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Europe
Page last updated: July 25, 2023
Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.
Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
43 46 N, 12 25 E
Europe
Total: 61 sq km
Land: 61 sq km
Water: 0 sq km
About one-third the size of Washington, DC
Area comparison map:
Total: 37 km
Border countries (1): Italy 37 km
0 km (landlocked)
None (landlocked)
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Rugged mountains
Highest point: Monte Titano 739 m
Lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
Building stone
Agricultural land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 83.3% (2018 est.)
0 sq km (2022)
Occasional earthquakes
Landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains
34,892 (2023 est.)
Noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Sammarinese
Sammarinese, Italian
Italian
Major-language sample(s):
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Italian audio sample:
Roman Catholic
0-14 years: 14.34% (male 2,615/female 2,388)
15-64 years: 64.58% (male 10,906/female 11,628)
65 years and over: 21.08% (2023 est.) (male 3,329/female 4,026)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 49.6
Youth dependency ratio: 19.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 30
Potential support ratio: 3.3 (2021)
Total: 45.2 years
Male: 43.9 years
Female: 46.3 years (2020 est.)
0.59% (2023 est.)
8.88 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
8.83 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
5.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)
At birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
31.9 years (2019)
Total: 6.36 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Total population: 84.05 years
Male: 81.5 years
Female: 86.83 years (2023 est.)
1.53 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.73 (2023 est.)
NA
Improved: urban: NA
Rural: NA
Total: 100% of population
Unimproved: urban: NA
Rural: NA
Total: 0% of population (2020)
8.7% of GDP (2020)
6.11 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
Improved: urban: NA
Rural: NA
Total: 100% of population
Unimproved: urban: NA
Rural: NA
Total: 0% of population (2020)
NA
47.7% (2023 est.)
3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Total population: 99.9%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.9% (2018)
Total: 12 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 12 years (2021)
Total: 27.4%
Male: 21.4%
Female: 36% (2016 est.)
Air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage
Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Agricultural land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 83.3% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 13.45 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 0.02 megatons (2020 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 17,175 tons (2016 est.)
Municipal solid waste recycled annually: 7,737 tons (2016 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 45.1% (2016 est.)
Conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
Conventional short form: San Marino
Local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
Local short form: San Marino
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded the monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced
Parliamentary republic
Name: San Marino (city)
Geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded a monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle
3 September 301 (traditional founding date)
Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)
History: San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974
Amendments: proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum; Declaration of Civil Rights amended several times, last in 2019
Civil law system with Italian civil law influences
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captain Regent Alessandro SCARANO and Adele TONNINI (for the period 1 April 2023 - 1 October 2023)
Head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
Cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
Elections/appointments: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; election last held in March 2023; secretary of state for foreign and political affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term; election last held on 28 December 2019 (next to be held by November 2024)
Election results: Alessandro SCARANO and Adele TONNINI elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
Note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 7 other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 7 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles
Description: unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by list proportional representation vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 December 2019 (next to be held by 31 December 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - PDCS 35%, Tomorrow in Movement coalition 25% (RETE Movement 18.3%, DML 6.7%), Liberia 16.7%, We for the Republic 13.3%, RF 10%; seats by coalition/party - PDCS 21, Tomorrow in Movement coalition 15 (RETE Movement 11, DML 4), Liberia 10, We for the Republic 8, RF 6; composition (as of September 2022) - men 40, women 20, percent of women 33.3%
Highest court(s): Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members); note - the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court
Judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
Subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges
Domani - Modus Liberi or DML [Lorenzo Forcellini REFFI]
Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera [Luca BOSCHI]
Future Republic or RF [Mario VENTURINI]
I Elect for a New Republic
Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD [Paride ANDREOLI]
RETE Movement [Gloria ARCANGELONI]
Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Marco GATTI]
Socialist Party or PS [Alessandro BEVITORI]
Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)
We for the Republic [Denise BRONZETTI]
CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively
Three peaks each displaying a tower; national colors: white, blue
Name: "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
Lyrics/music: no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO
Note: adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales: San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano
High-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt
$1.917 billion (2020 est.)
$2.053 billion (2019 est.)
$2.012 billion (2018 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
-6.65% (2020 est.)
2.07% (2019 est.)
1.49% (2018 est.)
$56,400 (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars
$60,100 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars
$58,900 (2018 est.)
$1.643 billion (2017 est.)
1.05% (2017 est.)
0.6% (2016 est.)
Fitch rating: BB+ (2020)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 0.1% (2009)
Industry: 39.2% (2009)
Services: 60.7% (2009)
Comparison rankings: agriculture 220; industry 35; services 120
Household consumption: (2011 est.) NA
Government consumption: (2011 est.) NA
Investment in fixed capital: (2011 est.) NA
Investment in inventories: (2011 est.) NA
Exports of goods and services: 176.6% (2011)
Imports of goods and services: -153.3% (2011)
Wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
Tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
-1.1% (2012 est.)
21,960 (September 2013 est.)
Agriculture: 0.2%
Industry: 33.5%
Services: 66.3% (September 2013 est.)
8.1% (2017 est.)
8.6% (2016 est.)
Total: 27.4%
Male: 21.4%
Female: 36% (2016 est.)
NA
Lowest 10%: NA
Highest 10%: NA
Revenues: $371 million (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $363 million (2019 est.)
-2.9% (of GDP) (2011 est.)
98.35% of GDP (2020 est.)
55.09% of GDP (2019 est.)
55.94% of GDP (2018 est.)
16.14% (of GDP) (2020 est.)
Calendar year
$0 (2017 est.)
$0 (2016 est.)
$3.827 billion (2011 est.)
$2.576 billion (2010 est.)
Romania 10%, France 9%, Germany 8%, United States 8%, Austria 6%, Brazil 6%, Poland 6%, Russia 6%, (2019)
Industrial washing/bottling machinery, packaged medicines, woodworking machinery, foodstuffs, aircraft (2019)
$2.551 billion (2011 est.)
$2.132 billion (2010 est.)
Germany 21%, Italy 13%, Poland 10%, France 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 6%, Romania 6% (2019)
Electricity, cars, aluminum, footwear, natural gas, iron piping (2019)
$954.512 million (31 December 2021 est.)
$781.805 million (31 December 2020 est.)
$473.111 million (31 December 2019 est.)
NA
Euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.877 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)
0.847 (2018 est.)
0.885 (2017 est.)
Electrification - total population: 100% (2021)
Total subscriptions: 16,000 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2021 est.)
Total subscriptions: 40,000 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119 (2021 est.)
General assessment: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system (2018)
Domestic: fixed-line is 47 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity is 119 telephones per 100 persons (2021)
International: country code - 378; connected to Italian international network
State-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)
.sm
Total: 25,500 (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 75% (2021 est.)
Total: 11,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2020 est.)
T7
Total: 292 km (2006)
Paved: 292 km (2006)
Military Corps (National Guard): Guard of the Rock (or Fortress Guard), Uniformed Militia, Guard of the Great and General Council, Corps of the Gendarmerie; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Civil Police Corps (2023)
Note: the captains regent oversee the Gendarmerie and National Guard when they are performing duties related to public order and security; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs exercises control over such administrative functions as personnel and equipment, and the courts exercise control over the Gendarmerie when it acts as judicial police
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2023)
Defense is the responsibility of Italy
None identified