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Europe
Page last updated: July 25, 2023
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Europe
Total: 13,812 sq km
Land: 13,452 sq km
Water: 360 sq km
Slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware
Area comparison map:
Total: 680 km
Border countries (5): Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km
293.5 km
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: defined by treaty
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Highest point: Zia Kolata 2,534 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 1,086 m
Bauxite, hydroelectricity
Agricultural land: 38.2% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 40.4% (2018 est.)
Other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
24 sq km (2012)
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km
Note - largest lake in the Balkans
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Destructive earthquakes
Strategic location along the Adriatic coast
602,445 (2023 est.)
Noun: Montenegrin(s)
Adjective: Montenegrin
Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Major-language sample(s):
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)
Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Serbian audio sample:
Montenegrin/Bosnian audio sample:
Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
0-14 years: 17.93% (male 55,690/female 52,340)
15-64 years: 64.65% (male 194,334/female 195,127)
65 years and over: 17.42% (2023 est.) (male 45,993/female 58,961)
2023 population pyramid:
Total dependency ratio: 52.5
Youth dependency ratio: 27.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 24.8
Potential support ratio: 4 (2021 est.)
Total: 39.6 years
Male: 38.1 years
Female: 41.1 years (2020 est.)
-0.43% (2023 est.)
11.04 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
26.3 years (2010 est.)
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Total: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 2.69 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 3.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Total population: 77.99 years
Male: 75.57 years
Female: 80.5 years (2023 est.)
1.81 children born/woman (2023 est.)
0.89 (2023 est.)
20.7% (2018)
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: 98.2% of population
Total: 99.4% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: 1.8% of population
Total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)
11.4% of GDP (2020)
2.74 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
3.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Improved: urban: 100% of population
Rural: 93.9% of population
Total: 98% of population
Unimproved: urban: 0% of population
Rural: 6.1% of population
Total: 2% of population (2020 est.)
Degree of risk: intermediate (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
23.3% (2016)
Total: 9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Beer: 3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 31.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 31.6% (2020 est.)
Female: 31.1% (2020 est.)
3.7% (2018/19)
57.1% (2023 est.)
Women married by age 15: 1.9%
Women married by age 18: 5.8%
Men married by age 18: 3.2% (2018 est.)
NA
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99.4%
Female: 98.5% (2021)
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years (2021)
Total: 31.6%
Male: 28.3%
Female: 36.7% (2021 est.)
Pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Agricultural land: 38.2% (2018 est.)
Arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)
Permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)
Permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 40.4% (2018 est.)
Other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
Urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030
0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)
0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.02 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 0.75 megatons (2020 est.)
Municipal solid waste generated annually: 332,000 tons (2015 est.)
Municipal solid waste recycled annually: 17,994 tons (2015 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.4% (2015 est.)
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km
Note - largest lake in the Balkans
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Municipal: 100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Montenegro
Local long form: none
Local short form: Crna Gora
Former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area
Parliamentary republic
Name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
Geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around
25 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta
3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)
History: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013
Civil law
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
18 years of age; universal
Chief of state: President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
Head of government: Prime Minister Dritan ABAZOVIC (since 28 April 2022)
Cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 19 March 2023 with a runoff on 2 April 2023 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
Election results:
2023: Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1%
2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
Description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held on 11 June 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, Albanian Coalition 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, Albanian Coalition 1.; composition as of July 2022 - men 59, women 22, percent of women 27.2%
Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DELJOSAJ]
Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA for 2020 election)
Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP
Albanian List or AL [Nik DELJOSAJ and Nazif CUNGU] (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA)
Bosniak Party or BS [Ervin IBRAHIMOVIC]
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Adrian VUKSANOVIC]
Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC]
Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]
Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)
Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI]
Democratic League of Albanians or DSA
Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]
Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA]
Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Danijel ZIVKOVIC, acting]
Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC]
Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]
Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]
Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]
Europe Now! [Milojko SPAJIC]
For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP) (dissolved in September 2020)
In Black and White [Dritan ABAZOVIC] (electoral list)
Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]
Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]
New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]
Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC]
Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Aleksa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI)
Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties)
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasko KONJEVIC]
Social Democrats or SD [Damir SEHOVIC]
Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]
True Montenegro or PRAVA or PCG [Marko MILACIC]
United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)
United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]
Workers' Party or RP [Maksim VUCINIC]
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Note: Montenegro is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership
A red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
Double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold
Name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
Lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
Note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
Total World Heritage Sites: 4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales: Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)
Upper middle-income Balkan economy; unsanctioned euro user; controversial religious property ownership law; persistent corruption; major infrastructure investments and high expenditures; growing offshore banking destination
$12.757 billion (2021 est.)
$11.346 billion (2020 est.)
$13.397 billion (2019 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
12.43% (2021 est.)
-15.31% (2020 est.)
4.06% (2019 est.)
$20,600 (2021 est.)
$18,300 (2020 est.)
$21,500 (2019 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
$5.486 billion (2019 est.)
2.41% (2021 est.)
-0.26% (2020 est.)
0.36% (2019 est.)
Moody's rating: B1 (2016)
Standard & Poors rating: B+ (2014)
Note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
Agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.)
Industry: 15.9% (2016 est.)
Services: 76.6% (2016 est.)
Comparison rankings: agriculture 104; industry 175; services 42
Household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.)
Government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.)
Milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley
Steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
1.39% (2021 est.)
277,400 (2021 est.)
Agriculture: 7.9%
Industry: 17.1%
Services: 75% (2017 est.)
18.49% (2021 est.)
17.9% (2020 est.)
15.12% (2019 est.)
Total: 31.6%
Male: 28.3%
Female: 36.7% (2021 est.)
24.5% (2018 est.)
36.8 (2018 est.)
On food: 27.5% of household expenditures (2018 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 6.8% of household expenditures (2018 est.)
Lowest 10%: 3.5%
Highest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.)
Revenues: $2.051 billion (2020 est.)
Expenditures: $2.568 billion (2020 est.)
-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Calendar year
-$540.073 million (2021 est.)
-$1.237 billion (2020 est.)
-$796.134 million (2019 est.)
$2.502 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$1.247 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$2.424 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)
Copper ore, aluminum, electricity, dried legumes, packaged medicines, lead, scrap iron, lumber (2021)
$3.637 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$2.917 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$3.6 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)
Refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)
$1.982 billion (31 December 2021 est.)
$2.135 billion (31 December 2020 est.)
$1.529 billion (31 December 2019 est.)
$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.877 (2020 est.)
0.893 (2019 est.)
0.847 (2018 est.)
0.885 (2017 est.)
Electrification - total population: 99.7% (2021)
Electrification - urban areas: 100% (2021)
Electrification - rural areas: 99.3% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 1.007 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 3,246,760,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 943 million kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.196 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 493 million kWh (2019 est.)
Comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 134; consumption 136; exports 65; imports 69; transmission/distribution losses 131
Fossil fuels: 42.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Wind: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 47.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Production: 1.456 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1.351 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 96,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 142 million metric tons (2019 est.)
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 7,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
357 bbl/day (2015 est.)
6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
2.447 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.333 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.114 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
77.286 million Btu/person (2019 est.)
Total subscriptions: 189,519 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)
Total subscriptions: 1,120,074 (2021 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 178 (2021 est.)
General assessment: a small telecom market supported by a population of only 623,000; fixed broadband services are available via a variety of technology platforms, though fiber is the dominant platform, accounting for almost 40% of connections; the growth of fiber has largely been at the expense of DSL as customers are migrated to fiber networks as these are built out progressively; mobile penetration is particularly high, though this is partly due to the significant number of tourists visiting the country seasonally, as also to the popularity of subscribers having multiple prepaid cards; in the wake of the pandemic and associated restrictions on travel, the number of mobile subscribers fell in 2020, as also in the first quarter of 2021, year-on-year; networks support a vibrant mobile broadband services sector, largely based on LTE; two of the MNOs began trialing 5G in May 2021, though commercial services will not gain traction until after the multi-spectrum auction is completed at the end of 2021; spectrum is available in the 694-790MHz and 3400-3800MHz ranges, as well as in the 26.5-27.5GHz range (2021)
Domestic: fixed-line over 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular 178 per 100 persons (2021)
International: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
State-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)
.me
Total: 516,600 (2021 est.)
Percent of population: 82% (2021 est.)
Total: 184,176 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2020 est.)
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 565,522 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 130,000 (2018) mt-km
4O
5 (2021)
5
Note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
1 (2021)
Total: 250 km (2017)
Standard gauge: 250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)
Total: 7,762 km (2010)
Paved: 7,141 km (2010)
Unpaved: 621 km (2010)
Total: 18
By type: bulk carrier 4, other 14 (2022)
Major seaport(s): Bar
Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces (Kopnene snage), Air Force (Vazduhoplovstvo), Navy (Mornarica) (2023)
Note: the National Police Force, which includes Border Police, is responsible for maintaining internal security; it is organized under the Police Administration within the Ministry of Interior and reports to the police director and, through the director, to the minister of interior and prime minister
1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2021)
1.7% of GDP (2020)
1.3% of GDP (2019)
Approximately 2,000 active duty troops (2022)
The military's inventory is small and consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems from such countries as Austria, Turkey, and the US (2022)
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2023)
Note: as of 2021, women made up about 10% of the military's full-time personnel
Montenegro became a member of NATO in 2017
Montenegro-Albania: none identified
Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina: the two countries signed a border agreement in August 2015; sovereignty of the disputed Sutorina territory was given to Montenegro
Montenegro-Croatia: the two countries in 2002 reached a temporary agreement designating the Prevlaka Peninsula as part of Croatia, in October 2020, a Montenegrin official resurrected the dormant dispute over the Prevlaka Peninsula by stating that Montenegro had a good chance of winning it through international arbitration
Montenegro-Kosovo: a 2015 border agreement was ratified by Montenegro in 2015 and by Kosovo in 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed
Montenegro-Serbia: The former republic boundary – when the two countries were one and called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated
Refugees (country of origin): 38,540 (Ukraine) (as of 26 June 2023)
Stateless persons: 468 (2022)
Note: 31,515 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2023)
Drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets