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Keywords: OTP-ER, One Time Password, Extended Responses
Network Working Group C. Metz
Request for Comments: 2243 The Inner Net
Category: Standards Track November 1997
OTP Extended Responses
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document provides a specification for a type of response to an
OTP [RFC 1938] challenge that carries explicit indication of the
response's encoding. Codings for the two mandatory OTP data formats
using this new type of response are presented.
This document also provides a specification for a response that
allows an OTP generator to request that a server re-initialize a
sequence and change parameters such as the secret pass phrase.
1. Conventions, Terms, and Notation
This document specifies the data formats and software behaviors
needed to use OTP extended responses. The data formats are described
three ways: using an ad-hoc UNIX manual page style syntax, using
augmented BNF described in sections two and three of RFC 822, and by
examples. Should there be any conflict between these descriptions,
the augmented BNF takes precedence. The software behaviors are
described in words, and specific behavior compliance requirements are
itemized using the requirements terminology (specifically, the words
MUST, SHOULD, and MAY) defined in RFC 2119.
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
2. Extended Challenges and Extended Responses
This document builds on the protocol and terminology specified in RFC
1938 and assumes that you have already read this document and
understand its contents.
An extended challenge is a single line of printable text terminated
by either a new line sequence appropriate for the context of its use
(e.g., ASCII CR followed by ASCII LF) or a whitespace character. It
contains a standard OTP challenge, a whitespace character, and a list
that generators use to determine which extended responses are
supported by a server.
An extended response is a single line of printable text terminated by
a new line sequence appropriate for the context of its use. It
contains two or more tokens that are separated with a single colon
(':') character. The first token contains a type specifier that
indicates the format of the rest of the response. The tokens that
follow are argument data for the OTP extended response. At least one
token of data MUST be present.
2.1. Syntax
In UNIX manual page like syntax, the general form of an extended
challenge could be described as:
<standard OTP challenge> ext[,<extension set id>[, ...]]
And the general form of an extended response could be described as:
<type-specifier>:<arg1>[:<arg2>[:...]]
In augmented BNF syntax, the syntax of the general form of an
extended challenge and an extended response is:
extended-challenge = otp-challenge 1*LWSP-char capability-list
(NL / *LWSP-char)
otp-challenge = <a standard OTP challenge>
capability-list = "ext" *("," extension-set-id)
extension-set-id = *<any CHAR except LWSP, CTLs, or ",">
extended-response = type 1*(":" argument) NL
type = token
argument = token
token = 1*<any CHAR except ":" and CTLs>
NL = <new line sequence appropriate for the context
in which OTP is being used>
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
An example of an extended challenge indicating support for OTP
extended responses and for a mythical response set "foo" is:
otp-md5 123 mi1234 ext,foo
An example of an extended response using a mythical type named "foo"
is:
foo:some data:some more data:12345
2.2. Requirements
A server compliant with this specification:
1. MUST be able to receive and parse the general form of an
extended response
2. MUST be able to receive, parse, and correctly process all
extended responses specified in this document
3. MUST process the type field in a case-insensitive manner
4. MUST reject any authentication attempt using an extended
response if it does not support that type of response
5. SHOULD provide an appropriate indication to the generator
if the response was rejected because of (4)
6. MUST limit the length of the input reasonably
7. MUST accept otherwise arbitrary amounts of whitespace
wherever a response allows it
8. MUST be able to receive and correctly process standard OTP
responses
A generator compliant with this specification:
1. MUST be able to generate standard OTP responses
2. MUST use standard responses unless an extended challenge
has been received for the particular server AND seed
3. MUST generate the type field in lower case
4. MUST NOT send a response type for which the server has not
indicated support through an extended challenge
Extension set identifiers and extension type identifiers named with
the prefix "x-" are reserved for private use among mutually
consenting implementations. Implementations that do not recognise a
particular "x-" extension MUST ignore that extension. This means that
all "x-" extensions are likely to be non-interoperable with other
extensions. Careful consideration should be given to the possibility
of a server interacting with with a generator implementation which,
although it recognizes a given "x-" extension, uses it for a
different purpose. All of the remaining extension namespace is
reserved to IANA, which will only officially assign the extension
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
into this namespace after the IESG approves of such an assignment.
During the lifetime of the OTP WG, it is recommended that the IESG
consult with the OTP WG prior to approving such an assignment.
3. The "hex" and "word" Responses
There exists a very rare case in which a standard OTP response could
be a valid coding in both the hexadecimal and six-word formats. An
example of this is the response "ABE ACE ADA ADD BAD A." The
solution to this problem mandated by the OTP specification is that
compliant servers MUST attempt to parse and verify a standard
response in both hexadecimal and six-word formats and must consider
the authentication successful if either succeeds.
This problem can be solved easily using extended responses. The "hex"
response and the "word" response are two response types that encode
an OTP in an extended response that explicitly describes the
encoding. These responses start with a type label of "hex" for a
hexadecimal OTP and "word" for a six-word coded OTP. These responses
contain one argument field that contains a standard OTP response
coded in the indicated format.
3.1. Syntax
In UNIX manual page like syntax, the format of these responses could
be described as:
hex:<hexadecimal number>
word:<six dictionary words>
In augmented BNF syntax and with the definitions already provided,
the syntax of these responses is:
hex-response = "hex:" hex-64bit NL
hex-64bit = 16(hex-char *LWSP-char)
hex-char = ("A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F" /
"a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" /
"0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" /
"6" / "7" / "8" / "9")
word-response = "word:" word-64bit NL
word-64bit = 6(otp-word 1*LWSP-char)
otp-word = <any valid word in the standard OTP coding
dictionary>
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
Examples of these responses are:
hex:8720 33d4 6202 9172
word:VAST SAUL TAKE SODA SUCH BOLT
3.2. Requirements
A server compliant with this specification:
1. MUST process all arguments in a case-insensitive manner
A generator compliant with this specification:
1. SHOULD generate otp-word tokens in upper case with single
spaces separating them
2. SHOULD generate hexadecimal numbers using only lower case
for letters
4. The "init-hex" and "init-word" Responses
The OTP specification requires that implementations provide a means
for a client to re-initialize or change its OTP information with a
server but does not require any specific protocol for doing it.
Implementations that support the OTP extended responses described in
this document MUST support the response with the "init-hex" and
"init-word" type specifiers, which provide a standard way for a
client to re-initialize its OTP information with a server. This
response is intended to be used only by automated clients. Because of
this, the recommended form of this response uses the hexadecimal
encoding for binary data. It is possible for a user to type an "init-
hex" or "init-word" response.
4.1. Syntax
In UNIX manual page like syntax, the format of these responses could
be described as:
init-hex:<current-OTP>:<new-params>:<new-OTP>
init-word:<current-OTP>:<new-params>:<new-OTP>
In augmented BNF syntax and with the definitions already provided,
the syntax of the "init-hex" response is:
init-hex-response = "init-hex:" current-OTP ":" new-params ":"
new-OTP NL
current-OTP = hex-64bit
new-OTP = hex-64bit
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
new-params = algorithm SPACE sequence-number SPACE seed
algorithm = "md4" / "md5" / "sha1"
sequence-number = 4*3DIGIT
seed = 16*1(ALPHA / DIGIT)
In augmented BNF syntax and with the definitions already provided,
the syntax of the "init-word" response is:
init-word-response = "init-word:" current-OTP ":" new-params ":"
new-OTP NL
current-OTP = word-64bit
new-OTP = word-64bit
new-params = algorithm SPACE sequence-number SPACE seed
algorithm = "md4" / "md5" / "sha1"
sequence-number = 4*3DIGIT
seed = 16*1(ALPHA / DIGIT)
Note that all appropriate fields for the "init-hex" response MUST be
hexadecimally coded and that all appropriate fields for the "init-
word" response MUST be six-word coded.
Examples of these responses are:
init-hex:f6bd 6b33 89b8 7203:md5 499 ke6118:23d1 b253 5ae0 2b7e
init-hex:c9b2 12bb 6425 5a0f:md5 499 ke0986:fd17 cef1 b4df 093e
init-word:MOOD SOFT POP COMB BOLO LIFE:md5 499 ke1235:
ARTY WEAR TAD RUG HALO GIVE
init-word:END KERN BALM NICK EROS WAVY:md5 499 ke1235:
BABY FAIN OILY NIL TIDY DADE
(Note that all of these responses are one line. Due to their length,
they had to be split into multiple lines in order to be included
here. These responses MUST NOT span more than one line in actual use)
4.2. Description of Fields
The current-OTP field contains the (RFC 1938) response to the OTP
challenge. The new-params field contains the parameters for the
client's new requested challenge and the new-OTP field contains a
response to that challenge. If the re-initialization is successful, a
server MUST store the new OTP in its database as the last successful
OTP received and the sequence number in the next challenge presented
by the server MUST be one less than the sequence number specified in
the new-params field.
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
The new-params field is hashed as a string the same way that a seed
or secret pass phrase would be. All other field values are hashed in
their uncoded binary forms, in network byte order and without any
padding.
4.3. Requirements
A server compliant with this specification:
1. SHOULD NOT allow a user to use the same value for their
seed and secret pass phrase.
2. MUST disable all OTP access to any principal whose
sequence number would be less than one
3. MUST decrement the sequence number if a reinitialization
response includes a valid current-OTP, but the server is
unable to successfully process the new-params or new-OTP for
any reason.
A generator compliant with this specification:
1. SHOULD NOT allow a user to use the same value for their
seed and secret pass phrase
2. MUST take specific steps to prevent infinite loops of
re-initialization attempts in case of failure
3. SHOULD provide the user with some indication that the
re-initialization is taking place
4. SHOULD NOT do a re-initialization without the user's
permission, either for that specific instance or as a
configuration option
5. SHOULD NOT retry a failed re-initialization without a user's
permission
6. SHOULD warn the user if the sequence number falls below ten
7. MUST refuse to generate OTPs with a sequence number below one
5. Security Considerations
All of the security considerations for the OTP system also apply to
the OTP system with extended responses.
These extended responses, like OTP itself, do not protect the user
against active attacks. The IPsec Authentication Header (RFC-1826)
(or another technique with at least as much strength as IPsec AH)
SHOULD be used to protect against such attacks.
The consequences of a successful active attack on the re-
initialization response may be more severe than simply hijacking a
single session. An attacker could substitute his own response for
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
that of a legitimate user. The attacker may then be able to use the
OTP system to authenticate himself as the user at will (at least
until detected).
Failure to implement server requirement 3 in section 4.3 opens an
implementation to an attack based on replay of the current-OTP part
of the response.
6. Acknowledgments
Like RFC 1938, the protocol described in this document was created by
contributors in the IETF OTP working group. Specific contributions
were made by Neil Haller, who provided input on the overall design
requirements of a re-initialization protocol, Denis Pinkas, who
suggested several modifications to the originally proposed re-
initialization protocol, and Phil Servita, who opened the debate with
the first real protocol proposal and provided lots of specific input
on the design of this and earlier protocols. The extensions to the
OTP challenge were suggested by Chris Newman and John Valdes.
Randall Atkinson and Ted T'so also contributed their views to
discussions about details of the protocol extensions in this
document.
References
[RFC 822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet
Text Messages," RFC 822, August 1982.
[RFC 1825] Atkinson, R., "Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol," RFC 1825, August 1995.
[RFC 1938] Haller, N. and C. Metz, "A One-Time Password System,"
RFC 1938, May 1996.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
Indicate Requirement Level," RFC 2119,
March 1997.
Author's Address
Craig Metz
The Inner Net
Box 10314-1936
Blacksburg, VA 24062-0314
(DSN) 354-8590
cmetz@inner.net
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
Appendix: Reference Responses
The following responses were generated by a development version of
the One-Time Passwords in Everything (OPIE) implementation of this
specification.
All of these are responses to the challenge:
otp-md5 499 ke1234 ext
Note that the re-initialization responses use the same secret pass
phrase for new and current and a new seed of "ke1235". Also, these
responses have been split for formatting purposes into multiple
lines; they MUST NOT be multiple lines in actual use.
The secret pass phrase for these responses is:
This is a test.
The OTP standard hexadecimal response is:
5bf0 75d9 959d 036f
The OTP standard six-word response is:
BOND FOGY DRAB NE RISE MART
The OTP extended "hex" response is:
hex:5Bf0 75d9 959d 036f
The OTP extended "word" response is:
word:BOND FOGY DRAB NE RISE MART
The OTP extended "init-hex" response is:
init-hex:5bf0 75d9 959d 036f:md5 499 ke1235:3712 dcb4 aa53 16c1
The OTP extended "init-word" response is:
init-word:BOND FOGY DRAB NE RISE MART:md5 499 ke1235: RED HERD
NOW BEAN PA BURG
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RFC 2243 OTP Extended Responses November 1997
Full Copyright Statement
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Metz Standards Track [Page 10]