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โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โ โ โ AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS โ โ AND DUTIES OF MAN โ โ โ โ (Adopted by the Ninth International Conference of American States, โ โ Bogotรก, Colombia, 1948) โ โ โ โ WHEREAS: โ โ โ โ The American peoples have acknowledged the dignity of the โ โindividual, and their national constitutions recognize that juridical and โ โpolitical institutions, which regulate life in human society, have as their โ โprincipal aim the protection of the essential rights of man and the creation of โ โcircumstances that will permit him to achieve spiritual and material progress โ โand attain happiness; โ โ โ โ The American States have on repeated occasions recognized that the โ โessential rights of man are not derived from the fact that he is a national of โ โa certain state, but are based upon attributes of his human personality; โ โ โ โ The international protection of the rights of man should be the โ โprincipal guide of an evolving American law; โ โ โ โ The affirmation of essential human rights by the American States โ โtogether with the guarantees given by the internal regimes of the states โ โestablish the initial system of protection considered by the American States as โ โbeing suited to the present social and juridical conditions, not without a โ โrecognition on their part that they should increasingly strengthen that system โ โin the international field as conditions become more favorable, โ โ โ โ The Ninth International Conference of American States โ โ โ โAGREES: โ โ โ โ To adopt the following โ โ โ โ AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS โ โ AND DUTIES OF MAN โ โ โ โ Preamble โ โ โ โ All men are born free and equal, in dignity and in rights, and, โ โbeing endowed by nature with reason and conscience, they should conduct โ โthemselves as brothers one to another. โ โ โ โ The fulfillment of duty by each individual is a prerequisite to the โ โrights of all. Rights and duties are interrelated in every social and โ โpolitical activity of man. While rights exalt individual liberty, duties โ โexpress the dignity of that liberty. โ โ โ โ Duties of a juridical nature presuppose others of a moral nature โ โwhich support them in principle and constitute their basis. โ โ โ โ Inasmuch as spiritual development is the supreme end of human โ โexistence and the highest expression thereof, it is the duty of man to serve โ โthat end with all his strength and resources. โ โ โ โ Since culture is the highest social and historical expression of โ โthat spiritual development, it is the duty of man to preserve, practice and โ โfoster culture by every means within his power. โ โ โ โ And, since moral conduct constitutes the noblest flowering of โ โculture, it is the duty of every man always to hold it in high respect. โ โ โ โ CHAPTER ONE โ โ Rights โ โ โ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฌโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โโ Article I. Every human being has the right to โRight to life, liberty โโ โโlife, liberty and the security of his person. โand personal security. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article II. All persons are equal before the โRight to equality โโ โโlaw and have the rights and duties established in this โbefore law. โโ โโDeclaration, without distinction as to race, sex, โ โโ โโlanguage, creed or any other factor. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article III. Every person has the right freely โRight to religious โโ โโto profess a religious faith, and to manifest and โfreedom and worship. โโ โโpractice it both in public and in private. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article IV. Every person has the right to โRight to freedom of โโ โโfreedom of investigation, of opinion, and of the โinvestigation, opinion,โโ โโexpression and dissemination of ideas, by any medium โexpression and โโ โโwhatsoever. โdissemination. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article V. Every person has the right to the โRight to protection of โโ โโprotection of the law against abusive attacks upon his โhonor, personal โโ โโhonor, his reputation, and his private and family life.โreputation, and privateโโ โโ โand family life. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article VI. Every person has the right to โRight to a family and โโ โโestablish a family, the basic element of society, and โto protection thereof. โโ โโto receive protection therefore. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article VII. All women, during pregnancy and โRight to protection forโโ โโthe nursing period, and all children have the right to โmothers and children. โโ โโspecial protection, care and aid. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article VIII. Every person has the right to fixโRight to residence and โโ โโhis residence within the territory of the state of โmovement. โโ โโwhich he is a national, to move about freely within โ โโ โโsuch territory, and not to leave it except by his own โ โโ โโwill. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article IX. Every person has the right to the โRight to inviolability โโ โโinviolability of his home. โof the home. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article X. Every person has the right to the โRight to the โโ โโinviolability and transmission of his correspondence. โinviolability and โโ โโ โtransmission of โโ โโ โcorrespondence. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XI. Every person has the right to the โRight to the โโ โโpreservation of his health through sanitary and social โpreservation of health โโ โโmeasures relating to food, clothing, housing and โand to well-being. โโ โโmedical care, to the extent permitted by public and โ โโ โโcommunity resources. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XII. Every person has the right to an โRight to education. โโ โโeducation, which should be based on the principles of โ โโ โโliberty, morality and human solidarity. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ Likewise every person has the right to an โ โโ โโeducation that will prepare him to attain a decent โ โโ โโlife, to raise his standard of living, and to be a โ โโ โโuseful member of society. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ The right to an education includes the right to โ โโ โโequality of opportunity in every case, in accordance โ โโ โโwith natural talents, merit and the desire to utilize โ โโ โโthe resources that the state or the community is in a โ โโ โโposition to provide. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ Every person has the right to receive, free, at โ โโ โโleast a primary education. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XIII. Every person has the right to โRight to the benefits โโ โโtake part in the cultural life of the community, to โof culture. โโ โโenjoy the arts, and to participate in the benefits thatโ โโ โโresult from intellectual progress, especially โ โโ โโscientific discoveries. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ He likewise has the right to the protection of โ โโ โโhis moral and material interests as regards his โ โโ โโinventions or any literary, scientific or artistic โ โโ โโworks of which he is the author. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XIV. Every person has the right to โRight to work and to โโ โโwork, under proper conditions, and to follow his โfair โโ โโvocation freely, insofar as existing conditions of โremuneration. โโ โโemployment permit. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Every person who works has the right to receive โ โโ โโsuch remuneration as will, in proportion to his โ โโ โโcapacity and skill, assure him a standard of living โ โโ โโsuitable for himself and for his family. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XV. Every person has the right to โRight to leisure time โโ โโleisure time, to wholesome recreation, and to the โand to the use thereof.โโ โโopportunity for advantageous use of his free time to โ โโ โโhis spiritual, cultural and physical benefit. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XVI. Every person has the right to โRight to social โโ โโsocial security which will protect him from the โsecurity. โโ โโconsequences of unemployment, old age, and any โ โโ โโdisabilities arising from causes beyond his control โ โโ โโthat make it physically or mentally impossible for him โ โโ โโto earn a living. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XVII. Every person has the right to be โRight to recognition ofโโ โโrecognized everywhere as a person having rights and โjuridical personality โโ โโobligations, and to enjoy the basic civil rights. โand civil rights. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XVIII. Every person may resort to the โRight to a fair trial. โโ โโcourts to ensure respect for his legal rights. There โ โโ โโshould likewise be available to him a simple, brief โ โโ โโprocedure whereby the courts will protect him from actsโ โโ โโof authority that, to his prejudice, violate any โ โโ โโfundamental constitutional rights. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XIX. Every person has the right to the โRight to nationality. โโ โโnationality to which he is entitled by law and to โ โโ โโchange it, if he so wishes, for the nationality of any โ โโ โโother country that is willing to grant it to him. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XX. Every person having legal capacity โRight to vote and to โโ โโis entitled to participate in the government of his โparticipate in โโ โโcountry, directly or through his representatives, and โgovernment. โโ โโto take part in popular elections, which shall be by โ โโ โโsecret ballot, and shall be honest, periodic and free. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXI. Every person has the right to โRight of assembly. โโ โโassemble peaceably with others in a formal public โ โโ โโmeeting or an informal gathering, in connection with โ โโ โโmatters of common interest of any nature. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXII. Every person has the right to โRight of association. โโ โโassociate with others to promote, exercise and protect โ โโ โโhis legitimate interests of a political, economic, โ โโ โโreligious, social, cultural, professional, labor union โ โโ โโor other nature. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXIII. Every person has a right to own โRight to property. โโ โโsuch private property as meets the essential needs of โ โโ โโdecent living and helps to maintain the dignity of the โ โโ โโindividual and of the home. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXIV. Every person has the right to โRight of petition. โโ โโsubmit respectful petitions to any competent authority,โ โโ โโfor reasons of either general or private interest, and โ โโ โโthe right to obtain a prompt decision thereon. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXV. No person may be deprived of his โRight of protection โโ โโliberty except in the cases and according to the โfrom arbitrary arrest. โโ โโprocedures established by pre-existing law. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ No person may be deprived of liberty for โ โโ โโnonfulfillment of obligations of a purely civil โ โโ โโcharacter. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ Every individual who has been deprived of his โ โโ โโliberty has the right to have the legality of his โ โโ โโdetention ascertained without delay by a court, and theโ โโ โโright to be tried without undue delay or, otherwise, toโ โโ โโbe released. He also has the right to humane treatmentโ โโ โโduring the time he is in custody. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXVI. Every accused person is presumedโ Right to due process โโ โโto be innocent until proved guilty. โof law. โโ โโ โ โโ โโ Every person accused of an offense has the โ โโ โโright to be given an impartial and public hearing, and โ โโ โโto be tried by courts previously established in โ โโ โโaccordance with pre-existing laws, and not to receive โ โโ โโcruel, infamous or unusual punishment. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXVII. Every person has the right, in โ Right of asylum. โโ โโcase of pursuit not resulting from ordinary crimes, to โ โโ โโseek and receive asylum in foreign territory, in โ โโ โโaccordance with the laws of each country and with โ โโ โโinternational agreements. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโดโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฌโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โโ Article XXVIII. The rights of man are limited by the โ Scope of theโโ โโrights of others, by the security of all, and by the just demandsโ rights of โโ โโof the general welfare and the advancement of democracy. โ man. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโดโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โ โ โ CHAPTER TWO โ โ Duties โ โ โ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฌโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โโ Article XXIX. It is the duty of the individual โ Duties to society. โโ โโso to conduct himself in relation to others that each โ โโ โโand every one may fully form and develop his โ โโ โโpersonality. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXX. It is the duty of every person to โ Duties toward โโ โโaid, support, educate and protect his minor children, โ children and parents.โโ โโand it is the duty of children to honor their parents โ โโ โโalways and to aid, support and protect them when they โ โโ โโneed it. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXI. It is the duty of every person toโ Duty to receive โโ โโacquire at least an elementary education. โ instruction. โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXII. It is the duty of every person โ Duty to vote. โโ โโto vote in the popular elections of the country of whichโ โโ โโhe is a national, when he is legally capable of doing โ โโ โโso. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXIII. It is the duty of every personโ โโ โโto obey the law and other legitimate commands of the โ โโ โโauthorities of his country and those of the country in โ Duty to obey the law.โโ โโwhich he may be. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXIV. It is the duty of every โ Duty to serve the โโ โโable-bodied person to render whatever civil and militaryโ community and the โโ โโservice his country may require for its defense and โ nation. โโ โโpreservation, and, in case of public disaster, to renderโ โโ โโsuch services as may be in his power. โ โโ โโ โ โโ โโ It is likewise his duty to hold any public โ โโ โโoffice to which he may be elected by popular vote in theโ โโ โโstate of which he is a national. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXV. It is the duty of every person โ Duties with respect โโ โโto cooperate with the state and the community with โ to social security โโ โโrespect to social security and welfare, in accordance โ and welfare. โโ โโwith his ability and with existing circumstances. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXVI. It is the duty of every person โ Duty to pay taxes. โโ โโto pay the taxes established by law for the support of โ โโ โโpublic services. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXVII. It is the duty of every personโ Duty to work. โโ โโto work, as far as his capacity and possibilities โ โโ โโpermit, in order to obtain the means of livelihood or toโ โโ โโbenefit his community. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโผโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโคโ โโ Article XXXVIII. It is the duty of every โ Duty to refrain from โโ โโperson to refrain from taking part in political โ political activities โโ โโactivities that, according to law, are reserved โ in a foreign country.โโ โโexclusively to the citizens of the state in which he is โ โโ โโan alien. โ โโ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโดโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ โ โ โ BASIC DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO HUMAN RIGHTS โ โ IN THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM โ โ โ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ