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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Winterbottom
Request for Comments: 6753 Commscope
Category: Standards Track H. Tschofenig
ISSN: 2070-1721 Nokia Siemens Networks
H. Schulzrinne
Columbia University
M. Thomson
Microsoft
October 2012
A Location Dereference Protocol Using
HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD)
Abstract
This document describes how to use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) over Transport Layer Security (TLS) as a dereference protocol
to resolve a reference to a Presence Information Data Format Location
Object (PIDF-LO). This document assumes that a Location Recipient
possesses a URI that can be used in conjunction with the HTTP-Enabled
Location Delivery (HELD) protocol to request the location of the
Target.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6753.
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. HELD Dereference Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. HELD Usage Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. HTTP GET Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Authorization Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Authorization by Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Authorization via Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. Access Control with HELD Dereference . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. GEOPRIV Using Protocol Compliance . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix B. Compliance to Location Reference Requirements . . . . 21
B.1. Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol . . . . 21
B.2. Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol . . . . . 23
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
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1. Introduction
A location URI [RFC5808] identifies a resource that contains the
location of an entity. This document specifies how a holder of an
"http:" or "https:" location URI uses that URI to retrieve location
information using a subset of HELD functionality or an HTTP GET
request.
A location URI can be acquired using a location configuration
protocol, such as HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD) [RFC5985] or
the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) location URI option
[DHCP-URI-OPT].
A Location Recipient that dereferences a location URI acquires
location information in the form of a Presence Information Data
Format - Location Object (PIDF-LO) document [RFC4119]. HELD
parameters allow for specifying the type of location information,
though some constraints are placed on allowable parameters.
Location URIs compatible with HELD dereferencing use the "https:" or
"http:" scheme. HELD can be used by Location Recipients that are
aware of the fact that the URI is a location URI. Mandatory support
for an HTTP GET request ensures that the URI can be used even if it
is not recognized as a location URI.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This document uses key terminology from several sources:
o The terms for the GEOPRIV reference model defined are in
[RFC6280].
o The term "Location Information Server (LIS)", from [RFC5687], is a
node in the access network that provides location information to
an endpoint. A LIS provides location URIs.
o The term "Location Server (LS)", from [RFC6280], is used to
identify the role that responds to a location dereference request.
A Location Server might be the same entity as the LIS, but the
model in [RFC5808] allows for the existence of separate -- but
related -- entities.
o The term "location URI" is coined in [RFC5808].
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3. HELD Dereference Protocol
This section describes how HELD can be used to dereference a location
URI. This process can be applied when a Location Recipient is in
possession of a location URI with an "https:" or "http:" URI scheme.
This document does not describe a specific authentication mechanism.
This means that authorization policies are unable to specifically
identify authorized Location Recipients.
A Location Recipient that wishes to dereference an "https:" or
"http:" URI performs a HELD request on HTTP to the identified
resource.
Note: In many cases, an "http:" URI does not provide sufficient
security for location URIs. The absence of the security
mechanisms provided by TLS means that the Rule Maker has no
control over who receives location information, and the Location
Recipient has no assurance that the information is correct.
The Location Recipient establishes a connection to the LS, as
described in [RFC2818].
The scheme of a location URI determines whether or not TLS is used on
a given dereference transaction. Location Servers MUST be configured
to issue only HTTPS URIs and respond to only to HTTPS dereference
requests, unless confidentiality and integrity protection are
provided by some other mechanism. For example, the server might only
accept requests from clients within a trusted network or via an
IPsec-protected channel. When TLS is used, the TLS ciphersuite
TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL MUST NOT be used, and the LS MUST be
authenticated [RFC6125] to ensure that the correct server is
contacted.
A Location Server MAY reject a request and ask that a Location
Recipient provide authentication credentials if authorization is
dependent on the Location Recipient identity. Future specifications
could define an authentication mechanism and a means by which
Location Recipients are identified in authorization policies. This
document does not provide definitions for either item.
3.1. HELD Usage Profile
Use of HELD as a location dereference protocol is largely the same as
its use as a location configuration protocol. Aside from the
restrictions noted in this document, HELD semantics do not differ
from those established in [RFC5985].
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The HELD "locationRequest" is the only request permitted by this
specification. Similarly, request parameters other than the
following MUST NOT be accepted by the LS: "responseTime" and
"locationType" (including the associated "exact" attribute).
Parameters and requests that do not have known behavior for
dereference requests MUST NOT be used. The LS MUST ignore any
parameters that it does not understand unless it knows the parameters
to be invalid. If parameters are understood by the LS and known to
be invalid, the LS MAY generate a HELD error response. For instance,
those defined in [RFC6155] are always invalid and can be rejected.
The LS MUST NOT generate location URIs or provide a "locationUriSet"
in response to a dereference request. If the location request
contains a "locationType" element that includes "locationURI", this
parameter is either ignored or rejected as appropriate, based on the
associated "exact" attribute.
3.2. HTTP GET Behavior
GET is the method assumed by generic HTTP user agents; therefore,
unless context identifies an "https:" URI as a HELD URI, such a user
agent might simply send an HTTP GET. Rather than providing an HTTP
405 (Method Not Allowed) response indicating that POST is the only
permitted method, a LIS MUST provide a HELD location response if it
receives an HTTP GET request.
An HTTP GET request to a HELD URI produces a HELD response as if the
following HELD request had been sent using HTTP POST:
<locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
<locationType exact="false">
geodetic civic
</locationType>
</locationRequest>
Figure 1: GET Request Equivalent Location Request
HTTP GET requests MUST be safe and idempotent [RFC2616] -- that is,
there are no side effects of making the request, and a repeated
request has no more effect than a single request. Repeating a HELD
request might result in a different location, but only as a result of
a change in the state of the resource: the location of the Target.
Only the creation of a location URI as a result of receiving a
request causes a HELD request to have side effects. A request to a
location URI can be both safe and idempotent, since a location URI
cannot be produced in response to a request to a location URI. A
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
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Location Recipient MAY infer from a response containing the HELD
content type "application/held+xml" that a URI references a resource
that supports HELD.
Content negotiation MAY be supported to produce a presence document
in place of a HELD location response. Where the presence document
would otherwise be included in a "locationResponse" document, it can
be included in the body of the HTTP response directly by including an
"Accept" header that includes "application/pidf+xml".
4. Authorization Models
This section discusses two extreme types of authorization models for
dereferencing with HELD URIs, namely "Authorization by Possession"
and "Authorization by Access Control". In the subsequent
subsections, we discuss the properties of these two models.
Figure 2, from [RFC5808], shows the model applicable to location
configuration, conveyance, and dereference.
+---------+--------+ Location +-----------+
| | | Dereference | Location |
| LIS - LS +---------------+ Recipient |
| | | Protocol | |
+----+----+--------+ (3) +-----+-----+
| `. |
| Policy `. |
Location | Exchange `. |
Configuration | (*) | |
Protocol | +----+----+ |
(1) | | Rule | Location |
| | Maker | Conveyance |
+-----+----+ +---------+ Protocol |
| | (2) |
| Target +------------------------------+
| |
+----------+
Figure 2: Communication Model
It is important to note that this document does not mandate a
specific authorization model. It is possible to combine aspects of
both models. However, no authentication framework is provided, which
limits the policy options available when the "Authorization by Access
Control" model is used.
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For either authorization model, the overall process is similar. The
following steps are followed, with minor alterations:
1. The Target acquires a location URI from the LIS. This uses a
location configuration protocol (LCP), such as HELD or DHCP.
2. The Target then conveys the location URI to a third party, the
Location Recipient (for example, using SIP as described in
[RFC6442]). This step is shown in (2) of Figure 2.
3. The Location Recipient then needs to dereference the location URI
in order to obtain the Location Object (3). An "https:" or
"http:" URI is dereferenced as described in this document; other
URI schemes might be dereferenced using another method.
In this final step, the Location Server (LS) or LIS makes an
authorization decision. How this decision is reached depends on the
authorization model.
4.1. Authorization by Possession
In this model, possession -- or knowledge -- of the location URI is
used to control access to location information. A location URI might
be constructed such that it is hard to guess (see C8 of [RFC5808]),
and the set of entities that it is disclosed to can be limited. The
only authentication this would require by the LS is evidence of
possession of the URI. The LS could immediately authorize any
request that indicates this URI.
Authorization by possession does not require direct interaction with
a Rule Maker; it is assumed that the Rule Maker is able to exert
control over the distribution of the location URI. Therefore, the
LIS can operate with limited policy input from a Rule Maker.
Limited disclosure is an important aspect of this authorization
model. The location URI is a secret; therefore, ensuring that
adversaries are not able to acquire this information is paramount.
Encryption, such as might be offered by TLS [RFC5246] or S/MIME
[RFC5751], protects the information from eavesdroppers.
Use of authorization by possession location URIs in a hop-by-hop
protocol such as SIP [RFC3261] adds the possibility of on-path
adversaries. Depending on the usage of the location URI for certain
location-based applications (e.g., emergency services and location-
based routing), specific treatment is important, as discussed in
[RFC6442].
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
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Using possession as a basis for authorization means that, once
granted, authorization cannot be easily revoked. Cancellation of a
location URI ensures that legitimate users are also affected;
application of additional policy is theoretically possible but could
be technically infeasible. Expiration of location URIs limits the
usable time for a location URI, requiring that an attacker continue
to learn new location URIs to retain access to current location
information.
A very simple policy might be established at the time that a location
URI is created. This policy specifies that the location URI expires
after a certain time, which limits any inadvertent exposure of
location information to adversaries. The expiration time of the
location URI might be negotiated at the time of its creation, or it
might be unilaterally set by the LIS.
4.2. Authorization via Access Control
Use of explicit access control provides a Rule Maker greater control
over the behavior of an LS. In contrast to authorization by
possession, possession of this form of location URI does not imply
authorization. Since an explicit policy is used to authorize access
to location information, the location URI can be distributed to many
potential Location Recipients.
Either before creation or dissemination of the location URI, the Rule
Maker establishes an authorization policy with the LS. In reference
to Figure 2, authorization policies might be established at creation
(Step 1) and need to be established before the location URI is
published (Step 2) to ensure that the policy grants access to the
desired Location Recipients. Depending on the mechanism used, it
might also be possible to change authorization policies at any time.
A possible format for these authorization policies is available with
GEOPRIV Common Policy [RFC4745] and Geolocation Policy
[GEOPRIV-POLICY]. Additional constraints might be established by
other means.
The LS enforces the authorization policy when a Location Recipient
dereferences the URI. Explicit authorization policies allow a Rule
Maker to specify how location information is provided to Location
Recipients.
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4.3. Access Control with HELD Dereference
This document does not describe a specific authentication mechanism;
therefore, the authorization by access control model is not an
option. Instead, this document assumes the authorization by
possession model.
Other policy mechanisms, such as those described in [GEOPRIV-POLICY],
can be applied for different Location Recipients if each recipient is
given a different location URI. Each location URI can be assigned a
different authorization policy. Selective disclosure used in this
fashion can be used in place of identity-based authorization.
How policy is associated with a location URI is not defined by this
document. [GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI] describes one possible mechanism.
Use of an identity-based authorization policy is not precluded. A
Location Server MAY support an authentication mechanism that enables
identity-based authorization policies to be used. Future
specifications might define means of identifying recipients.
Note: Policy frameworks like [RFC4745] degrade in a way that
protects privacy if features are not supported. If a policy
specifies a rule that is conditional on the identity of a
recipient and the protocol does not (or cannot) provide an
assertion identity of the recipient, the rule has no effect, and
the policy defaults to providing less information.
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
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5. Examples
An example scenario envisioned by this document is shown in Figure 3.
This diagram shows how a location dereference protocol fits with
location configuration and conveyance. [RFC5808] contains more
information on this scenario and others like it.
+-------------+
+------------+ | Location | +-----------+
| End Device | | Information | | Location |
| (Target) | | Server | | Recipient |
+-----+------+ +------+------+ +-----+-----+
| | |
.- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -. |
: | locationRequest | : |
. |----(for location URI)-->| . |
: | | : Location |
. | locationResponse | . Configuration |
: |<-----(location URI)-----| : |
. | | . |
`- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -' |
| | |
| Location Conveyance |
|~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(location URI)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~>|
| | |
| .- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -.
| : | locationRequest | :
| . |<------(for civic)-------| .
| Dereferencing : | | :
| . | locationResponse | .
| : |--------(PIDF-LO)------->| :
| . | | .
| `- + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -'
| | |
Figure 3: Example of Dereference Protocol Exchange
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The example in Figure 4 shows the simplest form of dereferencing
request using HELD to the location URI
"https://ls.example.com:49152/uri/w3g61nf5n66p0". The only way that
this differs from the example in Section 10.1 of [RFC5985] is in the
request URI and the source of the URI.
POST /uri/w3g61nf5n66p0 HTTP/1.1
Host: ls.example.com:49152
Content-Type: application/held+xml
Content-Length: 87
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"/>
Figure 4: Minimal Dereferencing Request
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Figure 5 shows the response to the previous request listing both
civic and geodetic location information of the Target's location.
Again, this is identical to the response in Section 10.1 of [RFC5985]
-- unless policy specifies otherwise, the Location Recipient receives
the same information as the Device.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Example LIS
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2011 03:42:29 GMT
Expires: Tue, 11 Jan 2011 03:42:29 GMT
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: application/held+xml
Content-Length: 676
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<locationResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
<presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
entity="pres:3650n87934c@ls.example.com">
<tuple id="b650sf789nd">
<status>
<geopriv xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10"
xmlns:gbp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:basic-policy">
<location-info>
<Point xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
<pos>-34.407 150.88001</pos>
</Point>
</location-info>
<usage-rules>
<gbp:retransmission-allowed>
false</gbp:retransmission-allowed>
<gbp:retention-expiry>
2011-01-11T03:42:29+00:00</gbp:retention-expiry>
</usage-rules>
<method>Wiremap</method>
</geopriv>
</status>
<timestamp>2006-01-10T03:42:28+00:00</timestamp>
</tuple>
</presence>
</locationResponse>
Figure 5: Response with Location Information
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The following GET request is treated in an equivalent fashion. The
LS treats this request as though it were a location request of the
form shown in Figure 1. The same response might be provided.
GET /uri/w3g61nf5n66p0 HTTP/1.1
Host: ls.example.com:49152
Accept: application/held+xml
Figure 6: GET Request
The following GET request uses content negotiation to indicate a
preference for a presence document.
GET /uri/w3g61nf5n66p0 HTTP/1.1
Host: ls.example.com:49152
Accept: application/pidf+xml,application/held+xml;q=0.5
Figure 7: GET Request with Content Negotiation
The response only differs from a normal HELD location response to a
POST request in that the "locationResponse" element is omitted and
the "Content-Type" header reflects the changed content.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Example LIS
Date: Mon, 10 Jan 2011 03:42:29 GMT
Expires: Tue, 11 Jan 2011 03:42:29 GMT
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: application/pidf+xml
Content-Length: 591
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
entity="pres:3650n87934c@ls.example.com">
<!-- PIDF contents are identical to the previous example -->
</presence>
Figure 8: GET Response with PIDF-LO
6. Security Considerations
Privacy of location information is the most important security
consideration for this document. Two measures in particular are used
to protect privacy: TLS and authorization policies. TLS provides a
means of ensuring confidentiality of location information through
encryption and mutual authentication. An authorization policy allows
a Rule Maker to explicitly control how location information is
provided to Location Recipients.
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The process by which a Rule Maker establishes an authorization policy
is not covered by this document; several methods are possible, for
instance, [GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI] and [RFC4825].
TLS MUST be used for dereferencing location URIs unless
confidentiality and integrity are provided by some other mechanism,
as discussed in Section 3. Location Recipients MUST authenticate the
host identity using the domain name included in the location URI,
using the procedure described in Section 3.1 of [RFC2818]. Local
policy determines what a Location Recipient does if authentication
fails or cannot be attempted.
The authorization by possession model (Section 4.1) further relies on
TLS when transmitting the location URI to protect the secrecy of the
URI. Possession of such a URI implies the same privacy
considerations as possession of the PIDF-LO document that the URI
references.
Location URIs MUST only be disclosed to authorized Location
Recipients. The GEOPRIV architecture [RFC6280] designates the Rule
Maker to authorize disclosure of the URI.
Protection of the location URI is necessary, since the policy
attached to such a location URI permits anyone who has the URI to
view the associated location information. This aspect of security is
covered in more detail in the specification of location conveyance
protocols, such as [RFC6442].
According to the requirements in [RFC5808] the LS MUST NOT provide
any information about the Target except its location, unless policy
from a Rule Maker allows otherwise. Thus, the Location Server MUST
only provide an unlinked pseudonym in the "entity" attribute of the
PIDF-LO document unless the Rule Maker policy allows for identity
disclosure.
Further security considerations and requirements relating to the use
of location URIs are described in [RFC5808].
7. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Barbara Stark and Guy Caron for providing early comments.
Thanks to Rohan Mahy for constructive comments on the scope and
format of the document. Thanks to Ted Hardie for his strawman
proposal that provided assistance with the security section of this
document. Richard Barnes made helpful observations on the
application of authorization policy. Bernard Aboba and Julian
Reschke contributed constructive reviews.
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
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The participants of the GEOPRIV interim meeting 2008 provided
significant feedback on this document.
James Polk provided input on security in June 2008.
Martin Dawson was an original author of this document. Sadly, he
passed away prior to its publication.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[RFC4119] Peterson, J., "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object
Format", RFC 4119, December 2005.
[RFC5491] Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, "GEOPRIV
Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)
Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations",
RFC 5491, March 2009.
[RFC5985] Barnes, M., "HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD)",
RFC 5985, September 2010.
[RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
(PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, March 2011.
8.2. Informative References
[DHCP-URI-OPT]
Polk, J., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) IPv4
and IPv6 Option for a Location Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI)", Work in Progress, May 2012.
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
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[GEOPRIV-POLICY]
Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Cuellar, J., Polk, J.,
Morris, J., and M. Thomson, "Geolocation Policy: A
Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for
Location Information", Work in Progress, August 2012.
[GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI]
Barnes, R., Thomson, M., Winterbottom, J., and H.
Tschofenig, "Location Configuration Extensions for Policy
Management", Work in Progress, November 2011.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC3693] Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and
J. Polk, "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004.
[RFC4745] Schulzrinne, H., Tschofenig, H., Morris, J., Cuellar, J.,
Polk, J., and J. Rosenberg, "Common Policy: A Document
Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences", RFC 4745,
February 2007.
[RFC4825] Rosenberg, J., "The Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP)", RFC 4825, May 2007.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5687] Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, "GEOPRIV Layer 7
Location Configuration Protocol: Problem Statement and
Requirements", RFC 5687, March 2010.
[RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010.
[RFC5808] Marshall, R., "Requirements for a Location-by-Reference
Mechanism", RFC 5808, May 2010.
[RFC6155] Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., Tschofenig, H., and R.
Barnes, "Use of Device Identity in HTTP-Enabled Location
Delivery (HELD)", RFC 6155, March 2011.
Winterbottom, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
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[RFC6280] Barnes, R., Lepinski, M., Cooper, A., Morris, J.,
Tschofenig, H., and H. Schulzrinne, "An Architecture for
Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications",
BCP 160, RFC 6280, July 2011.
[RFC6442] Polk, J., Rosen, B., and J. Peterson, "Location Conveyance
for the Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 6442,
December 2011.
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Appendix A. GEOPRIV Using Protocol Compliance
This section describes how use of HELD as a location dereference
protocol complies with the GEOPRIV requirements described in
[RFC3693].
Req. 1. (Location Object generalities):
This requirement relates to the PIDF-LO [RFC4119] document,
which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by
[RFC4119] and [RFC5491].
Req. 2. (Location Object fields):
This requirement relates to the PIDF-LO [RFC4119] document,
which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by
[RFC4119] and [RFC5491].
Req. 3. (Location Data Types):
This requirement relates to the PIDF-LO [RFC4119] document,
which is used by HELD. These requirements are addressed by
[RFC4119] and [RFC5491].
Section 7.2 of [RFC3693] details the requirements of a "Using
Protocol". These requirements are restated, followed by a statement
of compliance:
Req. 4. "The using protocol has to obey the privacy and security
instructions coded in the Location Object and in the
corresponding Rules regarding the transmission and storage
of the LO".
Compliant: This specification describes the use of HTTP over
TLS for carrying the PIDF-LO from the LS to the Location
Recipient. The sending and receiving parties are expected
to comply with the instructions carried inside the object.
Though discouraged, using unsecured "http:" URIs is
permitted. Using unsecured HTTP is likely to result in non-
compliance with this requirement.
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Req. 5. "The using protocol will typically facilitate that the keys
associated with the credentials are transported to the
respective parties, that is, key establishment is the
responsibility of the using protocol".
Compliant: This document specifies that authentication of
the LS uses the established public key infrastructure used
by HTTP over TLS [RFC2818]. Authentication of Location
Recipients is based on distribution of a secret (the
location URI) using a conveyance protocol (for instance,
[RFC6442]), allowances are made for later work to define
alternative methods.
Req. 6. "(Single Message Transfer) In particular, for tracking of
small target devices, the design should allow a single
message/packet transmission of location as a complete
transaction".
Not Compliant: The XML encoding specified in [RFC4119] is
not suited to single packet transfers. Use of compressed
content encoding [RFC2616] might allow this condition to be
met.
Section 7.3 of [RFC3693] details the requirements of a "Rule based
Location Data Transfer". These requirements are restated where they
are applicable to this document:
Req. 7. "(LS Rules) The decision of a Location Server to provide a
Location Recipient access to Location Information MUST be
based on Rule Maker-defined Privacy Rules".
Compliant: This document describes two alternative methods
by which a Rule Maker is able to control access to location
information. Rule Maker policy is enforced by the LS when
a location URI is dereferenced. However, this document
does not describe how a location URI is created or how a
Rule Maker associates policy with a location URI. These
are covered by other specifications.
Req. 8. (LG Rules) Not Applicable: This relationship between LS and
the source of its information (be that Location Generator
(LG) or LIS) is out of the scope of this document.
Req. 9. "(Viewer Rules) A Viewer does not need to be aware of the
full Rules defined by the Rule Maker (because a Viewer
SHOULD NOT retransmit Location Information), and thus a
Viewer SHOULD receive only the subset of Privacy Rules
necessary for the Viewer to handle the LO in compliance
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with the full Privacy Rules (such as, instruction on the
time period for which the LO can be retained)".
Compliant: The Rule Maker might define (via mechanisms
outside the scope of this document) which policy rules are
disclosed to other entities. For instance, if [RFC4745] is
used to convey authorization policies from Rule Maker to
LS, this is possible using the parameters specified in
[GEOPRIV-POLICY].
In order to comply with these rules, a Location Recipient
MUST NOT redistribute a location URI without express
permission. Depending on the access control model, the
location URI might be secret (see Section 3.3 of
[RFC5808]).
Req. 10. (Full Rule language) Not Applicable: Note, however, that
GEOPRIV has defined a rule language capable of expressing a
wide range of privacy rules (see [RFC4745] and
[GEOPRIV-POLICY].
Req. 11. (Limited Rule language) Not Applicable: This requirement
applies to (and is addressed by) PIDF-LO [RFC4119].
Section 7.4 of [RFC3693] details the requirements of "Location Object
Privacy and Security". These requirements are restated where they
are applicable to this document:
Req. 12. (Identity Protection) Compliant: Identity protection of the
Target is provided as long as both of the following
conditions are true:
(a) the location URI is not associated with the identity
of the Target in any context, and
(b) the PIDF-LO does not contain information about the
identity of the Target.
For instance, this requirement is complied with if the
protocol that conveys the location URI does not link the
identity of the Target to the location URI and the LS
doesn't include meaningful identification information in
the PIDF-LO document. Section 6 recommends that an
unlinked pseudonym is used by the LS.
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Req. 13. (Credential Requirements) Compliant: The primary security
mechanism specified in this document is Transport Layer
Security. TLS offers the ability to use different types of
credentials, including symmetric, asymmetric, or a
combination of them.
Req. 14. (Security Features) Compliant: GEOPRIV defines a few
security requirements for the protection of Location
Objects such as mutual endpoint authentication, data object
integrity, data object confidentiality, and replay
protection. The ability to use Transport Layer Security
fulfills most of these requirements. Authentication of
Location Recipients in this document relies on proof of a
shared secret -- the location URI. This does not preclude
the addition of more robust authentication procedures.
Req. 15. (Minimal Crypto) Compliant: The mandatory-to-implement
ciphersuite is provided in the TLS layer security
specification [RFC5246].
Appendix B. Compliance to Location Reference Requirements
This section describes how HELD complies to the location reference
requirements stipulated in [RFC5808]. Compliance of [RFC5985] to the
Location Configuration Protocol is included.
Note: Use of HELD as a location dereference protocol does not
necessarily imply that HELD is the corresponding LCP. This
document is still applicable to HTTP location URIs that are
acquired by other means.
B.1. Requirements for a Location Configuration Protocol
C1. "Location URI support: The location configuration protocol MUST
support a location reference in URI form".
Compliant: HELD only provides location references in URI form.
C2. "Location URI expiration: When a location URI has a limited
validity interval, its lifetime MUST be indicated".
Compliant: HELD indicates the expiry time of location URIs using
the "expires" attribute. [GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI] provides a way to
control expiration of a location URI.
C3. "Location URI cancellation: The location configuration protocol
MUST support the ability to request a cancellation of a specific
location URI".
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Compliant with Extension: [GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI] describes how a
location URI can be canceled through the application of policy.
Without extensions, HELD does not provide a method for canceling
location URIs.
C4. "Location Information Masking: The location URI MUST ensure, by
default, through randomization and uniqueness, that the location
URI does not contain location information specific components".
Compliant: The HELD specification [RFC5985] explicitly
references this requirement in providing guidance on the format
of the location URI.
C5. "Target Identity Protection: The location URI MUST NOT contain
information that identifies the Target (e.g., user or device)".
Compliant: The HELD specification [RFC5985] provides specific
guidance on the anonymity of the Target with regards to the
generation of location URIs. Section 6 expands on this
guidance.
C6. "Reuse indicator: There SHOULD be a way to allow a Target to
control whether a location URI can be resolved once only, or
multiple times".
Not Compliant: Specific extensions to the protocol or
authorization policy formats are needed to alter the default
behavior, which allows unlimited resolution of the location URI.
C7. "Selective disclosure: The location configuration protocol MUST
provide a mechanism that allows the Rule Maker to control what
information is being disclosed about the Target".
Compliant with Extension: Use of policy mechanisms and
[GEOPRIV-POLICY-URI] enable this capability. Note that this
document recommends that only location information be provided.
C8. "Location URI Not guessable: As a default, the location
configuration protocol MUST return location URIs that are random
and unique throughout the indicated lifetime. A location URI
with 128-bits of randomness is RECOMMENDED".
Compliant: HELD specifies that location URIs conform to this
requirement. The amount of randomness is not specifically
identified since it depends on a number of factors that change
over time, such as the number of valid location URIs, the
validity period of those URIs, and the rate that guesses can be
made.
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C9. "Location URI Options: In the case of user-provided
authorization policies, where anonymous or non-guessable
location URIs are not warranted, the location configuration
protocol MAY support a variety of optional location URI
conventions, as requested by a Target to a location
configuration server, (e.g., embedded location information
within the location URI)".
Not Compliant: HELD does not support Device-specified location
URI forms.
B.2. Requirements for a Location Dereference Protocol
D1. "Location URI support: The location dereference protocol MUST
support a location reference in URI form".
Compliant: HELD only provides location references in URI form.
D2. "Authentication: The location dereference protocol MUST include
mechanisms to authenticate both the client and the server".
Partially Compliant: TLS provides means for mutual
authentication. This document only specifies the required
mechanism for server authentication. Client authentication is
not precluded.
D3. "Dereferenced Location Form: The value returned by the
dereference protocol MUST contain a well-formed PIDF-LO
document".
Compliant: HELD requires that Location Objects are in the form
of a PIDF-LO that complies with [RFC5491].
D4. "Location URI Repeated Use: The location dereference protocol
MUST support the ability for the same location URI to be
resolved more than once, based on dereference server
configuration".
Compliant: A Location Recipient may access and use a location
URI as many times as desired until URI expiration results in the
URI being invalidated. Authorization policies might include
rules that modify this behavior.
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D5. "The location dereference protocol MUST support confidentiality
protection of messages sent between the Location Recipient and
the location server".
Compliant: This document strongly recommends the use of TLS for
confidentiality, and HELD mandates its implementation.
Unsecured HTTP is permitted: the associated risks are described
in Section 3.
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Authors' Addresses
James Winterbottom
Commscope
Andrew Building (39)
Wollongong University Campus
Northfields Avenue
Wollongong, NSW 2522
AU
Phone: +61 242 212938
EMail: james.winterbottom@commscope.com
Hannes Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo 02600
Finland
Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
URI: http://www.tschofenig.priv.at
Henning Schulzrinne
Columbia University
Department of Computer Science
450 Computer Science Building
New York, NY 10027
USA
Phone: +1 212 939 7042
EMail: hgs@cs.columbia.edu
URI: http://www.cs.columbia.edu
Martin Thomson
Microsoft
3210 Porter Drive
Palo Alto, CA 94304
USA
Phone: +1 650-353-1925
EMail: martin.thomson@skype.net
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