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Obsoletes:
Keywords: [--------], EAP keying, EMSK, inter-authenticator roaming
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Z. Cao
Request for Comments: 6696 China Mobile
Obsoletes: 5296 B. He
Category: Standards Track CATR
ISSN: 2070-1721 Y. Shi
Q. Wu, Ed.
Huawei
G. Zorn, Ed.
Network Zen
July 2012
EAP Extensions for the EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)
Abstract
The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a generic framework
supporting multiple types of authentication methods. In systems
where EAP is used for authentication, it is desirable to avoid
repeating the entire EAP exchange with another authenticator. This
document specifies extensions to EAP and the EAP keying hierarchy to
support an EAP method-independent protocol for efficient re-
authentication between the peer and an EAP re-authentication server
through any authenticator. The re-authentication server may be in
the home network or in the local network to which the peer is
connecting.
This memo obsoletes RFC 5296.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6696.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
1.1. Changes from RFC 5296 ......................................5
2. Terminology .....................................................5
3. ERP Description .................................................7
3.1. ERP with the Home ER Server ...............................10
3.2. ERP with a Local ER Server ................................11
4. ER Key Hierarchy ...............................................13
4.1. rRK Derivation ............................................13
4.2. rRK Properties ............................................14
4.3. rIK Derivation ............................................14
4.4. rIK Properties ............................................15
4.5. rIK Usage .................................................16
4.6. rMSK Derivation ...........................................16
4.7. rMSK Properties ...........................................17
5. Protocol Details ...............................................17
5.1. ERP Bootstrapping .........................................17
5.2. Steps in ERP ..............................................20
5.2.1. Multiple Simultaneous Runs of ERP ..................23
5.2.2. ERP Failure Handling ...............................23
5.3. EAP Codes .................................................25
5.3.1. EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start Packet ..................26
5.3.1.1. Authenticator Operation ...................27
5.3.1.2. Peer Operation ............................27
5.3.2. EAP-Initiate/Re-auth Packet ........................28
5.3.3. EAP-Finish/Re-auth Packet ..........................30
5.3.4. TV and TLV Attributes ..............................32
5.4. Replay Protection .........................................33
5.5. Channel Binding ...........................................34
6. Lower-Layer Considerations .....................................35
7. AAA Transport of ERP Messages ..................................36
8. Security Considerations ........................................36
9. IANA Considerations ............................................41
10. Contributors ..................................................41
11. Acknowledgments ...............................................42
12. References ....................................................42
12.1. Normative References .....................................42
12.2. Informative References ...................................42
Appendix A. RFC 5296 Acknowledgments ..............................45
Appendix B. Sample ERP Exchange ...................................46
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
1. Introduction
The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication
framework that supports multiple authentication methods. The primary
purpose is network access authentication, and a key-generating method
is used when the lower layer wants to enforce access control. The
EAP keying hierarchy defines two keys to be derived by all
key-generating EAP methods: the Master Session Key (MSK) and the
Extended MSK (EMSK). In the most common deployment scenario, an EAP
peer and an EAP server authenticate each other through a third party
known as the EAP authenticator. The EAP authenticator or an entity
controlled by the EAP authenticator enforces access control. After
successful authentication, the EAP server transports the MSK to the
EAP authenticator; the EAP authenticator and the EAP peer establish
Transient Session Keys (TSKs) using the MSK as the authentication
key, key derivation key, or a key transport key, and use the TSK for
per-packet access enforcement.
When a peer moves from one authenticator to another, it is desirable
to avoid a full EAP authentication to support fast handovers. The
full EAP exchange with another run of the EAP method can take several
round trips and significant time to complete, causing increased
handover times. Some EAP methods specify the use of state from the
initial authentication to optimize re-authentications by reducing the
computational overhead (e.g., EAP Authentication and Key Agreement
(EAP-AKA) [RFC4187]), but method-specific re-authentication takes at
least 2 round trips with the original EAP server in most cases. It
is also important to note that several methods do not offer support
for re-authentication.
Key sharing across authenticators is sometimes used as a practical
solution to lower handover times. In that case, however, the
compromise of one authenticator results in the compromise of key
material established via other authenticators. Other solutions for
fast re-authentication exist in the literature: for example, see
Lopez, et al. [MSKHierarchy]; Clancy, et al. have described the EAP
re-authentication problem statement in detail [RFC5169].
In conclusion, to achieve low latency handovers, there is a need for
a method-independent re-authentication protocol that completes in
less than 2 round trips, preferably with a local server.
This document specifies EAP Re-authentication Extensions (ERXs) for
efficient re-authentication using EAP. The protocol that uses these
extensions is itself referred to as the EAP Re-authentication
Protocol (ERP). It supports EAP method-independent re-authentication
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
for a peer that has valid, unexpired key material from a previously
performed EAP authentication. The protocol and the key hierarchy
required for EAP re-authentication are described in this document.
Note that to support ERP, lower-layer specifications may need to be
revised to allow carrying EAP messages that have a code value higher
than 4 and to accommodate the peer-initiated nature of ERP.
Specifically, the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol [RFC5996] must
be updated to carry ERP messages; work is in progress on this project
[IKE-EXT-for-ERP].
1.1. Changes from RFC 5296
This document obsoletes RFC 5296 but is fully backward compatible
with that document. The changes introduced in this document focus on
fixing issues that have surfaced since the publication of the
original ERP specification [RFC5296]. An overview of some of the
major changes is given below.
o Co-location of the home EAP Re-authentication (ER) and EAP servers
is no longer required (see the "ER Server" entry in Section 2).
o The behavior of the authenticator and local ER server during the
bootstrapping process has been clarified (Section 5.1); in
particular, the authenticator and/or local ER server is now
required to check for current possession of the root keys.
o The authenticator is now recommended, rather than just allowed, to
initiate the ERP conversation by means of the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start message (Section 5.3.1.1).
In addition, many editorial changes have been made to improve the
clarity of the document and to eliminate perceived ambiguities. A
comprehensive list of changes is not given here for practical
reasons.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
This document uses the basic EAP terminology [RFC3748] and EMSK
keying hierarchy terminology [RFC5295]. In addition, this document
uses the following terms:
ER Peer - An EAP peer that supports the EAP Re-authentication
Protocol. All references to "peer" in this document imply an ER
peer, unless specifically noted otherwise.
ER Authenticator - An entity that supports the authenticator
functionality for EAP re-authentication described in this
document. All references to "authenticator" in this document
imply an ER authenticator, unless specifically noted otherwise.
ER Server - An entity that performs the server portion of ERP
described here. This entity may or may not be an EAP server. All
references to "server" in this document imply an ER server, unless
specifically noted otherwise. An ER server is a logical entity;
it may not necessarily be co-located with, or physically part of,
a full EAP server.
ERX - EAP re-authentication extensions.
ERP - EAP Re-authentication Protocol. Uses the re-authentication
extensions.
rRK - re-authentication Root Key, derived from the EMSK or the
Domain-Specific Root Key (DSRK).
rIK - re-authentication Integrity Key, derived from the rRK.
rMSK - re-authentication MSK. This is a per-authenticator key,
derived from the rRK.
keyName-NAI - ERP messages are integrity protected with the rIK or
the DS-rIK. The use of rIK or DS-rIK for integrity protection of
ERP messages is indicated by the EMSKname [RFC5295]; the protocol,
which is ERP; and the realm, which indicates the domain name of
the ER server. The EMSKname is copied into the username part of
the Network Access Identifier (NAI).
Domain - Refers to a "key management domain" as defined in Salowey,
et al. [RFC5295]. For simplicity, it is referred to as "domain"
in this document. The terms "home domain" and "local domain" are
used to differentiate between the originating key management
domain that performs the full EAP exchange with the peer and the
local domain to which a peer may be attached at a given time.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
3. ERP Description
ERP allows a peer and server to mutually verify proof of possession
of key material from an earlier EAP method run and to establish a
security association between the peer and the authenticator. The
authenticator acts as a pass-through entity for the re-authentication
protocol in a manner similar to that of an EAP authenticator as
described in Aboba, et al. [RFC3748]. ERP is a single round-trip
exchange between the peer and the server; it is independent of the
lower layer and the EAP method used during the full EAP exchange.
The ER server may be in the home domain or in the same (visited)
domain as the peer and the authenticator (i.e., the local domain).
Figure 1 shows the protocol exchange. The first time the peer
attaches to any network, it performs a full EAP exchange (shown in
Figure 2) with the EAP server; as a result, an MSK is distributed to
the EAP authenticator. The MSK is then used by the authenticator and
the peer to establish TSKs as needed. At the time of the initial EAP
exchange, the peer and the server also derive an EMSK, which is used
to derive an rRK. More precisely, an rRK is derived from the EMSK or
from a DSRK, which is itself derived from the EMSK. The rRK is only
available to the peer and the ER server and is never handed out to
any other entity. Further, an rIK is derived from the rRK; the peer
and the ER server use the rIK to provide proof of possession while
performing an ERP exchange. The rIK is also never handed out to any
entity and is only available to the peer and server.
Peer ER Authenticator ER Server
==== ================ =========
<-- EAP-Initiate/ -----
Re-auth-Start
[<-- EAP-Request/ ------
Identity]
---- EAP-Initiate/ ----> ----AAA(EAP-Initiate/ ---------->
Re-auth/ Re-auth/
[Bootstrap] [Bootstrap])
<--- EAP-Finish/ ------> <---AAA(rMSK,EAP-Finish/---------
Re-auth/ Re-auth/
[Bootstrap] [Bootstrap])
Note: [] brackets indicate optionality.
Figure 1: ERP Exchange
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
EAP Peer EAP Authenticator EAP Server
======== ================= ==========
<--- EAP-Request/ ------
Identity
----- EAP Response/ --->
Identity ---AAA(EAP Response/Identity)-->
<--- EAP Method -------> <------ AAA(EAP Method -------->
exchange exchange)
<----AAA(MSK, EAP-Success)------
<---EAP-Success---------
Figure 2: EAP Authentication
Two EAP codes -- EAP-Initiate and EAP-Finish -- are specified in this
document for the purpose of EAP re-authentication. When the peer
identifies a target authenticator that supports EAP
re-authentication, it performs an ERP exchange, as shown in Figure 1;
the exchange itself may happen when the peer attaches to a new
authenticator supporting EAP re-authentication, or prior to
attachment. The peer initiates ERP by itself; it may also do so in
response to an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message from the new
authenticator. The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message allows the
authenticator to trigger the ERP exchange. The EAP-Finish message
also can be used by the authenticator to announce the local domain
name.
It is plausible that the authenticator does not know whether the peer
supports ERP and whether the peer has performed a full EAP
authentication through another authenticator. The authenticator MAY
initiate the ERP exchange by sending the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start
message and if there is no response MAY send the EAP-Request/Identity
message. Note that this avoids having two EAP messages in flight at
the same time [RFC3748]. The authenticator may send the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message and wait for a short, locally
configured amount of time. This message indicates to the peer that
the authenticator supports ERP. In response to this trigger from the
authenticator, the peer can initiate the ERP exchange by sending an
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message. If there is no response from the peer
after the necessary number of retransmissions (see Section 6), the
authenticator MUST initiate EAP by sending an EAP-Request message,
typically the EAP-Request/Identity message. Note that the
authenticator may receive an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message after it
has sent an EAP-Request/Identity message. If the authenticator
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
supports ERP, it MUST proceed with the ERP exchange. When the
EAP-Request/Identity times out, the authenticator MUST NOT close the
connection if an ERP exchange is in progress or has already succeeded
in establishing a re-authentication MSK.
If the authenticator does not support ERP, it will silently discard
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth messages (Section 5.3.2), since the EAP code of
those packets is greater than 4 ([RFC3748], Section 4). An ERP-
capable peer will exhaust the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message
retransmissions and fall back to EAP authentication by responding to
EAP-Request/Identity messages from the authenticator. If the peer
does not support ERP or if it does not have unexpired key material
from a previous EAP authentication, it drops EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start messages. If there is no response to the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start message, the authenticator SHALL send an EAP-Request
message (typically EAP-Request/Identity) to start EAP authentication.
From this point onward, RFC 3748 rules apply. Note that this may
introduce some delay in starting EAP. In some lower layers, the
delay can be minimized or even avoided by the peer initiating EAP by
sending messages such as EAPoL-Start [IEEE_802.1X].
The peer sends an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message that contains the
keyName-NAI to identify the ER server's domain and the rIK used to
protect the message, and a sequence number for replay protection.
The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message is integrity protected with the rIK.
The authenticator uses the realm in the keyName-NAI field to send the
message to the appropriate ER server. The server uses the keyName to
look up the rIK. The server, after verifying proof of possession of
the rIK and freshness of the message, derives an rMSK from the rRK
using the sequence number as an input to the key derivation. The
server then updates the expected sequence number to the received
sequence number plus one.
In response to the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message, the server sends an
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message; this message is integrity protected with
the rIK. The server transports the rMSK along with this message to
the authenticator. The rMSK is transported in a manner similar to
that of the MSK along with the EAP-Success message in a full EAP
exchange. Hoeper, et al. [RFC5749] discuss an additional key
distribution protocol that can be used to transport the rRK from an
EAP server to one of many different ER servers that share a trust
relationship with the EAP server.
The peer MAY request the rMSK lifetime from the server. If so, the
ER server sends the rMSK lifetime in the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
In an ERP bootstrap exchange, the peer MAY ask the server for the rRK
lifetime. If so, the ER server sends the rRK lifetime in the
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
The peer verifies the sequence number and the integrity of the
message. It then uses the sequence number in the EAP-Finish/Re-auth
message to compute the rMSK. The lower-layer security association
protocol is ready to be triggered after this point.
The ER server is located either in the home domain or in the visited
domain. When the ER server is in the home domain and there is no
local ER server in the visited domain, the peer and the server use
the rIK and rRK derived from the EMSK; and when the ER server is in
the local domain, they use the DS-rIK and DS-rRK corresponding to the
local domain. The domain of the ER server is identified by the realm
portion of the keyName-NAI in ERP messages.
3.1. ERP with the Home ER Server
If the peer is in the home domain or there is no local server in the
same domain as the peer, it SHOULD initiate an ERP bootstrap exchange
with the home ER server to obtain the domain name.
The defined ER extensions allow executing ERP with an ER server in
the home domain. The home ER server may be co-located with a home
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server. ERP with
the home ER server is similar to the ERP exchange described in
Figure 1.
Peer ER Authenticator Home ER Server
==== ================ ==============
<-- EAP-Initiate/ -----
Re-auth-Start
[<-- EAP-Request/ ------
Identity]
---- EAP-Initiate/ ----> ----AAA(EAP-Initiate/ ---------->
Re-auth/ Re-auth/
Bootstrap Bootstrap)
<--- EAP-Finish/ ------> <---AAA(rMSK,EAP-Finish/---------
Re-auth/ Re-auth/
Bootstrap Bootstrap)
Figure 3: ER Explicit Bootstrapping Exchange/ERP
with the Home ER Server
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
3.2. ERP with a Local ER Server
The defined ER extensions allow the execution of ERP with an ER
server in the local domain (access network) if the peer moves out of
the home domain and a local ER server is present in the visited
domain. The local ER server may be co-located with a local AAA
server. The peer may learn about the presence of a local ER server
in the network and the local domain name (or ER server name) either
via a lower-layer advertisement or by means of an ERP exchange. The
peer uses the domain name and the EMSK to compute the DSRK and, from
that key, the DS-rRK; the peer also uses the domain name in the realm
portion of the keyName-NAI for using ERP in the local domain.
Figure 4 shows the ER implicit bootstrapping exchange through a local
ER server; Figure 5 shows ERP with a local ER server.
EAP Authenticator Local AAA Agent
Peer /ER Authenticator /Local ER Server Home EAP Server
==== ================== ================ ===============
<-- EAP-Request/ --
Identity
-- EAP Response/-->
Identity --AAA(EAP Response/-->
Identity, --AAA(EAP Response/ -->
[domain name]) Identity,
[DSRK Request,
domain name])
<------------------------ EAP Method exchange------------------>
<---AAA(MSK, DSRK, ----
EMSKname,
EAP-Success)
<--- AAA(MSK, -----
EAP-Success)
<---EAP-Success-----
Figure 4: Implicit Bootstrapping ERP Exchange, Initial EAP Exchange
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
Peer ER Authenticator Local ER Server
==== ================ ===============
<-- EAP-Initiate/ --------
Re-auth-Start
[<-- EAP-Request/ ---------
Identity]
---- EAP-Initiate/ -------> ----AAA(EAP-Initiate/ -------->
Re-auth Re-auth)
<--- EAP-Finish/ ---------- <---AAA(rMSK,EAP-Finish/-------
Re-auth Re-auth)
Figure 5: Local ERP Exchange
As shown in Figure 4, the local ER server may be present in the path
of the full EAP exchange (e.g., this may be one of the AAA entities,
such as AAA proxies, in the path between the EAP authenticator and
the home EAP server of the peer). In that case, the local ER server
requests the DSRK by sending the domain name to the home EAP server
by means of a AAA message. In response, the home EAP server computes
the DSRK by following the procedure specified in RFC 5295 and sends
the DSRK and the key name, EMSKname, to the ER server in the claimed
domain (i.e., the local ER server). The local domain is responsible
for announcing that same domain name to the peer via a lower layer
(for example, through DHCP-based local domain name discovery
[RFC6440] or through the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message with the
local ER server).
After receiving the DSRK and the EMSKname, the local ER server
computes the DS-rRK and the DS-rIK from the DSRK as defined in
Sections 4.1 and 4.3 below. After receiving the domain name, the
peer also derives the DSRK, the DS-rRK, and the DS-rIK. These keys
are referred to by a keyName-NAI formed as follows: the username part
of the NAI is the EMSKname, and the realm portion of the NAI is the
domain name. Both parties also maintain a sequence number
(initialized to zero) corresponding to the specific keyName-NAI.
If the peer subsequently attaches to an authenticator within the
local domain, it may perform an ERP exchange with the local ER server
to obtain an rMSK for the new authenticator. ERP with the local ER
server is similar to the ERP exchange illustrated in Figure 1.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
4. ER Key Hierarchy
Each time the peer re-authenticates to the network, the peer and the
authenticator establish an rMSK. The rMSK serves the same purposes
that an MSK, which is the result of full EAP authentication, serves.
To prove possession of the rRK, we specify the derivation of another
key, the rIK. These keys are derived from the rRK. Together they
constitute the ER key hierarchy.
The rRK is derived from either the EMSK or a DSRK as specified in
Section 4.1. For the purpose of rRK derivation, this document
specifies derivation of a Usage-Specific Root Key (USRK) or a Domain-
Specific USRK (DSUSRK) [RFC5295] for re-authentication. The USRK
designated for re-authentication is the rRK. A DSUSRK designated for
re-authentication is the DS-rRK available to a local ER server in a
particular domain. For simplicity, the keys are referred to without
the DS label in the rest of the document. However, the scope of the
various keys is limited to just the respective domains for which they
are derived, in the case of the domain-specific keys. Based on the
ER server with which the peer performs the ERP exchange, it knows the
corresponding keys that must be used.
The rRK is used to derive an rIK and rMSKs for one or more
authenticators. The figure below shows the key hierarchy with the
rRK, rIK, and rMSKs.
rRK
|
+--------+--------+
| | |
rIK rMSK1 ...rMSKn
Figure 6: Re-authentication Key Hierarchy
The derivations in this document are from RFC 5295. Key derivations
and field encodings, where unspecified, default to that document.
4.1. rRK Derivation
The rRK may be derived from the EMSK or DSRK. This section provides
the relevant key derivations for that purpose.
The rRK is derived as specified in RFC 5295.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
rRK = KDF (K, S), where
K = EMSK or K = DSRK and
S = rRK Label | "\0" | length
The rRK Label is an IANA-assigned 8-bit ASCII string:
EAP Re-authentication Root Key@ietf.org
assigned from the "USRK Key Labels" name space in accordance with the
policy stated in RFC 5295.
The Key Derivation Function (KDF) and algorithm agility for the KDF
are as defined in RFC 5295.
An rRK derived from the DSRK is referred to as a DS-rRK in the rest
of the document. All of the key derivation and properties specified
in this section remain the same.
4.2. rRK Properties
The rRK has the following properties. These properties apply to the
rRK regardless of the parent key used to derive it.
o The length of the rRK MUST be equal to the length of the parent
key used to derive it.
o The rRK is to be used only as a root key for re-authentication and
never used to directly protect any data.
o The rRK is only used for the derivation of the rIK and rMSK as
specified in this document.
o The rRK MUST remain on the peer and the server that derived it and
MUST NOT be transported to any other entity.
o The lifetime of the rRK is never greater than that of its parent
key. The rRK is expired when the parent key expires and MUST be
removed from use at that time.
4.3. rIK Derivation
The rIK is used for integrity protecting the ERP exchange. This
serves as the proof of possession of valid key material from a
previous full EAP exchange by the peer to the server.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
The rIK is derived as follows:
rIK = KDF (K, S), where
K = rRK and
S = rIK Label | "\0" | cryptosuite | length
The rIK Label is the 8-bit ASCII string:
Re-authentication Integrity Key@ietf.org
The length field refers to the length of the rIK in octets and is
encoded as specified in RFC 5295.
The cryptosuite and length of the rIK are part of the input to the
KDF to ensure cryptographic separation of keys if different rIKs of
different lengths (for example, for use with different Message
Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms) are derived from the same rRK.
The cryptosuite is encoded as an 8-bit number; see Section 5.3.2 for
the cryptosuite specification.
The rIK is referred to by the EMSKname-NAI within the context of ERP
messages. The username part of the EMSKname-NAI is the EMSKname; the
realm is the domain name of the ER server. In the case of ERP with
the home ER server, the peer uses the realm from its original NAI; in
the case of a local ER server, the peer uses the domain name received
at the lower layer or through an ERP bootstrapping exchange.
An rIK derived from a DS-rRK is referred to as a DS-rIK in the rest
of the document. All of the key derivation and properties specified
in this section remain the same.
4.4. rIK Properties
The rIK has the following properties:
o The length of the rIK MUST be equal to the length of the rRK.
o The rIK is only used for authentication of the ERP exchange as
specified in this document.
o The rIK MUST NOT be used to derive any other keys.
o The rIK must remain on the peer and the server and MUST NOT be
transported to any other entity.
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o The rIK is cryptographically separate from any other keys derived
from the rRK.
o The lifetime of the rIK is never greater than that of its parent
key. The rIK MUST be expired when the EMSK expires and MUST be
removed from use at that time.
4.5. rIK Usage
The rIK is the key the possession of which is demonstrated by the
peer and the ERP server to the other party. The peer demonstrates
possession of the rIK by computing the integrity checksum over the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message. When the peer uses the rIK for the
first time, it can choose the integrity algorithm to use with the
rIK. The peer and the server MUST use the same integrity algorithm
with a given rIK for all ERP messages protected with that key. The
peer and the server store the algorithm information after the first
use, and they employ the same algorithm for all subsequent uses of
that rIK.
If the server's policy does not allow the use of the cryptosuite
selected by the peer, the server SHALL reject the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message and SHOULD send a list of acceptable cryptosuites in
the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
The rIK length may be different from the key length required by an
integrity algorithm. In the case of hash-based MAC algorithms, the
key is first hashed to the required key length using the HMAC
algorithm [RFC2104]. In the case of cipher-based MAC algorithms, if
the required key length is less than 32 octets, the rIK is hashed
using HMAC-SHA256 and the first k octets of the output are used,
where k is the key length required by the algorithm. If the required
key length is more than 32 octets, the first k octets of the rIK are
used by the cipher-based MAC algorithm.
4.6. rMSK Derivation
The rMSK is derived at the peer and server and delivered to the
authenticator. The rMSK is derived following an ERP exchange.
The rMSK is derived as follows:
rMSK = KDF (K, S), where
K = rRK and
S = rMSK Label | "\0" | SEQ | length
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The rMSK Label is the 8-bit ASCII string:
Re-authentication Master Session Key@ietf.org
The length field refers to the length of the rMSK in octets and is
encoded as specified in RFC 5295.
SEQ is the sequence number sent by the peer in the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message. This field is encoded as a 16-bit number in network
byte order (see Section 5.3.2).
An rMSK derived from a DS-rRK is referred to as a DS-rIK in the rest
of the document. The key derivation and properties specified in this
section remain the same.
4.7. rMSK Properties
The rMSK has the following properties:
o The length of the rMSK MUST be equal to the length of the rRK.
o The rMSK is delivered to the authenticator and is used for the
same purposes that an MSK serves when the MSK is used at an
authenticator.
o The rMSK is cryptographically separate from any other keys derived
from the rRK.
o The lifetime of the rMSK is less than or equal to that of the rRK.
It MUST NOT be greater than the lifetime of the rRK.
o If a new rRK is derived, subsequent rMSKs MUST be derived from the
new rRK. Previously delivered rMSKs MAY still be used until the
expiry of the lifetime.
o A given rMSK MUST NOT be shared by multiple authenticators.
5. Protocol Details
5.1. ERP Bootstrapping
We identify two types of bootstrapping for ERP: explicit and
implicit. In implicit bootstrapping, the ER-capable authenticator or
local ER server MUST verify whether it has a valid rMSK or rRK
corresponding to the peer. If the ER-capable authenticator or the
local ER server has the key material corresponding to the peer, it
MUST be able to respond directly in the same way as the home AAA
server does without forwarding the DSRK Request to the home domain;
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if not, the ER-capable authenticator or local ER server SHOULD
include its domain name in the AAA message encapsulating the first
EAP Response message sent by the peer and request the DSRK from the
home EAP server during the initial EAP exchange. If such an EAP
exchange is successful, the home EAP server sends the DSRK for the
specified local AAA client or agent (derived using the EMSK and the
domain name as specified in RFC 5295), EMSKname, and DSRK lifetime
along with the EAP-Success message. The local AAA client or agent
MUST extract the DSRK, EMSKname, and DSRK lifetime (if present)
before forwarding the EAP-Success message to the peer. Note that the
MSK (also present with the EAP-Success message) is extracted by the
EAP authenticator as usual. The peer learns the domain name through
the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message or by means of a lower-layer
announcement (for example, DHCP [RFC6440]). When the domain name is
available to the peer during or after the full EAP authentication, it
attempts to use ERP when it associates with a new authenticator.
If the peer knows there is no local ER server present in the visited
domain, it SHOULD initiate ERP explicit bootstrapping (ERP exchange
with the bootstrap flag turned on) with the home ER server to obtain
the rRK. The peer MAY also initiate bootstrapping to fetch
information such as the rRK lifetime from the AAA server.
The following steps describe the ERP explicit bootstrapping process:
o The peer sends the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message with the
bootstrapping flag set (1). The bootstrap message is always sent
to the home ER server, and the keyName-NAI attribute in the
bootstrap message is constructed as follows: the username portion
of the NAI contains the EMSKname, and the realm portion contains
the home domain name.
o In addition, the message MUST contain a sequence number for replay
protection, a cryptosuite, and an integrity checksum. The
cryptosuite indicates the authentication algorithm. The integrity
checksum indicates that the message originated at the claimed
entity, the peer indicated by the Peer-ID, or the rIKname.
o The peer MAY additionally set the lifetime flag to request the key
lifetimes.
o Upon receipt of the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message from a peer, the
ERP-capable authenticator verifies whether it has the local domain
name and valid key material corresponding to the peer. If it
knows the local domain name and has valid key material
corresponding to the peer, it MUST be able to respond directly in
the same way as the home ER does, with the local domain name
included. If not, it copies the contents of the keyName-NAI into
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the appropriate AAA attribute and may include its domain name in
the AAA message encapsulating the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message
sent by the peer.
o Upon receipt of an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message, the home ER
server verifies whether the message is fresh or is a replay by
evaluating whether the received sequence number is equal to or
greater than the expected sequence number for that rIK. The home
ER server then verifies that the cryptosuite used by the peer is
acceptable. Next, it verifies the integrity of the message by
looking up the rIK and checking the integrity checksum contained
in the Authentication Tag field. If any of the checks fail, the
home ER server sends an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with the Result
flag set to '1'. Please refer to Section 5.2.2 for details on
failure handling. This error MUST NOT have any correlation to any
EAP-Success message that may have been received by the EAP
authenticator and the peer earlier. If the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
message is well formed and valid, the server prepares the
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message. The bootstrap flag MUST be set to
indicate that this is a bootstrapping exchange. The message
contains the following fields:
* A sequence number for replay protection.
* The same keyName-NAI as in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message.
* If the lifetime flag was set in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
message, the ER server SHOULD include the rRK lifetime and the
rMSK lifetime in the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message. The server
may have a local policy for the network to maintain and enforce
lifetime unilaterally. In such cases, the server need not
respond to the peer's request for the lifetime.
* If the bootstrap flag is set, the ER server MUST include the
domain name to which the DSRK is being sent along with the
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
* If the ER server verifies the authorization of a local ER
server, it MAY include the Authorization Indication TLV to
indicate to the peer that the server that received the DSRK and
that is advertising the domain included in the Domain name TLV
is authorized.
* An authentication tag MUST be included to prove that the
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message originates at a server that
possesses the rIK corresponding to the EMSKname-NAI.
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o If the home ER server is involved in the ERP exchange and the ERP
exchange is successful, the home ER server SHOULD request the DSRK
from the home EAP server; the home EAP server MUST provide the
DSRK for the home ER server (derived using the EMSK and the domain
name as specified in RFC 5295), EMSKname, and DSRK lifetime for
inclusion in the AAA message. The home ER server SHOULD obtain
them before sending the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
o In addition, the rMSK is sent along with the EAP-Finish/Re-auth
message in a AAA attribute (for an example, see Bournelle,
et al. [DIAMETER-ERP]).
o The authenticator receives the rMSK.
o When the peer receives an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with the
bootstrap flag set, if a local domain name is present, it MUST use
that name to derive the appropriate DSRK, DS-rRK, DS-rIK, and
keyName-NAI, and initialize the replay counter for the DS-rIK. If
not, the peer SHOULD derive the domain-specific keys using the
domain name it learned via the lower layer or from the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message. If the peer does not know the
domain name, it must assume that there is no local ER server
available.
o The peer MAY also verify the Authorization Indication TLV.
o The procedures for encapsulating ERP and obtaining relevant keys
using Diameter are specified in Bournelle, et al. [DIAMETER-ERP].
Since the ER bootstrapping exchange is typically done immediately
following the full EAP exchange, it is feasible that the process is
completed through the same entity that served as the EAP
authenticator for the full EAP exchange. In this case, the lower
layer may already have established TSKs based on the MSK received
earlier. The lower layer may then choose to ignore the rMSK that was
received with the ER bootstrapping exchange. Alternatively, the
lower layer may choose to establish a new TSK using the rMSK. In
either case, the authenticator and the peer know which key is used
based on whether or not a TSK establishment exchange is initiated.
The bootstrapping exchange may also be carried out via a new
authenticator, in which case, the rMSK received SHOULD trigger a
lower-layer TSK establishment exchange.
5.2. Steps in ERP
When a peer that has an active rRK and rIK associates with a new
authenticator that supports ERP, it may perform an ERP exchange with
that authenticator. ERP is typically a peer-initiated exchange,
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consisting of an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth and an EAP-Finish/Re-auth
message. The ERP exchange may be performed with a local ER server
(when one is present) or with the original EAP server.
It is plausible for the network to trigger the EAP re-authentication
process, however. An ERP-capable authenticator SHOULD send an
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message to indicate support for ERP. The
peer may or may not wait for these messages to arrive to initiate the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message.
The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message SHOULD be sent by an ERP-
capable authenticator. The authenticator may retransmit it a few
times until it receives an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message in response
from the peer. The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message from the peer may
have originated before the peer receives either an EAP-Request/
Identity or an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message from the
authenticator. Hence, the Identifier value in the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message is independent of the Identifier value in the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start or EAP-Request/Identity messages.
Operational Considerations at the Peer:
ERP requires that the peer maintain retransmission timers for
reliable transport of EAP re-authentication messages. The
reliability considerations of Section 4.3 of RFC 3748 apply with the
peer as the retransmitting entity.
ERP has the following steps:
o The ERP-capable authenticator sends the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start
message to trigger the ERP exchange.
o The peer sends an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message. At a minimum, the
message SHALL include the following fields:
* a 16-bit sequence number for replay protection.
* keyName-NAI as a TLV attribute to identify the rIK used to
integrity protect the message.
* cryptosuite to indicate the authentication algorithm used to
compute the integrity checksum.
* authentication tag computed over the message.
o When the peer is performing ERP with a local ER server, it MUST
use the corresponding DS-rIK it shares with the local ER server.
The peer SHOULD set the lifetime flag to request the key lifetimes
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from the server. The peer can use the rRK lifetime to know when
to trigger an EAP method exchange and the rMSK lifetime to know
when to trigger another ERP exchange.
o The authenticator copies the contents of the value field of the
keyName-NAI TLV into an appropriate attribute (e.g., User-Name
[RFC2865]) in the AAA message to the ER server.
o The ER server uses the keyName-NAI to look up the rIK. It MUST
first verify whether the sequence number is equal to or greater
than the expected sequence number. If the ER server supports a
sequence number window size greater than 1, it MUST verify whether
the sequence number falls within the window and has not been
received before. The ER server MUST then verify that the
cryptosuite used by the peer is acceptable. The ER server then
proceeds to verify the integrity of the message using the rIK,
thereby verifying proof of possession of that key by the peer. If
any of these verifications fail, the ER server MUST send an
EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with the Result flag set to '1'
(Failure). Please refer to Section 5.2.2 for details on failure
handling. Otherwise, it MUST compute an rMSK from the rRK using
the sequence number as the additional input to the key derivation.
o In response to a well-formed EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message, the ER
server MUST send an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with the following
contents:
* a 16-bit sequence number for replay protection, which MUST be
the same as the received sequence number. The local copy of
the sequence number MUST be incremented by 1. If the ER server
supports multiple simultaneous ERP exchanges, it MUST instead
update the sequence number window.
* keyName-NAI as a TLV attribute to identify the rIK used to
integrity protect the message.
* cryptosuite to indicate the authentication algorithm used to
compute the integrity checksum.
* authentication tag computed over the message.
* If the lifetime flag was set in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
message, the ER server SHOULD include the rRK lifetime and the
rMSK lifetime.
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o The ER server causes the rMSK along with this message to be
transported to the authenticator. The rMSK is transported in a
manner similar to the MSK and the EAP-Success message in a regular
EAP exchange.
o The peer looks up the sequence number to verify whether it is
expecting an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with that sequence number
protected by the keyName-NAI. It then verifies the integrity of
the message. If the verifications fail, the peer logs an error
and stops the process; otherwise, it proceeds to the next step.
o The peer uses the sequence number to compute the rMSK.
o The lower-layer security association protocol can be triggered at
this point.
5.2.1. Multiple Simultaneous Runs of ERP
When a peer is within the range of multiple authenticators, it may
choose to run ERP via all of them simultaneously to the same ER
server. In that case, it is plausible that the ERP messages may
arrive out of order, resulting in the ER server rejecting legitimate
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth messages.
To facilitate such operation, an ER server MAY allow multiple
simultaneous ERP exchanges by accepting all EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
messages with sequence number values within a window of allowed
values. Recall that the sequence number allows replay protection.
Replay window maintenance mechanisms are a local matter.
5.2.2. ERP Failure Handling
If the processing of the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message results in a
failure, the ER server MUST send an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with
the Result flag set to '1'. If the server has a valid rIK for the
peer, it MUST integrity protect the EAP-Finish/Re-auth failure
message. If the failure is due to an unacceptable cryptosuite, the
server SHOULD send a list of acceptable cryptosuites (in a TLV of
Type 5) along with the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message. In this case, the
server MUST indicate the cryptosuite used to protect the EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message in the Cryptosuite field of that message. The rIK
used with the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message in this case MUST be
computed as specified in Section 4.3 using the new cryptosuite. If
the server does not have a valid rIK for the peer, the EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message indicating a failure will be unauthenticated; the
server MAY include a list of acceptable cryptosuites in the message.
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The peer, upon receiving an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message with the
Result flag set to '1', MUST verify the sequence number and, if
possible, the authentication tag to determine the validity of the
message. If the peer supports the cryptosuite, it MUST verify the
integrity of the received EAP-Finish/Re-auth message. If the
EAP-Finish message contains a TLV of Type 5, the peer SHOULD retry
the ERP exchange with a cryptosuite picked from the list included by
the server. The peer MUST use the appropriate rIK for the subsequent
ERP exchange by computing it with the corresponding cryptosuite, as
specified in Section 4.3. If the Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) in the
chosen cryptosuite is different from the PRF originally used by the
peer, it MUST derive a new DSRK (if required), rRK, and rIK before
proceeding with the subsequent ERP exchange.
If the peer cannot verify the integrity of the received message, it
MAY choose to retry the ERP exchange with one of the cryptosuites in
the list of acceptable cryptosuites (in a TLV of Type 5), after a
failure has been clearly determined following the procedure in the
next paragraph.
If the replay or integrity checks fail, the failure message may have
been sent by an attacker. It may also mean that the server and peer
do not support the same cryptosuites; however, the peer cannot
determine if that is the case. Hence, the peer SHOULD continue the
ERP exchange per the retransmission timers before declaring a
failure.
When the peer runs explicit bootstrapping (ERP with the bootstrapping
flag on), there may not be a local ER server available to send a DSRK
Request and the domain name. In that case, the server cannot send
the DSRK and MUST NOT include the Domain name TLV. When the peer
receives a response in the bootstrapping exchange without a Domain
name TLV, it assumes that there is no local ER server. The home ER
server sends an rMSK to the ER authenticator, however, and the peer
SHALL run the TSK establishment protocol as usual.
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5.3. EAP Codes
Two EAP codes are defined for the purpose of ERP: EAP-Initiate and
EAP-Finish. The packet format for these messages follows the EAP
packet format defined in Aboba, et al. [RFC3748].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Type-Data ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Figure 7: EAP Packet
Code
Two code values are defined for the purpose of ERP:
5 Initiate
6 Finish
Identifier
The Identifier field is one octet. The Identifier field MUST
be the same if an EAP-Initiate packet is retransmitted due to a
timeout while waiting for an EAP-Finish message. Any new
(non-retransmission) EAP-Initiate message MUST use a new
Identifier field.
The Identifier field of the EAP-Finish message MUST match that
of the currently outstanding EAP-Initiate message. A peer or
authenticator receiving an EAP-Finish message whose Identifier
value does not match that of the currently outstanding
EAP-Initiate message MUST silently discard the packet.
In order to avoid confusion between new EAP-Initiate messages
and retransmissions, the peer must choose an Identifier value
that is different from the previous EAP-Initiate message,
especially if that exchange has not finished. It is
RECOMMENDED that the authenticator clear EAP Re-auth state
after 300 seconds.
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Type
This field indicates that this is an ERP exchange. Two type
values are defined in this document for this purpose --
Re-auth-Start (Type 1) and Re-auth (Type 2).
Type-Data
The Type-Data field varies according to the value of the Type
field in the re-authentication packet.
5.3.1. EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start Packet
The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start packet contains the fields shown in
Figure 8.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Reserved | 1 or more TVs or TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start Packet
Type = 1.
Reserved: MUST be zero. Set to zero on transmission and ignored
on reception.
One or more Type/Values (TVs) or TLVs are used to convey
information to the peer; for instance, the authenticator may send
the domain name to the peer.
TVs or TLVs: In the TV payloads, there is a 1-octet type payload
and a value with type-specific length. In the TLV payloads,
there is a 1-octet type payload and a 1-octet length payload.
The length field indicates the length of the value expressed in
number of octets.
Domain name: This is a TLV payload. The Type is 4. The
domain name is to be used as the realm in an NAI [RFC4282].
The Domain name TLV SHOULD be present in an EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start message.
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In addition, channel binding information MAY be included; see
Section 5.5 for discussion. See Figure 12 for parameter
specification.
5.3.1.1. Authenticator Operation
In order to minimize ERP failure times, the authenticator SHOULD send
the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message to indicate support for ERP to
the peer and to initiate ERP if the peer has already performed full
EAP authentication and has unexpired key material. The authenticator
SHOULD include the Domain name TLV to allow the peer to learn it
without requiring either lower-layer support or the ERP bootstrapping
exchange.
The authenticator MAY include channel binding information so that the
server can verify whether the authenticator is claiming the same
identity to both parties.
The authenticator MAY retransmit the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start
message a few times for reliable transport.
5.3.1.2. Peer Operation
The peer SHOULD send the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message in response to
the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message from the authenticator. If
the peer does not recognize the EAP-Initiate code value or if the
peer has already sent the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message to begin the
ERP exchange, it MUST silently discard the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start
message.
If the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message contains the domain name,
and if the peer does not already have the domain information, the
peer SHOULD use the domain name contained in the message to compute
the DSRK and use the corresponding DS-rIK to send an EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message to start an ERP exchange with the local ER server.
If there is a local ER server between the peer and the home ER server
and the peer has already initiated an ERP exchange with the local ER
server, it SHOULD NOT start an ERP exchange with the home ER server.
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5.3.2. EAP-Initiate/Re-auth Packet
The EAP-Initiate/Re-auth packet contains the parameters shown in
Figure 9.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |R|B|L| Reserved| SEQ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 1 or more TVs or TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cryptosuite | Authentication Tag ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: EAP-Initiate/Re-auth Packet
Type = 2.
Flags
'R' - The R flag is set to 0 and ignored upon reception.
'B' - The B flag is used as the bootstrapping flag. If the
flag is turned on, the message is a bootstrap message.
'L' - The L flag is used to request the key lifetimes from the
server.
The remaining 5 bits are set to 0 on transmission and ignored
on reception.
SEQ: An unsigned 16-bit sequence number is used for replay
protection. The SEQ field is initialized to 0 every time a new
rRK is derived. The field is encoded in network byte order.
TVs or TLVs: In the TV payloads, there is a 1-octet type payload
and a value with type-specific length. In the TLV payloads,
there is a 1-octet type payload and a 1-octet length payload.
The length field indicates the length of the value expressed in
number of octets.
keyName-NAI: This is carried in a TLV payload. The Type is 1.
The NAI is variable in length, not exceeding 253 octets.
The EMSKname is in the username part of the NAI and is
encoded in hexadecimal values. The EMSKname is 64 bits in
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length, and so the username portion takes up 16 octets. If
the rIK is derived from the EMSK, the realm part of the NAI
is the home domain name, and if the rIK is derived from a
DSRK, the realm part of the NAI is the domain name used in
the derivation of the DSRK. The NAI syntax is specified in
Aboba, et al. [RFC4282]. Exactly one keyName-NAI attribute
SHALL be present in an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth packet.
In addition, channel binding information MAY be included; see
Section 5.5 for discussion. See Figure 12 for parameter
specification.
Cryptosuite: This field indicates the integrity algorithm used
for ERP. Key lengths and output lengths are either indicated
or are obvious from the cryptosuite name. We specify some
cryptosuites below:
* 0 RESERVED
* 1 HMAC-SHA256-64
* 2 HMAC-SHA256-128
* 3 HMAC-SHA256-256
HMAC-SHA256-128 is mandatory to implement and SHOULD be enabled in
the default configuration.
Authentication Tag: This field contains the integrity checksum
over the ERP packet, excluding the Authentication Tag field
itself. The length of the field is indicated by the
cryptosuite.
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5.3.3. EAP-Finish/Re-auth Packet
The EAP-Finish/Re-auth packet contains the parameters shown in
Figure 10.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |R|B|L| Reserved | SEQ ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 1 or more TVs or TLVs ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cryptosuite | Authentication Tag ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: EAP-Finish/Re-auth Packet
Type = 2.
Flags
'R' - The R flag is used as the Result flag. When set to 0,
it indicates success, and when set to '1', it indicates
a failure.
'B' - The B flag is used as the bootstrapping flag. If the
flag is turned on, the message is a bootstrap message.
'L' - The L flag is used to indicate the presence of the rRK
lifetime TLV.
The remaining 5 bits are set to 0 on transmission and ignored
on reception.
SEQ: An unsigned 16-bit sequence number is used for replay
protection. The SEQ field is initialized to 0 every time a new
rRK is derived. The field is encoded in network byte order.
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TVs or TLVs: In the TV payloads, there is a 1-octet type payload
and a value with type-specific length. In the TLV payloads,
there is a 1-octet type payload and a 1-octet length payload.
The length field indicates the length of the value expressed in
number of octets.
keyName-NAI: This is carried in a TLV payload. The Type is 1.
The NAI is variable in length, not exceeding 253 octets.
EMSKname is in the username part of the NAI and is encoded
in hexadecimal values. The EMSKname is 64 bits in length,
and so the username portion takes up 16 octets. If the rIK
is derived from the EMSK, the realm part of the NAI is the
home domain name, and if the rIK is derived from a DSRK, the
realm part of the NAI is the domain name used in the
derivation of the DSRK. The NAI syntax is specified in
[RFC4282]. Exactly one instance of the keyName-NAI
attribute SHALL be present in an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message.
rRK Lifetime: This is a TV payload. The Type is 2. The value
field contains an unsigned 32-bit integer in network byte
order representing the lifetime of the rRK in seconds. If
the 'L' flag is set, the rRK Lifetime attribute SHOULD be
present.
rMSK Lifetime: This is a TV payload. The Type is 3. The
value field contains an unsigned 32-bit integer in network
byte order representing the lifetime of the rMSK in seconds.
If the 'L' flag is set, the rMSK Lifetime attribute SHOULD
be present.
Domain name: This is a TLV payload. The Type is 4. The
domain name is to be used as the realm in an NAI [RFC4282].
The Domain name attribute MUST be present in an EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message if the bootstrapping flag is set and if the
local ER server sent a DSRK Request.
List of cryptosuites: This is a TLV payload. The Type is 5.
The value field contains a list of cryptosuites, each of
size 1 octet. The cryptosuite values are as specified in
Figure 9. The server SHOULD include this attribute if the
cryptosuite used in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message was not
acceptable and the message is being rejected. The server
MAY include this attribute in other cases. The server MAY
use this attribute to signal its cryptographic algorithm
capabilities to the peer.
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Authorization Indication: This is a TLV payload. The Type
is 6. This attribute MAY be included in the EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message when a DSRK is delivered to a local ER
server and if the home EAP server can verify the
authorization of the local ER server to advertise the domain
name included in the domain TLV in the same message. The
value field in the TLV contains an authentication tag
computed over the entire packet, starting from the first bit
of the code field to the last bit of the Cryptosuite field,
with the value field of the Authorization Indication TLV
filled with all 0s for the computation. The key used for
the computation MUST be derived from the EMSK with key label
"DSRK Delivery Authorized Key@ietf.org" and optional data
containing an ASCII string representing the key management
domain for which the DSRK is being derived.
In addition, channel binding information MAY be included: see
Section 5.5 for discussion. See Figure 12 for parameter
specification. The server sends this information so that the
peer can verify the information seen at the lower layer, if
channel binding is to be supported.
Cryptosuite: This field indicates the integrity algorithm and the
PRF used for ERP. Key lengths and output lengths are either
indicated or are obvious from the cryptosuite name.
Authentication Tag: This field contains the integrity checksum
over the ERP packet, excluding the Authentication Tag field
itself. The length of the field is indicated by the
cryptosuite.
5.3.4. TV and TLV Attributes
The TV attributes that may be present in the EAP-Initiate or
EAP-Finish messages are of the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Value ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: TV Attribute Format
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The TLV attributes that may be present in the EAP-Initiate or
EAP-Finish messages are of the following format:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Value ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12: TLV Attribute Format
The following Types are defined in this document:
'1' - keyName-NAI: This is a TLV payload.
'2' - rRK Lifetime: This is a TV payload.
'3' - rMSK Lifetime: This is a TV payload.
'4' - Domain name: This is a TLV payload.
'5' - Cryptosuite list: This is a TLV payload.
'6' - Authorization Indication: This is a TLV payload.
The TLV type range of 128-191 is reserved to carry channel binding
information in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth and EAP-Finish/Re-auth
messages. Below are the current assignments (all of them are
TLVs):
'128' - Called-Station-Id [RFC2865]
'129' - Calling-Station-Id [RFC2865]
'130' - NAS-Identifier [RFC2865]
'131' - NAS-IP-Address [RFC2865]
'132' - NAS-IPv6-Address [RFC3162]
The length field indicates the length of the value part of the
attribute in octets.
5.4. Replay Protection
For replay protection, ERP uses sequence numbers. The sequence
number is maintained on a per rIK basis and is initialized to zero in
both directions. In the first EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message, the peer
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uses a sequence number value of zero or higher. Note that when the
sequence number wraps back to zero, the rIK MUST be changed by
running a full EAP authentication. The server expects a sequence
number of zero or higher. When the server receives an EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message, it uses the same sequence number in the EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message. The server then sets the expected sequence number
to the received sequence number plus 1. The server MUST accept
sequence numbers greater than or equal to the expected sequence
number.
If the peer sends an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message but does not
receive a response, it retransmits the request (with no changes to
the message itself) a preconfigured number of times before giving up.
However, it is plausible that the server itself may have responded to
the message and the response was lost in transit. Thus, the peer
MUST increment the sequence number and use the new sequence number to
send subsequent EAP re-authentication messages. The peer SHOULD
increment the sequence number by 1; however, it may choose to
increment by a larger number. If the sequence number wraps back to
zero, the peer MUST run full EAP authentication.
5.5. Channel Binding
ERP provides a protected facility to carry channel binding (CB)
information, according to the guidelines provided by Aboba,
et al. (see Section 7.15 of [RFC3748]). The TLV type range of
128-191 is reserved to carry CB information in the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth and EAP-Finish/Re-auth messages. Called-Station-Id,
Calling-Station-Id, NAS-Identifier, NAS-IP-Address, and
NAS-IPv6-Address are some examples of channel binding information
listed in RFC 3748, and they are assigned values 128-132. Additional
values are managed by IANA, based on IETF Review (formerly called
"IETF Consensus") [RFC5226].
The authenticator MAY provide CB information to the peer via the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start message. The peer sends the information
to the server in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message; the server
verifies whether the authenticator identity available via AAA
attributes is the same as the identity provided to the peer.
If the peer does not include the CB information in the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message, and if the local ER server's policy requires channel
binding support, it SHALL send the CB attributes for the peer's
verification. The peer attempts to verify the CB information if the
authenticator has sent the CB parameters, and it proceeds with the
lower-layer security association establishment if the attributes
match. Otherwise, the peer SHALL NOT proceed with the lower-layer
security association establishment.
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6. Lower-Layer Considerations
The authenticator is responsible for retransmission of EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start messages. The authenticator MAY retransmit the message
a few times or until it receives an EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message from
the peer. The authenticator might not know if the peer supports ERP;
in those cases, the peer could be silently discarding the
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start packets. Thus, retransmission of these
packets should be kept to a minimum. The exact number is up to each
lower layer.
The Identifier value in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth packet is
independent of the Identifier value in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start
packet.
The peer is responsible for retransmission of EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
messages.
Retransmitted packets MUST be sent with the same Identifier value in
order to distinguish them from new packets. By default, where the
EAP-Initiate message is sent over an unreliable lower layer, the
retransmission timer SHOULD be dynamically estimated. A maximum of
3-5 retransmissions is suggested [RFC3748]. Where the EAP-Initiate
message is sent over a reliable lower layer, the retransmission timer
SHOULD be set to an infinite value so that retransmissions do not
occur at the EAP layer. Please refer to RFC 3748 for additional
guidance on setting timers.
The Identifier value in the EAP-Finish/Re-auth packet is the same as
the Identifier value in the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth packet.
If an authenticator receives a valid duplicate EAP-Initiate/Re-auth
message for which it has already sent an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message,
it MUST resend the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message without reprocessing
the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message. To facilitate this, the
authenticator SHALL store a copy of the EAP-Finish/Re-auth message
for a finite amount of time. The actual value of time is a local
matter; this specification recommends a value of 100 milliseconds.
The lower layer may provide facilities for exchanging information
between the peer and the authenticator about support for ERP, for the
authenticator to send the domain name information and channel binding
information to the peer.
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Note that to support ERP, lower-layer specifications may need to be
revised. Specifically, RFC 5996 must be updated to include EAP code
values higher than 4 in order to use ERP with Internet Key Exchange
Protocol version 2 (IKEv2). IKEv2 may also be updated to support
peer-initiated ERP for optimized operation. Other lower layers may
need similar revisions.
Our analysis indicates that some EAP implementations are not RFC 3748
compliant in that instead of silently dropping EAP packets with code
values higher than 4, they may consider it an error. To accommodate
such non-compliant EAP implementations, additional guidance has been
provided below. Furthermore, it may not be easy to upgrade all the
peers in some cases. In such cases, authenticators may be configured
to not send EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start messages; peers may learn
whether an authenticator supports ERP via configuration or from
advertisements at the lower layer.
In order to accommodate implementations that are not compliant to
RFC 3748, such lower layers SHOULD ensure that both parties support
ERP; this is trivial, for instance, when using a lower layer that is
known to always support ERP. For lower layers where ERP support is
not guaranteed, ERP support may be indicated through signaling (e.g.,
piggybacked on a beacon) or through negotiation. Alternatively,
clients may recognize environments where ERP is available based on
preconfiguration. Other similar mechanisms may also be used. When
ERP support cannot be verified, lower layers may mandate falling back
to full EAP authentication to accommodate EAP implementations that
are not compliant to RFC 3748.
7. AAA Transport of ERP Messages
AAA transport of ERP messages is specified by Hoeper,
et al. [RFC5749] and Bournelle, et al. [DIAMETER-ERP].
8. Security Considerations
This section provides an analysis of the protocol in accordance with
the AAA key management guidelines described by Housley & Aboba
[RFC4962].
Cryptographic algorithm independence
ERP satisfies this requirement. The algorithm chosen by the
peer for the MAC generation is indicated in the EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth message. If the chosen algorithm is unacceptable, the
EAP server returns an EAP-Finish/Re-auth message indicating a
failure. Algorithm agility for the KDF is specified in
Salowey, et al. [RFC5295]. Only when the algorithms used are
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deemed acceptable does the server proceed with the derivation
of keys and verification of the proof of possession of relevant
key material presented by the peer. A full-blown negotiation
of algorithms cannot be provided in a single round-trip
protocol. Hence, while the protocol provides algorithm
agility, it does not provide true negotiation.
Strong, fresh session keys
ERP results in the derivation of strong, fresh keys that are
unique for the given session. An rMSK is always derived on
demand when the peer requires a key with a new authenticator.
The derivation ensures that the compromise of one rMSK does not
result in the compromise of another rMSK at any time.
Limited key scope
The scope of all the keys derived by ERP is well defined. The
rRK and rIK are never shared with any entity and always remain
on the peer and the server. The rMSK is provided only to the
authenticator through which the peer performs the ERP exchange.
No other authenticator is authorized to use that rMSK.
Replay detection mechanism
For replay protection of ERP messages, a sequence number
associated with the rIK is used. The sequence number is
maintained by the peer and the server and is initialized to
zero when the rIK is generated. The peer increments the
sequence number by one after it sends an ERP message. The
server sets the expected sequence number to the received
sequence number plus one after verifying the validity of the
received message and responds to the message.
Authenticating all parties
ERP provides mutual authentication of the peer and the server.
Both parties need to possess the key material that resulted
from a previous EAP exchange in order to successfully derive
the required keys. Also, both the EAP re-authentication
Response and the EAP re-authentication Information messages are
integrity protected so that the peer and the server can verify
each other. When the ERP exchange is executed with a local ER
server, the peer and the local server mutually authenticate
each other via that exchange in the same manner. The peer and
the authenticator authenticate each other in the secure
association protocol executed by the lower layer, just as in
the case of a regular EAP exchange.
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Peer and authenticator authorization
The peer and authenticator demonstrate possession of the same
key material without disclosing it, as part of the lower-layer
secure association protocol. Channel binding with ERP may be
used to verify consistency of the identities exchanged, when
the identities used in the lower layer differ from those
exchanged within the AAA protocol.
Key material confidentiality
The peer and the server derive the keys independently using
parameters known to each entity. The AAA server sends the DSRK
of a domain to the corresponding local ER server via the AAA
protocol. Likewise, the ER server sends the rMSK to the
authenticator via the AAA protocol.
Note that compromise of the DSRK results in compromise of all
keys derived from it. Moreover, there is no forward secrecy
within ERP. Thus, compromise of a DSRK retroactively
compromises all ERP keys.
It is RECOMMENDED that the AAA protocol be protected using
IPsec or Transport Layer Security (TLS) so that the keys are
protected in transit. Note, however, that keys may be exposed
to AAA proxies along the way, and compromise of any of those
proxies may result in compromise of keys being transported
through them.
The home EAP server MUST NOT hand out a given DSRK to a local
domain server more than once, unless it can verify that the
entity receiving the DSRK after the first time is the same
entity that received the DSRK originally. If the home EAP
server verifies authorization of a local domain server, it MAY
hand out the DSRK to that domain more than once. In this case,
the home EAP server includes the Authorization Indication TLV
to assure the peer that DSRK delivery is secure.
Confirming cryptosuite selection
Cryptographic algorithms for integrity and key derivation in
the context of ERP MAY be the same as that used by the EAP
method. In that case, the EAP method is responsible for
confirming the cryptosuite selection. Furthermore, the
cryptosuite is included in the ERP exchange by the peer and
confirmed by the server. The protocol allows the server to
reject the cryptosuite selected by the peer and provide
alternatives. When a suitable rIK is not available for the
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peer, the alternatives may be sent in an unprotected fashion.
The peer is allowed to retry the exchange using one of the
allowed cryptosuites. However, in this case, any en route
modifications to the list sent by the server will go
undetected. If the server does have an rIK available for the
peer, the list will be provided in a protected manner and this
issue does not apply.
Uniquely named keys
All keys produced within the context of ERP can be referred to
uniquely as specified in this document. Also, the key names do
not reveal any part of the key material.
Preventing the domino effect
The compromise of one peer does not result in the compromise of
key material held by any other peer in the system. Also, the
rMSK is meant for a single authenticator and is not shared with
any other authenticator. Hence, the compromise of one
authenticator does not lead to the compromise of sessions or
keys held by any other authenticator in the system, and ERP
thereby allows prevention of the domino effect by appropriately
defining key scope.
However, if keys are transported using hop-by-hop protection,
compromise of a proxy may result in compromise of key material,
e.g., the DSRK being sent to a local ER server.
Binding a key to its context
All the keys derived for ERP are bound to the appropriate
context using appropriate key labels. The lifetime of a child
key is less than or equal to that of its parent key as
specified in RFC 4962 [RFC4962]. The key usage, lifetime, and
the parties that have access to the keys are specified.
Confidentiality of identity
Deployments where privacy is a concern may find that the use of
the rIKname-NAI to route ERP messages serves their privacy
requirements. Note that it is plausible to associate multiple
runs of ERP messages, since the rIKname is not changed as part
of ERP. There was no consensus for that requirement at the
time of development of this specification. If the rIKname is
not used and the Peer-ID is used instead, the ERP exchange will
reveal the Peer-ID over the wire.
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Authorization restriction
All the derived keys are limited in lifetime by that of the
parent key or by server policy. Any domain-specific keys are
further restricted for use only in the domain for which the
keys are derived. All the keys specified in this document are
meant for use in ERP only. Other restrictions on the use of
session keys may be imposed by the specific lower layer but are
out of scope for this specification.
Preventing a DoS attack
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack on the peer may be possible
when using the EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message. An attacker may
send a bogus EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message, which may be carried
by the authenticator in a AAA-Request to the server; in
response, the server may send in a AAA reply an EAP-Finish/
Re-auth message indicating failure. Note that such attacks may
be possible with the EAPoL-Start capability of IEEE 802.11 and
other similar facilities in other link layers and where the
peer can initiate EAP authentication. An attacker may use such
messages to start an EAP method run, which fails and may result
in the server sending a rejection message, thus resulting in
the link-layer connections being terminated.
To prevent such DoS attacks, an ERP failure should not result
in deletion of any authorization state established by a full
EAP exchange. Alternatively, the lower layers and AAA
protocols may define mechanisms to allow two link-layer
Security Associations (SAs) derived from different EAP key
material for the same peer to exist so that smooth migration
from the current link-layer SA to the new one is possible
during rekey. These mechanisms prevent the link-layer
connections from being terminated when a re-authentication
procedure fails due to a bogus EAP-Initiate/Re-auth message.
Key material transport
When a DSRK is sent from the home EAP server to a local domain
server or when an rMSK is sent from an ER server to an
authenticator, in the absence of end-to-end security between
the entity that is sending the key and the entity receiving the
key, it is plausible for other entities to get access to keys
being sent to an ER server in another domain. This mode of key
transport is similar to that of MSK transport in the context of
EAP authentication. We further observe that ERP is for access
authentication and does not support end-to-end data security.
In typical implementations, the traffic is in the clear beyond
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the access control enforcement point (the authenticator or an
entity delegated by the authenticator for access control
enforcement). The model works as long as entities in the
middle of the network do not use keys intended for other
parties to steal service from an access network. If that is
not achievable, key delivery must be protected in an end-to-end
manner.
9. IANA Considerations
The previous version of this document -- [RFC5296] -- performed the
following IANA [IANA] actions:
1. It registered Packet Codes "Initiate" and "Finish" in the EAP
Registry. Those codes are referred to as "EAP-Initiate" and
"EAP-Finish" throughout this document.
2. It created a Message Types table in the EAP Registry and
registered several items in that table. Those items are referred
to as "Re-auth-start" and "Re-auth" throughout this document.
3. It created an EAP-Initiate and Finish Attributes table in the EAP
registry and registered several items in that table. Those items
are recorded in this document in Section 5.3.4.
4. It created a Re-authentication Cryptosuites table in the EAP
registry and registered several items in that table. Those items
are recorded in this document at the end of Section 5.3.2.
5. It registered two items in the USRK Key Labels registry:
* Re-auth usage label "EAP Re-authentication Root Key@ietf.org",
recorded in this document in Section 4.1.
* DSRK-authorized delivery key "DSRK Delivery Authorized
Key@ietf.org", recorded in this document in the description of
"Authorization Indication" in Section 5.3.3.
10. Contributors
Barry Leiba contributed all of the text in Section 9 and, as
Applications Area Director, insisted upon its inclusion as a
condition of publication.
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11. Acknowledgments
This document is largely based upon RFC 5296; thanks to all who
participated in that effort (see Appendix A). In addition, thanks to
Yaron Sheffer, Sebastien Decugis, Ralph Droms, Stephen Farrell,
Charlie Kaufman, and Yoav Nir for (mostly) useful comments and
review.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
February 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004.
[RFC4282] Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen, "The
Network Access Identifier", RFC 4282, December 2005.
[RFC5295] Salowey, J., Dondeti, L., Narayanan, V., and M. Nakhjiri,
"Specification for the Derivation of Root Keys from an
Extended Master Session Key (EMSK)", RFC 5295,
August 2008.
12.2. Informative References
[DIAMETER-ERP]
Bournelle, J., Morand, L., Decugis, S., Wu, Q., and G.
Zorn, "Diameter Support for the EAP Re-authentication
Protocol (ERP)", Work in Progress, June 2012.
[IANA] "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority",
<http://www.iana.org/>.
[IEEE_802.1X]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:
Port-Based Network Access Control", IEEE Std 802.1X-2010,
February 2010.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 42]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
[IKE-EXT-for-ERP]
Nir, Y. and Q. Wu, "An IKEv2 Extension for Supporting
ERP", Work in Progress, May 2012.
[MSKHierarchy]
Lopez, R., Skarmeta, A., Bournelle, J., Laurent-
Maknavicus, M., and J. Combes, "Improved EAP keying
framework for a secure mobility access service",
IWCMC '06, Proceedings of the 2006 International
Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile
Computing, New York, NY, USA, 2006.
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
RFC 2865, June 2000.
[RFC3162] Aboba, B., Zorn, G., and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IPv6",
RFC 3162, August 2001.
[RFC4187] Arkko, J. and H. Haverinen, "Extensible Authentication
Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key
Agreement (EAP-AKA)", RFC 4187, January 2006.
[RFC4962] Housley, R. and B. Aboba, "Guidance for Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Key Management",
BCP 132, RFC 4962, July 2007.
[RFC5169] Clancy, T., Nakhjiri, M., Narayanan, V., and L. Dondeti,
"Handover Key Management and Re-Authentication Problem
Statement", RFC 5169, March 2008.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5296] Narayanan, V. and L. Dondeti, "EAP Extensions for EAP
Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)", RFC 5296, August 2008.
[RFC5749] Hoeper, K., Ed., Nakhjiri, M., and Y. Ohba, Ed.,
"Distribution of EAP-Based Keys for Handover and
Re-Authentication", RFC 5749, March 2010.
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[RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
"Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
RFC 5996, September 2010.
[RFC6440] Zorn, G., Wu, Q., and Y. Wang, "The EAP Re-authentication
Protocol (ERP) Local Domain Name DHCPv6 Option", RFC 6440,
December 2011.
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Appendix A. RFC 5296 Acknowledgments
In writing this document, we benefited from discussing the problem
space and the protocol itself with a number of folks including
Bernard Aboba, Jari Arkko, Sam Hartman, Russ Housley, Joe Salowey,
Jesse Walker, Charles Clancy, Michaela Vanderveen, Kedar Gaonkar,
Parag Agashe, Dinesh Dharmaraju, Pasi Eronen, Dan Harkins, Yoshi
Ohba, Glen Zorn, Alan DeKok, Katrin Hoeper, and other participants of
the HOKEY Working Group. Credit for the idea to use EAP-Initiate/
Re-auth-Start goes to Charles Clancy, and credit for the idea to use
multiple link-layer SAs to mitigate DoS attacks goes to Yoshi Ohba.
Katrin Hoeper suggested the use of the windowing technique to handle
multiple simultaneous ER exchanges. Many thanks to Pasi Eronen for
the suggestion to use hexadecimal encoding for the rIKname when sent
as part of the keyName-NAI field. Thanks to Bernard Aboba for
suggestions in clarifying the EAP lock-step operation, and to Joe
Salowey and Glen Zorn for help in specifying AAA transport of ERP
messages. Thanks to Sam Hartman for the DSRK Authorization
Indication mechanism.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 45]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
Appendix B. Sample ERP Exchange
0. Authenticator --> Peer:
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth-Start [Optional]
1. Peer --> Authenticator:
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth(SEQ, keyName-NAI, cryptosuite,
Auth-tag*)
1a. Authenticator --> Re-auth-Server:
AAA-Request
{
Authenticator-Id,
EAP-Initiate/Re-auth(SEQ, keyName-NAI, cryptosuite,
Auth-tag*)
}
2. ER-Server --> Authenticator:
AAA-Response
{
rMSK,
EAP-Finish/Re-auth(SEQ, keyName-NAI, cryptosuite, [CB-Info],
Auth-tag*)
}
2b. Authenticator --> Peer:
EAP-Finish/Re-auth(SEQ, keyName-NAI, cryptosuite, [CB-Info],
Auth-tag*)
* Auth-tag computation is over the entire EAP-Initiate/Finish
message; the code values for Initiate and Finish are different,
and thus reflection attacks are mitigated.
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 46]
RFC 6696 EAP Extensions for ERP July 2012
Authors' Addresses
Zhen Cao
China Mobile
No. 32, Xuanwumenxi Ave., Xicheng District
Beijing 100053
P.R. China
EMail: caozhen@chinamobile.com
Baohong He
China Academy of Telecommunication Research
Beijing
P.R. China
Phone: +86 10 62300050
EMail: hebaohong@catr.cn
Yang Shi
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
156 Beiqing Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District
Beijing
P.R. China
Phone: +86 10 60614043
EMail: shiyang1@huawei.com
Qin Wu (editor)
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing, JiangSu 210012
China
Phone: +86-25-84565892
EMail: bill.wu@huawei.com
Glen Zorn (editor)
Network Zen
227/358 Thanon Sanphawut
Bang Na, Bangkok 10260
Thailand
Phone: +66 (0) 909 201060
EMail: glenzorn@gmail.com
Cao, et al. Standards Track [Page 47]