💾 Archived View for radia.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc8341.txt captured on 2024-05-10 at 13:09:32.
⬅️ Previous capture (2023-06-14)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Bierman
Request for Comments: 8341 YumaWorks
STD: 91 M. Bjorklund
Obsoletes: 6536 Tail-f Systems
Category: Standards Track March 2018
ISSN: 2070-1721
Network Configuration Access Control Model
Abstract
The standardization of network configuration interfaces for use with
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) or the RESTCONF protocol
requires a structured and secure operating environment that promotes
human usability and multi-vendor interoperability. There is a need
for standard mechanisms to restrict NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol
access for particular users to a preconfigured subset of all
available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol operations and content. This
document defines such an access control model.
This document obsoletes RFC 6536.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
1.1. Terminology ................................................4
1.2. Changes since RFC 6536 .....................................6
2. Access Control Design Objectives ................................7
2.1. Access Control Points ......................................7
2.2. Simplicity .................................................8
2.3. Procedural Interface .......................................8
2.4. Datastore Access ...........................................8
2.5. Users and Groups ...........................................8
2.6. Maintenance ................................................9
2.7. Configuration Capabilities .................................9
2.8. Identifying Security-Sensitive Content .....................9
3. NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM) ............................10
3.1. Overview ..................................................10
3.1.1. Features ...........................................10
3.1.2. External Dependencies ..............................11
3.1.3. Message Processing Model ...........................11
3.2. Datastore Access ..........................................14
3.2.1. Mapping New Datastores to NACM .....................14
3.2.2. Access Rights ......................................14
3.2.3. RESTCONF Methods ...................................15
3.2.4. <get> and <get-config> Operations ..................16
3.2.5. <edit-config> Operation ............................16
3.2.6. <copy-config> Operation ............................18
3.2.7. <delete-config> Operation ..........................18
3.2.8. <commit> Operation .................................19
3.2.9. <discard-changes> Operation ........................19
3.2.10. <kill-session> Operation ..........................19
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.3. Model Components ..........................................19
3.3.1. Users ..............................................19
3.3.2. Groups .............................................20
3.3.3. Emergency Recovery Session .........................20
3.3.4. Global Enforcement Controls ........................20
3.3.4.1. enable-nacm Switch ........................20
3.3.4.2. read-default Switch .......................20
3.3.4.3. write-default Switch ......................21
3.3.4.4. exec-default Switch .......................21
3.3.4.5. enable-external-groups Switch .............22
3.3.5. Access Control Rules ...............................22
3.4. Access Control Enforcement Procedures .....................22
3.4.1. Initial Operation ..................................23
3.4.2. Session Establishment ..............................23
3.4.3. "access-denied" Error Handling .....................23
3.4.4. Incoming RPC Message Validation ....................24
3.4.5. Data Node Access Validation ........................26
3.4.6. Outgoing <notification> Authorization ..............29
3.5. Data Model Definitions ....................................31
3.5.1. Data Organization ..................................31
3.5.2. YANG Module ........................................32
4. IANA Considerations ............................................42
5. Security Considerations ........................................42
5.1. NACM Configuration and Monitoring Considerations ..........43
5.2. General Configuration Issues ..............................45
5.3. Data Model Design Considerations ..........................47
6. References .....................................................47
6.1. Normative References ......................................47
6.2. Informative References ....................................49
Appendix A. Usage Examples ........................................50
A.1. <groups> Example ...........................................50
A.2. Module Rule Example ........................................51
A.3. Protocol Operation Rule Example ............................53
A.4. Data Node Rule Example .....................................55
A.5. Notification Rule Example ..................................57
Authors' Addresses ................................................58
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
1. Introduction
The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) and the RESTCONF
protocol do not provide any standard mechanisms to restrict the
protocol operations and content that each user is authorized to
access.
There is a need for interoperable management of the controlled access
to administrator-selected portions of the available NETCONF or
RESTCONF content within a particular server.
This document addresses access control mechanisms for the Operations
and Content layers of NETCONF, as defined in [RFC6241]; and RESTCONF,
as defined in [RFC8040]. It contains three main sections:
1. Access Control Design Objectives
2. NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM)
3. YANG Data Model (ietf-netconf-acm.yang)
YANG version 1.1 [RFC7950] adds two new constructs that need special
access control handling. The "action" statement is similar to the
"rpc" statement, except that it is located within a data node. The
"notification" statement can also be located within a data node.
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The following terms are defined in [RFC8342] and are not redefined
here:
o datastore
o configuration datastore
o conventional configuration datastore
o candidate configuration datastore
o running configuration datastore
o startup configuration datastore
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
o operational state datastore
o client
o server
The following terms are defined in [RFC6241] and are not redefined
here:
o protocol operation
o session
o user
The following terms are defined in [RFC7950] and are not redefined
here:
o action
o data node
o data definition statement
The following terms are defined in [RFC8040] and are not redefined
here:
o data resource
o datastore resource
o operation resource
o target resource
The following term is defined in [RFC7230] and is not redefined here:
o request URI
The following terms are used throughout this document:
access control: A security feature provided by the server that
allows an administrator to restrict access to a subset of all
protocol operations and data, based on various criteria.
access control model (ACM): A conceptual model used to configure and
monitor the access control procedures desired by the administrator
to enforce a particular access control policy.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
access control rule: The criterion used to determine if a particular
access operation will be permitted or denied.
access operation: How a request attempts to access a conceptual
object. One of "none", "read", "create", "delete", "update", or
"execute".
data node hierarchy: The hierarchy of data nodes that identifies the
specific "action" or "notification" node in the datastore.
recovery session: A special administrative session that is given
unlimited NETCONF access and is exempt from all access control
enforcement. The mechanism or mechanisms used by a server to
control and identify whether or not a session is a recovery
session are implementation specific and are outside the scope of
this document.
write access: A shorthand for the "create", "delete", and "update"
access operations.
1.2. Changes since RFC 6536
The NACM procedures and data model have been updated to support new
data modeling capabilities in version 1.1 of the YANG data modeling
language. The "action" and "notification" statements can be used
within data nodes to define data-model-specific operations and
notifications.
An important use case for these new YANG statements is the increased
access control granularity that can be achieved over top-level "rpc"
and "notification" statements. The new "action" and "notification"
statements are used within data nodes, and access to the action or
notification can be restricted to specific instances of these data
nodes.
Support for the RESTCONF protocol has been added. The RESTCONF
operations are similar to the NETCONF operations, so a simple mapping
to the existing NACM procedures and data model is possible.
The data node access behavior for path matches has been clarified to
also include matching descendant nodes of the specified path.
The <edit-config> operation access rights behavior has been clarified
to indicate that write access is not required for data nodes that are
implicitly modified through side effects (such as the evaluation of
YANG when-stmts, or data nodes implicitly deleted when creating a
data node under a different branch under a YANG choice-stmt).
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The Security Considerations section has been updated to comply with
the "YANG module security guidelines" [YANG-SEC]. Note that the YANG
module in this document does not define any RPC operations.
2. Access Control Design Objectives
This section documents the design objectives for the NETCONF access
control model presented in Section 3.
2.1. Access Control Points
NETCONF allows server implementers to add new custom protocol
operations, and the YANG data modeling language supports this
feature. These operations can be defined in standard or proprietary
YANG modules.
It is not possible to design an ACM for NETCONF that only focuses on
a static set of standard protocol operations defined by NETCONF
itself, like some other protocols. Since few assumptions can be made
about an arbitrary protocol operation, the NETCONF architectural
server components need to be protected at three conceptual control
points.
These access control points, described in Figure 1, are as follows:
protocol operation: Permission to invoke specific protocol
operations.
datastore: Permission to read and/or alter specific data nodes
within any datastore.
notification: Permission to receive specific notification event
types.
+-------------+ +-------------+
client | protocol | | data node |
request --> | operation | -------------> | access |
| allowed? | datastore | allowed? |
+-------------+ or state +-------------+
data access
+----------------+
| notification |
event --> | allowed? |
+----------------+
Figure 1
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
2.2. Simplicity
There is concern that a complicated ACM will not be widely deployed
because it is too hard to use. Configuration of the access control
system needs to be as simple as possible. Simple and common tasks
need to be easy to configure and require little expertise or
domain-specific knowledge. Complex tasks are possible using
additional mechanisms that may require additional expertise.
A single set of access control rules ought to be able to control all
types of NETCONF protocol operation invocation, all datastore access,
and all notification events.
Access control ought to be defined with a small and familiar set of
permissions, while still allowing full control of datastore access.
2.3. Procedural Interface
NETCONF uses a Remote Procedure Call (RPC) model and an extensible
set of protocol operations. Access control for any possible protocol
operation is necessary.
2.4. Datastore Access
It is necessary to control access to specific nodes and subtrees
within the datastore, regardless of which protocol operation --
standard or proprietary -- was used to access the datastore.
2.5. Users and Groups
It is necessary that access control rules for a single user or a
configurable group of users can be configured.
The ACM needs to support the concept of administrative groups, to
support the well-established distinction between a root account and
other types of less-privileged conceptual user accounts. These
groups need to be configurable by the administrator.
It is necessary that the user-to-group mapping can be delegated to a
central server, such as a RADIUS server [RFC2865] [RFC5607]. Since
authentication is performed by the transport layer and RADIUS
performs authentication and service authorization at the same time,
the underlying transport protocol needs to be able to report a set of
group names associated with the user to the server. It is necessary
that the administrator can disable the usage of these group names
within the ACM.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
2.6. Maintenance
It ought to be possible to disable part or all of the access control
model enforcement procedures without deleting any access control
rules.
2.7. Configuration Capabilities
Suitable configuration and monitoring mechanisms are needed to allow
an administrator to easily manage all aspects of the ACM's behavior.
A standard data model, suitable for use with the <edit-config>
protocol operation, needs to be available for this purpose.
Access control rules to restrict access operations on specific
subtrees within the configuration datastore need to be supported.
2.8. Identifying Security-Sensitive Content
One of the most important aspects of the data model documentation,
and one of the biggest concerns during deployment, is the
identification of security-sensitive content. This applies to
protocol operations in NETCONF, not just data and notifications.
It is mandatory for security-sensitive objects to be documented in
the Security Considerations section of an RFC. This is nice, but it
is not good enough, for the following reasons:
o This documentation-only approach forces administrators to study
the RFC and determine if there are any potential security risks
introduced by a new data model.
o If any security risks are identified, then the administrator must
study some more RFC text and determine how to mitigate the
security risk(s).
o The ACM on each server must be configured to mitigate the security
risks, e.g., require privileged access to read or write the
specific data identified in the Security Considerations section.
o If the ACM is not preconfigured, then there will be a time window
of vulnerability after the new data model is loaded and before the
new access control rules for that data model are configured,
enabled, and debugged.
Often, the administrator just wants to disable default access to the
secure content so that no inadvertent or malicious changes can be
made to the server. This allows the default rules to be more
lenient, without significantly increasing the security risk.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
A data model designer needs to be able to use machine-readable
statements to identify content that needs to be protected by default.
This will allow client and server tools to automatically identify
data-model-specific security risks, by denying access to sensitive
data unless the user is explicitly authorized to perform the
requested access operation.
3. NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM)
3.1. Overview
This section provides a high-level overview of the access control
model structure. It describes the NETCONF protocol message
processing model and the conceptual access control requirements
within that model.
3.1.1. Features
The NACM data model provides the following features:
o Independent control of RPC, action, data, and notification access
is provided.
o The concept of an emergency recovery session is supported, but
configuration of the server for this purpose is beyond the scope
of this document. An emergency recovery session will bypass all
access control enforcement, in order to allow it to initialize or
repair the NACM configuration.
o A simple and familiar set of datastore permissions is used.
o Support for YANG security tagging (e.g., a
"nacm:default-deny-write" statement) allows default security modes
to automatically exclude sensitive data.
o Separate default access modes for read, write, and execute
permissions are provided.
o Access control rules are applied to configurable groups of users.
o The access control enforcement procedures can be disabled during
operation, without deleting any access control rules, in order to
debug operational problems.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
o The number of denied protocol operation requests and denied
datastore write requests can be monitored by the client.
o Simple unconstrained YANG instance-identifiers are used to
configure access control rules for specific data nodes.
3.1.2. External Dependencies
NETCONF [RFC6241] and RESTCONF [RFC8040] are used for network
management purposes within this document.
The YANG data modeling language [RFC7950] is used to define the data
models for use with NETCONF or RESTCONF. YANG is also used to define
the data model in this document.
3.1.3. Message Processing Model
The following diagram shows the conceptual message flow model,
including the points at which access control is applied during
NETCONF message processing.
RESTCONF operations are mapped to the access control model based on
the HTTP method and resource class used in the operation. For
example, a POST method on a data resource is considered "write data
node" access, but a POST method on an operation resource is
considered "operation" access.
The new "pre-read data node acc. ctl" boxes in the diagram below
refer to group read access as it relates to data node ancestors of an
action or notification. As an example, if an action is defined as
/interfaces/interface/reset-interface, the group must be authorized
to (1) read /interfaces and /interfaces/interface and (2) execute on
/interfaces/interface/reset-interface.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
+-------------------------+
| session |
| (username) |
+-------------------------+
| ^
V |
+--------------+ +---------------+
| message | | message |
| dispatcher | | generator |
+--------------+ +---------------+
| | ^ ^
| V | |
| +=============+ | |
| | pre-read | | |
| | data node | | |
| | acc. ctl | | |
| +=============+ | |
| | | |
V V | |
+===========+ +-------------+ +----------------+
| operation |---> | reply | | <notification> |
| acc. ctl | | generator | | generator |
+===========+ +-------------+ +----------------+
| ^ ^ ^
V +------+ | |
+-----------+ | +=============+ +================+
| operation | | | read | | <notification> |
| processor |-+ | data node | | access ctl |
| | | acc. ctl | | |
+-----------+ +=============+ +================+
| | ^ ^ ^
V +----------------+ | | |
+===========+ | | | +============+
| write | | | | | pre-read |
| data node | | | | | data node |
| acc. ctl | -----------+ | | | | acc. ctl |
+===========+ | | | | +============+
| | | | | ^
V V V | | |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| configuration | ---> | server |
| datastore | | instrumentation |
| | <--- | |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
Figure 2
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The following high-level sequence of conceptual processing steps is
executed for each received <rpc> message, if access control
enforcement is enabled:
o For each active session, access control is applied individually to
all <rpc> messages (except <close-session>) received by the
server, unless the session is identified as a recovery session.
o If the <action> operation defined in [RFC7950] is invoked, then
read access is required for all instances in the hierarchy of data
nodes that identifies the specific action in the datastore, and
execute access is required for the action node. If the user is
not authorized to read all the specified data nodes and execute
the action, then the request is rejected with an "access-denied"
error.
o Otherwise, if the user is not authorized to execute the specified
protocol operation, then the request is rejected with an
"access-denied" error.
o If a datastore is accessed by the protocol operation, then the
server checks to see if the client is authorized to access the
nodes in the datastore. If the user is not authorized to perform
the requested access operation on the requested data, then the
request is rejected with an "access-denied" error.
The following sequence of conceptual processing steps is executed for
each generated notification event, if access control enforcement is
enabled:
o Server instrumentation generates a notification for a particular
subscription.
o If the "notification" statement is specified within a data
subtree, as specified in [RFC7950], then read access is required
for all instances in the hierarchy of data nodes that identifies
the specific notification in the datastore, and read access is
required for the notification node. If the user is not authorized
to read all the specified data nodes and the notification node,
then the notification is dropped for that subscription.
o If the "notification" statement is a top-level statement, the
notification access control enforcer checks the notification event
type, and if it is one that the user is not authorized to read,
then the notification is dropped for that subscription.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.2. Datastore Access
The same access control rules apply to all datastores that support
the NACM -- for example, the candidate configuration datastore or the
running configuration datastore.
All conventional configuration datastores and the operational state
datastore are controlled by the NACM. Local files, remote files, or
datastores accessed via the <url> parameter are not controlled by
the NACM.
3.2.1. Mapping New Datastores to NACM
It is possible that new datastores will be defined over time for use
with NETCONF. The NACM MAY be applied to other datastores that have
similar access rights as defined in the NACM. To apply the NACM to a
new datastore, the new datastore specification needs to define how it
maps to the NACM CRUDX (Create, Read, Update, Delete, eXec) access
rights. It is possible that only a subset of the NACM access rights
would be applicable. For example, only retrieval access control
would be needed for a read-only datastore. Operations and access
rights not supported by the NACM CRUDX model are outside the scope of
this document. A datastore does not need to use the NACM, e.g., the
datastore specification defines something else or does not use access
control.
3.2.2. Access Rights
A small set of hard-wired datastore access rights is needed to
control access to all possible protocol operations, including vendor
extensions to the standard protocol operation set.
The CRUDX model can support all protocol operations:
o Create: allows the client to add a new data node instance to a
datastore.
o Read: allows the client to read a data node instance from a
datastore or receive the notification event type.
o Update: allows the client to update an existing data node instance
in a datastore.
o Delete: allows the client to delete a data node instance from a
datastore.
o eXec: allows the client to execute the operation.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.2.3. RESTCONF Methods
The RESTCONF protocol utilizes HTTP methods to perform datastore
operations, similar to NETCONF. The NACM procedures were originally
written for NETCONF protocol operations, so the RESTCONF methods are
mapped to NETCONF operations for the purpose of access control
processing. The enforcement procedures described within this
document apply to both protocols unless explicitly stated otherwise.
The request URI needs to be considered when processing RESTCONF
requests on data resources:
o For HEAD and GET requests, any data nodes that are ancestor nodes
of the target resource are considered to be part of the retrieval
request for access control purposes.
o For PUT, PATCH, and DELETE requests, any data nodes that are
ancestor nodes of the target resource are not considered to be
part of the edit request for access control purposes. The access
operation for these nodes is considered to be "none". The edit
begins at the target resource.
o For POST requests on data resources, any data nodes that are
specified in the request URI, including the target resource, are
not considered to be part of the edit request for access control
purposes. The access operation for these nodes is considered to
be "none". The edit begins at a child node of the target
resource, specified in the message body.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
Not all RESTCONF methods are subject to access control. The
following table specifies how each method is mapped to NETCONF
protocol operations. The value "none" indicates that the NACM is not
applied at all to the specific RESTCONF method.
+---------+-----------------+---------------------+-----------------+
| Method | Resource class | NETCONF operation | Access |
| | | | operation |
+---------+-----------------+---------------------+-----------------+
| OPTIONS | all | none | none |
| HEAD | all | <get>, <get-config> | read |
| GET | all | <get>, <get-config> | read |
| POST | datastore, data | <edit-config> | create |
| POST | operation | specified operation | execute |
| PUT | data | <edit-config> | create, update |
| PUT | datastore | <copy-config> | update |
| PATCH | data, datastore | <edit-config> | update |
| DELETE | data | <edit-config> | delete |
+---------+-----------------+---------------------+-----------------+
Table 1: Mapping RESTCONF Methods to NETCONF
3.2.4. <get> and <get-config> Operations
The NACM access rights are not directly coupled to the <get> and
<get-config> protocol operations but apply to all <rpc> operations
that would result in a "read" access operation to the target
datastore. This section describes how these access rights apply to
the specific access operations supported by the <get> and
<get-config> protocol operations.
Data nodes to which the client does not have read access are silently
omitted, along with any descendants, from the <rpc-reply> message.
This is done to allow NETCONF filters for <get> and <get-config> to
function properly, instead of causing an "access-denied" error
because the filter criteria would otherwise include unauthorized read
access to some data nodes. For NETCONF filtering purposes, the
selection criteria are applied to the subset of nodes that the user
is authorized to read, not the entire datastore.
3.2.5. <edit-config> Operation
The NACM access rights are not directly coupled to the <edit-config>
"operation" attribute, although they are similar. Instead, a NACM
access right applies to all protocol operations that would result in
a particular access operation to the target datastore. This section
describes how these access rights apply to the specific access
operations supported by the <edit-config> protocol operation.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
If the effective access operation is "none" (i.e.,
default-operation="none") for a particular data node, then no access
control is applied to that data node. This is required to allow
access to a subtree within a larger data structure. For example, a
user may be authorized to create a new "/interfaces/interface" list
entry but not be authorized to create or delete its parent container
("/interfaces"). If the "/interfaces" container already exists in
the target datastore, then the effective operation will be "none" for
the "/interfaces" node if an "/interfaces/interface" list entry is
edited.
If the protocol operation would result in the creation of a datastore
node and the user does not have "create" access permission for that
node, the protocol operation is rejected with an "access-denied"
error.
If the protocol operation would result in the deletion of a datastore
node and the user does not have "delete" access permission for that
node, the protocol operation is rejected with an "access-denied"
error.
If the protocol operation would result in the modification of a
datastore node and the user does not have "update" access permission
for that node, the protocol operation is rejected with an
"access-denied" error.
A "merge" or "replace" <edit-config> operation may include data nodes
that do not alter portions of the existing datastore. For example, a
container or list node may be present for naming purposes but does
not actually alter the corresponding datastore node. These unaltered
data nodes are ignored by the server and do not require any access
rights by the client.
A "merge" <edit-config> operation may include data nodes but not
include particular child data nodes that are present in the
datastore. These missing data nodes within the scope of a "merge"
<edit-config> operation are ignored by the server and do not require
any access rights by the client.
The contents of specific restricted datastore nodes MUST NOT be
exposed in any <rpc-error> elements within the reply.
An <edit-config> operation may cause data nodes to be implicitly
created or deleted as an implicit side effect of a requested
operation. For example, a YANG when-stmt expression may evaluate to
a different result, causing data nodes to be deleted, or created with
default values; or if a data node is created under one branch of a
YANG choice-stmt, then all data nodes under the other branches are
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
implicitly removed. No NACM access rights are required on any data
nodes that are implicitly changed as a side effect of another allowed
operation.
3.2.6. <copy-config> Operation
Access control for the <copy-config> protocol operation requires
special consideration because the administrator may be replacing the
entire target datastore.
If the source of the <copy-config> protocol operation is the running
configuration datastore and the target is the startup configuration
datastore, the client is only required to have permission to execute
the <copy-config> protocol operation.
Otherwise:
o If the source of the <copy-config> operation is a datastore, then
data nodes to which the client does not have read access are
silently omitted.
o If the target of the <copy-config> operation is a datastore, the
client needs access to the modified nodes. Specifically:
* If the protocol operation would result in the creation of a
datastore node and the user does not have "create" access
permission for that node, the protocol operation is rejected
with an "access-denied" error.
* If the protocol operation would result in the deletion of a
datastore node and the user does not have "delete" access
permission for that node, the protocol operation is rejected
with an "access-denied" error.
* If the protocol operation would result in the modification of a
datastore node and the user does not have "update" access
permission for that node, the protocol operation is rejected
with an "access-denied" error.
3.2.7. <delete-config> Operation
Access to the <delete-config> protocol operation is denied by
default. The "exec-default" leaf does not apply to this protocol
operation. Access control rules must be explicitly configured to
allow invocation by a non-recovery session.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.2.8. <commit> Operation
The server MUST determine the exact nodes in the running
configuration datastore that are actually different and only check
"create", "update", and "delete" access permissions for this set of
nodes, which could be empty.
For example, if a session can read the entire datastore but only
change one leaf, that session needs to be able to edit and commit
that one leaf.
3.2.9. <discard-changes> Operation
The client is only required to have permission to execute the
<discard-changes> protocol operation. No datastore permissions are
needed.
3.2.10. <kill-session> Operation
The <kill-session> operation does not directly alter a datastore.
However, it allows one session to disrupt another session that is
editing a datastore.
Access to the <kill-session> protocol operation is denied by default.
The "exec-default" leaf does not apply to this protocol operation.
Access control rules must be explicitly configured to allow
invocation by a non-recovery session.
3.3. Model Components
This section defines the conceptual components related to the access
control model.
3.3.1. Users
A "user" is the conceptual entity that is associated with the access
permissions granted to a particular session. A user is identified by
a string that is unique within the server.
As described in [RFC6241], the username string is derived from the
transport layer during session establishment. If the transport layer
cannot authenticate the user, the session is terminated.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.3.2. Groups
Access to a specific NETCONF protocol operation is granted to a
session. The session is associated with a group (i.e., not with
a user).
A group is identified by its name. All group names are unique within
the server.
Access control is applied at the level of groups. A group contains
zero or more group members.
A group member is identified by a username string.
The same user can be a member of multiple groups.
3.3.3. Emergency Recovery Session
The server MAY support a recovery session mechanism, which will
bypass all access control enforcement. This is useful for
restricting initial access and repairing a broken access control
configuration.
3.3.4. Global Enforcement Controls
There are five global controls that are used to help control how
access control is enforced.
3.3.4.1. enable-nacm Switch
A global "enable-nacm" on/off switch is provided to enable or disable
all access control enforcement. When this global switch is set to
"true", all requests are checked against the access control rules and
only permitted if configured to allow the specific access request.
When this global switch is set to "false", all access requests are
permitted.
3.3.4.2. read-default Switch
An on/off "read-default" switch is provided to enable or disable
default access to receive data in replies and notifications. When
the "enable-nacm" global switch is set to "true", this global switch
is relevant if no matching access control rule is found to explicitly
permit or deny read access to the requested datastore data or
notification event type.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
When this global switch is set to "permit" and no matching access
control rule is found for the datastore read or notification event
requested, access is permitted.
When this global switch is set to "deny" and no matching access
control rule is found for the datastore read or notification event
requested, access is denied. This means that the requested data is
not sent to the client. See step 11 in Section 3.4.5 for details.
3.3.4.3. write-default Switch
An on/off "write-default" switch is provided to enable or disable
default access to alter configuration data. When the "enable-nacm"
global switch is set to "true", this global switch is relevant if no
matching access control rule is found to explicitly permit or deny
write access to the requested datastore data.
When this global switch is set to "permit" and no matching access
control rule is found for the datastore write requested, access is
permitted.
When this global switch is set to "deny" and no matching access
control rule is found for the datastore write requested, access is
denied. See step 12 in Section 3.4.5 for details.
3.3.4.4. exec-default Switch
An on/off "exec-default" switch is provided to enable or disable
default access to execute protocol operations. When the
"enable-nacm" global switch is set to "true", this global switch is
relevant if no matching access control rule is found to explicitly
permit or deny access to the requested NETCONF protocol operation.
When this global switch is set to "permit" and no matching access
control rule is found for the NETCONF protocol operation requested,
access is permitted.
When this global switch is set to "deny" and no matching access
control rule is found for the NETCONF protocol operation requested,
access is denied. See step 12 in Section 3.4.4 and step 13 in
Section 3.4.5 for details.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.3.4.5. enable-external-groups Switch
When this global switch is set to "true", the group names reported by
the transport layer for a session are used together with the locally
configured group names to determine the access control rules for the
session.
When this switch is set to "false", the group names reported by the
transport layer are ignored by the NACM.
3.3.5. Access Control Rules
There are four types of rules available in the NACM:
module rule: controls access for definitions in a specific YANG
module, identified by its name.
protocol operation rule: controls access for a specific protocol
operation, identified by its YANG module and name.
data node rule: controls access for a specific data node and its
descendants, identified by its path location within the conceptual
XML document for the data node.
notification rule: controls access for a specific notification event
type, identified by its YANG module and name.
3.4. Access Control Enforcement Procedures
There are six separate phases that need to be addressed, four of
which are related to the NETCONF message processing model
(Section 3.1.3):
1. Initial operation
2. Session establishment
3. "access-denied" error handling
4. Incoming RPC message validation
5. Data node access validation
6. Outgoing <notification> authorization
In addition, the initial startup mode for a NETCONF server, session
establishment, and "access-denied" error-handling procedures also
need to be considered.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The server MUST use the access control rules in effect at the time it
starts processing the message. The same access control rules MUST
stay in effect for the processing of the entire message.
3.4.1. Initial Operation
Upon the very first startup of the NETCONF server, the access control
configuration will probably not be present. If it isn't, a server
MUST NOT allow any write access to any session role except a recovery
session.
Access rules are enforced any time a request is initiated from a user
session. Access control is not enforced for server-initiated access
requests, such as the initial load of the running configuration
datastore, during bootup.
3.4.2. Session Establishment
The access control model applies specifically to the well-formed XML
content transferred between a client and a server after session
establishment has been completed and after the <hello> exchange has
been successfully completed.
Once session establishment is completed and a user has been
authenticated, the transport layer reports the username and a
possibly empty set of group names associated with the user to the
NETCONF server. The NETCONF server will enforce the access control
rules, based on the supplied username, group names, and the
configuration data stored on the server.
3.4.3. "access-denied" Error Handling
The "access-denied" error-tag is generated when the access control
system denies access to either a request to invoke a protocol
operation or a request to perform a particular access operation on
the configuration datastore.
A server MUST NOT include any information the client is not allowed
to read in any <error-info> elements within the <rpc-error> response.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.4.4. Incoming RPC Message Validation
The diagram below shows the basic conceptual structure of the access
control processing model for incoming NETCONF <rpc> messages within a
server.
NETCONF server
+------------+
| XML |
| message |
| dispatcher |
+------------+
|
|
V
+---------------+
| <rpc> message |
+---------------+
| | |
| | +--------------------------------+
| +---------------+ |
V V V
+------------------+ +--------------------+ +--------------------+
| vendor operation | | standard operation | | standard operation |
| <my-edit> | | <edit-config> | | <unlock> |
+------------------+ +--------------------+ +--------------------+
| |
| |
V V
+----------------------+
| configuration |
| datastore |
+----------------------+
Figure 3
Access control begins with the message dispatcher.
After the server validates the <rpc> element and determines the
namespace URI and the element name of the protocol operation being
requested, the server verifies that the user is authorized to invoke
the protocol operation.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The server MUST separately authorize every protocol operation by
following these steps:
1. If the "enable-nacm" leaf is set to "false", then the protocol
operation is permitted.
2. If the requesting session is identified as a recovery session,
then the protocol operation is permitted.
3. If the requested operation is the NETCONF <close-session>
protocol operation, then the protocol operation is permitted.
4. Check all the "group" entries to see if any of them contain a
"user-name" entry that equals the username for the session
making the request. If the "enable-external-groups" leaf is
"true", add to these groups the set of groups provided by the
transport layer.
5. If no groups are found, continue with step 10.
6. Process all rule-list entries, in the order they appear in the
configuration. If a rule-list's "group" leaf-list does not
match any of the user's groups, proceed to the next rule-list
entry.
7. For each rule-list entry found, process all rules, in order,
until a rule that matches the requested access operation is
found. A rule matches if all of the following criteria are met:
* The rule's "module-name" leaf is "*" or equals the name of
the YANG module where the protocol operation is defined.
* Either (1) the rule does not have a "rule-type" defined or
(2) the "rule-type" is "protocol-operation" and the
"rpc-name" is "*" or equals the name of the requested
protocol operation.
* The rule's "access-operations" leaf has the "exec" bit set or
has the special value "*".
8. If a matching rule is found, then the "action" leaf is checked.
If it is equal to "permit", then the protocol operation is
permitted; otherwise, it is denied.
9. At this point, no matching rule was found in any rule-list
entry.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
10. If the requested protocol operation is defined in a YANG module
advertised in the server capabilities and the "rpc" statement
contains a "nacm:default-deny-all" statement, then the protocol
operation is denied.
11. If the requested protocol operation is the NETCONF
<kill-session> or <delete-config>, then the protocol operation
is denied.
12. If the "exec-default" leaf is set to "permit", then permit the
protocol operation; otherwise, deny the request.
If the user is not authorized to invoke the protocol operation, then
an <rpc-error> is generated with the following information:
error-tag: access-denied
error-path: Identifies the requested protocol operation. The
following example represents the <edit-config> protocol operation
in the NETCONF base namespace:
<error-path
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
/nc:rpc/nc:edit-config
</error-path>
If a datastore is accessed, either directly or as a side effect of
the protocol operation, then the server MUST intercept the access
operation and make sure that the user is authorized to perform the
requested access operation on the specified data, as defined in
Section 3.4.5.
3.4.5. Data Node Access Validation
If (1) a data node within a datastore is accessed or (2) an action or
notification is tied to a data node, then the server MUST ensure that
the user is authorized to perform the requested "read", "create",
"update", "delete", or "execute" access operation on the specified
data node.
If an action is requested to be executed, the server MUST ensure that
the user is authorized to perform the "execute" access operation on
the requested action.
If a notification tied to a data node is generated, the server MUST
ensure that the user is authorized to perform the "read" access
operation on the requested notification.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The data node access request is authorized by following these steps:
1. If the "enable-nacm" leaf is set to "false", then the access
operation is permitted.
2. If the requesting session is identified as a recovery session,
then the access operation is permitted.
3. Check all the "group" entries to see if any of them contain a
"user-name" entry that equals the username for the session
making the request. If the "enable-external-groups" leaf is
"true", add to these groups the set of groups provided by the
transport layer.
4. If no groups are found, continue with step 9.
5. Process all rule-list entries, in the order they appear in the
configuration. If a rule-list's "group" leaf-list does not
match any of the user's groups, proceed to the next rule-list
entry.
6. For each rule-list entry found, process all rules, in order,
until a rule that matches the requested access operation is
found. A rule matches if all of the following criteria are met:
* The rule's "module-name" leaf is "*" or equals the name of
the YANG module where the requested data node is defined.
* Either (1) the rule does not have a "rule-type" defined or
(2) the "rule-type" is "data-node" and the "path" matches the
requested data node, action node, or notification node. A
path is considered to match if the requested node is the node
specified by the path or is a descendant node of the path.
* For a "read" access operation, the rule's "access-operations"
leaf has the "read" bit set or has the special value "*".
* For a "create" access operation, the rule's
"access-operations" leaf has the "create" bit set or has the
special value "*".
* For a "delete" access operation, the rule's
"access-operations" leaf has the "delete" bit set or has the
special value "*".
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
* For an "update" access operation, the rule's
"access-operations" leaf has the "update" bit set or has the
special value "*".
* For an "execute" access operation, the rule's
"access-operations" leaf has the "exec" bit set or has the
special value "*".
7. If a matching rule is found, then the "action" leaf is checked.
If it is equal to "permit", then the data node access is
permitted; otherwise, it is denied. For a "read" access
operation, "denied" means that the requested data is not
returned in the reply.
8. At this point, no matching rule was found in any rule-list
entry.
9. For a "read" access operation, if the requested data node is
defined in a YANG module advertised in the server capabilities
and the data definition statement contains a
"nacm:default-deny-all" statement, then the requested data node
and all its descendants are not included in the reply.
10. For a "write" access operation, if the requested data node is
defined in a YANG module advertised in the server capabilities
and the data definition statement contains a
"nacm:default-deny-write" or a "nacm:default-deny-all"
statement, then the access request is denied for the data node
and all its descendants.
11. For a "read" access operation, if the "read-default" leaf is set
to "permit", then include the requested data node in the reply;
otherwise, do not include the requested data node or any of its
descendants in the reply.
12. For a "write" access operation, if the "write-default" leaf is
set to "permit", then permit the data node access request;
otherwise, deny the request.
13. For an "execute" access operation, if the "exec-default" leaf is
set to "permit", then permit the request; otherwise, deny the
request.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.4.6. Outgoing <notification> Authorization
Configuration of access control rules specifically for descendant
nodes of the notification event type are outside the scope of this
document. If the user is authorized to receive the notification
event type, then it is also authorized to receive any data it
contains.
If the notification is specified within a data subtree, as specified
in [RFC7950], then read access to the notification is required.
Processing continues as described in Section 3.4.5.
The following figure shows the conceptual message processing model
for outgoing <notification> messages.
NETCONF server
+------------+
| XML |
| message |
| generator |
+------------+
^
|
+----------------+
| <notification> |
| generator |
+----------------+
^
|
+=================+
| <notification> |
| access control |
| <eventType> |
+=================+
^
|
+------------------------+
| server instrumentation |
+------------------------+
| ^
V |
+----------------------+
| configuration |
| datastore |
+----------------------+
Figure 4
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
The generation of a notification for a specific subscription
[RFC5277] is authorized by following these steps:
1. If the "enable-nacm" leaf is set to "false", then the
notification is permitted.
2. If the session is identified as a recovery session, then the
notification is permitted.
3. If the notification is the NETCONF <replayComplete> or
<notificationComplete> event type [RFC5277], then the
notification is permitted.
4. Check all the "group" entries to see if any of them contain a
"user-name" entry that equals the username for the session
making the request. If the "enable-external-groups" leaf is
"true", add to these groups the set of groups provided by the
transport layer.
5. If no groups are found, continue with step 10.
6. Process all rule-list entries, in the order they appear in the
configuration. If a rule-list's "group" leaf-list does not
match any of the user's groups, proceed to the next rule-list
entry.
7. For each rule-list entry found, process all rules, in order,
until a rule that matches the requested access operation is
found. A rule matches if all of the following criteria are met:
* The rule's "module-name" leaf is "*" or equals the name of
the YANG module where the notification is defined.
* Either (1) the rule does not have a "rule-type" defined or
(2) the "rule-type" is "notification" and the
"notification-name" is "*" or equals the name of the
notification.
* The rule's "access-operations" leaf has the "read" bit set or
has the special value "*".
8. If a matching rule is found, then the "action" leaf is checked.
If it is equal to "permit", then permit the notification;
otherwise, drop the notification for the associated
subscription.
9. Otherwise, no matching rule was found in any rule-list entry.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
10. If the requested notification is defined in a YANG module
advertised in the server capabilities and the "notification"
statement contains a "nacm:default-deny-all" statement, then the
notification is dropped for the associated subscription.
11. If the "read-default" leaf is set to "permit", then permit the
notification; otherwise, drop the notification for the
associated subscription.
3.5. Data Model Definitions
3.5.1. Data Organization
The following diagram highlights the contents and structure of the
NACM YANG module.
module: ietf-netconf-acm
+--rw nacm
+--rw enable-nacm? boolean
+--rw read-default? action-type
+--rw write-default? action-type
+--rw exec-default? action-type
+--rw enable-external-groups? boolean
+--ro denied-operations yang:zero-based-counter32
+--ro denied-data-writes yang:zero-based-counter32
+--ro denied-notifications yang:zero-based-counter32
+--rw groups
| +--rw group* [name]
| +--rw name group-name-type
| +--rw user-name* user-name-type
+--rw rule-list* [name]
+--rw name string
+--rw group* union
+--rw rule* [name]
+--rw name string
+--rw module-name? union
+--rw (rule-type)?
| +--:(protocol-operation)
| | +--rw rpc-name? union
| +--:(notification)
| | +--rw notification-name? union
| +--:(data-node)
| +--rw path node-instance-identifier
+--rw access-operations? union
+--rw action action-type
+--rw comment? string
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 31]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
3.5.2. YANG Module
The following YANG module specifies the normative NETCONF content
that MUST be supported by the server.
The "ietf-netconf-acm" YANG module imports typedefs from [RFC6991].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-netconf-acm@2018-02-14.yang"
module ietf-netconf-acm {
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm";
prefix nacm;
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix yang;
}
organization
"IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
WG List: <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
Author: Andy Bierman
<mailto:andy@yumaworks.com>
Author: Martin Bjorklund
<mailto:mbj@tail-f.com>";
description
"Network Configuration Access Control Model.
Copyright (c) 2012 - 2018 IETF Trust and the persons
identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD
License set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's
Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8341; see
the RFC itself for full legal notices.";
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
revision "2018-02-14" {
description
"Added support for YANG 1.1 actions and notifications tied to
data nodes. Clarified how NACM extensions can be used by
other data models.";
reference
"RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control Model";
}
revision "2012-02-22" {
description
"Initial version.";
reference
"RFC 6536: Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)
Access Control Model";
}
/*
* Extension statements
*/
extension default-deny-write {
description
"Used to indicate that the data model node
represents a sensitive security system parameter.
If present, the NETCONF server will only allow the designated
'recovery session' to have write access to the node. An
explicit access control rule is required for all other users.
If the NACM module is used, then it must be enabled (i.e.,
/nacm/enable-nacm object equals 'true'), or this extension
is ignored.
The 'default-deny-write' extension MAY appear within a data
definition statement. It is ignored otherwise.";
}
extension default-deny-all {
description
"Used to indicate that the data model node
controls a very sensitive security system parameter.
If present, the NETCONF server will only allow the designated
'recovery session' to have read, write, or execute access to
the node. An explicit access control rule is required for all
other users.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
If the NACM module is used, then it must be enabled (i.e.,
/nacm/enable-nacm object equals 'true'), or this extension
is ignored.
The 'default-deny-all' extension MAY appear within a data
definition statement, 'rpc' statement, or 'notification'
statement. It is ignored otherwise.";
}
/*
* Derived types
*/
typedef user-name-type {
type string {
length "1..max";
}
description
"General-purpose username string.";
}
typedef matchall-string-type {
type string {
pattern '\*';
}
description
"The string containing a single asterisk '*' is used
to conceptually represent all possible values
for the particular leaf using this data type.";
}
typedef access-operations-type {
type bits {
bit create {
description
"Any protocol operation that creates a
new data node.";
}
bit read {
description
"Any protocol operation or notification that
returns the value of a data node.";
}
bit update {
description
"Any protocol operation that alters an existing
data node.";
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 34]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
bit delete {
description
"Any protocol operation that removes a data node.";
}
bit exec {
description
"Execution access to the specified protocol operation.";
}
}
description
"Access operation.";
}
typedef group-name-type {
type string {
length "1..max";
pattern '[^\*].*';
}
description
"Name of administrative group to which
users can be assigned.";
}
typedef action-type {
type enumeration {
enum permit {
description
"Requested action is permitted.";
}
enum deny {
description
"Requested action is denied.";
}
}
description
"Action taken by the server when a particular
rule matches.";
}
typedef node-instance-identifier {
type yang:xpath1.0;
description
"Path expression used to represent a special
data node, action, or notification instance-identifier
string.
A node-instance-identifier value is an
unrestricted YANG instance-identifier expression.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
All the same rules as an instance-identifier apply,
except that predicates for keys are optional. If a key
predicate is missing, then the node-instance-identifier
represents all possible server instances for that key.
This XML Path Language (XPath) expression is evaluated in the
following context:
o The set of namespace declarations are those in scope on
the leaf element where this type is used.
o The set of variable bindings contains one variable,
'USER', which contains the name of the user of the
current session.
o The function library is the core function library, but
note that due to the syntax restrictions of an
instance-identifier, no functions are allowed.
o The context node is the root node in the data tree.
The accessible tree includes actions and notifications tied
to data nodes.";
}
/*
* Data definition statements
*/
container nacm {
nacm:default-deny-all;
description
"Parameters for NETCONF access control model.";
leaf enable-nacm {
type boolean;
default "true";
description
"Enables or disables all NETCONF access control
enforcement. If 'true', then enforcement
is enabled. If 'false', then enforcement
is disabled.";
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 36]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
leaf read-default {
type action-type;
default "permit";
description
"Controls whether read access is granted if
no appropriate rule is found for a
particular read request.";
}
leaf write-default {
type action-type;
default "deny";
description
"Controls whether create, update, or delete access
is granted if no appropriate rule is found for a
particular write request.";
}
leaf exec-default {
type action-type;
default "permit";
description
"Controls whether exec access is granted if no appropriate
rule is found for a particular protocol operation request.";
}
leaf enable-external-groups {
type boolean;
default "true";
description
"Controls whether the server uses the groups reported by the
NETCONF transport layer when it assigns the user to a set of
NACM groups. If this leaf has the value 'false', any group
names reported by the transport layer are ignored by the
server.";
}
leaf denied-operations {
type yang:zero-based-counter32;
config false;
mandatory true;
description
"Number of times since the server last restarted that a
protocol operation request was denied.";
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 37]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
leaf denied-data-writes {
type yang:zero-based-counter32;
config false;
mandatory true;
description
"Number of times since the server last restarted that a
protocol operation request to alter
a configuration datastore was denied.";
}
leaf denied-notifications {
type yang:zero-based-counter32;
config false;
mandatory true;
description
"Number of times since the server last restarted that
a notification was dropped for a subscription because
access to the event type was denied.";
}
container groups {
description
"NETCONF access control groups.";
list group {
key name;
description
"One NACM group entry. This list will only contain
configured entries, not any entries learned from
any transport protocols.";
leaf name {
type group-name-type;
description
"Group name associated with this entry.";
}
leaf-list user-name {
type user-name-type;
description
"Each entry identifies the username of
a member of the group associated with
this entry.";
}
}
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 38]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
list rule-list {
key name;
ordered-by user;
description
"An ordered collection of access control rules.";
leaf name {
type string {
length "1..max";
}
description
"Arbitrary name assigned to the rule-list.";
}
leaf-list group {
type union {
type matchall-string-type;
type group-name-type;
}
description
"List of administrative groups that will be
assigned the associated access rights
defined by the 'rule' list.
The string '*' indicates that all groups apply to the
entry.";
}
list rule {
key name;
ordered-by user;
description
"One access control rule.
Rules are processed in user-defined order until a match is
found. A rule matches if 'module-name', 'rule-type', and
'access-operations' match the request. If a rule
matches, the 'action' leaf determines whether or not
access is granted.";
leaf name {
type string {
length "1..max";
}
description
"Arbitrary name assigned to the rule.";
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 39]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
leaf module-name {
type union {
type matchall-string-type;
type string;
}
default "*";
description
"Name of the module associated with this rule.
This leaf matches if it has the value '*' or if the
object being accessed is defined in the module with the
specified module name.";
}
choice rule-type {
description
"This choice matches if all leafs present in the rule
match the request. If no leafs are present, the
choice matches all requests.";
case protocol-operation {
leaf rpc-name {
type union {
type matchall-string-type;
type string;
}
description
"This leaf matches if it has the value '*' or if
its value equals the requested protocol operation
name.";
}
}
case notification {
leaf notification-name {
type union {
type matchall-string-type;
type string;
}
description
"This leaf matches if it has the value '*' or if its
value equals the requested notification name.";
}
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 40]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
case data-node {
leaf path {
type node-instance-identifier;
mandatory true;
description
"Data node instance-identifier associated with the
data node, action, or notification controlled by
this rule.
Configuration data or state data
instance-identifiers start with a top-level
data node. A complete instance-identifier is
required for this type of path value.
The special value '/' refers to all possible
datastore contents.";
}
}
}
leaf access-operations {
type union {
type matchall-string-type;
type access-operations-type;
}
default "*";
description
"Access operations associated with this rule.
This leaf matches if it has the value '*' or if the
bit corresponding to the requested operation is set.";
}
leaf action {
type action-type;
mandatory true;
description
"The access control action associated with the
rule. If a rule has been determined to match a
particular request, then this object is used
to determine whether to permit or deny the
request.";
}
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 41]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
leaf comment {
type string;
description
"A textual description of the access rule.";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
4. IANA Considerations
This document reuses the URI for "ietf-netconf-acm" in the "IETF XML
Registry".
This document updates the module registration in the "YANG Module
Names" registry to reference this RFC instead of RFC 6536 for
"ietf-netconf-acm". Following the format in [RFC6020], the following
has been registered.
Name: ietf-netconf-acm
Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm
Prefix: nacm
Reference: RFC 8341
5. Security Considerations
The YANG module specified in this document defines a schema for data
that is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such
as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer
is the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure
transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer
is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
[RFC5246].
The NETCONF access control model [RFC8341] provides the means to
restrict access for particular NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a
preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol
operations and content.
There is a risk related to the lack of access control enforcement for
the RESTCONF OPTIONS and PATCH methods. The risk here is that the
response to OPTIONS and PATCH may vary based on the presence or
absence of a resource corresponding to the URL's path. If this is
the case, then it can be used to trivially probe for the presence or
absence of values within a tree. Therefore, a server MUST NOT vary
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 42]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
its responses based on the existence of the underlying resource,
which would indicate the presence or absence of resource instances.
In particular, servers should not expose any instance information
before ensuring that the client has the necessary access permissions
to obtain that information. In such cases, servers are expected to
always return the "access-denied" error response.
There are a number of data nodes defined in this YANG module that are
writable/creatable/deletable (i.e., config true, which is the
default). These data nodes may be considered sensitive or vulnerable
in some network environments. Write operations (e.g., edit-config)
to these data nodes without proper protection can have a negative
effect on network operations. These are the subtrees and data nodes
and their sensitivity/vulnerability:
o /nacm: The entire /nacm subtree is related to security. Refer to
the following sections for more details.
This section highlights the issues for an administrator to consider
when configuring a NETCONF server with the NACM.
5.1. NACM Configuration and Monitoring Considerations
Configuration of the access control system is highly sensitive to
system security. A server may choose not to allow any user
configuration to some portions of it, such as the global security
level or the groups that allowed access to system resources.
By default, NACM enforcement is enabled. By default, "read" access
to all datastore contents is enabled (unless "nacm:default-deny-all"
is specified for the data definition), and "exec" access is enabled
for safe protocol operations. An administrator needs to ensure that
the NACM is enabled and also decide if the default access parameters
are set appropriately. Make sure that the following data nodes are
properly configured:
o /nacm/enable-nacm (default "true")
o /nacm/read-default (default "permit")
o /nacm/write-default (default "deny")
o /nacm/exec-default (default "permit")
An administrator needs to restrict write access to all configurable
objects within this data model.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 43]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
If write access is allowed for configuration of access control rules,
then care needs to be taken not to disrupt the access control
enforcement. For example, if the NACM access control rules are
edited directly within the running configuration datastore (i.e.,
:writable-running capability is supported and used), then care needs
to be taken not to allow unintended access while the edits are being
done.
An administrator needs to make sure that the translation from a
transport- or implementation-dependent user identity to a NACM
username is unique and correct. This requirement is specified in
detail in Section 2.2 of [RFC6241].
An administrator needs to be aware that the YANG data structures
representing access control rules (/nacm/rule-list and
/nacm/rule-list/rule) are ordered by the client. The server will
evaluate the access control rules according to their relative
conceptual order within the running configuration datastore.
Note that the /nacm/groups data structure contains the administrative
group names used by the server. These group names may be configured
locally and/or provided through an external protocol, such as RADIUS
[RFC2865] [RFC5607].
An administrator needs to be aware of the security properties of any
external protocol used by the transport layer to determine group
names. For example, if this protocol does not protect against
man-in-the-middle attacks, an attacker might be able to inject group
names that are configured in the NACM so that a user gets more
permissions than it should. In such cases, the administrator may
wish to disable the usage of such group names by setting
/nacm/enable-external-groups to "false".
Some of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered
sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus
important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or
notification) to these data nodes. These are the subtrees and data
nodes and their sensitivity/vulnerability:
o /nacm/enable-nacm
o /nacm/read-default
o /nacm/write-default
o /nacm/exec-default
o /nacm/enable-external-groups
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 44]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
o /nacm/groups
o /nacm/rule-list
An administrator needs to restrict read access to the above-listed
objects within this data model, as they reveal access control
configuration that could be considered sensitive.
5.2. General Configuration Issues
There is a risk that invocation of non-standard protocol operations
will have undocumented side effects. An administrator needs to
construct access control rules such that the configuration datastore
is protected from such side effects.
It is possible for a session with some write access (e.g., allowed to
invoke <edit-config>), but without any access to a particular
datastore subtree containing sensitive data, to determine the
presence or non-presence of that data. This can be done by
repeatedly issuing some sort of edit request (create, update, or
delete) and possibly receiving "access-denied" errors in response.
These "fishing" attacks can identify the presence or non-presence of
specific sensitive data even without the "error-path" field being
present within the <rpc-error> response.
It may be possible for the set of NETCONF capabilities on the server
to change over time. If so, then there is a risk that new protocol
operations, notifications, and/or datastore content have been added
to the device. An administrator needs to be sure that the access
control rules are correct for the new content in this case.
Mechanisms to detect NETCONF capability changes on a specific device
are outside the scope of this document.
It is possible that the data model definition itself (e.g., a YANG
when-stmt) will help an unauthorized session determine the presence
or even value of sensitive data nodes by examining the presence and
values of different data nodes.
It is possible that the data model definition itself (e.g., a YANG
when-stmt or choice-stmt) will allow a session to implicitly create
or delete nodes that the session does not have write access to as an
implicit side effect from the processing of an allowed <edit-config>
operation.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 45]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
There is a risk that non-standard protocol operations, or even the
standard <get> protocol operation, may return data that "aliases" or
"copies" sensitive data from a different data object. There may
simply be multiple data model definitions that expose or even
configure the same underlying system instrumentation.
A data model may contain external keys (e.g., YANG leafref), which
expose values from a different data structure. An administrator
needs to be aware of sensitive data models that contain leafref
nodes. This entails finding all the leafref objects that "point" at
the sensitive data (i.e., "path-stmt" values) that implicitly or
explicitly includes the sensitive data node.
It is beyond the scope of this document to define access control
enforcement procedures for underlying device instrumentation that may
exist to support the NETCONF server operation. An administrator can
identify each protocol operation that the server provides and decide
if it needs any access control applied to it.
This document incorporates the optional use of a recovery session
mechanism, which can be used to bypass access control enforcement in
emergencies such as NACM configuration errors that disable all access
to the server. The configuration and identification of such a
recovery session mechanism are implementation specific and are
outside the scope of this document. An administrator needs to be
aware of any recovery session mechanisms available on the device and
make sure that they are used appropriately.
It is possible for a session to disrupt configuration management,
even without any write access to the configuration, by locking the
datastore. This may be done to ensure that all or part of the
configuration remains stable while it is being retrieved, or it may
be done as a "denial-of-service" attack. There is no way for the
server to know the difference. An administrator may wish to restrict
"exec" access to the following protocol operations:
o <lock>
o <unlock>
o <partial-lock>
o <partial-unlock>
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 46]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
5.3. Data Model Design Considerations
Designers need to clearly identify any sensitive data, notifications,
or protocol operations defined within a YANG module. For such
definitions, a "nacm:default-deny-write" or "nacm:default-deny-all"
statement ought to be present, in addition to a clear description of
the security risks.
Protocol operations need to be properly documented by the data model
designer so that it is clear to administrators what data nodes (if
any) are affected by the protocol operation and what information (if
any) is returned in the <rpc-reply> message.
Data models ought to be designed so that different access levels for
input parameters to protocol operations are not required. The use of
generic protocol operations should be avoided, and if different
access levels are needed, separate protocol operations should be
defined instead.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
[RFC5277] Chisholm, S. and H. Trevino, "NETCONF Event
Notifications", RFC 5277, DOI 10.17487/RFC5277, July 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5277>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 47]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
[RFC6242] Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.
[RFC6991] Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.
[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in
RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8342] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture
(NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8342>.
[W3C.REC-xml-20081126]
Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, M., Maler, E., and
F. Yergeau, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
(Fifth Edition)", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation
REC-xml-20081126, November 2008,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126>.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 48]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
6.2. Informative References
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
[RFC5607] Nelson, D. and G. Weber, "Remote Authentication Dial-In
User Service (RADIUS) Authorization for Network Access
Server (NAS) Management", RFC 5607, DOI 10.17487/RFC5607,
July 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5607>.
[YANG-SEC] IETF, "YANG Security Guidelines", <https://trac.ietf.org/
trac/ops/wiki/yang-security-guidelines>.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 49]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
Appendix A. Usage Examples
The following XML [W3C.REC-xml-20081126] snippets are provided as
examples only, to demonstrate how the NACM can be configured to
perform some access control tasks.
A.1. <groups> Example
There needs to be at least one <group> entry in order for any of the
access control rules to be useful.
The following XML shows arbitrary groups and is not intended to
represent any particular use case.
<nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
<groups>
<group>
<name>admin</name>
<user-name>admin</user-name>
<user-name>andy</user-name>
</group>
<group>
<name>limited</name>
<user-name>wilma</user-name>
<user-name>bam-bam</user-name>
</group>
<group>
<name>guest</name>
<user-name>guest</user-name>
<user-name>guest@example.com</user-name>
</group>
</groups>
</nacm>
This example shows three groups:
admin: The "admin" group contains two users named "admin" and
"andy".
limited: The "limited" group contains two users named "wilma" and
"bam-bam".
guest: The "guest" group contains two users named "guest" and
"guest@example.com".
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 50]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
A.2. Module Rule Example
Module rules are used to control access to all the content defined in
a specific module. A module rule has the "module-name" leaf set but
no nodes from the "rule-type" choice set.
<nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
<rule-list>
<name>guest-acl</name>
<group>guest</group>
<rule>
<name>deny-ncm</name>
<module-name>ietf-netconf-monitoring</module-name>
<access-operations>*</access-operations>
<action>deny</action>
<comment>
Do not allow guests any access to the NETCONF
monitoring information.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
<rule-list>
<name>limited-acl</name>
<group>limited</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-ncm</name>
<module-name>ietf-netconf-monitoring</module-name>
<access-operations>read</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow read access to the NETCONF
monitoring information.
</comment>
</rule>
<rule>
<name>permit-exec</name>
<module-name>*</module-name>
<access-operations>exec</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow invocation of the
supported server operations.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 51]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
<rule-list>
<name>admin-acl</name>
<group>admin</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-all</name>
<module-name>*</module-name>
<access-operations>*</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow the 'admin' group complete access to all
operations and data.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
</nacm>
This example shows four module rules:
deny-ncm: This rule prevents the "guest" group from reading any
monitoring information in the "ietf-netconf-monitoring" YANG
module.
permit-ncm: This rule allows the "limited" group to read the
"ietf-netconf-monitoring" YANG module.
permit-exec: This rule allows the "limited" group to invoke any
protocol operation supported by the server.
permit-all: This rule allows the "admin" group complete access to
all content in the server. No subsequent rule will match for the
"admin" group because of this module rule.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 52]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
A.3. Protocol Operation Rule Example
Protocol operation rules are used to control access to a specific
protocol operation.
<nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
<rule-list>
<name>guest-limited-acl</name>
<group>limited</group>
<group>guest</group>
<rule>
<name>deny-kill-session</name>
<module-name>ietf-netconf</module-name>
<rpc-name>kill-session</rpc-name>
<access-operations>exec</access-operations>
<action>deny</action>
<comment>
Do not allow the 'limited' group or the 'guest' group
to kill another session.
</comment>
</rule>
<rule>
<name>deny-delete-config</name>
<module-name>ietf-netconf</module-name>
<rpc-name>delete-config</rpc-name>
<access-operations>exec</access-operations>
<action>deny</action>
<comment>
Do not allow the 'limited' group or the 'guest' group
to delete any configurations.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 53]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
<rule-list>
<name>limited-acl</name>
<group>limited</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-edit-config</name>
<module-name>ietf-netconf</module-name>
<rpc-name>edit-config</rpc-name>
<access-operations>exec</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow the 'limited' group to edit the configuration.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
</nacm>
This example shows three protocol operation rules:
deny-kill-session: This rule prevents the "limited" group or the
"guest" group from invoking the NETCONF <kill-session> protocol
operation.
deny-delete-config: This rule prevents the "limited" group or the
"guest" group from invoking the NETCONF <delete-config> protocol
operation.
permit-edit-config: This rule allows the "limited" group to invoke
the NETCONF <edit-config> protocol operation. This rule will have
no real effect unless the "exec-default" leaf is set to "deny".
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 54]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
A.4. Data Node Rule Example
Data node rules are used to control access to specific (config and
non-config) data nodes within the NETCONF content provided by the
server.
<nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
<rule-list>
<name>guest-acl</name>
<group>guest</group>
<rule>
<name>deny-nacm</name>
<path xmlns:n="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
/n:nacm
</path>
<access-operations>*</access-operations>
<action>deny</action>
<comment>
Deny the 'guest' group any access to the /nacm data.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
<rule-list>
<name>limited-acl</name>
<group>limited</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-acme-config</name>
<path xmlns:acme="http://example.com/ns/netconf">
/acme:acme-netconf/acme:config-parameters
</path>
<access-operations>
read create update delete
</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow the 'limited' group complete access to the acme
NETCONF configuration parameters. Showing long form
of 'access-operations' instead of shorthand.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 55]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
<rule-list>
<name>guest-limited-acl</name>
<group>guest</group>
<group>limited</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-dummy-interface</name>
<path xmlns:acme="http://example.com/ns/itf">
/acme:interfaces/acme:interface[acme:name='dummy']
</path>
<access-operations>read update</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow the 'limited' and 'guest' groups read
and update access to the dummy interface.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
<rule-list>
<name>admin-acl</name>
<group>admin</group>
<rule>
<name>permit-interface</name>
<path xmlns:acme="http://example.com/ns/itf">
/acme:interfaces/acme:interface
</path>
<access-operations>*</access-operations>
<action>permit</action>
<comment>
Allow the 'admin' group full access to all acme interfaces.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
</nacm>
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 56]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
This example shows four data node rules:
deny-nacm: This rule denies the "guest" group any access to the
/nacm subtree.
permit-acme-config: This rule gives the "limited" group read-write
access to the acme <config-parameters>.
permit-dummy-interface: This rule gives the "limited" and "guest"
groups read-update access to the acme <interface> entry named
"dummy". This entry cannot be created or deleted by these groups;
it can only be altered.
permit-interface: This rule gives the "admin" group read-write
access to all acme <interface> entries.
A.5. Notification Rule Example
Notification rules are used to control access to a specific
notification event type.
<nacm xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-netconf-acm">
<rule-list>
<name>sys-acl</name>
<group>limited</group>
<group>guest</group>
<rule>
<name>deny-config-change</name>
<module-name>acme-system</module-name>
<notification-name>sys-config-change</notification-name>
<access-operations>read</access-operations>
<action>deny</action>
<comment>
Do not allow the 'guest' group or the 'limited' group
to receive config change events.
</comment>
</rule>
</rule-list>
</nacm>
This example shows one notification rule:
deny-config-change: This rule prevents the "limited" group or the
"guest" group from receiving the acme <sys-config-change>
event type.
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 57]
RFC 8341 NACM March 2018
Authors' Addresses
Andy Bierman
YumaWorks
685 Cochran St.
Suite #160
Simi Valley, CA 93065
United States of America
Email: andy@yumaworks.com
Martin Bjorklund
Tail-f Systems
Email: mbj@tail-f.com
Bierman & Bjorklund Standards Track [Page 58]