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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Begen
Request for Comments: 8866 Networked Media
Obsoletes: 4566 P. Kyzivat
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Perkins
University of Glasgow
M. Handley
UCL
January 2021
SDP: Session Description Protocol
Abstract
This memo defines the Session Description Protocol (SDP). SDP is
intended for describing multimedia sessions for the purposes of
session announcement, session invitation, and other forms of
multimedia session initiation. This document obsoletes RFC 4566.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8866.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
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material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Glossary of Terms
3. Examples of SDP Usage
3.1. Session Initiation
3.2. Streaming Media
3.3. Email and the World Wide Web
3.4. Multicast Session Announcement
4. Requirements and Recommendations
4.1. Media and Transport Information
4.2. Timing Information
4.3. Obtaining Further Information about a Session
4.4. Internationalization
5. SDP Specification
5.1. Protocol Version ("v=")
5.2. Origin ("o=")
5.3. Session Name ("s=")
5.4. Session Information ("i=")
5.5. URI ("u=")
5.6. Email Address and Phone Number ("e=" and "p=")
5.7. Connection Information ("c=")
5.8. Bandwidth Information ("b=")
5.9. Time Active ("t=")
5.10. Repeat Times ("r=")
5.11. Time Zone Adjustment ("z=")
5.12. Encryption Keys ("k=")
5.13. Attributes ("a=")
5.14. Media Descriptions ("m=")
6. SDP Attributes
6.1. cat (Category)
6.2. keywds (Keywords)
6.3. tool
6.4. ptime (Packet Time)
6.5. maxptime (Maximum Packet Time)
6.6. rtpmap
6.7. Media Direction Attributes
6.7.1. recvonly (Receive-Only)
6.7.2. sendrecv (Send-Receive)
6.7.3. sendonly (Send-Only)
6.7.4. inactive
6.8. orient (Orientation)
6.9. type (Conference Type)
6.10. charset (Character Set)
6.11. sdplang (SDP Language)
6.12. lang (Language)
6.13. framerate (Frame Rate)
6.14. quality
6.15. fmtp (Format Parameters)
7. Security Considerations
8. IANA Considerations
8.1. The "application/sdp" Media Type
8.2. Registration of SDP Parameters with IANA
8.2.1. Registration Procedure
8.2.2. Media Types (<media>)
8.2.3. Transport Protocols (<proto>)
8.2.4. Attribute Names (<attribute-name>)
8.2.5. Bandwidth Specifiers (<bwtype>)
8.2.6. Network Types (<nettype>)
8.2.7. Address Types (<addrtype>)
8.3. Encryption Key Access Methods (OBSOLETE)
9. SDP Grammar
10. Summary of Changes from RFC 4566
11. References
11.1. Normative References
11.2. Informative References
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
When initiating multimedia teleconferences, voice-over-IP calls,
streaming video, or other sessions, there is a requirement to convey
media details, transport addresses, and other session description
metadata to the participants.
SDP provides a standard representation for such information,
irrespective of how that information is transported. SDP is purely a
format for session description -- it does not incorporate a transport
protocol, and it is intended to use different transport protocols as
appropriate, including the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)
[RFC2974], Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261], Real-Time
Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [RFC7826], electronic mail [RFC5322] using
the MIME extensions [RFC2045], and the Hypertext Transport Protocol
(HTTP) [RFC7230].
SDP is intended to be general purpose so that it can be used in a
wide range of network environments and applications. However, it is
not intended to support negotiation of session content or media
encodings: this is viewed as outside the scope of session
description.
This memo obsoletes [RFC4566]. The changes relative to [RFC4566] are
outlined in Section 10 of this memo.
2. Glossary of Terms
The following terms are used in this document and have specific
meaning within the context of this document.
Session Description: A well-defined format for conveying sufficient
information to discover and participate in a multimedia session.
Media Description: A Media Description contains the information
needed for one party to establish an application-layer network
protocol connection to another party. It starts with an "m=" line
and is terminated by either the next "m=" line or by the end of
the session description.
Session-Level Section: This refers to the parts that are not media
descriptions, whereas the session description refers to the whole
body that includes the session-level section and the media
description(s).
The terms "multimedia conference" and "multimedia session" are used
in this document as defined in [RFC7656]. The terms "session" and
"multimedia session" are used interchangeably in this document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Examples of SDP Usage
3.1. Session Initiation
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] is an application-
layer control protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating
sessions such as Internet multimedia conferences, Internet telephone
calls, and multimedia distribution. The SIP messages used to create
sessions carry session descriptions that allow participants to agree
on a set of compatible media types [RFC6838]. These session
descriptions are commonly formatted using SDP. When used with SIP,
the offer/answer model [RFC3264] provides a limited framework for
negotiation using SDP.
3.2. Streaming Media
The Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [RFC7826], is an application-
level protocol for control over the delivery of data with real-time
properties. RTSP provides an extensible framework to enable
controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and
video. An RTSP client and server negotiate an appropriate set of
parameters for media delivery, partially using SDP syntax to describe
those parameters.
3.3. Email and the World Wide Web
Alternative means of conveying session descriptions include
electronic mail and the World Wide Web (WWW). For both email and WWW
distribution, the media type "application/sdp" is used. This enables
the automatic launching of applications for participation in the
session from the WWW client or mail reader in a standard manner.
Note that descriptions of multicast sessions sent only via email or
the WWW do not have the property that the receiver of a session
description can necessarily receive the session because the multicast
sessions may be restricted in scope, and access to the WWW server or
reception of email is possibly outside this scope.
3.4. Multicast Session Announcement
In order to assist the advertisement of multicast multimedia
conferences and other multicast sessions, and to communicate the
relevant session setup information to prospective participants, a
distributed session directory may be used. An instance of such a
session directory periodically sends packets containing a description
of the session to a well-known multicast group. These advertisements
are received by other session directories such that potential remote
participants can use the session description to start the tools
required to participate in the session.
One protocol used to implement such a distributed directory is the
SAP [RFC2974]. SDP provides the recommended session description
format for such session announcements.
4. Requirements and Recommendations
The purpose of SDP is to convey information about media streams in
multimedia sessions to allow the recipients of a session description
to participate in the session. SDP is primarily intended for use
with Internet protocols, although it is sufficiently general that it
can describe multimedia conferences in other network environments.
Media streams can be many-to-many. Sessions need not be continually
active.
Thus far, multicast-based sessions on the Internet have differed from
many other forms of conferencing in that anyone receiving the traffic
can join the session (unless the session traffic is encrypted). In
such an environment, SDP serves two primary purposes. It is a means
to communicate the existence of a session, and it is a means to
convey sufficient information to enable joining and participating in
the session. In a unicast environment, only the latter purpose is
likely to be relevant.
An SDP description includes the following:
* Session name and purpose
* Time(s) the session is active
* The media comprising the session
* Information needed to receive those media (addresses, ports,
formats, etc.)
As resources necessary to participate in a session may be limited,
some additional information may also be desirable:
* Information about the bandwidth to be used by the session
* Contact information for the person responsible for the session
In general, SDP must convey sufficient information to enable
applications to join a session (with the possible exception of
encryption keys) and to announce the resources to be used to any
nonparticipants that may need to know. (This latter feature is
primarily useful when SDP is used with a multicast session
announcement protocol.)
4.1. Media and Transport Information
An SDP description includes the following media information:
* The type of media (video, audio, etc.)
* The media transport protocol (RTP/UDP/IP, H.320, etc.)
* The format of the media (H.261 video, MPEG video, etc.)
In addition to media format and transport protocol, SDP conveys
address and port details. For an IP multicast session, these
comprise:
* The multicast group address for media
* The transport port for media
This address and port are the destination address and destination
port of the multicast stream, whether being sent, received, or both.
For unicast IP sessions, the following are conveyed:
* The remote address for media
* The remote transport port for media
The semantics of the address and port depend on context. Typically,
this SHOULD be the remote address and remote port to which media is
to be sent or received. Details may differ based on the network
type, address type, protocol, and media specified, and whether the
SDP is being distributed as an advertisement or negotiated in an
offer/answer [RFC3264] exchange. (E.g., Some address types or
protocols may not have a notion of port.) Deviating from typical
behavior should be done cautiously since this complicates
implementations (including middleboxes that must parse the addresses
to open Network Address Translation (NAT) or firewall pinholes).
4.2. Timing Information
Sessions may be either bounded or unbounded in time. Whether or not
they are bounded, they may be only active at specific times. SDP can
convey:
* An arbitrary list of start and stop times bounding the session
* For each bound, repeat times such as "every Wednesday at 10am for
one hour"
This timing information is globally consistent, irrespective of local
time zone or daylight saving time (see Section 5.9).
4.3. Obtaining Further Information about a Session
A session description could convey enough information to decide
whether or not to participate in a session. SDP may include
additional pointers in the form of Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URIs) [RFC3986] for more information about the session. (Note that
use of URIs to indicate remote resources is subject to the security
considerations from [RFC3986].)
4.4. Internationalization
The SDP specification recommends the use of the ISO 10646 character
set in the UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629] to allow many different languages
to be represented. However, to assist in compact representations,
SDP also allows other character sets such as [ISO.8859-1.1998] to be
used when desired. Internationalization only applies to free-text
subfields (session name and background information), and not to SDP
as a whole.
5. SDP Specification
An SDP description is denoted by the media type "application/sdp"
(See Section 8).
An SDP description is entirely textual. SDP field names and
attribute names use only the US-ASCII subset of UTF-8 [RFC3629], but
textual fields and attribute values MAY use the full ISO 10646
character set in UTF-8 encoding, or some other character set defined
by the "a=charset:" attribute (Section 6.10). Field and attribute
values that use the full UTF-8 character set are never directly
compared, hence there is no requirement for UTF-8 normalization. The
textual form, as opposed to a binary encoding such as ASN.1 or XDR,
was chosen to enhance portability, to enable a variety of transports
to be used, and to allow flexible, text-based toolkits to be used to
generate and process session descriptions. However, since SDP may be
used in environments where the maximum permissible size of a session
description is limited, the encoding is deliberately compact. Also,
since descriptions may be transported via very unreliable means or
damaged by an intermediate caching server, the encoding was designed
with strict order and formatting rules so that most errors would
result in malformed session descriptions that could be detected
easily and discarded.
An SDP description consists of a number of lines of text of the form:
<type>=<value>
where <type> is exactly one case-significant character and <value> is
structured text whose format depends on <type>. In general, <value>
is either a number of subfields delimited by a single space character
or a free format string, and is case-significant unless a specific
field defines otherwise. Whitespace separators are not used on
either side of the "=" sign, however, the value can contain a leading
whitespace as part of its syntax, i.e., that whitespace is part of
the value.
An SDP description MUST conform to the syntax defined in Section 9.
The following is an overview of the syntax.
An SDP description consists of a session-level section followed by
zero or more media descriptions. The session-level section starts
with a "v=" line and continues to the first media description (or the
end of the whole description, whichever comes first). Each media
description starts with an "m=" line and continues to the next media
description or the end of the whole session description, whichever
comes first. In general, session-level values are the default for
all media unless overridden by an equivalent media-level value.
Some lines in each description are required and some are optional,
but when present, they must appear in exactly the order given here.
(The fixed order greatly enhances error detection and allows for a
simple parser). In the following overview, optional items are marked
with a "*".
Session description
v= (protocol version)
o= (originator and session identifier)
s= (session name)
i=* (session information)
u=* (URI of description)
e=* (email address)
p=* (phone number)
c=* (connection information -- not required if included in
all media descriptions)
b=* (zero or more bandwidth information lines)
One or more time descriptions:
("t=", "r=" and "z=" lines; see below)
k=* (obsolete)
a=* (zero or more session attribute lines)
Zero or more media descriptions
Time description
t= (time the session is active)
r=* (zero or more repeat times)
z=* (optional time zone offset line)
Media description, if present
m= (media name and transport address)
i=* (media title)
c=* (connection information -- optional if included at
session level)
b=* (zero or more bandwidth information lines)
k=* (obsolete)
a=* (zero or more media attribute lines)
The set of type letters is deliberately small and not intended to be
extensible -- an SDP parser MUST completely ignore or reject any
session description that contains a type letter that it does not
understand. The attribute mechanism ("a=", described in
Section 5.13) is the primary means for extending SDP and tailoring it
to particular applications or media. Some attributes (the ones
listed in Section 6) have a defined meaning, but others may be added
on a media- or session-specific basis. (Attribute scopes in addition
to media-specific and session-specific scopes may also be defined in
extensions to this document, e.g., [RFC5576] and [RFC8864].) An SDP
parser MUST ignore any attribute it doesn't understand.
An SDP description may contain URIs that reference external content
in the "u=", "k=", and "a=" lines. These URIs may be dereferenced in
some cases, making the session description non-self-contained.
The connection ("c=") information in the session-level section
applies to all the media descriptions of that session unless
overridden by connection information in the media description. For
instance, in the example below, each audio media description behaves
as if it were given a "c=IN IP4 198.51.100.1".
An example SDP description is:
v=0
o=jdoe 3724394400 3724394405 IN IP4 198.51.100.1
s=Call to John Smith
i=SDP Offer #1
u=http://www.jdoe.example.com/home.html
e=Jane Doe <jane@jdoe.example.com>
p=+1 617 555-6011
c=IN IP4 198.51.100.1
t=0 0
m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0
m=audio 49180 RTP/AVP 0
m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 99
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::2
a=rtpmap:99 h263-1998/90000
Text-containing fields such as the session-name-field and
information-field are octet strings that may contain any octet with
the exceptions of 0x00 (Nul), 0x0a (ASCII newline), and 0x0d (ASCII
carriage return). The sequence CRLF (0x0d0a) is used to end a line,
although parsers SHOULD be tolerant and also accept lines terminated
with a single newline character. If the "a=charset:" attribute is
not present, these octet strings MUST be interpreted as containing
ISO-10646 characters in UTF-8 encoding. When the "a=charset:"
attribute is present the session-name-field, information-field, and
some attribute fields are interpreted according to the selected
character set.
A session description can contain domain names in the "o=", "u=",
"e=", "c=", and "a=" lines. Any domain name used in SDP MUST comply
with [RFC1034] and [RFC1035]. Internationalized domain names (IDNs)
MUST be represented using the ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) form
defined in [RFC5890] and MUST NOT be directly represented in UTF-8 or
any other encoding (this requirement is for compatibility with
[RFC2327] and other early SDP-related standards, which predate the
development of internationalized domain names).
5.1. Protocol Version ("v=")
v=0
The "v=" line (version-field) gives the version of the Session
Description Protocol. This memo defines version 0. There is no
minor version number.
5.2. Origin ("o=")
o=<username> <sess-id> <sess-version> <nettype> <addrtype>
<unicast-address>
The "o=" line (origin-field) gives the originator of the session (her
username and the address of the user's host) plus a session
identifier and version number:
<username> is the user's login on the originating host, or it is "-"
if the originating host does not support the concept of user IDs.
The <username> MUST NOT contain spaces.
<sess-id> is a numeric string such that the tuple of <username>,
<sess-id>, <nettype>, <addrtype>, and <unicast-address> forms a
globally unique identifier for the session. The method of <sess-
id> allocation is up to the creating tool, but a timestamp, in
seconds since January 1, 1900 UTC, is recommended to ensure
uniqueness.
<sess-version> is a version number for this session description.
Its usage is up to the creating tool, so long as <sess-version> is
increased when a modification is made to the session description.
Again, as with <sess-id> it is RECOMMENDED that a timestamp be
used.
<nettype> is a text string giving the type of network. Initially,
"IN" is defined to have the meaning "Internet", but other values
MAY be registered in the future (see Section 8).
<addrtype> is a text string giving the type of the address that
follows. Initially, "IP4" and "IP6" are defined, but other values
MAY be registered in the future (see Section 8).
<unicast-address> is an address of the machine from which the
session was created. For an address type of "IP4", this is either
a fully qualified domain name of the machine or the dotted-decimal
representation of an IP version 4 address of the machine. For an
address type of "IP6", this is either a fully qualified domain
name of the machine or the address of the machine represented as
specified in Section 4 of [RFC5952]. For both "IP4" and "IP6",
the fully qualified domain name is the form that SHOULD be given
unless this is unavailable, in which case a globally unique
address MAY be substituted.
In general, the "o=" line serves as a globally unique identifier for
this version of the session description, and the subfields excepting
the version, taken together identify the session irrespective of any
modifications.
For privacy reasons, it is sometimes desirable to obfuscate the
username and IP address of the session originator. If this is a
concern, an arbitrary <username> and private <unicast-address> MAY be
chosen to populate the "o=" line, provided that these are selected in
a manner that does not affect the global uniqueness of the field.
5.3. Session Name ("s=")
s=<session name>
The "s=" line (session-name-field) is the textual session name.
There MUST be one and only one "s=" line per session description.
The "s=" line MUST NOT be empty. If a session has no meaningful
name, then "s= " or "s=-" (i.e., a single space or dash as the
session name) is RECOMMENDED. If a session-level "a=charset:"
attribute is present, it specifies the character set used in the "s="
field. If a session-level "a=charset:" attribute is not present, the
"s=" field MUST contain ISO 10646 characters in UTF-8 encoding.
5.4. Session Information ("i=")
i=<session information>
The "i=" line (information-field) provides textual information about
the session. There can be at most one session-level "i=" line per
session description, and at most one "i=" line in each media
description. Unless a media-level "i=" line is provided, the
session-level "i=" line applies to that media description. If the
"a=charset:" attribute is present, it specifies the character set
used in the "i=" line. If the "a=charset:" attribute is not present,
the "i=" line MUST contain ISO 10646 characters in UTF-8 encoding.
At most one "i=" line can be used for each media description. In
media definitions, "i=" lines are primarily intended for labeling
media streams. As such, they are most likely to be useful when a
single session has more than one distinct media stream of the same
media type. An example would be two different whiteboards, one for
slides and one for feedback and questions.
The "i=" line is intended to provide a free-form human-readable
description of the session or the purpose of a media stream. It is
not suitable for parsing by automata.
5.5. URI ("u=")
u=<uri>
The "u=" line (uri-field) provides a URI (Uniform Resource
Identifier) [RFC3986]. The URI should be a pointer to additional
human readable information about the session. This line is OPTIONAL.
No more than one "u=" line is allowed per session description.
5.6. Email Address and Phone Number ("e=" and "p=")
e=<email-address>
p=<phone-number>
The "e=" line (email-field) and "p=" line (phone-field) specify
contact information for the person responsible for the session. This
is not necessarily the same person that created the session
description.
Inclusion of an email address or phone number is OPTIONAL.
If an email address or phone number is present, it MUST be specified
before the first media description. More than one email or phone
line can be given for a session description.
Phone numbers SHOULD be given in the form of an international public
telecommunication number (see ITU-T Recommendation E.164 [E164])
preceded by a "+". Spaces and hyphens may be used to split up a
phone-field to aid readability if desired. For example:
p=+1 617 555-6011
Both email addresses and phone numbers can have an OPTIONAL free text
string associated with them, normally giving the name of the person
who may be contacted. This MUST be enclosed in parentheses if it is
present. For example:
e=j.doe@example.com (Jane Doe)
The alternative [RFC5322] name quoting convention is also allowed for
both email addresses and phone numbers. For example:
e=Jane Doe <j.doe@example.com>
The free text string SHOULD be in the ISO-10646 character set with
UTF-8 encoding, or alternatively in ISO-8859-1 or other encodings if
the appropriate session-level "a=charset:" attribute is set.
5.7. Connection Information ("c=")
c=<nettype> <addrtype> <connection-address>
The "c=" line (connection-field) contains information necessary to
establish a network connection.
A session description MUST contain either at least one "c=" line in
each media description or a single "c=" line at the session level.
It MAY contain a single session-level "c=" line and additional media-
level "c=" line(s) per-media-description, in which case the media-
level values override the session-level settings for the respective
media.
The first subfield (<nettype>) is the network type, which is a text
string giving the type of network. Initially, "IN" is defined to
have the meaning "Internet", but other values MAY be registered in
the future (see Section 8).
The second subfield (<addrtype>) is the address type. This allows
SDP to be used for sessions that are not IP based. This memo only
defines "IP4" and "IP6", but other values MAY be registered in the
future (see Section 8).
The third subfield (<connection-address>) is the connection address.
Additional subfields MAY be added after the connection address
depending on the value of the <addrtype> subfield.
When the <addrtype> is "IP4" or "IP6", the connection address is
defined as follows:
* If the session is multicast, the connection address will be an IP
multicast group address. If the session is not multicast, then
the connection address contains the unicast IP address of the
expected data source, data relay, or data sink as determined by
additional attribute-fields (Section 5.13). It is not expected
that unicast addresses will be given in a session description that
is communicated by a multicast announcement, though this is not
prohibited.
* Sessions using an "IP4" multicast connection address MUST also
have a time to live (TTL) value present in addition to the
multicast address. The TTL and the address together define the
scope with which multicast packets sent in this session will be
sent. TTL values MUST be in the range 0-255. Although the TTL
MUST be specified, its use to scope multicast traffic is
deprecated; applications SHOULD use an administratively scoped
address instead.
The TTL for the session is appended to the address using a slash as a
separator. An example is:
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.1/127
"IP6" multicast does not use TTL scoping, and hence the TTL value
MUST NOT be present for "IP6" multicast. It is expected that IPv6
scoped addresses will be used to limit the scope of multimedia
conferences.
Hierarchical or layered encoding schemes are data streams where the
encoding from a single media source is split into a number of layers.
The receiver can choose the desired quality (and hence bandwidth) by
only subscribing to a subset of these layers. Such layered encodings
are normally transmitted in multiple multicast groups to allow
multicast pruning. This technique keeps unwanted traffic from sites
only requiring certain levels of the hierarchy. For applications
requiring multiple multicast groups, we allow the following notation
to be used for the connection address:
<base multicast address>[/<ttl>]/<number of addresses>
If the number of addresses is not given, it is assumed to be one.
Multicast addresses so assigned are contiguously allocated above the
base address, so that, for example:
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.1/127/3
would state that addresses 233.252.0.1, 233.252.0.2, and 233.252.0.3
are to be used with a TTL of 127. This is semantically identical to
including multiple "c=" lines in a media description:
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.1/127
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.2/127
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.3/127
Similarly, an IPv6 example would be:
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:101/3
which is semantically equivalent to:
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:101
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:102
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:103
(remember that the TTL subfield is not present in "IP6" multicast).
Multiple addresses or "c=" lines MAY be specified on a per media
description basis only if they provide multicast addresses for
different layers in a hierarchical or layered encoding scheme.
Multiple addresses or "c=" lines MUST NOT be specified at session
level.
The slash notation for multiple addresses described above MUST NOT be
used for IP unicast addresses.
5.8. Bandwidth Information ("b=")
b=<bwtype>:<bandwidth>
The OPTIONAL "b=" line (bandwidth-field) denotes the proposed
bandwidth to be used by the session or media description. The
<bwtype> is an alphanumeric modifier that provides the meaning of the
<bandwidth> number. Two values are defined in this specification,
but other values MAY be registered in the future (see Section 8 and
[RFC3556], [RFC3890]):
CT If the bandwidth of a session is different from the bandwidth
implicit from the scope, a "b=CT:" line SHOULD be supplied for the
session giving the proposed upper limit to the bandwidth used (the
"conference total" bandwidth). Similarly, if the bandwidth of
bundled media streams [RFC8843] in an "m=" line is different from
the implicit value from the scope, a "b=CT:" line SHOULD be
supplied in the media level. The primary purpose of this is to
give an approximate idea as to whether two or more sessions (or
bundled media streams) can coexist simultaneously. Note that a
"b=CT:" line gives a total bandwidth figure for all the media at
all endpoints.
The Mux Category for "b=CT:" is NORMAL. This is discussed in
[RFC8859].
AS The bandwidth is interpreted to be application specific (it will
be the application's concept of maximum bandwidth). Normally,
this will coincide with what is set on the application's "maximum
bandwidth" control if applicable. For RTP-based applications, the
"b=AS:" line gives the RTP "session bandwidth" as defined in
Section 6.2 of [RFC3550]. Note that a "b=AS:" line gives a
bandwidth figure for a single media at a single endpoint, although
there may be many endpoints sending simultaneously.
The Mux Category for "b=AS:" is SUM. This is discussed in
[RFC8859].
[RFC4566] defined an "X-" prefix for <bwtype> names. This was
intended for experimental purposes only. For example:
b=X-YZ:128
Use of the "X-" prefix is NOT RECOMMENDED. Instead new (non "X-"
prefix) <bwtype> names SHOULD be defined, and then MUST be registered
with IANA in the standard namespace. SDP parsers MUST ignore
bandwidth-fields with unknown <bwtype> names. The <bwtype> names
MUST be alphanumeric and, although no length limit is given, it is
recommended that they be short.
The <bandwidth> is interpreted as kilobits per second by default
(including the transport and network-layer, but not the link-layer,
overhead). The definition of a new <bwtype> modifier MAY specify
that the bandwidth is to be interpreted in some alternative unit (the
"CT" and "AS" modifiers defined in this memo use the default units).
5.9. Time Active ("t=")
t=<start-time> <stop-time>
A "t=" line (time-field) begins a time description that specifies the
start and stop times for a session. Multiple time descriptions MAY
be used if a session is active at multiple irregularly spaced times;
each additional time description specifies additional periods of time
for which the session will be active. If the session is active at
regular repeat times, a repeat description, begun by an "r=" line
(see Section 5.10) can be included following the time-field -- in
which case the time-field specifies the start and stop times of the
entire repeat sequence.
The following example specifies two active intervals:
t=3724394400 3724398000 ; Mon 8-Jan-2018 10:00-11:00 UTC
t=3724484400 3724488000 ; Tue 9-Jan-2018 11:00-12:00 UTC
The first and second subfields of the time-field give the start and
stop times, respectively, for the session. These are the decimal
representation of time values in seconds since January 1, 1900 UTC.
To convert these values to Unix time (UTC), subtract decimal
2208988800.
Some time representations will wrap in the year 2036. Because SDP
uses an arbitrary length decimal representation, it does not have
this issue. Implementations of SDP need to be prepared to handle
these larger values.
If the <stop-time> is set to zero, then the session is not bounded,
though it will not become active until after the <start-time>. If
the <start-time> is also zero, the session is regarded as permanent.
User interfaces SHOULD strongly discourage the creation of unbounded
and permanent sessions as they give no information about when the
session is actually going to terminate, and so make scheduling
difficult.
The general assumption may be made, when displaying unbounded
sessions that have not timed out to the user, that an unbounded
session will only be active until half an hour from the current time
or the session start time, whichever is the later. If behavior other
than this is required, a <stop-time> SHOULD be given and modified as
appropriate when new information becomes available about when the
session should really end.
Permanent sessions may be shown to the user as never being active
unless there are associated repeat times that state precisely when
the session will be active.
5.10. Repeat Times ("r=")
r=<repeat interval> <active duration> <offsets from start-time>
An"r=" line (repeat-field) specifies repeat times for a session. If
needed to express complex schedules, multiple repeat-fields may be
included. For example, if a session is active at 10am on Monday and
11am on Tuesday for one hour each week for three months, then the
<start-time> in the corresponding "t=" line would be the
representation of 10am on the first Monday, the <repeat interval>
would be 1 week, the <active duration> would be 1 hour, and the
offsets would be zero and 25 hours. The corresponding "t=" line stop
time would be the representation of the end of the last session three
months later. By default, all subfields are in seconds, so the "r="
and "t=" lines might be the following:
t=3724394400 3730536000 ; Mon 8-Jan-2018 10:00-11:00 UTC
; Tues 20-Mar-2018 12:00 UTC
r=604800 3600 0 90000 ; 1 week, 1 hour, zero, 25 hours
To make the description more compact, times may also be given in
units of days, hours, or minutes. The syntax for these is a number
immediately followed by a single case-sensitive character.
Fractional units are not allowed -- a smaller unit should be used
instead. The following unit specification characters are allowed:
+---+------------------------------------+
| d | days (86400 seconds) |
+---+------------------------------------+
| h | hours (3600 seconds) |
+---+------------------------------------+
| m | minutes (60 seconds) |
+---+------------------------------------+
| s | seconds (allowed for completeness) |
+---+------------------------------------+
Table 1: Time Unit Specification
Characters
Thus, the above repeat-field could also have been written:
r=7d 1h 0 25h
Monthly and yearly repeats cannot be directly specified with a single
SDP repeat time; instead, separate time-descriptions should be used
to explicitly list the session times.
5.11. Time Zone Adjustment ("z=")
z=<adjustment time> <offset> <adjustment time> <offset> ....
A "z=" line (zone-field) is an optional modifier to the repeat-fields
it immediately follows. It does not apply to any other fields.
To schedule a repeated session that spans a change from daylight
saving time to standard time or vice versa, it is necessary to
specify offsets from the base time. This is required because
different time zones change time at different times of day, different
countries change to or from daylight saving time on different dates,
and some countries do not have daylight saving time at all.
Thus, in order to schedule a session that is at the same time winter
and summer, it must be possible to specify unambiguously by whose
time zone a session is scheduled. To simplify this task for
receivers, we allow the sender to specify the time (represented as
seconds since January 1, 1900 UTC) that a time zone adjustment
happens and the offset from the time when the session was first
scheduled. The "z=" line allows the sender to specify a list of
these adjustment times and offsets from the base time.
An example might be the following:
t=3724394400 3754123200 ; Mon 8-Jan-2018 10:00 UTC
; Tues 18-Dec-2018 12:00 UTC
r=604800 3600 0 90000 ; 1 week, 1 hour, zero, 25 hours
z=3730928400 -1h 3749680800 0 ; Sun 25-Mar-2018 1:00 UTC,
; offset 1 hour,
; Sun 28-Oct-2018 2:00 UTC,
; no offset
This specifies that at time 3730928400 (Sun 25-Mar-2018 1:00 UTC, the
onset of British Summer Time) the time base by which the session's
repeat times are calculated is shifted back by 1 hour, and that at
time 3749680800 (Sun 28-Oct-2018 2:00 UTC, the end of British Summer
Time) the session's original time base is restored. Adjustments are
always relative to the specified start time -- they are not
cumulative.
If a session is likely to last several years, it is expected that the
session description will be modified periodically rather than
transmit several years' worth of adjustments in one session
description.
5.12. Encryption Keys ("k=")
k=<method>
k=<method>:<encryption key>
The "k=" line (key-field) is obsolete and MUST NOT be used. It is
included in this document for legacy reasons. One MUST NOT include a
"k=" line in an SDP, and MUST discard it if it is received in an SDP.
5.13. Attributes ("a=")
a=<attribute-name>
a=<attribute-name>:<attribute-value>
Attributes are the primary means for extending SDP. Attributes may
be defined to be used as session-level attributes, media-level
attributes, or both. (Attribute scopes in addition to media-level
and session-level scopes may also be defined in extensions to this
document, e.g., [RFC5576] and [RFC8864].)
A media description may contain any number of "a=" lines (attribute-
fields) that are media description specific. These are referred to
as media-level attributes and add information about the media
description. Attribute-fields can also be added before the first
media description; these session-level attributes convey additional
information that applies to the session as a whole rather than to
individual media descriptions.
Attribute-fields may be of two forms:
* A property attribute is simply of the form "a=<attribute-name>".
These are binary attributes, and the presence of the attribute
conveys that the attribute is a property of the session. An
example might be "a=recvonly".
* A value attribute is of the form "a=<attribute-name>:<attribute-
value>". For example, a whiteboard could have the value attribute
"a=orient:landscape".
Attribute interpretation depends on the media tool being invoked.
Thus receivers of session descriptions should be configurable in
their interpretation of session descriptions in general and of
attributes in particular.
Attribute names MUST use the US-ASCII subset of ISO-10646/UTF-8.
Attribute values are octet strings, and MAY use any octet value
except 0x00 (Nul), 0x0A (LF), and 0x0D (CR). By default, attribute
values are to be interpreted as in ISO-10646 character set with UTF-8
encoding. Unlike other text fields, attribute values are NOT
normally affected by the "a=charset:" attribute as this would make
comparisons against known values problematic. However, when an
attribute is defined, it can be defined to be charset dependent, in
which case its value should be interpreted in the session charset
rather than in ISO-10646.
Attributes MUST be registered with IANA (see Section 8). If an
attribute is received that is not understood, it MUST be ignored by
the receiver.
5.14. Media Descriptions ("m=")
m=<media> <port> <proto> <fmt> ...
A session description may contain a number of media descriptions.
Each media description starts with an "m=" line (media-field) and is
terminated by either the next "m=" line or by the end of the session
description. A media-field has several subfields:
<media> is the media type. This document defines the values
"audio", "video", "text", "application", and "message". This list
is extended by other memos and may be further extended by
additional memos registering media types in the future (see
Section 8). For example, [RFC6466] defined the "image" media
type.
<port> is the transport port to which the media stream is sent. The
meaning of the transport port depends on the network being used as
specified in the relevant "c=" line, and on the transport protocol
defined in the <proto> subfield of the media-field. Other ports
used by the media application (such as the RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) port [RFC3550]) MAY be derived algorithmically from the
base media port or MAY be specified in a separate attribute (for
example, the "a=rtcp:" attribute as defined in [RFC3605]).
If noncontiguous ports are used or if they don't follow the parity
rule of even RTP ports and odd RTCP ports, the "a=rtcp:" attribute
MUST be used. Applications that are requested to send media to a
<port> that is odd and where the "a=rtcp:" attribute is present
MUST NOT subtract 1 from the RTP port: that is, they MUST send the
RTP to the port indicated in <port> and send the RTCP to the port
indicated in the "a=rtcp:" attribute.
For applications where hierarchically encoded streams are being
sent to a unicast address, it may be necessary to specify multiple
transport ports. This is done using a similar notation to that
used for IP multicast addresses in the "c=" line:
m=<media> <port>/<number of ports> <proto> <fmt> ...
In such a case, the ports used depend on the transport protocol.
For RTP, the default is that only the even-numbered ports are used
for data with the corresponding one-higher odd ports used for the
RTCP belonging to the RTP session, and the <number of ports>
denoting the number of RTP sessions. For example:
m=video 49170/2 RTP/AVP 31
would specify that ports 49170 and 49171 form one RTP/RTCP pair,
and 49172 and 49173 form the second RTP/RTCP pair. RTP/AVP is the
transport protocol, and 31 is the format (see the description of
<fmt> below).
This document does not include a mechanism for declaring
hierarchically encoded streams using noncontiguous ports. (There
is currently no attribute defined that can accomplish this. The
"a=rtcp:" attribute defined in [RFC3605] does not handle
hierarchical encoding.) If a need arises to declare noncontiguous
ports then it will be necessary to define a new attribute to do
so.
If multiple addresses are specified in the "c=" line and multiple
ports are specified in the "m=" line, a one-to-one mapping from
port to the corresponding address is implied. For example:
m=video 49170/2 RTP/AVP 31
c=IN IP4 233.252.0.1/127/2
would imply that address 233.252.0.1 is used with ports 49170 and
49171, and address 233.252.0.2 is used with ports 49172 and 49173.
The mapping is similar if multiple addresses are specified using
multiple "c=" lines. For example:
m=video 49170/2 RTP/AVP 31
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:101
c=IN IP6 ff00::db8:0:102
would imply that address ff00::db8:0:101 is used with ports 49170
and 49171, and address ff00::db8:0:102 is used with ports 49172
and 49173.
This document gives no meaning to assigning the same media address
to multiple media descriptions. Doing so does not implicitly
group those media descriptions in any way. An explicit grouping
framework (for example, [RFC5888]) should instead be used to
express the intended semantics. For instance, see [RFC8843].
<proto> is the transport protocol. The meaning of the transport
protocol is dependent on the address type subfield in the relevant
"c=" line. Thus a "c=" line with an address type of "IP4"
indicates that the transport protocol runs over IPv4. The
following transport protocols are defined, but may be extended
through registration of new protocols with IANA (see Section 8):
* udp: denotes that the data is transported directly in UDP with
no additional framing.
* RTP/AVP: denotes RTP [RFC3550] used under the RTP Profile for
Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control [RFC3551]
running over UDP.
* RTP/SAVP: denotes the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
[RFC3711] running over UDP.
* RTP/SAVPF: denotes SRTP with the Extended SRTP Profile for
RTCP-Based Feedback [RFC5124] running over UDP.
The main reason to specify the transport protocol in addition to
the media format is that the same standard media formats may be
carried over different transport protocols even when the network
protocol is the same -- a historical example is vat (MBone's
popular multimedia audio tool) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) audio
and RTP PCM audio; another might be TCP/RTP PCM audio. In
addition, relays and monitoring tools that are transport-protocol-
specific but format-independent are possible.
<fmt> is a media format description. The fourth and any subsequent
subfields describe the format of the media. The interpretation of
the media format depends on the value of the <proto> subfield.
If the <proto> subfield is "RTP/AVP" or "RTP/SAVP", the <fmt>
subfields contain RTP payload type numbers. When a list of
payload type numbers is given, this implies that all of these
payload formats MAY be used in the session, and these payload
formats are listed in order of preference, with the first format
listed being preferred. When multiple payload formats are listed,
the first acceptable payload format from the beginning of the list
SHOULD be used for the session. For dynamic payload type
assignments, the "a=rtpmap:" attribute (see Section 6.6) SHOULD be
used to map from an RTP payload type number to a media encoding
name that identifies the payload format. The "a=fmtp:" attribute
MAY be used to specify format parameters (see Section 6.15).
If the <proto> subfield is "udp", the <fmt> subfields MUST
reference a media type describing the format under the "audio",
"video", "text", "application", or "message" top-level media
types. The media type registration SHOULD define the packet
format for use with UDP transport.
For media using other transport protocols, the <fmt> subfield is
protocol specific. Rules for interpretation of the <fmt> subfield
MUST be defined when registering new protocols (see
Section 8.2.2).
Section 3 of [RFC4855] states that the payload format (encoding)
names defined in the RTP profile are commonly shown in upper case,
while media subtype names are commonly shown in lower case. It
also states that both of these names are case-insensitive in both
places, similar to parameter names which are case-insensitive both
in media type strings and in the default mapping to the SDP
"a=fmtp:" attribute.
6. SDP Attributes
The following attributes are defined. Since application writers may
add new attributes as they are required, this list is not exhaustive.
Registration procedures for new attributes are defined in
Section 8.2.4. Syntax is provided using ABNF [RFC7405] with some of
the rules defined further in Section 9.
6.1. cat (Category)
Name: cat
Value: cat-value
Usage Level: session
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
cat-value = category
category = non-ws-string
Example:
a=cat:foo.bar
This attribute gives the dot-separated hierarchical category of the
session. This is to enable a receiver to filter unwanted sessions by
category. There is no central registry of categories. This
attribute is obsolete and SHOULD NOT be used. It SHOULD be ignored
if received.
6.2. keywds (Keywords)
Name: keywds
Value: keywds-value
Usage Level: session
Charset Dependent: yes
Syntax:
keywds-value = keywords
keywords = text
Example:
a=keywds:SDP session description protocol
Like the "a=cat:" attribute, this was intended to assist identifying
wanted sessions at the receiver, and to allow a receiver to select
interesting sessions based on keywords describing the purpose of the
session; however, there is no central registry of keywords. Its
value should be interpreted in the charset specified for the session
description if one is specified, or by default in ISO 10646/UTF-8.
This attribute is obsolete and SHOULD NOT be used. It SHOULD be
ignored if received.
6.3. tool
Name: tool
Value: tool-value
Usage Level: session
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
tool-value = tool-name-and-version
tool-name-and-version = text
Example:
a=tool:foobar V3.2
This gives the name and version number of the tool used to create the
session description.
6.4. ptime (Packet Time)
Name: ptime
Value: ptime-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
ptime-value = non-zero-int-or-real
Example:
a=ptime:20
This gives the length of time in milliseconds represented by the
media in a packet. This is probably only meaningful for audio data,
but may be used with other media types if it makes sense. It should
not be necessary to know "a=ptime:" to decode RTP or vat audio, and
it is intended as a recommendation for the encoding/packetization of
audio.
6.5. maxptime (Maximum Packet Time)
Name: maxptime
Value: maxptime-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
maxptime-value = non-zero-int-or-real
Example:
a=maxptime:20
This gives the maximum amount of media that can be encapsulated in
each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds. The time SHALL be
calculated as the sum of the time the media present in the packet
represents. For frame-based codecs, the time SHOULD be an integer
multiple of the frame size. This attribute is probably only
meaningful for audio data, but may be used with other media types if
it makes sense. Note that this attribute was introduced after
[RFC2327], and implementations that have not been updated will ignore
this attribute.
6.6. rtpmap
Name: rtpmap
Value: rtpmap-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
rtpmap-value = payload-type SP encoding-name
"/" clock-rate [ "/" encoding-params ]
payload-type = zero-based-integer
encoding-name = token
clock-rate = integer
encoding-params = channels
channels = integer
This attribute maps from an RTP payload type number (as used in an
"m=" line) to an encoding name denoting the payload format to be
used. It also provides information on the clock rate and encoding
parameters. Note that the payload type number is indicated in a
7-bit field, limiting the values to inclusively between 0 and 127.
Although an RTP profile can make static assignments of payload type
numbers to payload formats, it is more common for that assignment to
be done dynamically using "a=rtpmap:" attributes. As an example of a
static payload type, consider u-law PCM encoded single-channel audio
sampled at 8 kHz. This is completely defined in the RTP audio/video
profile as payload type 0, so there is no need for an "a=rtpmap:"
attribute, and the media for such a stream sent to UDP port 49232 can
be specified as:
m=audio 49232 RTP/AVP 0
An example of a dynamic payload type is 16-bit linear encoded stereo
audio sampled at 16 kHz. If we wish to use the dynamic RTP/AVP
payload type 98 for this stream, additional information is required
to decode it:
m=audio 49232 RTP/AVP 98
a=rtpmap:98 L16/16000/2
Up to one "a=rtpmap:" attribute can be defined for each media format
specified. Thus, we might have the following:
m=audio 49230 RTP/AVP 96 97 98
a=rtpmap:96 L8/8000
a=rtpmap:97 L16/8000
a=rtpmap:98 L16/11025/2
RTP profiles that specify the use of dynamic payload types MUST
define the set of valid encoding names and/or a means to register
encoding names if that profile is to be used with SDP. The "RTP/AVP"
and "RTP/SAVP" profiles use media subtypes for encoding names, under
the top-level media type denoted in the "m=" line. In the example
above, the media types are "audio/L8" and "audio/L16".
For audio streams, encoding-params indicates the number of audio
channels. This parameter is OPTIONAL and may be omitted if the
number of channels is one, provided that no additional parameters are
needed.
For video streams, no encoding parameters are currently specified.
Additional encoding parameters MAY be defined in the future, but
codec-specific parameters SHOULD NOT be added. Parameters added to
an "a=rtpmap:" attribute SHOULD only be those required for a session
directory to make the choice of appropriate media to participate in a
session. Codec-specific parameters should be added in other
attributes (for example, "a=fmtp:").
Note: RTP audio formats typically do not include information about
the number of samples per packet. If a non-default (as defined in
the RTP Audio/Video Profile [RFC3551]) packetization is required, the
"a=ptime:" attribute is used as given in Section 6.4.
6.7. Media Direction Attributes
At most one occurrence of "a=recvonly", "a=sendrecv", "a=sendonly",
or "a=inactive" MAY appear at session level, and at most one MAY
appear in each media description.
If any one of these appears in a media description, then it applies
for that media description. If none appears in a media description,
then the one from session level, if any, applies to that media
description.
If none of the media direction attributes is present at either
session level or media level, "a=sendrecv" SHOULD be assumed as the
default.
Within the following SDP example, the "a=sendrecv" attribute applies
to the first audio media and the "a=inactive" attribute applies to
the others.
v=0
o=jdoe 3724395000 3724395001 IN IP6 2001:db8::1
s=-
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::1
t=0 0
a=inactive
m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0
a=sendrecv
m=audio 49180 RTP/AVP 0
m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 h263-1998/90000
6.7.1. recvonly (Receive-Only)
Name: recvonly
Value:
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Example:
a=recvonly
This specifies that the tools should be started in receive-only mode
where applicable. Note that receive-only mode applies to the media
only, not to any associated control protocol. An RTP-based system in
receive-only mode MUST still send RTCP packets as described in
[RFC3550], Section 6.
6.7.2. sendrecv (Send-Receive)
Name: sendrecv
Value:
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Example:
a=sendrecv
This specifies that the tools should be started in send and receive
mode. This is necessary for interactive multimedia conferences with
tools that default to receive-only mode.
6.7.3. sendonly (Send-Only)
Name: sendonly
Value:
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Example:
a=sendonly
This specifies that the tools should be started in send-only mode.
An example may be where a different unicast address is to be used for
a traffic destination than for a traffic source. In such a case, two
media descriptions may be used, one in send-only mode and one in
receive-vonly mode. Note that send-only mode applies only to the
media, and any associated control protocol (e.g., RTCP) SHOULD still
be received and processed as normal.
6.7.4. inactive
Name: inactive
Value:
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Example:
a=inactive
This specifies that the tools should be started in inactive mode.
This is necessary for interactive multimedia conferences where users
can put other users on hold. No media is sent over an inactive media
stream. Note that an RTP-based system MUST still send RTCP (if RTCP
is used), even if started in inactive mode.
6.8. orient (Orientation)
Name: orient
Value: orient-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
orient-value = portrait / landscape / seascape
portrait = %s"portrait"
landscape = %s"landscape"
seascape = %s"seascape"
; NOTE: These names are case-sensitive.
Example:
a=orient:portrait
Normally this is only used for a whiteboard or presentation tool. It
specifies the orientation of the workspace on the screen. Permitted
values are "portrait", "landscape", and "seascape" (upside-down
landscape).
6.9. type (Conference Type)
Name: type
Value: type-value
Usage Level: session
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
type-value = conference-type
conference-type = broadcast / meeting / moderated / test /
H332
broadcast = %s"broadcast"
meeting = %s"meeting"
moderated = %s"moderated"
test = %s"test"
H332 = %s"H332"
; NOTE: These names are case-sensitive.
Example:
a=type:moderated
This specifies the type of the multimedia conference. Allowed values
are "broadcast", "meeting", "moderated", "test", and "H332". These
values have implications for other options that are likely to be
appropriate:
* When "a=type:broadcast" is specified, "a=recvonly" is probably
appropriate for those connecting.
* When "a=type:meeting" is specified, "a=sendrecv" is likely to be
appropriate.
* "a=type:moderated" suggests the use of a floor control tool and
that the media tools be started so as to mute new sites joining
the multimedia conference.
* Specifying "a=type:H332" indicates that this loosely coupled
session is part of an H.332 session as defined in the ITU H.332
specification [ITU.H332.1998]. Media tools should be started
using "a=recvonly".
* Specifying "a=type:test" is suggested as a hint that, unless
explicitly requested otherwise, receivers can safely avoid
displaying this session description to users.
6.10. charset (Character Set)
Name: charset
Value: charset-value
Usage Level: session
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
charset-value = <defined in [RFC2978]>
This specifies the character set to be used to display the session
name and information data. By default, the ISO-10646 character set
in UTF-8 encoding is used. If a more compact representation is
required, other character sets may be used. For example, the ISO
8859-1 is specified with the following SDP attribute:
a=charset:ISO-8859-1
The charset specified MUST be one of those registered in the IANA
Character Sets registry (http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-
sets), such as ISO-8859-1. The character set identifier is a string
that MUST be compared against identifiers from the "Name" or
"Preferred MIME Name" field of the registry using a case-insensitive
comparison. If the identifier is not recognized or not supported,
all strings that are affected by it SHOULD be regarded as octet
strings.
Charset-dependent fields MUST contain only sequences of bytes that
are valid according to the definition of the selected character set.
Furthermore, charset-dependent fields MUST NOT contain the bytes 0x00
(Nul), 0x0A (LF), and 0x0d (CR).
6.11. sdplang (SDP Language)
Name: sdplang
Value: sdplang-value
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
sdplang-value = Language-Tag
; Language-Tag defined in RFC 5646
Example:
a=sdplang:fr
Multiple "a=sdplang:" attributes can be provided either at session or
media level if the session description or media use multiple
languages.
As a session-level attribute, it specifies the language for the
session description (not the language of the media). As a media-
level attribute, it specifies the language for any media-level SDP
information-field associated with that media (again not the language
of the media), overriding any "a=sdplang:" attributes specified at
session level.
In general, sending session descriptions consisting of multiple
languages is discouraged. Instead, multiple session descriptions
SHOULD be sent describing the session, one in each language.
However, this is not possible with all transport mechanisms, and so
multiple "a=sdplang:" attributes are allowed although NOT
RECOMMENDED.
The "a=sdplang:" attribute value must be a single language tag
[RFC5646]. An "a=sdplang:" attribute SHOULD be specified when a
session is distributed with sufficient scope to cross geographic
boundaries, where the language of recipients cannot be assumed, or
where the session is in a different language from the locally assumed
norm.
6.12. lang (Language)
Name: lang
Value: lang-value
Usage Level: session, media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
lang-value = Language-Tag
; Language-Tag defined in RFC 5646
Example:
a=lang:de
Multiple "a=lang:" attributes can be provided either at session or
media level if the session or media has capabilities in more than one
language, in which case the order of the attributes indicates the
order of preference of the various languages in the session or media,
from most preferred to least preferred.
As a session-level attribute, "a=lang:" specifies a language
capability for the session being described. As a media-level
attribute, it specifies a language capability for that media,
overriding any session-level language(s) specified.
The "a=lang:" attribute value must be a single [RFC5646] language
tag. An "a=lang:" attribute SHOULD be specified when a session is of
sufficient scope to cross geographic boundaries where the language of
participants cannot be assumed, or where the session has capabilities
in languages different from the locally assumed norm.
The "a=lang:" attribute is supposed to be used for setting the
initial language(s) used in the session. Events during the session
may influence which language(s) are used, and the participants are
not strictly bound to only use the declared languages.
Most real-time use cases start with just one language used, while
other cases involve a range of languages, e.g., an interpreted or
subtitled session. When more than one "a=lang:" attribute is
specified, the "a=lang:" attribute itself does not provide any
information about multiple languages being intended to be used during
the session, or if the intention is to only select one of the
languages. If needed, a new attribute can be defined and used to
indicate such intentions. Without such semantics, it is assumed that
for a negotiated session one of the declared languages will be
selected and used.
6.13. framerate (Frame Rate)
Name: framerate
Value: framerate-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
framerate-value = non-zero-int-or-real
Example:
a=framerate:60
This gives the maximum video frame rate in frames/sec. It is
intended as a recommendation for the encoding of video data. Decimal
representations of fractional values are allowed. It is defined only
for video media.
6.14. quality
Name: quality
Value: quality-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
quality-value = zero-based-integer
Example:
a=quality:10
This gives a suggestion for the quality of the encoding as an integer
value. The intention of the quality attribute for video is to
specify a non-default trade-off between frame-rate and still-image
quality. For video, the value is in the range 0 to 10, with the
following suggested meaning:
+----+----------------------------------------+
| 10 | the best still-image quality the |
| | compression scheme can give. |
+----+----------------------------------------+
| 5 | the default behavior given no quality |
| | suggestion. |
+----+----------------------------------------+
| 0 | the worst still-image quality the |
| | codec designer thinks is still usable. |
+----+----------------------------------------+
Table 2: Encoding Quality Values
6.15. fmtp (Format Parameters)
Name: fmtp
Value: fmtp-value
Usage Level: media
Charset Dependent: no
Syntax:
fmtp-value = fmt SP format-specific-params
format-specific-params = byte-string
; Notes:
; - The format parameters are media type parameters and
; need to reflect their syntax.
Example:
a=fmtp:96 profile-level-id=42e016;max-mbps=108000;max-fs=3600
This attribute allows parameters that are specific to a particular
format to be conveyed in a way that SDP does not have to understand
them. The format must be one of the formats specified for the media.
Format-specific parameters, semicolon separated, may be any set of
parameters required to be conveyed by SDP and given unchanged to the
media tool that will use this format. At most one instance of this
attribute is allowed for each format.
The "a=fmtp:" attribute may be used to specify parameters for any
protocol and format that defines use of such parameters.
7. Security Considerations
SDP is frequently used with the Session Initiation Protocol [RFC3261]
using the offer/answer model [RFC3264] to agree on parameters for
unicast sessions. When used in this manner, the security
considerations of those protocols apply.
SDP is a session description format that describes multimedia
sessions. Entities receiving and acting upon an SDP message SHOULD
be aware that a session description cannot be trusted unless it has
been obtained by an authenticated and integrity-protected transport
protocol from a known and trusted source. Many different transport
protocols may be used to distribute session descriptions, and the
nature of the authentication and integrity protection will differ
from transport to transport. For some transports, security features
are often not deployed. In case a session description has not been
obtained in a trusted manner, the endpoint SHOULD exercise care
because, among other attacks, the media sessions received may not be
the intended ones, the destination to where the media is sent may not
be the expected one, any of the parameters of the session may be
incorrect, or the media security may be compromised. It is up to the
endpoint to make a sensible decision, taking into account the
security risks of the application and the user preferences - the
endpoint may decide to ask the user whether or not to accept the
session.
On receiving a session description over an unauthenticated transport
mechanism or from an untrusted party, software parsing the session
description should take a few precautions. Similar concerns apply if
integrity protection is not in place. Session descriptions contain
information required to start software on the receiver's system.
Software that parses a session description MUST NOT be able to start
other software except that which is specifically configured as
appropriate software to participate in multimedia sessions. It is
normally considered inappropriate for software parsing a session
description to start, on a user's system, software that is
appropriate to participate in multimedia sessions, without the user
first being informed that such software will be started and giving
the user's consent. Thus, a session description arriving by session
announcement, email, session invitation, or WWW page MUST NOT deliver
the user into an interactive multimedia session unless the user has
explicitly pre-authorized such action. As it is not always simple to
tell whether or not a session is interactive, applications that are
unsure should assume sessions are interactive. Software processing
URLs contained in session descriptions should also heed the security
considerations identified in [RFC3986].
In this specification, there are no attributes that would allow the
recipient of a session description to be informed to start multimedia
tools in a mode where they default to transmitting. Under some
circumstances it might be appropriate to define such attributes. If
this is done, an application parsing a session description containing
such attributes SHOULD either ignore them or inform the user that
joining this session will result in the automatic transmission of
multimedia data. The default behavior for an unknown attribute is to
ignore it.
In certain environments, it has become common for intermediary
systems to intercept and analyze session descriptions contained
within other signaling protocols. This is done for a range of
purposes, including but not limited to opening holes in firewalls to
allow media streams to pass, or to mark, prioritize, or block traffic
selectively. In some cases, such intermediary systems may modify the
session description, for example, to have the contents of the session
description match NAT bindings dynamically created. These behaviors
are NOT RECOMMENDED unless the session description is conveyed in
such a manner that allows the intermediary system to conduct proper
checks to establish the authenticity of the session description, and
the authority of its source to establish such communication sessions.
SDP by itself does not include sufficient information to enable these
checks: they depend on the encapsulating protocol (e.g., SIP or
RTSP). The use of some procedures and SDP extensions (e.g.,
Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) [RFC8445] and ICE-SIP-
SDP [RFC8839]) may avoid the need for intermediaries to modify SDP.
SDP MUST NOT be used to convey keying material (e.g., using the
"a=crypto:" attribute [RFC4568]) unless it can be guaranteed that the
channel over which the SDP is delivered is both private and
authenticated.
8. IANA Considerations
8.1. The "application/sdp" Media Type
One media type registration from [RFC4566] has been updated, as
defined below.
Type name: application
Subtype name: sdp
Required parameters: None.
Optional parameters: None.
Encoding considerations: 8-bit text. SDP files are primarily UTF-8
format text. The "a=charset:" attribute may be used to signal the
presence of other character sets in certain parts of an SDP file
(see Section 6 of RFC 8866). Arbitrary binary content cannot be
directly represented in SDP.
Security considerations: See Section 7 of RFC 8866.
Interoperability considerations: See RFC 8866.
Published specification: See RFC 8866.
Applications which use this media type:
Voice over IP, video teleconferencing, streaming media, instant
messaging, among others. See also Section 3 of RFC 8866.
Fragment identifier considerations: None
Additional information:
Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
Magic number(s): None.
File extension(s): The extension ".sdp" is commonly used.
Macintosh File Type Code(s): "sdp"
Person & email address to contact for further information:
IETF MMUSIC working group
<mmusic@ietf.org>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: None
Author/Change controller:
Authors of RFC 8866
IETF MMUSIC working group delegated from the IESG
8.2. Registration of SDP Parameters with IANA
This document specifies IANA parameter registries for six named SDP
subfields. Using the terminology in the SDP specification Augmented
Backus-Naur Form (ABNF), they are <media>, <proto>, <attribute-name>,
<bwtype>, <nettype>, and <addrtype>.
This document also replaces and updates the definitions of all those
parameters previously defined by [RFC4566].
IANA has changed all references to RFC 4566 in these registries to
instead refer to this document.
The contact name and email address for all parameters registered in
this document is:
The IETF MMUSIC working group <mmusic@ietf.org> or its successor
as designated by the IESG.
All of these registries have a common format:
+======+==========+================+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | [other fields] | Reference |
+======+==========+================+===========+
Table 3: Common Format for SDP Registries
8.2.1. Registration Procedure
A specification document that defines values for SDP <media>,
<proto>, <attribute-name>, <bwtype>, <nettype>, and <addrtype>
parameters MUST include the following information:
* Contact name
* Contact email address
* Name being defined (as it will appear in SDP)
* Type of name (<media>, <proto>, <attribute-name>, <bwtype>,
<nettype>, or <addrtype>)
* A description of the purpose of the defined name
* A stable reference to the document containing this information and
the definition of the value. (This will typically be an RFC
number.)
The subsections below specify what other information (if any) must be
specified for particular parameters, and what other fields are to be
included in the registry.
8.2.2. Media Types (<media>)
The set of media types is intended to be small and SHOULD NOT be
extended except under rare circumstances. The same rules should
apply for media names as well as for top-level media types, and where
possible the same name should be registered for SDP as for MIME. For
media other than existing top-level media types, a Standards Track
RFC MUST be produced for a new top-level media type to be registered,
and the registration MUST provide good justification why no existing
media name is appropriate (the "Standards Action" policy of
[RFC8126]).
This memo registers the media types "audio", "video", "text",
"application", and "message".
Note: The media types "control" and "data" were listed as valid in an
early version of this specification [RFC2327]; however, their
semantics were never fully specified, and they are not widely used.
These media types have been removed in this specification, although
they still remain valid media type capabilities for a SIP user agent
as defined in [RFC3840]. If these media types are considered useful
in the future, a Standards Track RFC MUST be produced to document
their use. Until that is done, applications SHOULD NOT use these
types and SHOULD NOT declare support for them in SIP capabilities
declarations (even though they exist in the registry created by
[RFC3840]). Also note that [RFC6466] defined the "image" media type.
8.2.3. Transport Protocols (<proto>)
The <proto> subfield describes the transport protocol used. The
registration procedure for this registry is "RFC Required".
This document registers two values:
* "RTP/AVP" is a reference to [RFC3550] used under the RTP Profile
for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control [RFC3551]
running over UDP/IP.
* "udp" indicates direct use of UDP.
New transport protocols MAY be defined, and MUST be registered with
IANA. Registrations MUST reference an RFC describing the protocol.
Such an RFC MAY be Experimental or Informational, although it is
preferable that it be Standards Track. The RFC defining a new
protocol MUST define the rules by which the <fmt> (see below)
namespace is managed.
<proto> names starting with "RTP/" MUST only be used for defining
transport protocols that are profiles of RTP. For example, a profile
whose short name is "XYZ" would be denoted by a <proto> subfield of
"RTP/XYZ".
Each transport protocol, defined by the <proto> subfield, has an
associated <fmt> namespace that describes the media formats that may
be conveyed by that protocol. Formats cover all the possible
encodings that could be transported in a multimedia session.
RTP payload formats under the "RTP/AVP" and other "RTP/*" profiles
MUST use the payload type number as their <fmt> value. If the
payload type number is dynamically assigned by this session
description, an additional "a=rtpmap:" attribute MUST be included to
specify the format name and parameters as defined by the media type
registration for the payload format. It is RECOMMENDED that other
RTP profiles that are registered (in combination with RTP) as SDP
transport protocols specify the same rules for the <fmt> namespace.
For the "udp" protocol, the allowed <fmt> values are media subtypes
from the IANA Media Types registry. The media type and subtype
combination <media>/<fmt> specifies the format of the body of UDP
packets. Use of an existing media subtype for the format is
encouraged. If no suitable media subtype exists, it is RECOMMENDED
that a new one be registered through the IETF process [RFC6838] by
production of, or reference to, a Standards Track RFC that defines
the format.
For other protocols, formats MAY be registered according to the rules
of the associated <proto> specification.
Registrations of new formats MUST specify which transport protocols
they apply to.
8.2.4. Attribute Names (<attribute-name>)
Attribute-field names (<attribute-name>) MUST be registered with IANA
and documented to avoid any issues due to conflicting attribute
definitions under the same name. (While unknown attributes in SDP
are simply ignored, conflicting ones that fragment the protocol are a
serious problem.)
The format of the <attribute-name> registry is:
+======+==========+=============+==============+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | Usage Level | Mux Category | Reference |
+======+==========+=============+==============+===========+
Table 4: Format of the <attribute-name> Registry
For example, the attribute "a=lang:", which is defined for both
session and media level, will be listed in the new registry as
follows:
+===========+==========+================+==============+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | Usage Level | Mux Category | Reference |
+===========+==========+================+==============+===========+
| attribute | lang | session, media | TRANSPORT | [RFC8866] |
| | | | | [RFC8859] |
+-----------+----------+----------------+--------------+-----------+
Table 5: <attribute-name> Registry Example
This one <attribute-name> registry combines all of the previous
usage-level-specific "att-field" registries, including updates made
by [RFC8859], and renames the "att-field" registry to the "attribute-
name (formerly "att-field")" registry. IANA has completed the
necessary reformatting.
Section 6 of this document replaces the initial set of attribute
definitions made by [RFC4566]. IANA has updated the registry
accordingly.
Documents can define new attributes and can also extend the
definitions of previously defined attributes.
8.2.4.1. New Attributes
New attribute registrations are accepted according to the
"Specification Required" policy of [RFC8126], provided that the
specification includes the following information:
* Contact name
* Contact email address
* Attribute name: the name of the attribute that will appear in SDP.
This MUST conform to the definition of <attribute-name>.
* Attribute syntax: for a value attribute (see Section 5.13), an
ABNF definition of the attribute value <attribute-value> syntax
(see Section 9) MUST be provided. The syntax MUST follow the rule
form per Section 2.2 of [RFC5234] and [RFC7405]. This SHALL
define the allowable values that the attribute might take. It MAY
also define an extension method for the addition of future values.
For a property attribute, the ABNF definition is omitted as the
property attribute takes no values.
* Attribute semantics: for a value attribute, a semantic description
of the values that the attribute might take MUST be provided. The
usage of a property attribute is described under Purpose below.
* Attribute value: the name of an ABNF syntax rule defining the
syntax of the value. Absence of a rule name indicates that the
attribute takes no values. Enclosing the rule name in "[" and "]"
indicates that a value is optional.
* Usage level: the usage level(s) of the attribute. This MUST be
one or more of the following: session, media, source, dcsa, and
dcsa(subprotocol). For a definition of source-level attributes,
see [RFC5576]. For a definition of dcsa attributes see [RFC8864].
* Charset dependent: this MUST be "Yes" or "No" depending on whether
the attribute value is subject to the "a=charset:" attribute.
* Purpose: an explanation of the purpose and usage of the attribute.
* O/A procedures: offer/answer procedures as explained in [RFC3264].
* Mux Category: this MUST indicate one of the following categories:
NORMAL, NOT RECOMMENDED, IDENTICAL, SUM, TRANSPORT, INHERIT,
IDENTICAL-PER-PT, SPECIAL, or TBD as defined by [RFC8859].
* Reference: a reference to the specification defining the
attribute.
The above is the minimum that IANA will accept. Attributes that are
expected to see widespread use and interoperability SHOULD be
documented with a Standards Track RFC that specifies the attribute
more precisely.
Submitters of registrations should ensure that the specification is
in the spirit of SDP attributes, most notably that the attribute is
platform independent in the sense that it makes no implicit
assumptions about operating systems and does not name specific pieces
of software in a manner that might inhibit interoperability.
Submitters of registrations should also carefully choose the
attribute usage level. They should not choose only "session" when
the attribute can have different values when media is disaggregated,
i.e., when each "m=" section has its own IP address on a different
endpoint. In that case, the attribute type chosen should be
"session, media" or "media" (depending on desired semantics). The
default rule is that for all new SDP attributes that can occur both
in session and media level, the media level overrides the session
level. When this is not the case for a new SDP attribute, it MUST be
explicitly stated.
IANA has registered the initial set of attribute names (<attribute-
name> values) with definitions as in Section 6 of this memo (these
definitions replace those in [RFC4566]).
8.2.4.2. Updates to Existing Attributes
Updated attribute registrations are accepted according to the
"Specification Required" policy of [RFC8126].
The Designated Expert reviewing the update is requested to evaluate
whether the update is compatible with the prior intent and use of the
attribute, and whether the new document is of sufficient maturity and
authority in relation to the prior document.
The specification updating the attribute (for example, by adding a
new value) MUST update registration information items from
Section 8.2.4.1 according to the following constraints:
* Contact name: a name for an entity responsible for the update MUST
be provided.
* Contact email address: an email address for an entity responsible
for the update MUST be provided.
* Attribute name: MUST be provided and MUST NOT be changed.
Otherwise it is a new attribute.
* Attribute syntax: the existing rule syntax with the syntax
extensions MUST be provided if there is a change to the syntax. A
revision to an existing attribute usage MAY extend the syntax of
an attribute, but MUST be backward compatible.
* Attribute semantics: a semantic description of new additional
attribute values or a semantic extension of existing values.
Existing attribute values semantics MUST only be extended in a
backward compatible manner.
* Usage level: updates MAY only add additional levels.
* Charset dependent: MUST NOT be changed.
* Purpose: MAY be extended according to the updated usage.
* O/A procedures: MAY be updated in a backward compatible manner
and/or it applies to a new usage level only.
* Mux Category: no change unless from "TBD" to another value (see
[RFC8859]. It MAY also change if media level is being added to
the definition of an attribute that previously did not include it.
* Reference: a new (additional or replacement) reference MUST be
provided.
Items SHOULD be omitted if there is no impact to them as a result of
the attribute update.
8.2.5. Bandwidth Specifiers (<bwtype>)
A proliferation of bandwidth specifiers is strongly discouraged.
New bandwidth specifiers (<bwtype> subfield values) MUST be
registered with IANA. The submission MUST reference a Standards
Track RFC specifying the semantics of the bandwidth specifier
precisely, and indicating when it should be used, and why the
existing registered bandwidth specifiers do not suffice.
The RFC MUST specify the Mux Category for this value as defined by
[RFC8859].
The format of the <bwtype> registry is:
+======+==========+==============+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | Mux Category | Reference |
+======+==========+==============+===========+
Table 6: Format of the <bwtype> Registry
IANA has updated the <bwtype> registry entries for the bandwidth
specifiers "CT" and "AS" with the definitions in Section 5.8 of this
memo (these definitions replace those in [RFC4566]).
8.2.6. Network Types (<nettype>)
Network type "IN", representing the Internet, is defined in
Section 5.2 and Section 5.7 of this memo (this definition replaces
that in [RFC4566]).
To enable SDP to reference a new non-Internet environment, a new
network type (<nettype> subfield value) MUST be registered with IANA.
The registration is subject to the "RFC Required" policy of
[RFC8126]. Although non-Internet environments are not normally the
preserve of IANA, there may be circumstances when an Internet
application needs to interoperate with a non-Internet application,
such as when gatewaying an Internet telephone call into the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The number of network types
should be small and should be rarely extended. A new network type
registration MUST reference an RFC that gives details of the network
type and the address type(s) that may be used with it.
The format of the <nettype> registry is:
+======+==========+========================+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | Usable addrtype Values | Reference |
+======+==========+========================+===========+
Table 7: Format of the <nettype> Registry
IANA has updated the <nettype> registry to this new format. The
following is the updated content of the registry:
+=========+==========+========================+===========+
| Type | SDP Name | Usable addrtype Values | Reference |
+=========+==========+========================+===========+
| nettype | IN | IP4, IP6 | [RFC8866] |
+---------+----------+------------------------+-----------+
| nettype | TN | RFC2543 | [RFC2848] |
+---------+----------+------------------------+-----------+
| nettype | ATM | NSAP, GWID, E164 | [RFC3108] |
+---------+----------+------------------------+-----------+
| nettype | PSTN | E164 | [RFC7195] |
+---------+----------+------------------------+-----------+
Table 8: Content of the <nettype> registry
Note that both [RFC7195] and [RFC3108] registered "E164" as an
address type, although [RFC7195] mentions that the "E164" address
type has a different context for ATM and PSTN networks.
8.2.7. Address Types (<addrtype>)
New address types (<addrtype>) MUST be registered with IANA. The
registration is subject to the "RFC Required" policy of [RFC8126]. A
new address type registration MUST reference an RFC, giving details
of the syntax of the address type. Address types are not expected to
be registered frequently.
Section 5.7 of this document gives new definitions of address types
"IP4" and "IP6".
8.3. Encryption Key Access Methods (OBSOLETE)
The IANA previously maintained a table of SDP encryption key access
method ("enckey") names. This table is obsolete, since the "k=" line
is not extensible. New registrations MUST NOT be accepted.
9. SDP Grammar
This section provides an Augmented BNF grammar for SDP. ABNF is
defined in [RFC5234] and [RFC7405].
; SDP Syntax
session-description = version-field
origin-field
session-name-field
[information-field]
[uri-field]
*email-field
*phone-field
[connection-field]
*bandwidth-field
1*time-description
[key-field]
*attribute-field
*media-description
version-field = %s"v" "=" 1*DIGIT CRLF
;this memo describes version 0
origin-field = %s"o" "=" username SP sess-id SP sess-version SP
nettype SP addrtype SP unicast-address CRLF
session-name-field = %s"s" "=" text CRLF
information-field = %s"i" "=" text CRLF
uri-field = %s"u" "=" uri CRLF
email-field = %s"e" "=" email-address CRLF
phone-field = %s"p" "=" phone-number CRLF
connection-field = %s"c" "=" nettype SP addrtype SP
connection-address CRLF
;a connection field must be present
;in every media description or at the
;session level
bandwidth-field = %s"b" "=" bwtype ":" bandwidth CRLF
time-description = time-field
[repeat-description]
repeat-description = 1*repeat-field
[zone-field]
time-field = %s"t" "=" start-time SP stop-time CRLF
repeat-field = %s"r" "=" repeat-interval SP typed-time
1*(SP typed-time) CRLF
zone-field = %s"z" "=" time SP ["-"] typed-time
*(SP time SP ["-"] typed-time) CRLF
key-field = %s"k" "=" key-type CRLF
attribute-field = %s"a" "=" attribute CRLF
media-description = media-field
[information-field]
*connection-field
*bandwidth-field
[key-field]
*attribute-field
media-field = %s"m" "=" media SP port ["/" integer]
SP proto 1*(SP fmt) CRLF
; sub-rules of 'o='
username = non-ws-string
;pretty wide definition, but doesn't
;include space
sess-id = 1*DIGIT
;should be unique for this username/host
sess-version = 1*DIGIT
nettype = token
;typically "IN"
addrtype = token
;typically "IP4" or "IP6"
; sub-rules of 'u='
uri = URI-reference
; see RFC 3986
; sub-rules of 'e=', see RFC 5322 for definitions
email-address = address-and-comment / dispname-and-address
/ addr-spec
address-and-comment = addr-spec 1*SP "(" 1*email-safe ")"
dispname-and-address = 1*email-safe 1*SP "<" addr-spec ">"
; sub-rules of 'p='
phone-number = phone *SP "(" 1*email-safe ")" /
1*email-safe "<" phone ">" /
phone
phone = ["+"] DIGIT 1*(SP / "-" / DIGIT)
; sub-rules of 'c='
connection-address = multicast-address / unicast-address
; sub-rules of 'b='
bwtype = token
bandwidth = 1*DIGIT
; sub-rules of 't='
start-time = time / "0"
stop-time = time / "0"
time = POS-DIGIT 9*DIGIT
; Decimal representation of time in
; seconds since January 1, 1900 UTC.
; The representation is an unbounded
; length field containing at least
; 10 digits. Unlike some representations
; used elsewhere, time in SDP does not
; wrap in the year 2036.
; sub-rules of 'r=' and 'z='
repeat-interval = POS-DIGIT *DIGIT [fixed-len-time-unit]
typed-time = 1*DIGIT [fixed-len-time-unit]
fixed-len-time-unit = %s"d" / %s"h" / %s"m" / %s"s"
; NOTE: These units are case-sensitive.
; sub-rules of 'k='
key-type = %s"prompt" /
%s"clear:" text /
%s"base64:" base64 /
%s"uri:" uri
; NOTE: These names are case-sensitive.
base64 = *base64-unit [base64-pad]
base64-unit = 4base64-char
base64-pad = 2base64-char "==" / 3base64-char "="
base64-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "/"
; sub-rules of 'a='
attribute = (attribute-name ":" attribute-value) /
attribute-name
attribute-name = token
attribute-value = byte-string
att-field = attribute-name ; for backward compatibility
; sub-rules of 'm='
media = token
;typically "audio", "video", "text", "image"
;or "application"
fmt = token
;typically an RTP payload type for audio
;and video media
proto = token *("/" token)
;typically "RTP/AVP", "RTP/SAVP", "udp",
;or "RTP/SAVPF"
port = 1*DIGIT
; generic sub-rules: addressing
unicast-address = IP4-address / IP6-address / FQDN / extn-addr
multicast-address = IP4-multicast / IP6-multicast / FQDN
/ extn-addr
IP4-multicast = m1 3( "." decimal-uchar )
"/" ttl [ "/" numaddr ]
; IP4 multicast addresses may be in the
; range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
m1 = ("22" ("4"/"5"/"6"/"7"/"8"/"9")) /
("23" DIGIT )
IP6-multicast = IP6-address [ "/" numaddr ]
; IP6 address starting with FF
numaddr = integer
ttl = (POS-DIGIT *2DIGIT) / "0"
FQDN = 4*(alpha-numeric / "-" / ".")
; fully qualified domain name as specified
; in RFC 1035 (and updates)
IP4-address = b1 3("." decimal-uchar)
b1 = decimal-uchar
; less than "224"
IP6-address = 6( h16 ":" ) ls32
/ "::" 5( h16 ":" ) ls32
/ [ h16 ] "::" 4( h16 ":" ) ls32
/ [ *1( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 3( h16 ":" ) ls32
/ [ *2( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 2( h16 ":" ) ls32
/ [ *3( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" h16 ":" ls32
/ [ *4( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" ls32
/ [ *5( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" h16
/ [ *6( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"
h16 = 1*4HEXDIG
ls32 = ( h16 ":" h16 ) / IP4-address
; Generic for other address families
extn-addr = non-ws-string
; generic sub-rules: datatypes
text = byte-string
;default is to interpret this as UTF8 text.
;ISO 8859-1 requires "a=charset:ISO-8859-1"
;session-level attribute to be used
byte-string = 1*(%x01-09/%x0B-0C/%x0E-FF)
;any byte except NUL, CR, or LF
non-ws-string = 1*(VCHAR/%x80-FF)
;string of visible characters
token-char = ALPHA / DIGIT
/ "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&"
/ "'" ; (single quote)
/ "*" / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_"
/ "`" ; (Grave accent)
/ "{" / "|" / "}" / "~"
token = 1*(token-char)
email-safe = %x01-09/%x0B-0C/%x0E-27/%x2A-3B/%x3D/%x3F-FF
;any byte except NUL, CR, LF, or the quoting
;characters ()<>
integer = POS-DIGIT *DIGIT
zero-based-integer = "0" / integer
non-zero-int-or-real = integer / non-zero-real
non-zero-real = zero-based-integer "." *DIGIT POS-DIGIT
; generic sub-rules: primitives
alpha-numeric = ALPHA / DIGIT
POS-DIGIT = %x31-39 ; 1 - 9
decimal-uchar = DIGIT
/ POS-DIGIT DIGIT
/ ("1" 2(DIGIT))
/ ("2" ("0"/"1"/"2"/"3"/"4") DIGIT)
/ ("2" "5" ("0"/"1"/"2"/"3"/"4"/"5"))
; external references:
ALPHA = <ALPHA definition from RFC 5234>
DIGIT = <DIGIT definition from RFC 5234>
CRLF = <CRLF definition from RFC 5234>
HEXDIG = <HEXDIG definition from RFC 5234>
SP = <SP definition from RFC 5234>
VCHAR = <VCHAR definition from RFC 5234>
URI-reference = <URI-reference definition from RFC 3986>
addr-spec = <addr-spec definition from RFC 5322>
10. Summary of Changes from RFC 4566
* Generally clarified and refined terminology. Aligned terms used
in text with the ABNF. The terms <attribute>, <att-field>, and
"att-field" are now <attribute-name>. The terms <value> and <att-
value> are now <attribute-value>. The term "media" is now
<media>.
* Identified now-obsolete items: "a=cat:" (Section 6.1), "a=keywds:"
(Section 6.2), and "k=" (Section 5.12).
* Updated normative and informative references, and added references
to additional relevant related RFCs.
* Reformatted the SDP Attributes section (Section 6) for
readability. The syntax of attribute values is now given in ABNF.
* Made mandatory the sending of RTCP with inactive media streams
(Section 6.7.4).
* Removed the section "Private Sessions". That section dated back
to a time when the primary use of SDP was with SAP (Session
Announcement Protocol), which has fallen out of use. Now the vast
majority of uses of SDP is for establishment of private sessions.
The considerations for that are covered in Section 7.
* Expanded and clarified the specification of the "a=lang:"
(Section 6.12) and "a=sdplang:" (Section 6.11) attributes.
* Removed some references to SAP because it is no longer in
widespread use.
* Changed the way <fmt> values for UDP transport are registered
(Section 8.2.3).
* Changed the mechanism and documentation required for registering
new attributes (Section 8.2.4.1).
* Tightened up IANA registration procedures for extensions. Removed
phone number and long-form name (Section 8.2).
* Expanded the IANA <nettype> registry to identify valid <addrtype>
subfields (Section 8.2.6).
* Reorganized the several IANA "att-field" registries into a single
<attribute-name> registry (Section 8.2.4).
* Revised ABNF syntax (Section 9) for clarity and for alignment with
text. Backward compatibility is maintained with a few exceptions.
Of particular note:
- Revised the syntax of time descriptions ("t=", "r=", "z=") to
remove ambiguities. Clarified that "z=" only modifies the
immediately preceding "r=" lines. Made "z=" without a
preceding "r=" a syntax error (Section 5.11). (This is
incompatible with certain aberrant usage.)
- Updated the "IP6-address" and "IP6-multicast" rules, consistent
with the syntax in [RFC3986], mirroring a bug fix made to
[RFC3261] by [RFC5954]. Removed rules that were unused as a
result of this change.
- The "att-field" rule has been renamed "attribute-name" because
elsewhere "*-field" always refers to a complete line. However,
the rulename "att-field" remains defined as a synonym for
backward compatibility with references from other RFCs.
- The "att-value" rule has been renamed "attribute-value".
* Revised normative statements that were redundant with ABNF syntax,
making the text non-normative.
* Revised IPv4 unicast and multicast addresses in the example SDP
descriptions per [RFC5735] and [RFC5771].
* Changed some examples to use IPv6 addresses, and added additional
examples using IPv6.
* Incorporated case-insensitivity rules from [RFC4855].
* Revised sections that incorrectly referenced NTP (Section 5.2,
Section 5.9, Section 5.10, and Section 5.11).
* Clarified the explanation of the impact and use of the
"a=charset:" attribute (Section 6.10).
* Revised the description of the "a=type:" attribute to remove
implication that it sometimes changes the default media direction
to something other than "a=sendrecv" (Section 6.9).
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[E164] International Telecommunication Union, "E.164 : The
international public telecommunication numbering plan",
ITU Recommendation E.164, November 2010,
<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.164-201011-I/en>.
[ISO.8859-1.1998]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Information technology - 8-bit single byte coded graphic
- character sets - Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, JTC1/
SC2", ISO/IEC Standard 8859-1, 1998.
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2848] Petrack, S. and L. Conroy, "The PINT Service Protocol:
Extensions to SIP and SDP for IP Access to Telephone Call
Services", RFC 2848, DOI 10.17487/RFC2848, June 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2848>.
[RFC2978] Freed, N. and J. Postel, "IANA Charset Registration
Procedures", BCP 19, RFC 2978, DOI 10.17487/RFC2978,
October 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2978>.
[RFC3108] Kumar, R. and M. Mostafa, "Conventions for the use of the
Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer
Connections", RFC 3108, DOI 10.17487/RFC3108, May 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3108>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC5576] Lennox, J., Ott, J., and T. Schierl, "Source-Specific
Media Attributes in the Session Description Protocol
(SDP)", RFC 5576, DOI 10.17487/RFC5576, June 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5576>.
[RFC5646] Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying
Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, DOI 10.17487/RFC5646,
September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5646>.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
Address Text Representation", RFC 5952,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5952>.
[RFC7195] Garcia-Martin, M. and S. Veikkolainen, "Session
Description Protocol (SDP) Extension for Setting Audio and
Video Media Streams over Circuit-Switched Bearers in the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)", RFC 7195,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7195, May 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7195>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8859] Nandakumar, S., "A Framework for Session Description
Protocol (SDP) Attributes When Multiplexing", RFC 8859,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8859, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8859>.
[RFC8864] Drage, K., Makaraju, M., Ejzak, R., Marcon, J., and R.
Even, Ed., "Negotiation Data Channels Using the Session
Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8864,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8864, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8864>.
11.2. Informative References
[ITU.H332.1998]
International Telecommunication Union, "H.332 : H.323
extended for loosely coupled conferences", ITU
Recommendation H.332, September 1998,
<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.332-199809-I/en>.
[RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, DOI 10.17487/RFC2045, November 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2045>.
[RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
Protocol", RFC 2327, DOI 10.17487/RFC2327, April 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2327>.
[RFC2974] Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session
Announcement Protocol", RFC 2974, DOI 10.17487/RFC2974,
October 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2974>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3551>.
[RFC3556] Casner, S., "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Bandwidth
Modifiers for RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Bandwidth",
RFC 3556, DOI 10.17487/RFC3556, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3556>.
[RFC3605] Huitema, C., "Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute
in Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3605,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3605, October 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3605>.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
[RFC3840] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat,
"Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3840,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3840, August 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3840>.
[RFC3890] Westerlund, M., "A Transport Independent Bandwidth
Modifier for the Session Description Protocol (SDP)",
RFC 3890, DOI 10.17487/RFC3890, September 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3890>.
[RFC4568] Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session
Description Protocol (SDP) Security Descriptions for Media
Streams", RFC 4568, DOI 10.17487/RFC4568, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4568>.
[RFC4855] Casner, S., "Media Type Registration of RTP Payload
Formats", RFC 4855, DOI 10.17487/RFC4855, February 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4855>.
[RFC5124] Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
(RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, DOI 10.17487/RFC5124, February
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5124>.
[RFC5322] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5322, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5322>.
[RFC5735] Cotton, M. and L. Vegoda, "Special Use IPv4 Addresses",
RFC 5735, DOI 10.17487/RFC5735, January 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5735>.
[RFC5771] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., and D. Meyer, "IANA Guidelines for
IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments", BCP 51, RFC 5771,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5771, March 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5771>.
[RFC5888] Camarillo, G. and H. Schulzrinne, "The Session Description
Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework", RFC 5888,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5888, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5888>.
[RFC5954] Gurbani, V., Ed., Carpenter, B., Ed., and B. Tate, Ed.,
"Essential Correction for IPv6 ABNF and URI Comparison in
RFC 3261", RFC 5954, DOI 10.17487/RFC5954, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5954>.
[RFC6466] Salgueiro, G., "IANA Registration of the 'image' Media
Type for the Session Description Protocol (SDP)",
RFC 6466, DOI 10.17487/RFC6466, December 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6466>.
[RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.
[RFC7405] Kyzivat, P., "Case-Sensitive String Support in ABNF",
RFC 7405, DOI 10.17487/RFC7405, December 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7405>.
[RFC7656] Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and
B. Burman, Ed., "A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms
for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", RFC 7656,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7656, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7656>.
[RFC7826] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., Lanphier, R., Westerlund, M.,
and M. Stiemerling, Ed., "Real-Time Streaming Protocol
Version 2.0", RFC 7826, DOI 10.17487/RFC7826, December
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7826>.
[RFC8445] Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>.
[RFC8839] Petit-Huguenin, M., Nandakumar, S., Holmberg, C., Keränen,
A., and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol (SDP)
Offer/Answer Procedures for Interactive Connectivity
Establishment (ICE)", RFC 8839, DOI 10.17487/RFC8839,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8839>.
[RFC8843] Holmberg, C., Alvestrand, H., and C. Jennings,
"Negotiating Media Multiplexing Using the Session
Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8843,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8843, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8843>.
Acknowledgements
Many people in the IETF Multiparty Multimedia Session Control
(MMUSIC) working group have made comments and suggestions
contributing to this document.
In particular, we would like to thank the following people who
contributed to the creation of this document or one of its
predecessor documents: Adam Roach, Allison Mankin, Bernie Hoeneisen,
Bill Fenner, Carsten Bormann, Eve Schooler, Flemming Andreasen,
Gonzalo Camarillo, Jörg Ott, John Elwell, Jon Peterson, Jonathan
Lennox, Jonathan Rosenberg, Keith Drage, Peter Parnes, Rob Lanphier,
Ross Finlayson, Sean Olson, Spencer Dawkins, Steve Casner, Steve
Hanna, Van Jacobson.
Authors' Addresses
Ali Begen
Networked Media
Turkey
Email: ali.begen@networked.media
Paul Kyzivat
United States of America
Email: pkyzivat@alum.mit.edu
Colin Perkins
University of Glasgow
School of Computing Science
Glasgow
G12 8QQ
United Kingdom
Email: csp@csperkins.org
Mark Handley
University College London
Department of Computer Science
London
WC1E 6BT
United Kingdom
Email: M.Handley@cs.ucl.ac.uk