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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Sullivan
Request for Comments: 8222 Oracle
Category: Informational September 2017
ISSN: 2070-1721
Selecting Labels for Use with Conventional DNS and
Other Resolution Systems in DNS-Based Service Discovery
Abstract
Despite its name, DNS-Based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) can use naming
systems other than DNS when looking for services. Moreover, when it
uses DNS, DNS-SD uses the full capability of DNS, rather than using a
subset of available octets. This is of particular relevance where
some environments use DNS labels that conform to Internationalized
Domain Names for Applications (IDNA), and other environments use
labels containing Unicode characters (such as containing octets
corresponding to characters encoded as UTF-8). In order for DNS-SD
to be used effectively in environments where multiple different name
systems and conventions for their operation are in use, it is
important to attend to differences in the underlying technology and
operational environment. This memo presents an outline of the
requirements for the selection of labels for conventional DNS and
other resolution systems when they are expected to interoperate in
this manner.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8222.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Conventions and Terms Used in This Document . . . . . . . 3
2. Why There Could Be a Problem at All . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Requirements for a Profile for Label Interoperation . . . . . 5
4. DNS-SD Portions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. The <Instance> Portion of the Service Instance Name . . . 6
4.2. The <Service> Portion of the Service
Instance Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. The <Domain> Portion of the Service Instance Name . . . . 7
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Introduction
DNS-Based Service Discovery (DNS-SD, [RFC6763]) specifies a mechanism
for discovering services using queries to DNS ([RFC1034] and
[RFC1035]) and to any other system that uses domain names, such as
Multicast DNS (mDNS, [RFC6762]). Many applications that use DNS
follow "Internet hostname" syntax [RFC952] for labels -- the
so-called LDH (letters, digits, and hyphen) rule. That convention is
the reason behind the development of Internationalized Domain Names
for Applications (IDNA2008, [RFC5890], [RFC5891], [RFC5892],
[RFC5893], [RFC5894], and [RFC5895]). It is worth noting that the
LDH rule is a convention, and not a rule of the DNS; this is made
entirely plain by Section 11 of [RFC2181], and discussed further in
Section 3 of [RFC6055]. Nevertheless, there is a widespread belief
that in many circumstances domain names cannot be used in the DNS
unless they follow the LDH rule.
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At the same time, mDNS requires that labels be encoded in UTF-8 and
permits a range of characters in labels that are not permitted by
IDNA2008 or the LDH rule. For example, mDNS encourages the use of
spaces and punctuation in mDNS names (see Section 4.2.3 of
[RFC6763]). It does not restrict which Unicode code points may be
used in those labels, so long as the code points are UTF-8 in
Net-Unicode [RFC5198] format.
Users and developers of applications are, of course, frequently
unconcerned with (or oblivious to) the name-resolution system(s) in
service at any given moment; they are inclined simply to use the same
domain names in different contexts. As a result, names entered into
the same domain name slot might be resolved using different name
resolution technologies. If a given name will not work across the
various environments, then user expectations are likely to be best
satisfied when at least some parts of the domain names to be queried
are compatible with the rules and conventions for all the relevant
technologies. Given the uses of DNS-SD, a choice for such
compatibility likely lies with the application designer or service
operator.
One approach to interoperability under these circumstances is to use
a single operational convention (a "profile") for domain names under
the different naming systems. This memo assumes such a use profile,
and attempts to outline what is necessary to make it work without
specifying any particular technology. It does assume, however, that
the global DNS is likely to be implicated. Given the general
tendency of all resolution eventually to fall through to the DNS,
that assumption does not seem controversial.
It is worth noting that users of DNS-SD do not use the service
discovery names in the same way that users of other domain names
might. In many cases, domain names can be entered as direct user
input. But the service discovery context generally assumes that
users are picking a service from a list. As a result, the sorts of
application considerations that are appropriate to the general-
purpose DNS name, and that resulted in the A-label/U-label split (see
below) in IDNA2008, are not entirely the right approach for DNS-SD.
1.1. Conventions and Terms Used in This Document
Wherever appropriate, this memo uses the terminology defined in
Section 2 of [RFC5890]. In particular, the reader is assumed to be
familiar with the terms "U-label", "LDH label", and "A-label" from
that document. Similarly, the reader is assumed to be familiar with
the U+NNNN notation for Unicode code points used in [RFC5890] and
other documents dealing with Unicode code points. In the interests
of brevity and consistency, the definitions are not repeated here.
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Sometimes this memo refers to names in the DNS as though the LDH rule
and IDNA2008 are strict requirements. They are not. DNS labels are,
in principle, just collections of octets; therefore, in principle,
the LDH rule is not a constraint. In practice, applications
sometimes intercept labels that do not conform to the LDH rule and
apply IDNA and other transformations.
DNS, perhaps unfortunately, has produced its own jargon. Unfamiliar
DNS-related terms in this memo should be found in [RFC7719].
The term "owner name" (common to the DNS vernacular; see above) is
used here to apply not just to the domain names to be looked up in
the DNS, but to any name that might be looked up either in the DNS or
using another technology. Therefore, it includes names that might
not actually exist anywhere. In addition, what follows depends on
the idea that not every domain name will be looked up in the DNS.
For instance, names ending in "local." (in the presentation format)
are not ordinarily looked up using DNS, but instead looked up using
mDNS.
DNS-SD specifies three portions of the owner name for a DNS-SD
resource record. These are the <Instance> portion, the <Service>
portion, and the <Domain> portion. The owner name made of these
three parts is called the "Service Instance Name". It is worth
observing that a portion may be more than one label long. See
Section 4.1 of [RFC6763]. Further discussion of the parts is found
in Section 4.
Throughout this memo, mDNS is used liberally as the alternative
resolution mechanism to DNS. This is for convenience rather than
rigor: any alternative name resolution to DNS could present the same
friction with the prevailing operational conventions of the global
DNS. It so happens that mDNS is the overwhelmingly successful
alternative as of this writing, so it is used in order to make the
issues plainer to the reader. Other alternative resolution
mechanisms may generally be read wherever mDNS appears in the text,
except where details of the mDNS specification appear.
2. Why There Could Be a Problem at All
One might reasonably wonder why there is a problem to be solved at
all. After all, DNS labels permit any octet whatsoever, and anything
that can be useful with DNS-SD cannot use any names that are outside
the protocol strictures of the DNS.
The reason for the trouble is twofold. First, and least troublesome,
is the possibility of resolvers that are attempting to offer IDNA
service system-wide. Given the design of IDNA2008, it is reasonable
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to suppose that, on some systems, high-level name resolution
libraries will perform the U-label/A-label transformation
automatically, saving applications from these details. But system-
level services do not always have available to them the resolution
context, and they may apply the transformation in a way that foils
rather than helps the application. Of course, if this were the main
problem, it would presumably be self-correcting because the right
answer would be, "Don't use those libraries for DNS-SD", and DNS-SD
would not work reliably in cases where such libraries were in use.
This would be unfortunate, but given that DNS-SD in Internet contexts
is (as of this writing) not in ubiquitous use, it should not
represent a fatal issue.
The greater problem is that the "infrastructure" types of DNS service
-- the root zone, the top-level domains, and so on -- have embraced
IDNA and refuse registration of raw UTF-8 into their zones. As of
this writing, there is (perhaps unfortunately) no reliable way to
discover where these sorts of DNS services end. Nevertheless, some
client programs (notably web browsers) have adopted a number of
different policies about how domain names will be looked up and
presented to users given the policies of the relevant DNS zone
operators. None of these policies permit raw UTF-8. Since it is
anticipated that DNS-SD when used with the DNS will be inside domain
names beneath those kinds of "infrastructure" domains, the
implications of IDNA2008 must be a consideration.
For further exploration of issues relating to encoding of domain
names generally, the reader should consult [RFC6055].
3. Requirements for a Profile for Label Interoperation
Any interoperability between DNS (including prevailing operational
conventions) and other resolution technologies will require
interoperability across the portions of a DNS-SD Service Instance
Name that are implicated in regular DNS lookups. Only some portions
are implicated. In any case, if a given portion is implicated, the
profile will need to apply to all labels in that portion.
In addition, because DNS-SD Service Instance Names can be used in a
domain name slot, care must be taken by DNS-SD-aware resolvers to
handle the different portions as outlined here, so that DNS-SD
portions that do not use IDNA2008 will not be treated as U-labels and
will not accidentally undergo IDNA processing.
Because the profile will apply to names that might appear in the
public DNS, and because other resolution mechanisms (such as mDNS)
could permit labels that IDNA does not, the profile might reduce the
labels that could be used with those other resolution mechanisms.
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One consequence of this is that some recommendations from [RFC6763]
will not really be possible to implement using names subject to the
profile. In particular, Section 4.2.3 of [RFC6763] recommends that
labels always be stored and communicated as UTF-8, even in the DNS.
Because of the way that the public DNS is currently operated (see
Section 2), the advice to store and transmit labels as UTF-8 in the
DNS is likely either to encounter problems, to result in unnecessary
traffic to the public DNS, or to do both. In particular, many labels
in the <Domain> part of a Service Instance Name are unlikely to be
found in the UTF-8 form in the public DNS tree for zones that are
using IDNA2008. By contrast, for example, mDNS exclusively uses
UTF-8.
U-labels cannot contain uppercase letters (see Sections 3.1.3 and 4.2
of [RFC5894]). That restriction extends to ASCII-range uppercase
letters that work fine in LDH labels. It may be confusing that the
character "A" works in the DNS when none of the characters in the
label has a diacritic, but it does not work when there is such a
diacritic in the label. Labels in mDNS names (or other resolution
technologies) may contain uppercase characters, so the profile will
need either to restrict the use of uppercase or to come up with a
convention for case folding (even in the presence of diacritics) that
is reliable and predictable to users.
4. DNS-SD Portions
Service Instance Names are made up of three portions.
4.1. The <Instance> Portion of the Service Instance Name
[RFC6763] is clear that the <Instance> portion of the Service
Instance Name is intended for presentation to users; therefore,
virtually any character is permitted in it. There are two ways that
a profile might address this portion.
The first way would be to treat this portion as likely to be
intercepted by system-wide IDNA-aware (but otherwise context-unaware)
resolvers or likely subject to strict IDNA-conformance requirements
for publication in the relevant zone. In this case, the portion
would need to be made subject to the profile, thereby curtailing what
characters may appear in this portion. This approach permits DNS-SD
to use any standard system resolver but presents inconsistencies with
the DNS-SD specification and with DNS-SD use that is exclusively
mDNS-based. Therefore, this strategy is rejected.
Instead, DNS-SD implementations can intercept the <Instance> portion
of a Service Instance Name and ensure that those labels are never
handed to IDNA-aware resolvers that might attempt to convert these
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labels into A-labels. Under this approach, the DNS-SD <Instance>
portion works as it always does, but at the cost of using special
resolution code built into the DNS-SD system. A practical
consequence of this is that zone operators need to be prepared not to
apply the LDH rule to all labels, and they may need to make special
concessions to ensure that the <Instance> portion can contain spaces,
uppercase and lowercase, and any UTF-8 code point. Otherwise, they
need to prepare a user interface to handle the exceptions that would
be generated. Automatic conversion to A-labels is not acceptable.
It is worth noting that this advice is not actually compatible with
the advice in Section 4 of [RFC6055]. That section appears to assume
that names are not really composed of subsections, but because
[RFC6763] specifies portions of names, the advice in this memo is to
follow the advice of [RFC6055] according to the portion of the domain
name, rather than for the whole domain name. As a practical matter,
this means special-purpose name resolution software for DNS-SD.
4.2. The <Service> Portion of the Service Instance Name
DNS-SD includes a <Service> component in the Service Instance Name.
This component is not really user-facing data; instead it is control
data embedded in the Service Instance Name. This component includes
so-called "underscore labels", which are labels prepended with U+005F
(_). The underscore label convention was established by DNS SRV
([RFC2782]) for identifying metadata inside DNS names. A system-wide
resolver (or DNS middlebox) that cannot handle underscore labels will
not work with DNS-SD at all, so it is safe to suppose that such
resolvers will not attempt to do special processing on these labels.
Therefore, the <Service> portion of the Service Instance Name will
not be subject to the profile. By the same token, underscore labels
are never subject to IDNA processing (they are formally
incompatible); therefore, concerns about IDNA are irrelevant for
these labels.
4.3. The <Domain> Portion of the Service Instance Name
The <Domain> portion of the Service Instance Name forms an integral
part of the owner name submitted for DNS resolution. A system-wide
resolver that is IDNA2008-aware is likely to interpret labels with
UTF-8 in the owner name as candidates for IDNA2008 processing. More
important, operators of internationalized domain names will
frequently publish such names in the public DNS as A-labels;
certainly, the topmost labels will always be A-labels. Therefore,
these labels will need to be subject to the profile. DNS-SD
implementations ought to identify the <Domain> portion of the Service
Instance Name and treat it subject to IDNA2008 in case the domain is
to be queried from the global DNS. (This document does not specify
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how to do that and does not alter the specification in [RFC6763].)
In the event that the <Domain> portion of the Service Instance Name
fails to resolve, it is acceptable to substitute labels with plain
UTF-8, starting at the lowest label in the DNS tree and working
toward the root. This approach would differ from the rule for
resolution published in [RFC6763], because this approach privileges
IDNA2008-compatible labels over UTF-8 labels. There is more than one
way to achieve such a result, but in terms of predictability, it is
probably best if the lowest-level resolution component is able to
learn the correct resolution context so that it can perform the
correct transformations on the various domain portions.
One might argue against the above restriction on either of two
grounds:
1. It is possible that the names may be in the DNS in UTF-8, and RFC
6763 already specifies a fallback strategy of progressively
attempting first the UTF-8 label lookup (it might not be a
U-label) and then, if possible, the A-label lookup.
2. Zone administrators that wish to support DNS-SD can publish a
UTF-8 version of the zone along side the A-label version of the
zone.
The first of these is rejected because it represents a potentially
significant increase in DNS lookup traffic. It is possible for a
DNS-SD application to identify the <Domain> portion of the Service
Instance Name. The standard way to publish IDNs on the Internet uses
IDNA. Therefore, additional lookups should not be encouraged. When
[RFC6763] was published, the bulk of IDNs were lower in the tree.
Now that there are internationalized labels in the root zone, it is
desirable to minimize queries to the Internet infrastructure if they
are sure to be answered in the negative.
The second reason depends on the idea that it is possible to maintain
two names in sync with one another. This is not strictly speaking
true, although in this case the domain operator could simply create a
DNAME record [RFC6672] from the UTF-8 name to the IDNA2008 zone.
This still, however, relies on being able to reach the (UTF-8) name
in question, and it is unlikely that the UTF-8 version of the zone
will be delegated from anywhere. Moreover, in many organizations,
the support for DNS-SD and the support for domain name delegations
are not performed by the same department; depending on a coordination
between the two will make the system more fragile, slower, or both.
Some resolvers -- particularly those that are used in mixed DNS and
non-DNS environments -- may be aware of different operational
conventions in different parts of the DNS tree. For example, it may
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be possible for implementations to use hints about the boundary of an
organization's domain name infrastructure in order to tell, for
instance, that example.com. is part of the Example Organization,
while com. is a large delegation-centric zone on the public Internet.
In such cases, the resolution system might reverse its preferences to
prefer plain UTF-8 labels when resolving names below the boundary
point in the DNS tree. The result would be that any lookup past the
boundary point and closer to the root would use LDH labels first,
falling back to UTF-8 only after a failure; but a lookup below the
boundary point would use UTF-8 labels first, and try other strategies
only in case of negative answers. The mechanism to learn such a
boundary is beyond the scope of this document.
5. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
6. Security Considerations
This memo presents some requirements for future development, but does
not specify anything. It makes no additional security-specific
requirements. Issues arising due to visual confusability of names
apply to this case as well as to any other case of internationalized
names, but interoperation between different resolution systems and
conventions does not alter the severity of those issues.
7. Informative References
[RFC952] Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M., and E. Feinler, "DoD Internet
host table specification", RFC 952, DOI 10.17487/RFC0952,
October 1985, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc952>.
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2181] Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
Specification", RFC 2181, DOI 10.17487/RFC2181, July 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2181>.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2782, February 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2782>.
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[RFC5198] Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5198>.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in
Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5891, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>.
[RFC5892] Faltstrom, P., Ed., "The Unicode Code Points and
Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)",
RFC 5892, DOI 10.17487/RFC5892, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892>.
[RFC5893] Alvestrand, H., Ed. and C. Karp, "Right-to-Left Scripts
for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications
(IDNA)", RFC 5893, DOI 10.17487/RFC5893, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5893>.
[RFC5894] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and
Rationale", RFC 5894, DOI 10.17487/RFC5894, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5894>.
[RFC5895] Resnick, P. and P. Hoffman, "Mapping Characters for
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
2008", RFC 5895, DOI 10.17487/RFC5895, September 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5895>.
[RFC6055] Thaler, D., Klensin, J., and S. Cheshire, "IAB Thoughts on
Encodings for Internationalized Domain Names", RFC 6055,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6055, February 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6055>.
[RFC6672] Rose, S. and W. Wijngaards, "DNAME Redirection in the
DNS", RFC 6672, DOI 10.17487/RFC6672, June 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6672>.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
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[RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.
[RFC7719] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7719>.
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges the insights of Joe Abley, Stuart
Cheshire, Paul Hoffman, Warren Kumari, Eliot Lear, Kerry Lynn,
Juergen Schoenwaelder, and Dave Thaler. Kerry Lynn deserves special
gratitude for his energy and persistence in pressing unanswered
questions. Doug Otis sent many comments about visual confusability.
Author's Address
Andrew Sullivan
Oracle Corporation
100 Milverton Drive
Mississauga, ON L5R 4H1
Canada
Email: andrew.s.sullivan@oracle.com
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