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# Geography Cheatsheet ## Geographic Concepts - **Latitude and Longitude**: Measured in degrees, latitude refers to the distance north or south of the equator, while longitude refers to the distance east or west of the prime meridian. - **Topography**: The study of the shape and features of the Earth's surface, including mountains, valleys, and bodies of water. - **Climate**: The long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, and other weather conditions in a particular area. - **Biomes**: Large regions of the world with similar climate, flora, and fauna, such as deserts, grasslands, and forests. - **Ecosystems**: The interactions between living organisms and their physical environment, including biotic and abiotic factors. - **Natural Hazards**: Natural phenomena that can cause harm to people, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires. ## Geographic Tools - **Maps**: Two-dimensional representations of the Earth's surface, usually showing political boundaries, physical features, and other geographic information. - **Globes**: Three-dimensional models of the Earth's surface that accurately represent the planet's shape and size. - **Geographic Information Systems (GIS)**: Computer-based tools for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographic data. - **Remote Sensing**: The use of satellites and other technologies to gather information about the Earth's surface from a distance. - **Global Positioning System (GPS)**: A network of satellites that provide location and time information to GPS receivers. - **Compass**: A tool that uses the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction. ## Geographic Techniques - **Cartography**: The art and science of making maps. - **Spatial Analysis**: The study of patterns and relationships between geographic features using statistical methods and other techniques. - **Fieldwork**: The collection of geographic data through direct observation and measurement in the field. - **Surveying**: The measurement and mapping of the Earth's surface, usually to determine property boundaries or to create topographic maps. - **Data Collection**: The gathering of information about geographic features using various tools and methods. - **Data Visualization**: The use of charts, graphs, and other visual tools to represent geographic data. ## Physical Geography - **Geomorphology**: The study of the Earth's landforms and the processes that shape them. - **Hydrology**: The study of water on the Earth's surface, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater. - **Climatology**: The study of climate and its long-term patterns. - **Biogeography**: The study of the distribution of plants and animals across the Earth's surface. - **Pedology**: The study of soils and their properties. - **Oceanography**: The study of the Earth's oceans and their physical and biological properties. ## Human Geography - **Cultural Geography**: The study of the distribution of human cultures across the Earth's surface. - **Economic Geography**: The study of the distribution of economic activity across the Earth's surface. - **Political Geography**: The study of the distribution of political systems and their boundaries across the Earth's surface. - **Population Geography**: The study of the distribution of human populations across the Earth's surface. - **Urban Geography**: The study of cities and the processes that shape them. - **Tourism Geography**: The study of the geographic patterns and impacts of tourism. ## Resources - [National Geographic](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/): A popular magazine and website that covers a wide range of geographic topics. - [United Nations Environment Programme](https://www.unep.org/): A global organization that works to protect the environment and promote sustainable development. - [Geography Realm](https://www.geographyrealm.com/): A website that provides news and resources for geography educators and students. - [Geography Education](https://www.geographyeducation.org/): A website that provides resources for geography teachers, including lesson plans and activities.