<xsd:key name="contentKeyID1">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:contentKey"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@contentKeyID"/>
</xsd:key>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="struct" type="structType">
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<!-- key declaration to make componentIDs
unique in a struct -->
<xsd:key name="structComponentID1">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:component"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID"/>
</xsd:key>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
</xsd:element>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="LFBClassDefsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="LFBClassDef" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="version" type="versionType"/>
<xsd:element name="derivedFrom" minOccurs="0">
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<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleContent>
<xsd:extension base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:attribute name="version"
type="versionType" use="optional"/>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:simpleContent>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="inputPorts"
type="inputPortsType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="outputPorts"
type="outputPortsType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="components"
type="LFBComponentsType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="capabilities"
type="LFBCapabilitiesType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="events" type="eventsType"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="LFBClassID" type="xsd:unsignedInt"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- Key constraint to ensure unique attribute names
within a class: -->
<xsd:key name="components">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:components/lfb:component"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="capabilities">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:capabilities/lfb:capability"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="events">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:events/lfb:event"/>
<xsd:field xpath="lfb:name"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="eventsIDs">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:events/lfb:event"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@eventID"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="componentIDs">
<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:components/lfb:component"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="capabilityIDs">
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<xsd:selector xpath="lfb:capabilities/lfb:capability"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID"/>
</xsd:key>
<xsd:key name="ComponentCapabilityComponentIDUniqueness">
<xsd:selector
xpath="lfb:components/lfb:component|
lfb:capabilities/lfb:capability|lfb:events"/>
<xsd:field xpath="@componentID|@baseID"/>
</xsd:key>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleType name="versionType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:pattern value="[1-9][0-9]*\.([1-9][0-9]*|0)"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:complexType name="inputPortsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="inputPort" type="inputPortType"
maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="inputPortType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="expectation" type="portExpectationType"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="group" type="xsd:boolean"
use="optional" default="0"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="portExpectationType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="frameExpected" minOccurs="0">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined
frame type -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="xsd:string"
maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="metadataExpected" minOccurs="0">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
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RFC 7408 ForCES Model Extension November 2014
<!--ref must refer to a name of a defined metadata-->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="metadataInputRefType"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of"
type="metadataInputChoiceType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataInputChoiceType">
<xsd:choice minOccurs="2" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined metadata -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of" type="metadataInputChoiceType"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataSet" type="metadataInputSetType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataInputSetType">
<xsd:choice minOccurs="2" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined metadata -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="metadataInputRefType"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of" type="metadataInputChoiceType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataInputRefType">
<xsd:simpleContent>
<xsd:extension base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:attribute name="dependency" use="optional"
default="required">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="required"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="optional"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<xsd:attribute name="defaultValue" type="xsd:token"
use="optional"/>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:simpleContent>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="outputPortsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="outputPort" type="outputPortType"
maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="outputPortType">
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<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="product" type="portProductType"/>
<xsd:element ref="description" minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="group" type="xsd:boolean"
use="optional" default="0"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="portProductType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="frameProduced" minOccurs="0">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined
frame type -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"
maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<xsd:element name="metadataProduced" minOccurs="0">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a
defined metadata -->
<xsd:element name="ref"
type="metadataOutputRefType"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of"
type="metadataOutputChoiceType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataOutputChoiceType">
<xsd:choice minOccurs="2" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined metadata -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of" type="metadataOutputChoiceType"/>
<xsd:element name="metadataSet" type="metadataOutputSetType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataOutputSetType">
<xsd:choice minOccurs="2" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- ref must refer to a name of a defined metadata -->
<xsd:element name="ref" type="metadataOutputRefType"/>
<xsd:element name="one-of" type="metadataOutputChoiceType"/>
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</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="metadataOutputRefType">
<xsd:simpleContent>
<xsd:extension base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:attribute name="availability" use="optional"
default="unconditional">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="unconditional"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="conditional"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:simpleContent>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="LFBComponentsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="component" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="optional" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
<xsd:element name="defaultValue" type="xsd:token"
minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="access" use="optional"
default="read-write">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:list itemType="accessModeType"/>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<!-- Extension added restriction to componentID -->
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" use="required">
<xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:unsignedInt">
<xsd:minExclusive value="0"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:attribute>
<!-- End of extension -->
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
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</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleType name="accessModeType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:NMTOKEN">
<xsd:enumeration value="read-only"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="read-write"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="write-only"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="read-reset"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="trigger-only"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<xsd:complexType name="LFBCapabilitiesType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="capability" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element name="optional" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:group ref="typeDeclarationGroup"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="componentID" type="xsd:integer"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="eventsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="event" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="name" type="xsd:NMTOKEN"/>
<xsd:element ref="synopsis"/>
<xsd:element name="eventTarget"
type="eventPathType"/>
<xsd:element ref="eventCondition"/>
<xsd:element name="eventReports"
type="eventReportsType" minOccurs="0"/>
<xsd:element ref="description"
minOccurs="0"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="eventID" type="xsd:integer"
use="required"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
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</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="baseID" type="xsd:integer"
use="optional"/>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- the substitution group for the event conditions -->
<xsd:element name="eventCondition" abstract="true"/>
<xsd:element name="eventCreated"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<xsd:element name="eventDeleted"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<xsd:element name="eventChanged"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<xsd:element name="eventGreaterThan"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<xsd:element name="eventLessThan"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<!-- Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:element name="eventBecomesEqualTo"
substitutionGroup="eventCondition"/>
<!-- /Extension RFC 7408 -->
<xsd:complexType name="eventPathType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="eventPathPart" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- the substitution group for the event path parts -->
<xsd:element name="eventPathPart" type="xsd:string"
abstract="true"/>
<xsd:element name="eventField" type="xsd:string"
substitutionGroup="eventPathPart"/>
<xsd:element name="eventSubscript" type="xsd:string"
substitutionGroup="eventPathPart"/>
<xsd:complexType name="eventReportsType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="eventReport" type="eventPathType"
maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:simpleType name="booleanType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
<xsd:enumeration value="0"/>
<xsd:enumeration value="1"/>
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:schema>
ForCES LFB XML Schema
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4. IANA Considerations
IANA has registered a new XML namespace, as per the guidelines in RFC
3688 [RFC3688].
URI: The URI for this namespace is:
urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:forces:lfbmodel:1.1
Registrant Contact: IESG
XML: none, this is an XML namespace
5. Security Considerations
This specification adds only a few constructs to the initial model
defined in [RFC5812], namely, a new event, some new properties, and a
way to define optional access types and complex metadata. In
addition, this document addresses and clarifies an issue with the
inheritance model by introducing the version of the derivedFrom LFB
class. These constructs and the update to the inheritance model do
not change the nature of the initial model.
Thus, the security considerations defined in [RFC5812] apply to this
specification as well, as the changes proposed here are simply
constructs to write XML library definitions, as [RFC5812] does.
These changes, as well as the clarification of the inheritance issue
of the initial model, have no effect on the security semantics of the
protocol.
In regard to pervasive monitoring (PM), as discussed in [RFC7258],
this specification defines ways to expose more complex information
(namely, metadata) exchanged between LFBs and between CEs and FEs and
a new event. These changes have very little or no effect in terms of
making PM simpler or more effective to an attacker who controls the
LFBs. The new metadata might make for slightly more elegant PM, but
does not enable any new ways to (ab)use LFBs for PM. The same
applies for the new event.
Finally, this document does not provide any protocol specification
and, as such, does not specify how information will be transmitted
between respective entities. Thus, PM mitigation for a passive
attacker that simply wants to eavesdrop on the information exchanged
is out of the scope of this document.
Haleplidis Standards Track [Page 29]
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6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
January 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC5810] Doria, A., Hadi Salim, J., Haas, R., Khosravi, H., Wang,
W., Dong, L., Gopal, R., and J. Halpern, "Forwarding and
Control Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol
Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5810>.
[RFC5812] Halpern, J. and J. Hadi Salim, "Forwarding and Control
Element Separation (ForCES) Forwarding Element Model", RFC
5812, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5812>.
[RFC7121] Ogawa, K., Wang, W., Haleplidis, E., and J. Hadi Salim,
"High Availability within a Forwarding and Control Element
Separation (ForCES) Network Element", RFC 7121, February
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7121>.
[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, May 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.
6.2. Informative References
[OpenFlowSpec1.1]
ONF, "OpenFlow Switch Specification", February 2011,
<https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/
sdn-resources/onf-specifications/openflow/
openflow-spec-v1.1.0.pdf>.
Haleplidis Standards Track [Page 30]
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge Joel Halpern, Jamal Hadi Salim,
and Dave Hood for their comments and discussion that helped shape
this document for the better. Special acknowledgements to Joel
Halpern for resolving the issue with the default values, Adrian
Farrel for his AD review, Ben Campbell for his Gen-ART review, and
Tom Yu for his security review, all of which improved the quality of
this document. Additionally, reviews and comments by the following
members of the IESG shaped the final version of this document:
Stephen Farrel, Barry Leiba, and Ted Lemon. Finally, the author
would like to acknowledge Julian Reschke for input regarding the
namespace change issue and Joel Halpern for helping to resolve it.
Author's Address
Evangelos Haleplidis
University of Patras
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Patras 26500
Greece
EMail: ehalep@ece.upatras.gr
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