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[Future Viruses and Operating System Development]
[Conceived and expressed by nucleii (c) 2001]
[Abstract]
"The best prophet of the future is the past."
--unknown
Since the beginning of documented times man has been trying to
simplify things. This process requires abstract thinking. Coming up with
new ideas outside of the norms.
Creativity.
This process has caused humanity to advance far beyond its roots of basic
needs and survival. Although living in a world based on technology, new
problems have arose. The rate seems faster than our ability to solve and
correct the obstacles. Has the modern society created a problem with no
solution? A world of striving towards perfecting a system that should
instead be torn down...
[Introduction]
The new millennium. 2001. Space odyssey my ass. None the less its
been an interesting year for the modern world...
Encryption, networking, theft, espionage, destruction, demonstration
protest. These are just a few of the topics i will explore here. I will
attempt to touch on what has been happening over the past few years, and
cover where i feel the trend will take us. The topics of the anti virus
industry and the consumer are covered. I have also included several of my
viral ideas which i will never actually get around to implementing. For
all you programmers out there, this is an open invitation to do so
yourself.
This paper is not meant to be viewed as a complete guide. Its just a
simple implementation of my personal ideas as theory. This should not be
taken as anything more or less.
[A Brief Past]
The 80's. The turning point for computing. This is the decade the
personal computers were creeping into the homes of america. The
commadore64, tandy machines with tandy dos, ibm with their pc-dos, apple
1 and 2 e's. The list goes on and on. In the early days of home computing
there was much more variety. Nothing had really dominated the market like
today.
This was also the decade the first computer viruses were found in
the wild. The technology was simple. Basic mbr/bs infection. With the
idea in the minds of computer users around the world, programmers became
interested. The advancement of the computer virus had grown from sector
infection to various file types and even directory infection. Different
schemes for spreading, stealth, encryption and other self modifying code
were implemented. The virus and anti virus community grew together. The
virus programmers were, and still are, always a step ahead.
Various dos distributions did what they thought was the right thing.
Ibm and msdos started including versions of their own anti virus
software. A good step, but in the wrong direction. A way to boost a new
industry? Whenever developers create software for an operating system, it
increases the user base. I really hope this didnt play as a factor... and
its far too late to ever know.
Why not start enforcing a set of rules on the dos os. It was obvious
that a read only attribute was not enough. The systems allowed any piece
of code to take complete control. Seems like it was doomed from the
start. Why continue development keeping the same base. It was totally
possible to change the kernel to restrict what goes on. They didnt have
to change the file format. They didnt have to change the interrupt
system. Only the way the kernel executed software. Why give complete
control to something that really doesnt need it. Even more interesting,
why not fix a problem that everyone knew would continue to affect the
future.
I could rant for 300 kb about the history of viruses... but i wont.
That would be way too much effort and a huge waste of time. If you want
your history, go get it. The information is freely available via the
internet. Read up. Be aware of where your coming from.
[The Present Virus Trend]
Times are strange. The microsoft os based virus writing movement is
in a major change for the first time since the start of the game. Over
the past five years we have seen a change in the trend of 16 bit and 32
bit virus production. People who are new to the scene are usually
releasing win32 pe infectors instead of dos com appenders as their first
virus. What was once saved as a "later learning" item has now become
standard in the field. Microsoft has been working dos out, and virus
writers have been working win32 in.
This 32 bit platform has opened up a whole new world of opportunity.
Not only did it increase the amount of executable formats one could
infect, it also released more power. Thirty two bit applications have
allowed more effective ways of encryption, trapping of other
applications, effective tcp/ip packet building, so on and so forth. The
os is much more robust. As an expected result, except by microsoft, the
virus technology is much more advanced.
Just look at a wildlist ( www.wildlist.org ) from february 1997 and
then take a glance at the august 2001 edition. The first thing you
should notice is the frequency of os specific code. In february 1997, two
years after the release of windows 95, about 95 percent of the viruses
"reported" to be in the wild are dos based viruses. Of the 239 viruses on
the list, 28 are microsoft office based, and a few others are win16 ne
infectors. Notice that Dir_II.A is still on this list. A virus that
cannot spread on machines running anything above msdos 4.*. Now go back
to august 2001. Of the 208 viruses "reported" to be in the wild, about 15
are dos based viruses. That is a drastic change in a matter of 5 years
when its compared to the change between 1995 and 1997. Not to mention the
sharp rise in the amount of viruses that are software dependent. As
stated before, the count jumps from 28 in the wild in 1997, to about 155
in 2001. So the technology has been around for a few years. It just takes
a little while for it to be widely implemented.
The present virus trend is really based around what other virus
writers are doing. Just like a bad fashion. A new idea is implemented.
If it gets enough attention, either by the media or other programmers, it
will be used again. This is not really a bad thing, but it does not give
rise to originality. The main problem with this in the virus world is
that most programmers dont write code that even puts a spin on the old
idea. Its just written in different style code and released again.
[The Present OS Trend]
Microsoft Windows based operating systems. When i say windows based
i mean everything from 95 to nt to win2k. Think generic for a while.
Enterprise computing is the strong point of the current market. This
has lead to need, of course, for enterprise software. The business world
has been backed by mainframe computing and different flavors of unix like
operating systems. The windows nt family has been pushing iis for a
while, but microsoft has always been lacking enterprise software. Over
the past few years there has been a strong development of other services
targeted to business, not desktop, computing on the windows platform. I
feel the future is bleak for variety in the business world. Windows has
had a stronghold on the desktop market for a while now. Trading in
stability and functionally for ease of use turned out to be a great
marketing scheme. I hope that windows doesnt take hold of the server
market as well. That is not the direction i want to go in with this paper
though so i just leave that topic alone.
Linux on the desktop has gained momentum. Every day we see some
useful advance. There is also finally major backers of linux. Look around
the subway flats in new york city. IBM has ads plastered everywhere of
their "peace, love, and linux" campaign. Not to mention its price. Big
business is starting to look at linux for a free solution for their once
expensive to replace servers. We are also seeing FreeBSD and other major
players in the unix and server os world to slowly become more geared for
desktop use. There have also been twists on that rule like macintosh
using a bsd like kernel as the base for their latest os release. I wish i
could say i knew where all this was headed for better or for worse. We
will have to wait and see what the next move is.
The buzz word has changed from "internet" to "multimedia" in the new
millennium. From web content, to video on demand, to old technologies
being widely implemented such as voice over ip. Eye and ear candy.
Everything is gui and everything makes a stupid bling noise when you
click on it. Mention "real time" and its all over. I think its a shame
that its so difficult to get people to develop for operating systems
other than windows. Think about what could have happened with BEos with a
better marketing campaign and contracted software development. Think
about what could happen if it was shipped with any major pc manufactures.
Everyone blames microsoft, including me, because its easy. Im not saying
they played well, or even fair, with others. I am saying its a world wide
problem. Its up to software developers. Its up to home and business
users. Its up to the people who are shipping their latest pc deal without
any option of os. Rome could only last for so long...
All in all, its a safe bet to say that windows will continue to be
the industry standard for desktop computing over the next several years.
The current change only seems to be what people are doing with their
"desktop" computers. With the availability of broad band growing, people
are using their home computers to offer network services to the internet.
Mainly in the form of web servers, but many home computers are also
offering things like smtp, nfs, and other hard disk and file sharing
services. This has changed the way the internet functions. It has changed
the way networking functions. It has changed the way viruses function.
[Current Virus Technology]
Now we have seen what has changed in the virus and operating system
world. We have also reviewed the software thats currently being ran on
these systems. Lets now look at the virus techniques that are currently
being implemented. I will try and keep this generic and not sway too much
into what technologies have been implemented in what file format or
software package. This will be brief and will only cover a few of the
basics.
Encryption and polymorphism. Household terms in the virus writing
world. No virus seems to be complete without. The MtE changed the way
anti virus software had to perform. From simple scan strings to the
world of heuristic and emulation. Protection from prying eyes. I feel
the use of strong cryptography is the future. People like spanska took a
step when IDEA was implemented in viral code. However, this has not
become standard practice. The only real problem is where to hide the
key. It doesnt matter if its RSA or an 8 bit xor loop. Both algorithms
have become equal when there is a pointer directly to the key. There are
several ways to obscure this, but all in all, its a trivial task to
decrypt viruses for that reason. This is why other self modifying code
techniques are so important.
Polymorphism is a perfect example. Lets say your engine writes a
different style and size decrypter for several different algorithms it
can choose from. Lets also say that it retrieves its keys from different
places on disk. That alone creates a whole new world of problems for
those that want to decrypt your code. Again, this will only delay someone
who understands anything about current microsoft based operating systems.
There is still nothing keeping someone from taking a snapshot of the
decrypted virus code from memory. Another massive weak point. Even
if the virus only decrypts instructions a step before they are executed,
they can still be copied. Not to say this isnt a good idea. Its been done
in the past and been proved very effective. A great way to make it
difficult to examine a program, even after its discovery.
Anti debugging, anti heuristics, anti emulation, fooling with the
stack, attacking common disassemblers, and other such protection
techniques will also only delay the process of effective detection. These
are all viable techniques, but dont seem to be implemented as much as
they should. Its basic protection. I feel that stability and effective
protection are the keys to a long life in the wild. Propagating is almost
a secondary issue.
I have failed to mention stealth methods for a good reason. Almost
all of the well know stealth technology was for the ms dos operating
system. These techniques no long work under windows. The new device
drivers and api system has taken priority away. Im not saying there are
not ways to stealth things under window anymore, just that its not
practical. Its the same as master boot record and boot sector infection.
The medium these viruses used to spread is no longer in widespread use.
Think when the last time you gave a file to someone via floppy disk. Even
better is to think about the last time you tried to boot off of a dos
based floppy, or left one in your machine. I feel that boot sector
infection has almost become another way of sustaining the existence of a
discovered infection.
Networking enabled viruses have become a standard issue item. What
once has been saved for strictly worm code has now been implemented as
a basic component in viruses. Im sure i speak for all of us when i say if
i see one more virus exploiting outlook in the media im going to vomit.
This is a logical step though. Nobody can deny that. The growth of home
networking proves the point. Long gone are the days when people needed
to pass files through physical means. Why wait when you dont have to. Why
send text through the post office. It takes weeks for a response. Sending
text and other forms of media via electronic methods can be done over
tcp/ip in a matter of seconds. Not to mention that its much more cost
efficient.
Back to the subject, its not just ms outlook thats being exploited.
IRC clients have also been popular to exploit. Mirc and pirch are the
main targets. There are many viruses that are aware of network drives and
other remote devices. Another common attack has been to infect web
content. Java class files, html, and other web elements have been
infected. The latest media blast was centered around the code red worm.
This piece of code used a buffer overflow in microsofts iis to infect
servers. The threat of network enabled viruses grows every year and is
only going to become a bigger problem. One of the more interesting things
ive seen happen is the advent of what has been dubbed "espionage enabled"
viruses. I first saw this from a macro virus from opic that stole secret
pgp keyrings and uploaded them to a web server. Similar practice has been
used to steal unix passwd files, windows pwl files, and other such wanted
material.
The current virus glut is compiled of hybrids of the past. Using old
techniques with cutting edge ideas. There are a handful of thinkers that
are on the forefront of the game. New infection routines bundled with new
ways of obscurity. However, most viruses are just recycled material from
years ago.
[The Future OS]
The future of operating systems has always been built around user
demands. Most commercial developers are not interested in the good of
mankind or computing. Programming is a paycheck. It does not really
matter how well the product is coded. Its just a matter of meeting user
needs. To sell. To keep the boss happy, the stocks high, and the
people buying. Once a user base is established the goals are limited. All
that is needed is to keep them interested in buying upgrades and
marketing to new users. Its a lot easier said than done, but that's all
that really matters. Getting new clients and keep the ones you already
have. It does not matter if you create a whole new set of problems when
consumers feel like they dont have another option. This is not only an
issue with operating systems, but the software that runs on them as well.
If the same commonly used multimedia, word processing, and database
systems were offered on non windows systems, things would change. I
dont think it would be an immediate change. Over time though, people
would understand that learning operating systems based on the linux
kernel is just as easy as learning to use windows based operating
systems. Its hard for people to let go of something they are comfortable
with to use a product they know little about and cannot get the
software packages they know.
I feel that most operating systems are going to lean closer to
integrating the common forms of digital media. This ranges from basic
audio and video, to things like voice recognition software. Windows has
been working on this for years. Apple has continued to use this as the
majority of their marketing scheme. The integration of various multimedia
packages in linux distributions plays huge factor. I feel that linux is
going to be a major player in the change of the market. As more
development is done to meet basic user needs, the draw to the operating
system will grow. Cost alone is enough to hold me as a believer. Success
will be determined by meeting the home users needs. As long as strong
kernel development is taking place, larger range of hardware support is
added, and developers continue to write applications for the platform,
things can only grow. Once there is a large enough base of free equals to
popular products, the market will open up. Nobody enjoys paying for
something they can have for free.
The open source movement will grow to become the largest resource
of software. There will always be people around who are interested in
programming for a hobby. Most of those people in the open source
community have no desire to make money off their work. Development can
happen at a much faster rate when the code is made public, and there are
thousands of people world wide looking at your problems. Others can pick
up on something you have overlooked. Its not even a matter of being
outsmarted. Its just the result of having a different perspective. Look
at all the hands that dig into the freebsd project. From my experience,
this is the most stable and best optimized kernel in the open source
software community. This feat was not achieved by holding tight to ones
ideas. If such effort went into software to run on these free platforms..
Windows must start over and change the way software is executed. Its
obvious that the file permissions are not working out. Microsoft felt
that viruses would not survive in the win32 environment. This is a
problem that is not going away by simple obscurities. It will take a
total rework of the system base to change anything. Even if this means
they have to release an operating system that is not backwards compatible
with their existing products. They do not seem to have a problem doing
this with software packages. The system could be released parallel to
whatever technology is currently on the market. Push it as "the future of
computing" or some other gravely bold statement. Give users the option.
People might not grab it at first. It will take years of software
development to really push the platform. Its not an impossible task. You
can move mountains.
Eventually there is going to be more effort in kernel protection.
The linux kernel patch from the openwall project is a perfect example.
This implements such features as a non executable user stack, and will
not allow shared memory segments that are not in use by a process. This
solves two major problems in the linux world. Both would require a total
reconstruction to implement on the windows platform. I think its sad that
microsoft left the brain of their os bare. There is no end to what you
can do to kernel32.dll after the system boots. Yet again, it would not
be such a large issue if the platform restricted what the software
running under it could do.
Local and network security will finally be looked on as a critical
function in a systems performance. This is a field that was hardly
touched by microsoft until the nt series was released. At least then
basic user rights could begin to be enforced. Something the mainframe and
unix systems have been doing for decades. People are now using computers
for one other major reason besides multimedia. Communication. In any
situation where people are connected, there are going to be problems. Be
it physical, or through distributed environments. Most major systems are
built to be connected to the internet. Everything can talk to everything.
I feel this is great, but without proper security, its just going to add
to the problem. Any system that is build with these two things in mind
will do well.
Processor architecture is soon to change. Once the ia64 chips are
really pushed, they will take over the home computing market. The 64 bit
memory addressing will open up new doors for speed and calculations per
clock cycle. The actual chip speed in megahertz will mean less than it
does now. This also gives major software developers a chance to start
over. New processor, new platform, and new software. Build again from the
ground up. What if man had continued on trying to perfect the horse drawn
buggy instead of working on developing the internal combustion engine. I
truly hope microsoft sees how important and how big of a chance this
really is. When your software powers 90 percent of the worlds computers,
its only ethical to start looking out for the best interest of the user.
Something that they have ignored for well over a decade.
[The Future Virus]
This is the real motivation for this paper. The part i find to be
most interesting. Using the base i have just set, i will go into detail
of where i feel things should go. Some of it can and will be implemented
in the not so far future. The rest we will just have to wait and see. All
in all, i have two main goals for this chapter. First, i hope to open up
writers to new programming techniques. Second, i hope to set in peoples
minds that this is a problem thats only going to get bigger. Until the
populace takes action and rights years worth of wrong, these problems are
not going away. To those who think they are in control, hold on. Its
going to be a wild ride.
Lets start with what is hot in the media right now. Viruses and
worms being used to exploit network services. This is a trend that i feel
will continue for years to come. Im actually surprised this has not
already been a wide spread practice. It just makes sense. Millions of
people connected together. Its too easy. The internet has given virus
writers one large petri dish. The internet has replaced physical media.
The original exchange that gave rise to widespread viral infection.
This comes back to darwin, evolution, and survival. Nature will find a
way. Its proved itself over and over, and now its going to flex in the
meta world. This can lead us down many different paths.
The world is run on information exchange. The biggest activity of
the united states secret service is intelligence gathering. Viruses
and worms that collect information. Why isnt (or is it?) this being used
by governments? Im sure getting a file into a remote computer is a
million times easier than recruiting a mole. Not to mention the safety
factor. It would keep an agent out of risk, and lets face it. Computer
crimes are hard to track. People make mistakes, people make computers,
computers make mistakes. Using various forms of disinformation, its
trivial to point the finger to someone else. One can easily create a
front and use it to exploit any given target. We all know the united
states government is pretty lax when it comes to network security. Most
other nations are equally as poor. Its only logical that this sort of
attack will take place. Welcome to the age of the digital spy.
The espionage enabled virus. Covert data theft. We now live in a
world where the computer virus can easily implement other functions. In
the past its been pretty bland. We have seen various forms of graphics
and sound, simple messages, and destructive activity as the norms of
virus payloads. I hope this is a trend of the past. Networking now opens
the door to so much more material. Viruses that target the credit card
databases of any given windows based online shopping package. All the
little dot coms being ran from home iis servers off cable modems are
perfect targets for such activity. Next you must consider all the other
software packages that can be exploited in such a fashion. Data of all
flavors can be harvested. Dont forget the other things many home users
have on their machines. I like the idea of viruses that steal dial up
access information. If you can get the login, password, and at least who
the provider is, your fine. Finding dns servers, phone numbers, and such
is usually public information. Alot of smaller dial up providers still
offer unix shells with the package which is an added bonus.
This practice isnt limited to public affairs. What about viral code
in the workplace? One can write code that will only infect machines on a
local network. This way you could perform tasks in a controlled
environment. Collect the wanted information and send it to a remote
source. One could avoid detection by such means as setting a date to scan
available drives and remove your viral code. This wont help much with the
backups, but most businesses back up once a week or so. A week is a very
large window to get what you need and clean up your tracks.
The foundation of civilization is communication. Our day to day life
can be throw upside down by even minor data flow disruptions. Think about
how much you are bothered when your cell phone drops a call or your isp
goes down for routine maintenance. These are not very critical examples
but they are situations most of us have encountered. Lets say you have a
wide spread virus. Most of the machines infected will be home users. Most
of those users access the internet. Most of those users will never have a
clue if their pc is attacking various networks via denial of service
attacks. This technique has been used in the past on targets ranging from
child pornography sites to the white house. Programmers can now use code
as a form of protest. Im sure that it will only get negative results like
more media hype for kiddies and crackers, and maybe jail time for the
programmer. We all have seen the harm done by webpage defacing for
"political" reasons. I can never see denial of service attacks resulting
in anything positive. I must say that this is a problem that will be
implemented more. There is no way around it. Im not so fond of this topic
so im going to say, nuff said.
I would like now to touch on the idea of plug-ins for viruses. We
can thank vecna for this (any many other) technique. Start with a simple
virus shell. Basic code for effective spreading, evasion, and networking.
No big deal. Implement module support. Now stop laughing and shaking your
head. Imagine how things would have been if CIH had some sort of module
support. The virus checking various servers for updates to perform all
sorts of tasks. Each client could not only receive updates for payloads,
but for performance, bug fixes, alternate contact information, and so on.
This would be very interesting if the project was open source and invited
others to write their own modules. Why not document what your engine can
do, and release simple examples to get programmers attention. Set a
standard protocol for virus modules. It could get quite messy.
Every year a programmer infects a file format that has been long
overlooked. Various microsoft office documents, data files, and other
such media is exploited. I cant help but wonder how far this can go. An
idea i have always wanted to implement is to infect several files with
different parts of a virus. Infect an executable file with just code to
copy the virus body from a different file to memory and execute it. Store
the virus body in a media file that is never scanned by default with most
anti virus products. The standard JPEG file format is usually overlooked
because its not an executable file. Its a perfect target to hold such
code. You can leave the JPEG header alone and tack megs worth of
information to the end. I have never seen this practice affect the way
any program views the picture. Its much easier to tweak PE files to scan
as clean when they do not contain actual viral code.
There has also been greater virus activity on various unix and free
"unix like" platforms. Much more on the latter. There have been several
papers published on infecting the elf format. Better documentation of the
linux interrupt system has also been made available. This i find very
interesting. Not just because its new, but because its taken this long
for people to catch on that linux is not perfect either. Although it can
still be exploited, the difference is the default environment does not
allow it. Simple things like limiting what an executable file can do, and
restricting what can take place in memory, have curbed this so it will
never become a major problem. It will most likely always continue to be
an issue, but i cannot see unix viruses propagating in the wild.
On another note, i see a problem with network enabled hardware. Its
bad enough that people leave devices like printers and routers with their
default settings or no password at all. This has not been a problem as
far as viruses go, but times are changing. Video game consoles are being
shipped with hard drives and pentium processors. With the advent of
networked games on these devices, its just a matter of time before its
exploited. The xbox is based on x86, has a hard disk, ram, and a built in
network support. After kritz being spread on a dreamcast cd, i cant help
but wonder when the console itself is going to be the host.
I think that the future virus will be molded around networks. Virus
code will use more of the resources that have been available for years.
Programmers will continue to exploit things that have been ignored. The
future virus will be shaped by user ignorance. It will take advantage of
a generation of point and clickers. Evolution. Growth. Survival.
[Conclusion]
A piece of art to show flaw. An exploit on the problems of its host.
The industry complains about viruses with the argument that "If kids
wouldn't code them, then it wouldn't be a problem". This is only half
true. The problem would still exist. Why? Because its interesting. There
will always be people who want to look into the matter, to figure out
just how it works, and to implement the idea themselves. Once such an
exploit is known, its not going away on it's own. When such problems are
found in the security industry, something is done about it. People don't
just say "hey, we found a root exploit in (fill-in-the-blank), but we
will just ignore it and hope nobody uses it. So why has microsoft and
other operating systems allowed such problems to continue?
I feel that virus programmers will always look for new problems to
exploit. New places to hide. New ways of giving operation systems that
have chosen to ignore security the finger. The technology that has
evolved with viruses is advancing at an alarming rate. Until something
drastic is done, this will be a issue that will continue to grow.
Such practice of data collection, disruption, and disinformation
can be used in so many different ways and motivations. The possibilities
are frightening.
Things have changed. The desktop operating system has changed. The
networks have changed. Business has changed. Right now things could go in
any direction. The future is not yet written. It is up to us to say what
happens next... To write the next chapter.
The power is in our hands.
[Contact]
Feel free to contact me.
email nucleii@tfz.net
irc *.undernet.org
http://www.coderz.net/nucleii
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