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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Maenpaa
Request for Comments: 7374 G. Camarillo
Category: Standards Track Ericsson
ISSN: 2070-1721 October 2014
Service Discovery Usage for REsource LOcation And Discovery (RELOAD)
Abstract
REsource LOcation And Discovery (RELOAD) does not define a generic
service discovery mechanism as a part of the base protocol (RFC
6940). This document defines how the Recursive Distributed
Rendezvous (ReDiR) service discovery mechanism can be applied to
RELOAD overlays to provide a generic service discovery mechanism.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7374.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Maenpaa & Camarillo Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Introduction to ReDiR ...........................................5
4. Using ReDiR in a RELOAD Overlay Instance ........................8
4.1. Data Structure .............................................8
4.2. Selecting the Starting Level ...............................9
4.3. Service Provider Registration ..............................9
4.4. Refreshing Registrations ..................................10
4.5. Service Lookups ...........................................11
4.6. Removing Registrations ....................................13
5. Access Control Rules ...........................................13
6. REDIR Kind Definition ..........................................13
7. Examples .......................................................14
7.1. Service Registration ......................................14
7.2. Service Lookup ............................................16
8. Overlay Configuration Document Extension .......................16
9. Security Considerations ........................................17
10. IANA Considerations ...........................................17
10.1. Access Control Policies ..................................17
10.2. A New IETF XML Registry ..................................17
10.3. Data Kind-ID .............................................18
10.4. RELOAD Services Registry .................................18
11. References ....................................................19
11.1. Normative References .....................................19
11.2. Informative Reference ....................................19
Acknowledgments ...................................................19
Authors' Addresses ................................................20
Maenpaa & Camarillo Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
1. Introduction
REsource LOcation And Discovery (RELOAD) [RFC6940] is a peer-to-peer
signaling protocol that can be used to maintain an overlay network
and to store data in and retrieve data from the overlay. Although
RELOAD defines a service discovery mechanism specific to Traversal
Using Relays around Network Address Translation (TURN), it does not
define a generic service discovery mechanism as a part of the base
protocol. This document defines how the Recursive Distributed
Rendezvous (ReDiR) service discovery mechanism specified in [Redir]
can be applied to RELOAD overlays.
In a peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay network such as a RELOAD Overlay
Instance, the peers forming the overlay share their resources in
order to provide the service the system has been designed to provide.
The peers in the overlay both provide services to other peers and
request services from other peers. Examples of possible services
peers in a RELOAD Overlay Instance can offer to each other include a
TURN relay service, a voice mail service, a gateway location service,
and a transcoding service. Typically, only a small subset of the
peers participating in the system are providers of a given service.
A peer that wishes to use a particular service faces the problem of
finding peers that are providing that service from the Overlay
Instance.
A naive way to perform service discovery is to store the Node-IDs of
all nodes providing a particular service under a well-known key k.
The limitation of this approach is that it scales linearly with the
number of nodes that provide the service. The problem is two-fold:
the node n that is responsible for service s identified by key k may
end up storing a large number of Node-IDs and, most importantly, may
also become overloaded since all service lookup requests for service
s will need to be answered by node n. An efficient service discovery
mechanism does not overload the nodes storing pointers to service
providers. In addition, the mechanism must ensure that the load
associated with providing a given service is distributed evenly among
the nodes providing the service.
It should be noted that a simple service discovery mechanism such as
the one mentioned in the previous paragraph might be an appropriate
solution in a very small overlay network consisting of perhaps tens
of nodes. The ReDiR-based service discovery mechanism described in
this document is suitable for use even in overlay networks where the
number of end users that may make service discovery requests can be
very high (e.g., tens of thousands of nodes or even higher) and where
a large fraction of the peers (e.g., on the order of one out of ten
or more) can offer the service.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
ReDiR implements service discovery by building a tree structure of
the service providers that provide a particular service. The tree
structure is stored into the RELOAD Overlay Instance using RELOAD
Store and Fetch requests. Each service provided in the Overlay
Instance has its own tree. The nodes in a ReDiR tree contain
pointers to service providers. During service discovery, a peer
wishing to use a given service fetches ReDiR tree nodes one-by-one
from the RELOAD Overlay Instance until it finds a service provider
responsible for its Node-ID. It has been proved that ReDiR can find
a service provider using only a constant number of Fetch operations
[Redir].
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
DHT: Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) are a class of decentralized
distributed systems that provide a lookup service similar to a
regular hash table. Given a key, any peer participating in the
system can retrieve the value associated with that key. The
responsibility for maintaining the mapping from keys to values is
distributed among the peers.
H(x): Refers to a hash function (e.g., SHA-1 [RFC3174]) calculated
over the value x.
H(x,y,z): Refers to a hash function calculated over a concatenated
string consisting of x, y, and z, where x, y, and z can be both
strings and integers. The network byte order is used.
I(lvl,k): An interval at level lvl in the ReDiR tree that encloses
key k. As an example, I(5,10) refers to an interval at level 5 in
the ReDiR tree within whose range key 10 falls.
n.id: Refers to the RELOAD Node-ID of node n.
Namespace: An arbitrary identifier that identifies a service
provided in the RELOAD Overlay Instance. Examples of potential
namespaces include 'voice-mail' and 'turn-server'. The namespace
is a UTF-8-encoded [RFC3629] text string.
numBitsInNodeId: Refers to the number of bits in a RELOAD Node-ID.
This value is used in the equations for calculating the ranges of
intervals that ReDiR tree nodes are responsible for.
Maenpaa & Camarillo Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
ReDiR tree: A tree structure of the nodes that provide a particular
service. The nodes embed the ReDiR tree into the RELOAD Overlay
Instance using RELOAD Store and Fetch requests. Each tree node in
the ReDiR tree belongs to some level in the tree. The root node
of the ReDiR tree is located at level 0 of the ReDiR tree. The
child nodes of the root node are located at level 1. The children
of the tree nodes at level 1 are located at level 2, and so forth.
The ReDiR tree has a branching factor b. At every level lvl in
the ReDiR tree, there is room for a maximum of b^lvl tree nodes.
Each tree node in the ReDiR tree is uniquely identified by a pair
(lvl,j), where lvl is a level in the ReDiR tree and j is the
position of the tree node (from the left) at that level.
Successor: The successor of identifier k in namespace ns is the node
belonging to the namespace ns whose identifier most immediately
follows the identifier k.
3. Introduction to ReDiR
Recursive Distributed Rendezvous (ReDiR) [Redir] does not require new
functionality from the RELOAD base protocol [RFC6940]. This is
possible since ReDiR interacts with the RELOAD Overlay Instance by
simply storing and fetching data, that is, using RELOAD Store and
Fetch requests. ReDiR creates a tree structure of the service
providers of a particular service and stores it into the RELOAD
Overlay Instance using the Store and Fetch requests. ReDiR service
lookups require a logarithmic number of Fetch operations. Further,
if information from past service lookups is used to determine the
optimal level in the ReDiR tree from which to start new service
lookups, an average service lookup can typically finish after a
constant number of Fetch operations, assuming that Node-IDs are
distributed uniformly at random.
In ReDiR, each service provided in the overlay is identified by an
identifier, called the namespace. All service providers of a given
service store their information under the namespace of that service.
Peers wishing to use a service perform lookups within the namespace
of the service. The result of a ReDiR lookup for an identifier k in
namespace ns is a RedirServiceProvider structure (see Section 4.1) of
a service provider that belongs to ns and whose Node-ID is the
closest successor of identifier k in the namespace.
Each tree node in the ReDiR tree contains a dictionary of
RedirServiceProvider entries of peers providing a particular service.
Each tree node in the ReDiR tree also belongs to some level in the
tree. The root node of the ReDiR tree is located at level 0. The
child nodes of the root node are located at level 1 of the ReDiR
tree. The children of the tree nodes at level 1 are located at
Maenpaa & Camarillo Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
level 2, and so forth. The ReDiR tree has a branching factor, whose
value is determined by a new element in the RELOAD overlay
configuration document, called branching-factor. The RELOAD overlay
configuration document is defined in the RELOAD base protocol
[RFC6940]. At every level lvl in the ReDiR tree, there is room for a
maximum of branching-factor^lvl tree nodes. As an example, in a tree
whose branching-factor is 2, the second level can contain up to four
tree nodes (note that a given level may contain less than the maximum
number of tree nodes since empty tree nodes are not stored). Each
tree node in the ReDiR tree is uniquely identified by a pair (lvl,j),
where lvl is a level in the ReDiR tree and j is the position of the
tree node (from the left) at that level. As an example, the pair
(2,3) identifies the third tree node from the left at level 2.
The ReDiR tree is stored into the RELOAD Overlay Instance tree node
by tree node, by storing the values of tree node (level,j) under a
key created by taking a hash over the concatenation of the namespace,
level, and j, that is, as H(namespace,level,j). As an example, the
root of the tree for a voice mail service is stored at H("voice-
mail",0,0). Each node (level,j) in the ReDiR tree contains b
intervals of the DHT's identifier space as follows:
[2^numBitsInNodeId*b^(-level)*(j+(b'/b)),
2^numBitsInNodeId*b^(-level)*(j+((b'+1)/b))), for 0<=b'<b,
where b is the branching-factor and b' refers to the number of an
interval within the ReDiR tree node j.
Figure 1 shows an example of a ReDiR tree whose branching factor
is 2. In the figure, the size of the identifier space of the overlay
is 16. Each tree node in the ReDiR tree is shown as two horizontal
lines separated by a vertical bar ('|') in the middle. The
horizontal lines represent the two intervals each node is responsible
for. At level 0, there is only one node, (0,0), responsible for two
intervals that together cover the entire identifier space of the
RELOAD Overlay Instance. At level 1, there are two nodes, (1,0) and
(1,1), each of which is responsible for half of the identifier space
of the RELOAD Overlay Instance. At level 2, there are four nodes.
Each of them owns one fourth of the identifier space. At level 3,
there are eight nodes, each of which is responsible for one eighth of
the identifier space.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
Level 0 __________________|__________________
| |
Level 1 ________|________ ________|________
| | | |
Level 2 ___|___ ___|___ ___|___ ___|___
| | | | | | | |
Level 3 _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_
Figure 1: ReDiR Tree
Figure 2 illustrates how tree nodes are numbered in the ReDiR tree at
levels 0-2.
Level 0 ________________(0,0)________________
| |
Level 1 ______(1,0)______ ______(1,1)______
| | | |
Level 2 _(2,0)_ _(2,1)_ _(2,2)_ _(2,3)_
| | | | | | | |
Level 3 _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_
Figure 2: ReDiR Tree Nodes
Figure 3 illustrates how intervals are assigned to tree nodes in the
ReDiR tree at levels 0 and 1. As an example, the single tree node
(0,0) at level 0 is divided into two intervals, each of which covers
half of the identifier space of the overlay. These two intervals are
[0,7] and [8,15].
Level 0 ______[0,7]_______|_______[8,15]_____
| |
Level 1 _[0,3]__|__[4,7]_ _[8,11]_|_[12,15]
| | | |
Level 2 ___|___ ___|___ ___|___ ___|___
| | | | | | | |
Level 3 _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_
Figure 3: Intervals in ReDiR Tree
Note that all of the examples above are simplified. In a real ReDiR
tree, the default ReDiR branching factor is 10, meaning that each
tree node is split into 10 intervals and that each tree node has 10
children. In such a tree, level 1 contains 10 nodes and 100
intervals. Level 2 contains 100 nodes and 1000 intervals, level 3
1000 nodes and 10000 intervals, etc. Further, the size of the
identifier space of a real RELOAD Overlay Instance is at the minimum
2^128.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
4. Using ReDiR in a RELOAD Overlay Instance
4.1. Data Structure
ReDiR tree nodes are stored using the dictionary data model defined
in the RELOAD base protocol [RFC6940]. The data stored is a
RedirServiceProvider Resource Record:
enum { none(0), (255) }
RedirServiceProviderExtType;
struct {
RedirServiceProviderExtType type;
Destination destination_list<0..2^16-1>;
opaque namespace<0..2^16-1>;
uint16 level;
uint16 node;
uint16 length;
select (type) {
/* This type may be extended */
} extension;
} RedirServiceProvider;
The contents of the RedirServiceProvider Resource Record are as
follows:
type
The type of an extension to the RedirServiceProvider Resource
Record. Unknown types are allowed.
destination_list
A list of IDs through which a message is to be routed to reach the
service provider. The destination list consists of a sequence of
Destination values. The contents of the Destination structure are
as defined in the RELOAD base protocol [RFC6940].
namespace
An opaque UTF-8-encoded string containing the namespace.
level
The level in the ReDiR tree.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
node
The position of the node storing this RedirServiceProvider record
at the current level in the ReDiR tree.
length
The length of the rest of the Resource Record.
extension
An extension value. The RedirServiceProvider Resource Record can
be extended to include, for instance, information specific to the
service or service provider.
4.2. Selecting the Starting Level
Before registering as a service provider or performing a service
lookup, a peer needs to determine the starting level Lstart for the
registration or lookup operation in the ReDiR tree. It is
RECOMMENDED that Lstart is set to 2. This recommendation is based on
the findings in [Redir], which indicate that this starting level
results in good performance. In subsequent registrations, Lstart
MAY, as an optimization, be set to the lowest level at which a
registration operation has last completed.
In the case of subsequent service lookups, nodes MAY, as an
optimization, record the levels at which the last 16 service lookups
completed and take Lstart to be the mode of those depths (mode, in
statistics, is the value that appears most often in a set of data).
4.3. Service Provider Registration
A node MUST use the following procedure to register as a service
provider in the RELOAD Overlay Instance:
1. A node n with Node-ID n.id wishing to register as a service
provider starts from a starting level Lstart (see Section 4.2 for
the details on selecting the starting level). Therefore, node n
sets the current level to level=Lstart.
2. Node n MUST send a RELOAD Fetch request to fetch the contents of
the tree node responsible for I(level,n.id). An interval I(l,k)
is the interval at level l in the ReDiR tree that includes key k.
The fetch MUST be a wildcard fetch.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
3. Node n MUST send a RELOAD Store request to add its
RedirServiceProvider entry to the dictionary stored in the tree
node responsible for I(level,n.id). Note that node n always
stores its RedirServiceProvider entry, regardless of the contents
of the dictionary.
4. If node n's Node-ID (n.id) is the lowest or highest Node-ID
stored in the tree node responsible for I(Lstart,n.id), node n
MUST reduce the current level by one (i.e., set level=level-1)
and continue up the ReDiR tree towards the root level (level 0),
repeating steps 2 and 3 above. Node n MUST continue in this way
until it reaches either the root of the tree or a level at which
n.id is not the lowest or highest Node-ID in the interval
I(level,n.id).
5. Node n MUST also perform a downward walk in the ReDiR tree,
during which it goes through the tree nodes responsible for
intervals I(Lstart,n.id), I(Lstart+1,n.id), I(Lstart+2,n.id),
etc. At each step, node n MUST fetch the responsible tree node
and store its RedirServiceProvider record in that tree node if
n.id is the lowest or highest Node-ID in its interval. Node n
MUST end this downward walk as soon as it reaches a level l at
which it is the only service provider in its interval I(l,n.id).
Note that above, when we refer to 'the tree node responsible for
I(l,k)', we mean the entire tree node (that is, all the intervals
within the tree node) responsible for interval I(l,k). In contrast,
I(l,k) refers to a specific interval within a tree node.
4.4. Refreshing Registrations
All state in the ReDiR tree is soft. Therefore, a service provider
needs to periodically repeat the registration process to refresh its
RedirServiceProvider Resource Record. If a record expires, it MUST
be dropped from the dictionary by the peer storing the tree node.
Deciding an appropriate lifetime for the RedirServiceProvider
Resource Records is up to each service provider. However, a default
value of 10 minutes is RECOMMENDED as this is a good trade-off
between keeping the amount of ReDiR traffic in the overlay at a
reasonable level and ensuring that stale information is removed
quickly enough. Every service provider MUST repeat the entire
registration process periodically until it leaves the RELOAD Overlay
Instance. The service provider SHOULD initiate each refresh process
slightly earlier (e.g., when 90% of the refresh interval has passed)
than the expiry time of the Resource Record.
Maenpaa & Camarillo Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
Note that no new mechanisms are needed to keep track of the remaining
lifetime of RedirServiceProvider records. The 'storage_time' and
'lifetime' fields of RELOAD's StoredData structure can be used for
this purpose in the usual way.
4.5. Service Lookups
The purpose of a service lookup for identifier k in namespace ns is
to find the node that is a part of ns and whose identifier most
immediately follows (i.e., is the closest successor of) the
identifier k.
A service lookup operation resembles the service registration
operation described in Section 4.3. Service lookups start from a
given starting level level=Lstart in the ReDiR tree (see Section 4.2
for the details on selecting the starting level). At each step, a
node n wishing to discover a service provider MUST fetch the tree
node responsible for the interval I(level,n.id) that encloses the
search key n.id at the current level using a RELOAD Fetch request.
Having fetched the tree node, node n MUST determine the next action
to carry out as follows:
Condition 1
If there is no successor of node n present in the just-fetched
ReDiR tree node (note: within the entire tree node and not only
within the current interval) responsible for I(level,n.id), then
the successor of node n must be present in a larger segment of the
identifier space (i.e., further up in the ReDiR tree where each
interval and tree node covers a larger range of the identifier
space). Therefore, node n MUST reduce the current level by one to
level=level-1 and carry out a new Fetch operation for the tree
node responsible for n.id at that level. The fetched tree node is
then analyzed and the next action determined by checking
Conditions 1-3.
Condition 2
If n.id is neither the lowest nor the highest Node-ID within the
interval (note: within the interval, not within the entire tree
node) I(level,n.id), n MUST next check the tree node responsible
for n.id at the next level down the tree. Thus, node n MUST
increase the level by one to level=level+1 and carry out a new
Fetch operation at that level. The fetched tree node is then
analyzed and the next action determined by checking the conditions
listed here, starting at Condition 1.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
Condition 3
If neither of the conditions above holds, meaning that there is a
successor s of n.id present in the just-fetched ReDiR tree node
and n.id is the highest or lowest Node-ID in its interval, the
service lookup has finished successfully, and s must be the
closest successor of n.id in the ReDiR tree.
Note that above, when we refer to 'the tree node responsible for
interval I(l,k)', we mean the entire tree node (that is, all the
intervals within the tree node) responsible for interval I(l,k). In
contrast, I(l,k) refers to a specific interval within a tree node.
Note also that there may be some cases in which no successor can be
found from the ReDiR tree. An example is a situation in which all of
the service providers stored in the ReDiR tree have a Node-ID smaller
than identifier k. In this case, the upward walk of the service
lookup will reach the root of the tree without encountering a
successor. An appropriate strategy in this case is to pick one of
the RedirServiceProvider entries stored in the dictionary of the root
node at random.
Since RedirServiceProvider records are expiring and registrations are
being refreshed periodically, there can be certain rare situations in
which a service lookup may fail even if there is a valid successor
present in the ReDiR tree. An example is a case in which a ReDiR
tree node is fetched just after a RedirServiceProvider entry of the
only successor of k present in the tree node has expired and just
before a Store request that has been sent to refresh the entry
reaches the peer storing the tree node. In this rather unlikely
scenario, the successor that should have been present in the tree
node is temporarily missing. Thus, the service lookup will fail and
needs to be carried out again.
To recover from the kinds of situations described above, a ReDiR
implementation MAY choose to use the optimization described next.
The ReDiR implementation MAY implement a local temporary cache that
is maintained for the duration of a service lookup operation in a
RELOAD node. The temporary cache is used to store all
RedirServiceProvider entries that have been fetched during the upward
and downward walks of a service lookup operation. Should it happen
that a service lookup operation fails due to the downward walk
reaching a level that does not contain a successor, the cache is
searched for successors of the search key. If there are successors
present in the cache, the closest one of them is selected as the
service provider.
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
4.6. Removing Registrations
Before leaving the RELOAD Overlay Instance, a service provider SHOULD
remove the RedirServiceProvider records it has stored by storing
exists=False values in their place, as described in [RFC6940].
5. Access Control Rules
As specified in the RELOAD base protocol [RFC6940], every Kind that
is storable in an overlay must be associated with an access control
policy. This policy defines whether a request from a given node to
operate on a given value should succeed or fail. Usages can define
any access control rules they choose, including publicly writable
values.
ReDiR requires an access control policy that allows multiple nodes in
the overlay read and write access to the ReDiR tree nodes stored in
the overlay. Therefore, none of the access control policies
specified in the RELOAD base protocol [RFC6940] is sufficient.
This document defines a new access control policy, called NODE-ID-
MATCH. In this policy, a given value MUST be written and overwritten
only if the request is signed with a key associated with a
certificate whose Node-ID is equal to the dictionary key. In
addition, provided that exists=True, the Node-ID MUST belong to one
of the intervals associated with the tree node (the number of
intervals each tree node has is determined by the branching-factor
parameter). Finally, provided that exists=True,
H(namespace,level,node), where namespace, level, and node are taken
from the RedirServiceProvider structure being stored, MUST be equal
to the Resource-ID for the resource. The NODE-ID-MATCH policy may
only be used with dictionary types.
6. REDIR Kind Definition
This section defines the REDIR Kind.
Name
REDIR
Kind-ID
The Resource Name for the REDIR Kind-ID is created by
concatenating three pieces of information: namespace, level, and
node number. Namespace is an opaque UTF-8-encoded string
identifying a service, such as 'turn-server'. Level is an integer
specifying a level in the ReDiR tree. Node number is an integer
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RFC 7374 Service Discovery Usage for RELOAD October 2014
identifying a ReDiR tree node at a specific level. The data
stored is a RedirServiceProvider structure, as defined in
Section 4.1.
Data Model
The data model for the REDIR Kind-ID is dictionary. The
dictionary key is the Node-ID of the service provider.
Access Control
The access control policy for the REDIR Kind is the NODE-ID-MATCH
policy that was defined in Section 5.
7. Examples
7.1. Service Registration
Figure 4 shows an example of a ReDiR tree containing information
about four different service providers whose Node-IDs are 2, 3, 4,
and 7. In the example, numBitsInNodeId=4. Initially, the ReDiR tree
is empty; Figure 4 shows the state of the tree at the point when all
the service providers have registered.
Level 0 ____2_3___4_____7_|__________________
| |
Level 1 ____2_3_|_4_____7 ________|________
| | | |
Level 2 ___|2_3 4__|__7 ___|___ ___|___
| | | | | | | |
Level 3 _|_ _|3 _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_
Figure 4: Example of a ReDiR Tree
First, peer 2 whose Node-ID is 2 joins the namespace. Since this is
the first registration peer 2 performs, peer 2 sets the starting
level Lstart to 2, as was described in Section 4.2. Also, all other
peers in this example will start from level 2. First, peer 2 fetches
the contents of the tree node associated with interval I(2,2) from
the RELOAD Overlay Instance. This tree node is the first tree node
from the left at level 2 since key 2 is associated with the second
interval of the first tree node. Peer 2 also stores its
RedirServiceProvider record in that tree node. Since peer 2's Node-
ID is the only Node-ID stored in the tree node (i.e., peer 2's Node-
ID fulfills the condition in Section 4.3 that it be the numerically
lowest or highest among the keys stored in the node), peer 2
continues up the tree. In fact, peer 2 continues up in the tree all
the way to the root inserting its own Node-ID in all levels since the
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tree is empty (which means that peer 2's Node-ID always fulfills the
condition that it be the numerically lowest or highest Node-ID in the
interval I(level, 2) during the upward walk). As described in
Section 4.3, peer 2 also walks down the tree. The downward walk peer
2 does ends at level 2 since peer 2 is the only node in its interval
at that level.
The next peer to join the namespace is peer 3, whose Node-ID is 3.
Peer 3 starts from level 2. At that level, peer 3 stores its
RedirServiceProvider entry in the same interval I(2,3) that already
contains the RedirServiceProvider entry of peer 2. Interval I(2,3),
that is, the interval at level 2 enclosing key 3, is associated with
the right-hand-side interval of the first tree node. Since peer 3
has the numerically highest Node-ID in the tree node associated with
I(2,3), peer 3 continues up the tree. Peer 3 also stores its
RedirServiceProvider record at levels 1 and 0 since its Node-ID is
numerically highest among the Node-IDs stored in the intervals to
which its own Node-ID belongs. Peer 3 also does a downward walk that
starts from level 2 (i.e., the starting level). Since peer 3 is not
the only node in interval I(2,3), it continues down the tree to level
3. The downward walk ends at this level since peer 3 is the only
service provider in the interval I(3,3).
The third peer to join the namespace is peer 7, whose Node-ID is 7.
Like the two earlier peers, peer 7 also starts from level 2 because
this is the first registration it performs. Peer 7 stores its
RedirServiceProvider record at level 2. At level 1, peer 7 has the
numerically highest (and lowest) Node-ID in its interval I(1,7)
(because it is the only node in interval I(1,7); peers 2 and 3 are
stored in the same tree node but in a different interval), and
therefore, it stores its Node-ID in the tree node associated with
that interval. Peer 7 also has the numerically highest Node-ID in
the interval I(0,7) associated with its Node-ID at level 0. Finally,
peer 7 performs a downward walk, which ends at level 2 because peer 7
is the only node in its interval at that level.
The final peer to join the ReDiR tree is peer 4, whose Node-ID is 4.
Peer 4 starts by storing its RedirServiceProvider record at level 2.
Since it has the numerically lowest Node-ID in the tree node
associated with interval I(2,4), it continues up in the tree to level
1. At level 1, peer 4 stores its record in the tree node associated
with interval I(1,4) because it has the numerically lowest Node-ID in
that interval. Next, peer 4 continues to the root level, at which it
stores its RedirServiceProvider record and finishes the upward walk
since the root level was reached. Peer 4 also does a downward walk
starting from level 2. The downward walk stops at level 2 because
peer 4 is the only peer in the interval I(2,4).
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7.2. Service Lookup
This subsection gives an example of peer 5 whose Node-ID is 5
performing a service lookup operation in the ReDiR tree shown in
Figure 4. This is the first service lookup peer 5 carries out, and
thus, the service lookup starts from the default starting level 2.
As the first action, peer 5 fetches the tree node corresponding to
the interval I(2,5) from the starting level. This interval maps to
the second tree node from the left at level 2 since that tree node is
responsible for the interval (third interval from left) to which
Node-ID 5 falls at level 2. Having fetched the tree node, peer 5
checks its contents. First, there is a successor, peer 7, present in
the tree node. Therefore, Condition 1 of Section 4.5 is false, and
there is no need to perform an upward walk. Second, Node-ID 5 is the
highest Node-ID in its interval, so Condition 2 of Section 4.5 is
also false, and there is no need to perform a downward walk. Thus,
the service lookup finishes at level 2 since Node-ID 7 is the closest
successor of peer 5.
Note that the service lookup procedure would be slightly different if
peer 5 used level 3 as the starting level. Peer 5 might use this
starting level, for instance, if it has already carried out service
lookups in the past and follows the heuristic in Section 4.2 to
select the starting level. In this case, peer 5's first action is to
fetch the tree node at level 3 that is responsible for I(3,5). Thus,
peer 5 fetches the third tree node from the left. Since this tree
node is empty, peer 5 decreases the current level by one to 2 and
thus continues up in the tree. The next action peer 5 performs is
identical to the single action in the previous example of fetching
the node associated with I(2,5) from level 2. Thus, the service
lookup finishes at level 2.
8. Overlay Configuration Document Extension
This document extends the RELOAD overlay configuration document
defined in the RELOAD base protocol specification [RFC6940] by adding
a new element, "branching-factor", inside the new "REDIR" kind
element:
redir:branching-factor: The branching factor of the ReDiR tree. The
default value is 10.
The RELAX NG grammar for this element is:
namespace redir = "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:p2p:redir"
parameter &= element redir:branching-factor { xsd:unsignedInt }?
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The 'redir' namespace is added into the <mandatory-extension> element
in the overlay configuration file.
9. Security Considerations
This document defines a new access control policy called NODE-ID-
MATCH (see Section 5) whose purpose is to control which nodes in the
overlay are allowed read and write access to the ReDiR tree nodes.
The NODE-ID-MATCH access control policy ensures that the only node in
the overlay that can store a pointer to a specific service provider
in the ReDiR tree is the service provider itself. This prevents
attacks where a malicious node inserts pointers to other nodes in the
ReDiR tree. Further, the NODE-ID-MATCH access control policy ensures
that a node can only store information in locations in the ReDiR tree
where it is entitled to do so. In other words, a node can only store
one RedirServiceProvider record at any given level in the ReDiR tree.
This prevents an attack where a malicious node is trying to insert a
high number of pointers to the ReDiR tree.
When it comes to attacks such as a malicious node refusing to store a
value or denying knowledge of a value it has previously accepted,
such security concerns are already discussed in the RELOAD base
specification [RFC6940].
10. IANA Considerations
10.1. Access Control Policies
This document adds a new access control policy to the "RELOAD Access
Control Policies" registry:
NODE-ID-MATCH
This access control policy was described in Section 5.
10.2. A New IETF XML Registry
This document registers one new URI for the 'redir' namespace in the
"IETF XML Registry" defined in [RFC3688].
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:p2p:redir
Registrant Contact: The IESG
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace
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10.3. Data Kind-ID
This document adds one new data Kind-ID to the "RELOAD Data Kind-ID"
registry:
+--------------+------------+-----------+
| Kind | Kind-ID | RFC |
+--------------+------------+-----------+
| REDIR | 0x104 | [RFC7374] |
+--------------+------------+-----------+
This Kind-ID was defined in Section 6.
10.4. RELOAD Services Registry
IANA has created a new registry for ReDiR namespaces:
Registry Name: RELOAD Services Registry
Reference: [RFC7374]
Registration Procedure: Specification Required
Entries in this registry are strings denoting ReDiR namespace values.
The initial contents of this registry are:
+----------------+-----------+
| Namespace | RFC |
+----------------+-----------+
| turn-server | [RFC7374] |
+----------------+-----------+
| voice-mail | [RFC7374] |
+----------------+-----------+
The namespace 'turn-server' is used by nodes that wish to register as
providers of a TURN relay service in the RELOAD overlay and by nodes
that wish to discover providers of a TURN relay service from the
RELOAD overlay. In the TURN server discovery use case, the ReDiR-
based service discovery and registration mechanism specified in this
document can be used as an alternative to the TURN server discovery
mechanism specified in the RELOAD base specification [RFC6940]. The
namespace 'voice-mail' is intended for a voice mail service
implemented on top of a RELOAD overlay.
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11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3174] Eastlake, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1
(SHA1)", RFC 3174, September 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3174>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
January 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC6940] Jennings, C., Lowekamp, B., Rescorla, E., Baset, S., and
H. Schulzrinne, "REsource LOcation And Discovery (RELOAD)
Base Protocol", RFC 6940, January 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6940>.
11.2. Informative Reference
[Redir] Rhea, S., Godfrey, B., Karp, B., Kubiatowicz, J.,
Ratnasamy, S., Shenker, S., Stoica, I., and H. Yu,
"OpenDHT: A Public DHT Service and Its Uses", October
2005.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Marc Petit-Huguenin, Joscha
Schneider, Carlos Bernardos, Spencer Dawkins, Barry Leiba, Adrian
Farrel, Alexey Melnikov, Ted Lemon, and Stephen Farrell for their
comments on the document.
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Authors' Addresses
Jouni Maenpaa
Ericsson
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas 02420
Finland
EMail: Jouni.Maenpaa@ericsson.com
Gonzalo Camarillo
Ericsson
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas 02420
Finland
EMail: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com
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