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Middle East
Page last updated: April 24, 2024
Armenia prides itself on being the first state to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Armenia has existed as a political entity for centuries, but for much of its history it was under the sway of various empires, including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, Ottoman, and Russian. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement that, coupled with other harsh practices targeting its Armenian subjects, resulted in at least 1 million deaths; these actions have been widely recognized as constituting genocide. During the early 19th century, significant Armenian populations fell under Russian rule. Armenia declared its independence in 1918 in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, but it was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenia, along with Azerbaijan and Georgia, was initially incorporated into the USSR as part of the Transcaucasian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1936, the republic was separated into its three constituent entities, which were maintained until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
For over three decades, Armenia had a longstanding conflict with neighboring Azerbaijan about the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which historically had a mixed Armenian and Azerbaijani population, although ethnic Armenians have constituted the majority since the late 19th century. In 1921, Moscow placed Nagorno-Karabakh within Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed that sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a cease-fire took effect in 1994, separatists with Armenian support controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in a second military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020; Armenia lost control over much of the territory it had previously captured, returning the southern part of Nagorno-Karabakh and the territories around it to Azerbaijan. In September 2023, Azerbaijan took military action to regain control over Nagorno-Karabakh; after an armed conflict that lasted only one day, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled to Armenia.
Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan during the first period of conflict with Armenia and has since maintained a closed border, leaving Armenia with closed borders both in the west (with Turkey) and east (with Azerbaijan). Armenia and Turkey engaged in intensive diplomacy to normalize relations and open the border in 2009, but the signed agreement was not ratified in either country. In 2015, Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union alongside Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU.
In 2018, former President of Armenia (2008-18) Serzh SARGSIAN of the Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) tried to extend his time in power, prompting protests that became known as the “Velvet Revolution.” After SARGSIAN resigned, the National Assembly elected the leader of the protests, Civil Contract party chief Nikol PASHINYAN, as the new prime minister. PASHINYAN’s party has prevailed in subsequent legislative elections, most recently in 2021.
Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
40°00' N, 45°00' E
Asia
Total: 29,743 km²
Land: 28,203 km²
Water: 1,540 km²
Slightly smaller than Maryland
Area comparison map:
Total: 1,570 km
Border countries (4): Azerbaijan 996 km; Georgia 219 km; Iran 44 km; Turkey 311 km
0 km (landlocked)
None (landlocked)
Highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
Highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m
Lowest point: Debed River 400 m
Mean elevation: 1,792 m
Small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite
Agricultural land: 59.7% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 15.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 42% (2018 est.)
Forest: 9.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.2% (2018 est.)
1,554 km² (2020)
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Sevan - 1,360 km²
Most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country
Occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
Landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range
2,989,091 (2023 est.)
Noun: Armenian(s)
Adjective: Armenian
Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi 1.1%, other 0.8% (2022 est.)
Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurmanji (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1.1%; note - Russian is widely spoken (2011 est.)
Major-language sample(s):
Աշխարհի Փաստագիրք, Անփոխարինելի Աղբյւր Հիմնական Տեղեկատվւթյան. (Armenian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Armenian Apostolic Christian 95.2%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.9%, none 0.6%, unspecified 1.7% (2022 est.)
Armenia’s population peaked at nearly 3.7 million in the late 1980s but has declined sharply since independence in 1991, to just over 3 million in 2021, largely as a result of its decreasing fertility rate, increasing death rate, and negative net emigration rate. The total fertility rate (the average number of children born per woman) first fell below the 2.1 replacement level in the late 1990s and has hovered around 1.6-1.65 for over 15 years. In an effort to increase the country’s birth rate, the government has expanded its child benefits, including a substantial increase in the lump sum payment for having a first and second child and a boost in the monthly payment to mothers of children under two. Reversing net negative migration, however, remains the biggest obstacle to stabilizing or increasing population growth. Emigration causes Armenia not only lose individuals but also the children they might have.
The emigration of a significant number of working-age people combined with decreased fertility and increased life expectancy is causing the elderly share of Armenia’s population to grow. The growing elderly population will put increasing pressure on the government’s ability to fund the pension system, health care, and other services for seniors. Improving education, creating more jobs (particularly in the formal sector), promoting labor market participation, and increasing productivity would mitigate the financial impact of supporting a growing elderly population.
Armenia has a long history of migration, some forced and some voluntary. Its large diaspora is diverse and dispersed around the world. Widely varying estimates suggest the Armenian diaspora may number anywhere from 5-9 million, easily outnumbering the number of Armenians living in Armenia. Armenians forged communities abroad from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome to Russia and to the Americas, where they excelled as craftsmen, merchants, and in other occupations.
Several waves of Armenian migration occurred in the 20th century. In the aftermath of the 1915 Armenian genocide, hundreds of thousands of survivors fled to communities in the Caucasus (including present day Armenia), Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Europe, and Russia and established new communities in Africa and the Americas. In the 1930s, the Soviets deported thousands of Armenians to Siberia and Central Asia. After World War II, the Soviets encouraged the Armenian diaspora in France, the Middle East, and Iran to return the Armenian homeland in order to encourage population growth after significant losses in the male workforce during the war.
Following Armenian independence in 1991, the economic downturn and high unemployment prompted hundreds of thousands of Armenians to seek better economic opportunities primarily in Russia but also in the US, former Soviet states, and Europe. In the early 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Armenians fled from Azerbaijan to Armenia because of the ongoing Nagorno-Karbakh conflict, but many of them then emigrated again, mainly to Russia and the US. When the economy became more stable in the late 1990s, permanent emigration slowed, but Armenians continued to seek temporary seasonal work in Russia. The remittances families receive from relatives working abroad is vital to Armenian households and the country’s economy.
0-14 years: 17.98% (male 282,055/female 255,313)
15-64 years: 67.53% (male 999,784/female 1,018,891)
65 years and over: 14.49% (2023 est.) (male 178,824/female 254,224)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 49.6
Youth dependency ratio: 30.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 19.1
Potential support ratio: 5.2 (2021 est.)
Total: 38.3 years (2023 est.)
Male: 36.9 years
Female: 39.8 years
-0.4% (2023 est.)
10.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
-5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country
Urban population: 63.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
1.095 million YEREVAN (capital) (2023)
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
25.2 years (2019 est.)
27 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Total: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 10.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Total population: 76.4 years (2023 est.)
Male: 73.1 years
Female: 79.9 years
1.65 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.8 (2023 est.)
57.1% (2015/16)
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: 100% of population
Total: 100% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
12.2% of GDP (2020)
4.4 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: 84.6% of population
Total: 94.4% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: 15.4% of population
Total: 5.6% of population (2020 est.)
20.2% (2016)
Total: 3.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Beer: 0.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 25.5% (2020 est.)
Male: 49.4% (2020 est.)
Female: 1.5% (2020 est.)
2.6% (2015/16)
64.8% (2023 est.)
Women married by age 15: 0%
Women married by age 18: 5.3%
Men married by age 18: 0.4% (2016 est.)
2.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.7% (2020)
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2021)
Soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation; pollution of Hrazdan and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone
Party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Agricultural land: 59.7% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 15.8% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 42% (2018 est.)
Forest: 9.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.2% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 63.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
0.28% of GDP (2018 est.)
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 34.13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 5.16 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.91 megatons (2020 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 492,800 tons (2014 est.)
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Sevan - 1,360 km²
Municipal: 650 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 1.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
7.77 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
Conventional short form: Armenia
Local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
Local short form: Hayastan
Former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic
Etymology: the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the country is named after Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; Hayk's descendant, Aram, purportedly is the source of the name Armenia
Parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system
Name: Yerevan
Geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: name likely derives from the ancient Urartian fortress of Erebuni established on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C. and whose impressive ruins still survive
11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan
21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 321 B.C. (Kingdom of Armenia established under the Orontid Dynasty), A.D. 884 (Armenian Kingdom reestablished under the Bagratid Dynasty); 1198 (Cilician Kingdom established); 28 May 1918 (Democratic Republic of Armenia declared)
Independence Day, 21 September (1991)
History: previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995
Amendments:
Proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2015, last in 2020; the Constitutional Reform Council formed in 2019 was dissolved in December 2021, and replaced by a new Constitutional Reform Council, whose members were officially appointed in late January 2022; the new council is expected to address the form of government, i.e. presidential or semi-presidential or parliamentary, and whether to merge the Court of Cassation with the Constitutional Court
Civil law system
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)
Head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Tigran KHACHATRYAN (since 19 December 2022); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021 in advance of the 20 June 2021 parliamentary election; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2 and 3 March 2022 (next election to be held in 2029); prime minister indirectly elected by majority vote in two rounds if needed by the National Assembly
Election results:
2022: Vahagn KHACHATURYAN elected president in second round; note - Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (independent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 71-0
2018: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN (indpendent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10
Note: Nikol PASHINYAN was first elected prime minister on 8 May 2018 and reelected on January 2019; in response to a political crisis that followed Armenia's defeat in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in late 2020, PASHINYAN called an early legislative election for 21 June 2021; his party won the election and PASHINYAN was elected prime minister for a third time; his election was confirmed by the president on 2 August 2021, and he was sworn in on 10 September 2021
Description: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, with additional seats allocated as necessary and generally changing with each parliamentary convocation; current - 107; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms; four mandates are reserved for national minorities; no more than 70% of the top membership of a party list can belong to the same sex; political parties must meet a 5% threshold and alliances a 7% threshold to win seats; at least three parties must be seated in the Parliament)
Elections: last held early on 20 June 2021 (next to be held in June 2026)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Civil Contract 53.9%, Armenia Alliance 21%, I Have Honour Alliance 5.2%, other 19.9%; seats by party/coalition - Civil Contract 71, Armenia Alliance 29, I Have Honour Alliance 7; composition as of February 2024 - men 68, women 39, percentage women 36.5%
Highest court(s): Court of Cassation or Appeals Court (consists of the Criminal Chamber with a chairman and 5 judges and the Civil and Administrative Chamber with a chairman and 10 judges – with both civil and administrative specializations); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; judges can serve until age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: criminal and civil appellate courts; administrative appellate court; first instance courts; specialized administrative and bankruptcy courts
5165 National Conservative Movement Party [Karin TONOYAN]
Alliance of Democrats [Arman BABAJANYAN]
Armenia Alliance or HD [Robert KOCHARYAN]
(formerly known as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation)
Armenian National Congress or ANC [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN] (bloc of independent and opposition parties)
Bright Armenia [Edmon MARUKYAN]
Civil Contract or KP [Nikol PASHINYAN]
Country To Live In [Mane TANDILYAN]
Homeland of Armenians [Artak GALSTYAN]
Homeland Party [Artur VANETSYAN]
I Have Honor Alliance (formerly known as the Republican Party of Armenia, [Serzh SARGSIAN]
Liberal Party [Samvel BABAYAN]
National Democratic Party [Vahe GASPARYAN]
Prosperous Armenia or BHK [Gagik TSARUKYAN]
Republic Party (Hanrapetutyun Party) [Aram SARGSYAN]
ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it
Mount Ararat, eagle, lion; national colors: red, blue, orange
Name: "Mer Hayrenik" (Our Fatherland)
Lyrics/music: Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN
Note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (3 cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales: Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin; Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley; Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin
EEU-and CIS-member state but seeking more EU and US trade; business-friendly growth environments; stable monetary regime but vulnerable demand economy; key copper and gold exporter; persistent unemployment; large diaspora and remittances
$44.646 billion (2022 est.)
$39.65 billion (2021 est.)
$37.476 billion (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2017 dollars
12.6% (2022 est.)
5.8% (2021 est.)
-7.2% (2020 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
$16,100 (2022 est.)
$14,200 (2021 est.)
$13,400 (2020 est.)
Note: data in 2017 dollars
$19.513 billion (2022 est.)
Note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
8.64% (2022 est.)
7.18% (2021 est.)
1.21% (2020 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Fitch rating: B+ (2020)
Moody's rating: Ba3 (2019)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 16.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 54.8% (2017 est.)
Comparison rankings: services 157; industry 92; agriculture 59
Household consumption: 76.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 14.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 17.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.1% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -50.4% (2017 est.)
Milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley
Brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing
9.18% (2022 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
1.368 million (2022 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
8.59% (2022 est.)
10.01% (2021 est.)
12.18% (2020 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment
Total: 36.1% (2021 est.)
Male: 34%
Female: 38.7%
26.5% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line
27.9 (2021 est.)
Note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Lowest 10%: 4%
Highest 10%: 23.6% (2021 est.)
Note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
10.43% of GDP (2022 est.)
11.22% of GDP (2021 est.)
10.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Revenues: $3.258 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $3.392 billion (2019 est.)
-4.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
60.08% of GDP (2021 est.)
63.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
50.03% of GDP (2019 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP
22% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Calendar year
$150.994 million (2022 est.)
-$482.982 million (2021 est.)
-$505.387 million (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
$10.038 billion (2022 est.)
$5.012 billion (2021 est.)
$3.818 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Russia 22%, Switzerland 20%, China 7%, Bulgaria 6%, Iraq 5%, Serbia 5%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Copper ore, gold, liquors, iron alloys, tobacco (2021)
$10.186 billion (2022 est.)
$6.12 billion (2021 est.)
$5.082 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Russia 29%, China 10%, Georgia 8%, Iran 6%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Natural gas, cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, diamonds (2019)
$4.112 billion (2022 est.)
$3.23 billion (2021 est.)
$2.616 billion (2020 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
$11.637 billion (2019 est.)
$10.785 billion (2018 est.)
Drams (AMD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
435.666 (2022 est.)
503.77 (2021 est.)
489.009 (2020 est.)
480.445 (2019 est.)
482.988 (2018 est.)
Electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 3.633 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5,758,470,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 1.251 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 320 million kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 548 million kWh (2019 est.)
Comparison rankings: imports 95; exports 56; installed generating capacity 101; transmission/distribution losses 86; consumption 120
Fossil fuels: 40.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Nuclear: 34.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 24.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 1 (2023)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 0
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 0.42GW (2023)
Percent of total electricity production: 25.3% (2021)
Percent of total energy produced: 52.3% (2021)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 0
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 12,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 12,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 163 million metric tons (2019 est.)
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 10,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
7,145 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 2,537,497,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 2,514,220,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
6.354 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 12,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.364 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 4.978 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
53.019 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
Total subscriptions: 365,649 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2021 est.)
Total subscriptions: 3,599,278 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2021 est.)
General assessment: Armenia’s telecom sector was able to post in the mobile and broadband segments; its fixed-line penetration continues to slide downwards, with the rollout of fiber networks which have encouraged the increase in bundled services; the fixed broadband market remains undeveloped due to the lack of underlying infrastructure outside the main cities (2021)
Domestic: roughly 15 per 100 fixed-line and 129 per 100 mobile-cellular; reliable fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas (2021)
International: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Caucasus Cable System fiber-optic cable through Georgia and Iran to Europe; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2019)
Armenia’s government-run Public Television network operates alongside 100 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; three Russian TV companies are broadcast in Armenia under interstate agreements; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; several major international broadcasters are available, including CNN; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in late 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 18 privately owned radio stations
(2019)
.am
Total: 2.212 million (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)
Total: 430,407 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2020 est.)
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5
EK
11 (2024)
1 (2024)
3,838 km gas (high and medium pressure) (2017)
Total: 686 km (2017)
Total: 7,700 km (2019)
Urban: 3,780 km
Non-urban: 3,920 km
Armenian Republic Armed Forces: Armenian Army (includes land, air, air defense forces) (2024)
Note: the Police of the Republic of Armenia is responsible for internal security, while the National Security Service is responsible for national security, intelligence activities, and border control
4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
4.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
5% of GDP (2020 est.)
5.3% of GDP (2019 est.)
4.6% of GDP (2018 est.)
Approximately 45,000 active troops (42,000 ground; 3,000 air/defense) (2023)
The military's inventory includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment (2024)
18-27 for voluntary (men and women), contract (men and women) or compulsory (men) military service; contract military service is 3-12 months or 3 or 5 years; conscripts serve 24 months; men under the age of 36, who have not previously served as contract servicemen and are registered in the reserve, as well as women, regardless of whether they are registered in the reserve can be enrolled in contractual military service; all citizens aged 27 to 50 are registered in the military reserve and may be called to serve if mobilization is declared (2023)
Note: in 2023, Armenia approved six-month voluntary service for women, after which they have the option to switch to a five-year contract; previously, women served on a contract basis
Note 2: as of 2021, conscripts comprised about half of the military's active personnel; as of 2020, women made up about 10% of the active duty military; the Armenian Army established its first all-women combat unit in 2020
The Armenian Armed Forces were officially established in 1992, although their origins go back to 1918; the modern military’s missions include deterrence, territorial defense, crisis management, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response, as well as socio-economic development projects; territorial defense is its primary focus, particularly in regards to tensions with neighboring Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region; Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1991-94 and 2020, plus a brief flare-up in 2016; tensions continued following the 2020 conflict; Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023
The bulk of the Armenian military’s ground combat forces are organized into five small corps that are typically comprised of one or more Soviet-style “motorized rifle” (mechanized infantry) regiments, plus supporting units of artillery, reconnaissance, and tank forces; there are also separate artillery, air defense, battlefield rocket, and special operations forces, as well as a brigade dedicated to peacekeeping missions; the air combat forces consist of small numbers of Soviet-era ground attack aircraft and attack helicopters; Armenia is landlocked so it has no naval forces
Armenia has close military ties with Russia and hosts Russian military forces at two bases, as well as Russian border guards along multiple border areas; it has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and committed troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; Armenia has relations with NATO going back to 1992 when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council; in 1994, it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has contributed to the NATO force in Kosovo, as well as the former NATO deployment in Afghanistan (2023)
No government agency; Armenia Space Agency (ArmCosmos; established 2013) is a private agency that operates on behalf of the Armenian Government to develop the country’s commercial space industry and facilitate international engagement on space, particularly satellites for Armenia (2023)
Seeks foreign providers for satellite communications, remote sensing (RS), and navigational services; otherwise relies on Russia for satellite needs; seeks to use RS satellite data for border control, emergency prevention and management, environmental protection/climate change monitoring, geology, road construction, urban planning, and other purposes; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual ESA member states such as Germany and Spain), India, Russia, and the US; has a state-owned company involved in satellite development and production (2023)
Note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S
Refugees (country of origin): 27,929 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022)
IDPs: 8,400 (2022)
Stateless persons: 816 (2022)
A transit country for illicit drugs with its location between source countries Afghanistan and Iran and the markets of Europe and Russia.