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Keywords: [--------], EPP, Extensible Provisioning Protocol, XML, TCP, TLS
Network Working Group S. Hollenbeck
Request for Comments: 5734 VeriSign, Inc.
STD: 69 August 2009
Obsoletes: 4934
Category: Standards Track
Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) Transport over TCP
Abstract
This document describes how an Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)
session is mapped onto a single Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
connection. This mapping requires use of the Transport Layer
Security (TLS) protocol to protect information exchanged between an
EPP client and an EPP server. This document obsoletes RFC 4934.
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of
publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document.
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................2
2. Session Management ..............................................2
3. Message Exchange ................................................3
4. Data Unit Format ................................................6
5. Transport Considerations ........................................6
6. Internationalization Considerations .............................7
7. IANA Considerations .............................................7
8. Security Considerations .........................................7
9. TLS Usage Profile ...............................................8
10. Acknowledgements ..............................................11
11. References ....................................................11
11.1. Normative References .....................................11
11.2. Informative References ...................................12
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4934 ................................13
1. Introduction
This document describes how the Extensible Provisioning Protocol
(EPP) is mapped onto a single client-server TCP connection. Security
services beyond those defined in EPP are provided by the Transport
Layer Security (TLS) Protocol [RFC2246]. EPP is described in
[RFC5730]. TCP is described in [RFC0793]. This document obsoletes
RFC 4934 [RFC4934].
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Session Management
Mapping EPP session management facilities onto the TCP service is
straightforward. An EPP session first requires creation of a TCP
connection between two peers, one that initiates the connection
request and one that responds to the connection request. The
initiating peer is called the "client", and the responding peer is
called the "server". An EPP server MUST listen for TCP connection
requests on a standard TCP port assigned by IANA.
The client MUST issue an active OPEN call, specifying the TCP port
number on which the server is listening for EPP connection attempts.
The EPP server MUST return an EPP <greeting> to the client after the
TCP session has been established.
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
An EPP session is normally ended by the client issuing an EPP
<logout> command. A server receiving an EPP <logout> command MUST
end the EPP session and close the TCP connection with a CLOSE call.
A client MAY end an EPP session by issuing a CLOSE call.
A server MAY limit the life span of an established TCP connection.
EPP sessions that are inactive for more than a server-defined period
MAY be ended by a server issuing a CLOSE call. A server MAY also
close TCP connections that have been open and active for longer than
a server-defined period.
3. Message Exchange
With the exception of the EPP server greeting, EPP messages are
initiated by the EPP client in the form of EPP commands. An EPP
server MUST return an EPP response to an EPP command on the same TCP
connection that carried the command. If the TCP connection is closed
after a server receives and successfully processes a command but
before the response can be returned to the client, the server MAY
attempt to undo the effects of the command to ensure a consistent
state between the client and the server. EPP commands are
idempotent, so processing a command more than once produces the same
net effect on the repository as successfully processing the command
once.
An EPP client streams EPP commands to an EPP server on an established
TCP connection. A client MUST NOT distribute commands from a single
EPP session over multiple TCP connections. A client MAY establish
multiple TCP connections to support multiple EPP sessions with each
session mapped to a single connection. A server SHOULD limit a
client to a maximum number of TCP connections based on server
capabilities and operational load.
EPP describes client-server interaction as a command-response
exchange where the client sends one command to the server and the
server returns one response to the client. A client might be able to
realize a slight performance gain by pipelining (sending more than
one command before a response for the first command is received)
commands with TCP transport, but this feature does not change the
basic single command, single response operating mode of the core
protocol.
Each EPP data unit MUST contain a single EPP message. Commands MUST
be processed independently and in the same order as sent from the
client.
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
A server SHOULD impose a limit on the amount of time required for a
client to issue a well-formed EPP command. A server SHOULD end an
EPP session and close an open TCP connection if a well-formed command
is not received within the time limit.
A general state machine for an EPP server is described in Section 2
of [RFC5730]. General client-server message exchange using TCP
transport is illustrated in Figure 1.
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
Client Server
| |
| Connect |
| >>------------------------------->> |
| |
| Send Greeting |
| <<-------------------------------<< |
| |
| Send <login> |
| >>------------------------------->> |
| |
| Send Response |
| <<-------------------------------<< |
| |
| Send Command |
| >>------------------------------->> |
| |
| Send Response |
| <<-------------------------------<< |
| |
| Send Command X |
| >>------------------------------->> |
| |
| Send Command Y |
| >>---------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| Send Response X |
| <<---------------(---------------<< |
| | |
| | |
| +--------------->> |
| |
| Send Response Y |
| <<-------------------------------<< |
| |
| Send <logout> |
| >>------------------------------->> |
| |
| Send Response & Disconnect |
| <<-------------------------------<< |
| |
Figure 1: TCP Client-Server Message Exchange
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
4. Data Unit Format
The EPP data unit contains two fields: a 32-bit header that describes
the total length of the data unit, and the EPP XML instance. The
length of the EPP XML instance is determined by subtracting four
octets from the total length of the data unit. A receiver must
successfully read that many octets to retrieve the complete EPP XML
instance before processing the EPP message.
EPP Data Unit Format (one tick mark represents one bit position):
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Total Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| EPP XML Instance |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+//-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Total Length (32 bits): The total length of the EPP data unit
measured in octets in network (big endian) byte order. The octets
contained in this field MUST be included in the total length
calculation.
EPP XML Instance (variable length): The EPP XML instance carried in
the data unit.
5. Transport Considerations
Section 2.1 of the EPP core protocol specification [RFC5730]
describes considerations to be addressed by protocol transport
mappings. This document addresses each of the considerations using a
combination of features described in this document and features
provided by TCP as follows:
- TCP includes features to provide reliability, flow control,
ordered delivery, and congestion control. Section 1.5 of RFC 793
[RFC0793] describes these features in detail; congestion control
principles are described further in RFC 2581 [RFC2581] and RFC
2914 [RFC2914]. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, and
Section 2 of this document describes how EPP sessions are mapped
to TCP connections.
- Sections 2 and 3 of this document describe how the stateful nature
of EPP is preserved through managed sessions and controlled
message exchanges.
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
- Section 3 of this document notes that command pipelining is
possible with TCP, though batch-oriented processing (combining
multiple EPP commands in a single data unit) is not permitted.
- Section 4 of this document describes features to frame data units
by explicitly specifying the number of octets used to represent a
data unit.
6. Internationalization Considerations
This document does not introduce or present any internationalization
or localization issues.
7. IANA Considerations
System port number 700 has been assigned by the IANA for mapping EPP
onto TCP.
User port number 3121 (which was used for development and test
purposes) has been reclaimed by the IANA.
8. Security Considerations
EPP as-is provides only simple client authentication services using
identifiers and plain text passwords. A passive attack is sufficient
to recover client identifiers and passwords, allowing trivial command
forgery. Protection against most other common attacks MUST be
provided by other layered protocols.
When layered over TCP, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
version 1.0 [RFC2246] or its successors (such as TLS 1.2 [RFC5246]),
using the latest version supported by both parties, MUST be used to
provide integrity, confidentiality, and mutual strong client-server
authentication. Implementations of TLS often contain a weak
cryptographic mode that SHOULD NOT be used to protect EPP. Clients
and servers desiring high security SHOULD instead use TLS with
cryptographic algorithms that are less susceptible to compromise.
Authentication using the TLS Handshake Protocol confirms the identity
of the client and server machines. EPP uses an additional client
identifier and password to identify and authenticate the client's
user identity to the server, supplementing the machine authentication
provided by TLS. The identity described in the client certificate
and the identity described in the EPP client identifier can differ,
as a server can assign multiple user identities for use from any
particular client machine. Acceptable certificate identities MUST be
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
negotiated between client operators and server operators using an
out-of-band mechanism. Presented certificate identities MUST match
negotiated identities before EPP service is granted.
There is a risk of login credential compromise if a client does not
properly identify a server before attempting to establish an EPP
session. Before sending login credentials to the server, a client
needs to confirm that the server certificate received in the TLS
handshake is an expected certificate for the server. A client also
needs to confirm that the greeting received from the server contains
expected identification information. After establishing a TLS
session and receiving an EPP greeting on a protected TCP connection,
clients MUST compare the certificate subject and/or subjectAltName to
expected server identification information and abort processing if a
mismatch is detected. If certificate validation is successful, the
client then needs to ensure that the information contained in the
received certificate and greeting is consistent and appropriate. As
described above, both checks typically require an out-of-band
exchange of information between client and server to identify
expected values before in-band connections are attempted.
EPP TCP servers are vulnerable to common TCP denial-of-service
attacks including TCP SYN flooding. Servers SHOULD take steps to
minimize the impact of a denial-of-service attack using combinations
of easily implemented solutions, such as deployment of firewall
technology and border router filters to restrict inbound server
access to known, trusted clients.
9. TLS Usage Profile
The client should initiate a connection to the server and then send
the TLS Client Hello to begin the TLS handshake. When the TLS
handshake has finished, the client can then send the first EPP
message.
TLS implementations are REQUIRED to support the mandatory cipher
suite specified in the implemented version:
o TLS 1.0 [RFC2246]: TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
o TLS 1.1 [RFC4346]: TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
o TLS 1.2 [RFC5246]: TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
This document is assumed to apply to future versions of TLS, in which
case the mandatory cipher suite for the implemented version MUST be
supported.
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
Mutual client and server authentication using the TLS Handshake
Protocol is REQUIRED. Signatures on the complete certification path
for both client machine and server machine MUST be validated as part
of the TLS handshake. Information included in the client and server
certificates, such as validity periods and machine names, MUST also
be validated. A complete description of the issues associated with
certification path validation can be found in RFC 5280 [RFC5280].
EPP service MUST NOT be granted until successful completion of a TLS
handshake and certificate validation, ensuring that both the client
machine and the server machine have been authenticated and
cryptographic protections are in place.
If the client has external information as to the expected identity of
the server, the server name check MAY be omitted. For instance, a
client may be connecting to a machine whose address and server name
are dynamic, but the client knows the certificate that the server
will present. In such cases, it is important to narrow the scope of
acceptable certificates as much as possible in order to prevent man-
in-the-middle attacks. In special cases, it might be appropriate for
the client to simply ignore the server's identity, but it needs to be
understood that this leaves the connection open to active attack.
During the TLS negotiation, the EPP client MUST check its
understanding of the server name / IP address against the server's
identity as presented in the server Certificate message in order to
prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. In this section, the client's
understanding of the server's identity is called the "reference
identity". Checking is performed according to the following rules in
the specified order:
o If the reference identity is a server name:
* If a subjectAltName extension of the dNSName [CCITT.X509.1988]
type is present in the server's certificate, then it SHOULD be
used as the source of the server's identity. Matching is
performed as described in Section 7.2 of [RFC5280], with the
exception that wildcard matching (see below) is allowed for
dNSName type. If the certificate contains multiple names
(e.g., more than one dNSName field), then a match with any one
of the fields is considered acceptable.
* The '*' (ASCII 42) wildcard character is allowed in
subjectAltName values of type dNSName, and then only as the
left-most (least significant) DNS label in that value. This
wildcard matches any left-most DNS label in the server name.
That is, the subject *.example.com matches the server names
a.example.com and b.example.com, but does not match example.com
or a.b.example.com.
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
* The server's identity MAY also be verified by comparing the
reference identity to the Common Name (CN) [RFC4519] value in
the leaf Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) of the subjectName
field of the server's certificate. This comparison is
performed using the rules for comparison of DNS names in bullet
1 above (including wildcard matching). Although the use of the
Common Name value is existing practice, it is deprecated, and
Certification Authorities are encouraged to provide
subjectAltName values instead. Note that the TLS
implementation may represent DNs in certificates according to
X.500 or other conventions. For example, some X.500
implementations order the RDNs in a DN using a left-to-right
(most significant to least significant) convention instead of
LDAP's right-to-left convention.
o If the reference identity is an IP address:
* The iPAddress subjectAltName SHOULD be used by the client for
comparison. In such a case, the reference identity MUST be
converted to the "network byte order" octet string
representation. For IP Version 4 (as specified in RFC 791
[RFC0791]), the octet string will contain exactly four octets.
For IP Version 6 (as specified in RFC 2460 [RFC2460]), the
octet string will contain exactly sixteen octets. This octet
string is then compared against subjectAltName values of type
iPAddress. A match occurs if the reference identity octet
string and value octet strings are identical.
If the server identity check fails, user-oriented clients SHOULD
either notify the user (clients MAY give the user the opportunity to
continue with the EPP session in this case) or close the transport
connection and indicate that the server's identity is suspect.
Automated clients SHOULD return or log an error indicating that the
server's identity is suspect and/or SHOULD close the transport
connection. Automated clients MAY provide a configuration setting
that disables this check, but MUST provide a setting which enables
it.
During the TLS negotiation, the EPP server MUST verify that the
client certificate matches the reference identity previously
negotiated out of band, as specified in Section 8. The server should
match the entire subject name or the subjectAltName as described in
RFC 5280. The server MAY enforce other restrictions on the
subjectAltName, for example if it knows that a particular client is
always connecting from a particular hostname / IP address.
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RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
All EPP messages MUST be sent as TLS "application data". It is
possible that multiple EPP messages are contained in one TLS record,
or that an EPP message is transferred in multiple TLS records.
When no data is received from a connection for a long time (where the
application decides what "long" means), a server MAY close the
connection. The server MUST attempt to initiate an exchange of
close_notify alerts with the client before closing the connection.
Servers that are unprepared to receive any more data MAY close the
connection after sending the close_notify alert, thus generating an
incomplete close on the client side.
10. Acknowledgements
RFC 3734 is a product of the PROVREG working group, which suggested
improvements and provided many invaluable comments. The author
wishes to acknowledge the efforts of WG chairs Edward Lewis and Jaap
Akkerhuis for their process and editorial contributions. RFC 4934
and this document are individual submissions, based on the work done
in RFC 3734.
Specific suggestions that have been incorporated into this document
were provided by Chris Bason, Randy Bush, Patrik Faltstrom, Ned
Freed, James Gould, Dan Manley, and John Immordino.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[CCITT.X509.1988]
International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative
Committee, "Information Technology - Open Systems
Interconnection - The Directory: Authentication
Framework", CCITT Recommendation X.509, November 1988.
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, September 1981.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC4519] Sciberras, A., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP): Schema for User Applications", RFC 4519,
June 2006.
[RFC5730] Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)",
STD 69, RFC 5730, August 2009.
11.2. Informative References
[RFC2581] Allman, M., Paxson, V., and W. Stevens, "TCP Congestion
Control", RFC 2581, April 1999.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41,
RFC 2914, September 2000.
[RFC4346] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.
[RFC4934] Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)
Transport Over TCP", RFC 4934, May 2007.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 5734 EPP TCP Transport August 2009
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4934
1. Changed "This document obsoletes RFC 3734" to "This document
obsoletes RFC 4934".
2. Replaced references to RFC 3280 with references to 5280.
3. Replaced references to RFC 3734 with references to 4934.
4. Updated references to RFC 4346 and TLS 1.1 with references to
5246 and TLS 1.2.
5. Replaced references to RFC 4930 with references to 5730.
6. Added clarifying TLS Usage Profile section and included
references.
7. Moved the paragraph that begins with "Mutual client and server
authentication" from the Security Considerations section to the
TLS Usage Profile section.
Author's Address
Scott Hollenbeck
VeriSign, Inc.
21345 Ridgetop Circle
Dulles, VA 20166-6503
US
EMail: shollenbeck@verisign.com
Hollenbeck Standards Track [Page 13]