💾 Archived View for federal.cx › earthquake.gmi captured on 2023-12-28 at 15:42:36. Gemini links have been rewritten to link to archived content
⬅️ Previous capture (2023-11-14)
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Earthquake Magnitude Scale Magnitude Earthquake Effects Number/year(est.) 2.5 or less Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph. 900,000 2.5 to 5.4 Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 30,000 5.5 to 6.0 Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 500 6.1 to 6.9 May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 100 7.0 to 7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20 8.0 or greater Great earthquake. Total destruction near epicenter. One every 5 to 10 years Earthquake Magnitude Classes Earthquakes are also classified in categories ranging from minor to great. Class Magnitude Great 8 or more Major 7 - 7.9 Strong 6 - 6.9 Moderate 5 - 5.9 Light 4 - 4.9 Minor 3 - 3.9
(GMT, m > 1.7, 60sec)
12/28 20:09:02 1.90ml 51 km NNW of Petersville, Alaska (62.9459 -150.9591)
12/28 19:36:39 2.00ml 36 km N of Petersville, Alaska (62.8243 -150.6899)
12/28 19:21:18 1.86ml 9 km SSW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3683 -155.2795)
12/28 19:11:44 2.06md 3 km E of Aromas, CA (36.8875 -121.6113)
12/28 19:02:00 2.00ml 9 km ESE of Lazy Mountain, Alaska (61.6034 -148.7752)
12/28 18:57:11 4.90mb South Sandwich Islands region (-56.1871 -27.2808)
12/28 18:37:23 2.51md 18 km W of Puerto Real, Puerto Rico (18.0427 -67.3590)
12/28 18:35:33 3.30md 102 km NNE of Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands (19.2122 -64.4820)
12/28 18:25:41 3.27md 66 km E of Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands (18.2408 -64.1677)
12/28 18:09:55 1.93ml 7 km SW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3883 -155.2805)
12/28 17:57:14 1.80ml 65 km SE of Pedro Bay, Alaska (59.3395 -153.3490)
12/28 17:49:33 1.93ml 7 km SW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3925 -155.2800)
12/28 17:44:18 1.80ml 9 km SE of Susitna, Alaska (61.4931 -150.3685)
12/28 16:46:41 1.70md 7 km SW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3915 -155.2807)
12/28 16:46:22 4.50mb 210 km ENE of Levuka, Fiji (-17.4457 -178.8035)
12/28 16:36:36 2.00ml 59 km SE of Pope-Vannoy Landing, Alaska (59.1679 -153.7861)
12/28 16:11:13 2.20ml 69 km ESE of Denali National Park, Alaska (63.2674 -150.4804)
12/28 15:48:33 5.00mb 29 km NE of Hinatuan, Philippines (8.5714 126.5064)
12/28 15:44:10 2.60ml 18 km ENE of Smiley, Texas (29.3120 -97.4560)
12/28 15:34:26 2.30ml 35 km WSW of Mentone, Texas (31.6160 -103.9630)
12/28 15:04:23 4.60mb 125 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.4858 149.0721)
12/28 15:03:49 2.20ml 35 km WSW of Mentone, Texas (31.6050 -103.9520)
12/28 15:03:16 2.10ml 35 km NNW of Toyah, Texas (31.6010 -103.9530)
12/28 15:00:00 2.80ml 61 km NW of Stevens Village, Alaska (66.3617 -150.1392)
12/28 14:58:39 1.80ml 35 km NNW of Toyah, Texas (31.6000 -103.9580)
12/28 14:49:23 4.50mb 12 km E of Amagi, Japan (27.8244 129.0247)
12/28 14:46:34 1.90ml 35 km NNW of Toyah, Texas (31.6010 -103.9530)
12/28 14:42:57 2.06ml 14 km E of Desert Hot Springs, CA (33.9640 -116.3462)
12/28 14:37:22 2.90ml 25 km S of Westbrook, Texas (32.1250 -101.0540)
12/28 14:18:17 2.00ml 33 km WSW of Nanwalek, Alaska (59.2127 -152.4468)
12/28 14:17:22 3.84md 22 km S of Boca de Yuma, Dominican Republic (18.1761 -68.5970)
12/28 13:59:15 2.09md 5 km S of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.9188 -66.9122)
12/28 13:54:50 4.80mb 69 km S of Intipucá, El Salvador (12.5737 -88.0916)
12/28 13:50:48 1.80ml 64 km N of Petersville, Alaska (63.0734 -150.9423)
12/28 13:44:41 1.90ml 47 km W of Ninilchik, Alaska (60.1268 -152.5136)
12/28 13:25:51 2.00ml 57 km WNW of Ninilchik, Alaska (60.2536 -152.6142)
12/28 13:24:10 1.91ml 15 km S of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3052 -155.2227)
12/28 13:21:56 1.87md 15 km S of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3052 -155.2213)
12/28 13:19:55 2.00ml 22 km SSW of Petersville, Alaska (62.3159 -150.9779)
12/28 13:17:43 2.93ml 15 km S of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3048 -155.2257)
12/28 13:16:55 4.80mb 72 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan (40.7609 142.2873)
12/28 13:15:03 2.98ml 15 km S of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3070 -155.2202)
12/28 12:54:46 1.75md 1 km S of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1933 -155.4795)
12/28 12:53:39 3.00ml 70 km SSE of Kaktovik, Alaska (69.5160 -143.1639)
12/28 12:40:43 4.80mb 129 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.4926 149.1441)
12/28 12:37:59 1.80ml 31 km SSW of Cantwell, Alaska (63.1140 -149.1092)
12/28 12:13:49 1.90ml 15 km NNW of Chickaloon, Alaska (61.9270 -148.5702)
12/28 12:03:26 3.50ml 70 km W of Petrolia, CA (40.4025 -125.1083)
12/28 12:01:38 2.19md 4 km NW of Redway, CA (40.1480 -123.8540)
12/28 11:44:11 4.70mb 108 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.5021 148.8007)
12/28 11:33:12 1.80ml 8 km WNW of Point MacKenzie, Alaska (61.3965 -150.1185)
12/28 11:26:02 1.78md 1 km SSE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1877 -155.4705)
12/28 11:14:27 2.74md 8 km SE of Maria Antonia, Puerto Rico (17.9198 -66.8402)
12/28 11:11:04 3.52md 83 km NNE of Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands (19.0611 -64.5831)
12/28 11:06:24 1.75ml 22 km ESE of Anza, CA (33.4803 -116.4560)
12/28 11:00:47 2.53ml 18 km WSW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3703 -155.3883)
12/28 10:55:58 1.90ml 30 km NE of Chase, Alaska (62.6699 -149.7403)
12/28 10:42:49 1.91ml 4 km NW of Lake Henshaw, CA (33.2695 -116.7870)
12/28 10:41:05 2.00ml 54 km S of Glacier View, Alaska (61.3166 -147.6379)
12/28 10:40:34 4.30mb 15 km E of Faliraki, Greece (36.3145 28.3733)
12/28 10:08:36 5.10mb South Shetland Islands (-61.1301 -54.1191)
12/28 10:07:44 4.50mb 127 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.4657 149.0921)
12/28 09:56:40 1.80ml 44 km NW of Toyah, Texas (31.6150 -104.1040)
12/28 09:41:30 1.70md 7 km SW of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3888 -155.2773)
12/28 09:37:26 5.00mb 127 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.4565 149.0769)
12/28 09:34:07 4.50mb 17 km SSE of Akçadağ, Turkey (38.2026 38.0774)
12/28 09:22:44 4.30mb 25 km WNW of Ollagüe, Chile (-21.1714 -68.4895)
12/28 09:15:15 6.50mww 113 km SE of Kuril’sk, Russia (44.5796 148.9903)
12/28 09:13:00 5.80mww Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (-65.4948 -179.6522)
12/28 09:01:35 1.80ml 35 km WSW of Mentone, Texas (31.6060 -103.9600)
12/28 08:52:31 2.00md 3 km S of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1702 -155.4807)
12/28 08:37:45 2.17md 10 km WSW of Templeton, CA (35.5175 -120.8033)
12/28 08:27:23 2.40ml 40 km SW of Skwentna, Alaska (61.7645 -152.0110)
12/28 08:04:06 1.90ml 48 km NNE of Chickaloon, Alaska (62.2081 -148.1538)
12/28 07:50:03 3.73md 73 km N of Tierras Nuevas Poniente, Puerto Rico (19.1298 -66.5138)
12/28 07:44:53 2.30ml 50 km SSW of Skwentna, Alaska (61.5473 -151.5872)
12/28 07:41:11 2.43ml 4 km S of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1605 -155.4810)
12/28 07:40:27 1.90ml 50 km NNE of Chickaloon, Alaska (62.2326 -148.2066)
12/28 07:03:51 4.40mb 181 km N of Metinaro, Timor Leste (-6.8929 125.7610)
12/28 07:00:41 3.75ml 82 km W of Petrolia, CA (40.4150 -125.2472)
12/28 06:58:50 1.97md 11 km E of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2020 -155.3713)
12/28 06:51:59 4.40mb 25 km ESE of Dabajuro, Venezuela (10.9262 -70.4706)
12/28 06:28:14 1.90ml 11 km NE of Toyah, Texas (31.3830 -103.7090)
12/28 06:08:01 1.90ml 49 km SSE of Denali National Park, Alaska (63.1429 -151.2962)
12/28 05:55:16 1.80ml 31 km NW of Four Mile Road, Alaska (64.8389 -149.4996)
12/28 05:53:30 1.90ml 76 km ESE of Egegik, Alaska (57.9386 -156.1930)
12/28 05:39:38 2.10ml 52 km NE of Chenega, Alaska (60.4335 -147.4127)
12/28 05:15:05 2.33md 12 km SSE of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.8618 -66.8727)
12/28 04:57:36 2.47ml 12 km ESE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1673 -155.3670)
12/28 04:11:34 2.30ml 54 km S of Whites City, New Mexico (31.6880 -104.4110)
12/28 04:09:06 2.20ml 81 km ESE of Denali Park, Alaska (63.5380 -147.3305)
12/28 04:08:58 1.71md 9 km WNW of Cobb, CA (38.8407 -122.8220)
12/28 03:47:06 1.80ml 51 km N of Karluk, Alaska (58.0353 -154.4620)
12/28 03:46:49 2.00ml 23 km SW of Susitna, Alaska (61.3822 -150.7920)
12/28 03:42:05 2.68md 8 km S of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.8963 -66.9043)
12/28 02:51:58 1.73ml 13 km W of Stanley, Idaho (44.2258 -115.1048)
12/28 02:47:47 2.38md 10 km E of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2207 -155.3832)
12/28 02:42:42 2.11ml 14 km SSE of Volcano, Hawaii (19.3225 -155.1902)
12/28 02:28:23 2.00ml 36 km NNW of Valdez, Alaska (61.4080 -146.6971)
12/28 02:06:36 1.72md 7 km SSE of Lares, Puerto Rico (18.2292 -66.8620)
12/28 02:04:46 1.98md 8 km SW of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.9240 -66.9717)
12/28 02:04:30 1.73md 9 km SW of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.9217 -66.9757)
12/28 01:35:11 5.20mb 14 km ENE of Suyan, Philippines (6.1115 125.5027)
12/28 01:29:49 3.50ml 50 km NNE of Solomon, Alaska (65.0073 -164.2263)
12/28 00:32:49 1.80ml 61 km S of Kingston, Nevada (38.6570 -117.0745)
12/28 00:23:25 1.90ml 41 km E of Denali National Park, Alaska (63.4904 -150.9027)
12/28 00:14:44 4.50mb 78 km W of San Antonio de los Cobres, Argentina (-24.1960 -67.0941)
12/28 00:12:08 2.09md 4 km SSE of Guánica, Puerto Rico (17.9372 -66.8907)
12/27 23:36:51 1.80ml 57 km S of Whites City, New Mexico (31.6600 -104.4720)
12/27 23:33:37 5.20mb Reykjanes Ridge (56.3922 -34.1338)
12/27 23:15:04 2.05ml 9 km S of Princeton, Canada (49.3740 -120.5133)
12/27 23:03:14 2.10ml 30 km NW of Petersville, Alaska (62.6675 -151.2381)
12/27 23:01:07 3.43md 52 km NNE of Otra Banda, Dominican Republic (19.1082 -68.5270)
12/27 22:43:56 5.10mww 52 km SSW of Singaparna, Indonesia (-7.7936 107.9423)
12/27 22:40:22 1.80md 2 km SW of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.1870 -155.4910)
12/27 22:03:23 1.98md 14 km NE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.3007 -155.3823)
12/27 21:33:18 5.70mww southern East Pacific Rise (-53.1034 -118.3022)
12/27 21:08:19 2.16ml 11 km ENE of Pāhala, Hawaii (19.2538 -155.3788)
12/27 20:47:49 2.34md 6 km NW of The Geysers, CA (38.8150 -122.7995)
The magnitude reported is that which the U.S. Geological Survey considers official for this earthquake, and was the best available estimate of the earthquake's size, at the time that this page was created. Other magnitudes associated with web pages linked from here are those determined at various times following the earthquake with different types of seismic data. Although they are legitimate estimates of magnitude, the U.S. Geological Survey does not consider them to be the preferred "official" magnitude for the event.
Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the size of an earthquake at its source. It is a logarithmic measure. At the same distance from the earthquake, the amplitude of the seismic waves from which the magnitude is determined are approximately 10 times as large during a magnitude 5 earthquake as during a magnitude 4 earthquake. The total amount of energy released by the earthquake usually goes up by a larger factor: for many commonly used magnitude types, the total energy of an average earthquake goes up by a factor of approximately 32 for each unit increase in magnitude.
There are various ways that magnitude may be calculated from seismograms. Different methods are effective for different sizes of earthquakes and different distances between the earthquake source and the recording station. The various magnitude types are generally defined so as to yield magnitude values that agree to within a few-tenths of a magnitude-unit for earthquakes in a middle range of recorded-earthquake sizes, but the various magnitude-types may have values that differ by more than a magnitude-unit for very large and very small earthquakes as well as for some specific classes of seismic source. This is because earthquakes are commonly complex events that release energy over a wide range of frequencies and at varying amounts as the faulting or rupture process occurs. The various types of magnitude measure different aspects of the seismic radiation (e.g., low-frequency energy vs. high-frequency energy). The relationship among values of different magnitude types that are assigned to a particular seismic event may enable the seismologist to better understand the processes at the focus of the seismic event. The various magnitude-types are not all available at the same time for a particular earthquake.
Preliminary magnitudes based on incomplete but rapidly-available data are sometimes estimated and reported. For example, the Tsunami Warning Centers will calculate a preliminary magnitude and location for an event as soon as sufficient data are available to make an estimate. In this case, time is of the essence in order to broadcast a warning if tsunami waves are likely to be generated by the event. Such preliminary magnitudes are superseded by improved estimates of magnitude as more data become available.
For large earthquakes of the present era, the magnitude that is ultimately selected as the preferred magnitude for reporting to the public is commonly a moment magnitude that is based on the scalar seismic-moment of an earthquake determined by calculation of the seismic moment-tensor that best accounts for the character of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The scalar seismic-moment, a parameter of the seismic moment-tensor, can also be estimated via the multiplicative product rigidity of faulted rock x area of fault rupture x average fault displacement during the earthquake.
Magnitude Type, Magnitude Range, Distance Range, Equation
Mww (Moment W-phase)(generic notation Mw) ~5.0 and larger 1 - 90 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1),where MO is the seismic moment.
Note this is also unit-dependent; the formula above is for moment in dyne-cm. If using metric units (N.m), the constant is 9.1. Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of the W-phase (~50-2000 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Computed for all M5.0 or larger earthquakes worldwide, but generally robust for all M5.5 worldwide. Provides consistent results to M~4.5 within a regional network of high-quality broadband stations. Authoritative USGS magnitude if computed.
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Mwc (centroid) ~5.5 and larger 20 - 180 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of the long-period surface waves (~100-2000 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Generally computable for all M6.0 worldwide using primarily the Global Seismograph Network. Only authoritative if Mww is not computed, not published otherwise.
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Mwb (body wave) ~5.5 to ~7.0 30 - 90 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Derived from moment tensor inversion of long-period (~20-200 s; pass band based on size of EQ) body-waves (P- and SH). Generally computable for all M5.5 or larger events worldwide. Source complexity at larger magnitudes (~M7.5 or greater) generally limits applicability. Only authoritative if Mww and Mwc are not computed.
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Mwr (regional) ~4.0 to ~6.5 0 - 10 degrees MW = 2/3 * (log10(MO) - 16.1), where MO is the seismic moment.
Based on the scalar seismic-moment of the earthquake, derived from moment tensor inversion of the whole seismogram at regional distances (~10-100 s; pass band based on size of EQ). Source complexity and dimensions at larger magnitudes (~M7.0 or greater) generally limits applicability. Authoritative for <M5.0. Within the continental US and south-central Alaska where we have a large number of high quality broadband stations we expect we can compute an Mwr consistently for events as small as M4.0. In some areas of the country, with relatively dense broadband coverage, we can compute Mwr consistently to as small as M3.5.
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Ms20 or Ms (20sec surface wave) ~5.0 to ~8.5 20 - 160 degrees MS = log10 (A/T) 1.66 log10 (D) 3.30 .i
A magnitude based on the amplitude of Rayleigh surface waves measured at a period near 20 sec. Waveforms are shaped to the WWSSN LP response. Reported by NEIC, but rarely used as authoritative, since at these magnitudes there is almost always an Mw available. Ms is primarily valuable for large (>6), shallow events, providing secondary confirmation on their size. Ms_20 tends to saturate at about M8.3 or larger.
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mb (short-period body wave) ~4.0 to ~6.5 15 - 100 degrees mb = log10(A/T) Q(D,h) ,where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D(degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake.
Based on the amplitude of 1st arriving P-waves at periods of about 1 s. Waveforms are shaped to the WWSSN SP response. Reported for most M4.0-4.5 to 6.5 EQs that are observed teleseismically. Only authoritative for global seismicity for which there is no Mww, Mwc, Mwb or Mwr, typically 4.0-5.5 range. Mb tends to saturate at about M 6.5 or larger.
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Mfa (felt-area magnitude) any any various
An estimate of body-wave (mb) magnitude based on the size of the area over which the earthquake was felt, typically assigned to widely felt earthquakes that occurred before the invention of seismographs and to earthquakes occurring in the early decades of seismograph deployment for which magnitudes calculated from seismographic data are not available. The computations are based on isoseismal maps or defined felt areas using various intensity-magnitude or felt area-magnitude formulas. Reference: Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (Revised), by Carl W. Stover and Jerry L. Coffman, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527, United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1993.
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ML Ml, or ml (local) ~2.0 to ~6.5 0 - 600 km
The original magnitude relationship defined by Richter and Gutenberg in 1935 for local earthquakes. It is based on the maximum amplitude of a seismogram recorded on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph. Although these instruments are no longer widely in use, ML values are calculated using modern instrumentation with appropriate adjustments. Reported by NEIC for all earthquakes in the US and Canada. Only authoritative for smaller events, typically M<4.0 for which there is no mb or moment magnitude. In the central and eastern United States, NEIC also computes ML, but restricts the distance range to 0-150 km. In that area it is only authoritative if there is no mb_Lg as well as no mb or moment magnitude.
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mb_Lg, mb_lg, or MLg (short-period surface wave) ~3.5 to ~7.0 150-1110 km (10 degres)
A magnitude for regional earthquakes based on the amplitude of the Lg surface waves as recorded on short-period instruments. Only authoritative for smaller events in the central and eastern United States, typically <4.0 for which there is no mb or moment magnitude.
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Md or md (duration) ~4 or smaller 0 - 400 km
Based on the duration of shaking as measured by the time decay of the amplitude of the seismogram. Sometimes the only magnitude available for very small events, but often used (especially in the past) to compute magnitude from seismograms with "clipped" waveforms due to limited dynamic recording range of analog instrumentation, which makes it impossible to measure peak amplitudes. Computed by NEIC but only published when there is no other magnitude available.
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Mi or Mwp (integrated p-wave) ~5.0 to ~8.0 all
Based on an estimate of moment calculated from the integral of the displacement of the P wave recorded on broadband instruments.
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Me (energy) ~3.5 and larger all Me = 2/3 log10E - 2.9,where E is the energy calculated by log10E = 11.8 1.5MS where energy, E, is expressed in ergs.
Based on the seismic energy radiated by the earthquake as estimated by integration of digital waveforms.
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Mh any any N/A
Non-standard magnitude method. Generally used when standard methods will not work. Sometimes use as a temporary designation until the magnitude is finalized.
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Finite Fault Modeling ~7.0 and larger 30 - 90 degrees
FFM modeling provides a kinematic description of faulting including estimates of maximum slip, area of rupture and moment release as a function of time. Results are used to provide constraints on fault dimensions and slip used in damage assessment modeling (ShakeMap, PAGER) and to model stress changes (Coulomb stress modeling) on the active fault and/or adjacent faults.
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Mint (intensity magnitude) any any various
A magnitude estimated from the maximum reported intensity, typically for earthquakes occurring before seismic instruments were in general use. This has been used for events where the felt reports were from too few places to use a magnitude determined from a felt area. Reference: Catalog of Hawaiian earthquakes, 1823-1959, by Fred W. Klein and Thomas L. Wright U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1623, USGS Information Services, Denver: 2000.
