💾 Archived View for gemini.bortzmeyer.org › rfc-mirror › rfc8572.txt captured on 2023-09-28 at 17:28:06.
⬅️ Previous capture (2021-11-30)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Watsen
Request for Comments: 8572 Watsen Networks
Category: Standards Track I. Farrer
ISSN: 2070-1721 Deutsche Telekom AG
M. Abrahamsson
T-Systems
April 2019
Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)
Abstract
This document presents a technique to securely provision a networking
device when it is booting in a factory-default state. Variations in
the solution enable it to be used on both public and private
networks. The provisioning steps are able to update the boot image,
commit an initial configuration, and execute arbitrary scripts to
address auxiliary needs. The updated device is subsequently able to
establish secure connections with other systems. For instance, a
device may establish NETCONF (RFC 6241) and/or RESTCONF (RFC 8040)
connections with deployment-specific network management systems.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8572.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4. Tree Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Types of Conveyed Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1. Redirect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2. Onboarding Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1. Conveyed Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. Owner Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Ownership Voucher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4. Artifact Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5. Artifact Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Sources of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1. Removable Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2. DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3. DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4. Bootstrap Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5. Device Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1. Initial State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2. Boot Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3. Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . . 25
5.4. Validating Signed Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5. Processing Redirect Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6. Processing Onboarding Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6. The Conveyed Information Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.1. Data Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2. Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3. YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7. The SZTP Bootstrap Server API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1. API Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2. Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.3. YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8. DHCP Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.1. DHCPv4 SZTP Redirect Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.2. DHCPv6 SZTP Redirect Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.3. Common Field Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.1. Clock Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.2. Use of IDevID Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.3. Immutable Storage for Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.4. Secure Storage for Long-Lived Private Keys . . . . . . . 60
9.5. Blindly Authenticating a Bootstrap Server . . . . . . . . 60
9.6. Disclosing Information to Untrusted Servers . . . . . . . 60
9.7. Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data . . . . . . . . 61
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
9.8. Safety of Private Keys Used for Trust . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.9. Increased Reliance on Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.10. Concerns with Trusted Bootstrap Servers . . . . . . . . . 63
9.11. Validity Period for Conveyed Information . . . . . . . . 63
9.12. Cascading Trust via Redirects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9.13. Possible Reuse of Private Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
9.14. Non-issue with Encrypting Signed Artifacts . . . . . . . 65
9.15. The "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info" YANG Module . . . . . . . . 65
9.16. The "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server" YANG Module . . . . . . 66
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.1. The IETF XML Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.2. The YANG Module Names Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10.3. The SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type Registry . 68
10.4. The BOOTP Vendor Extensions and DHCP Options Registry . 68
10.5. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6) Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
10.6. The Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number
Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
10.7. The Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names
Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix A. Example Device Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
A.1. Data Model Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
A.2. Example Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
A.3. YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Appendix B. Promoting a Connection from Untrusted to Trusted . . 79
Appendix C. Workflow Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
C.1. Enrollment and Ordering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
C.2. Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap . . . . . . . . . 83
C.3. Device Powers On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
1. Introduction
A fundamental business requirement for any network operator is to
reduce costs where possible. For network operators, deploying
devices to many locations can be a significant cost, as sending
trained specialists to each site for installations is both cost
prohibitive and does not scale.
This document defines Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP), a
bootstrapping strategy enabling devices to securely obtain
bootstrapping data with no installer action beyond physical placement
and connecting network and power cables. As such, SZTP enables non-
technical personnel to bring up devices in remote locations without
the need for any operator input.
The SZTP solution includes updating the boot image, committing an
initial configuration, and executing arbitrary scripts to address
auxiliary needs. The updated device is subsequently able to
establish secure connections with other systems. For instance, a
device may establish NETCONF [RFC6241] and/or RESTCONF [RFC8040]
connections with deployment-specific network management systems.
This document primarily regards physical devices, where the setting
of the device's initial state (described in Section 5.1) occurs
during the device's manufacturing process. The SZTP solution may be
extended to support virtual machines or other such logical
constructs, but details for how this can be accomplished is left for
future work.
1.1. Use Cases
o Device connecting to a remotely administered network
This use case involves scenarios, such as a remote branch
office or convenience store, whereby a device connects as an
access gateway to an ISP's network. Assuming it is not
possible to customize the ISP's network to provide any
bootstrapping support, and with no other nearby device to
leverage, the device has no recourse but to reach out to an
Internet-based bootstrap server to bootstrap from.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
o Device connecting to a locally administered network
This use case covers all other scenarios and differs only in
that the device may additionally leverage nearby devices, which
may direct it to use a local service to bootstrap from. If no
such information is available, or the device is unable to use
the information provided, it can then reach out to the network
just as it would for the remotely administered network use
case.
Conceptual workflows for how SZTP might be deployed are provided in
Appendix C.
1.2. Terminology
This document uses the following terms (sorted alphabetically):
Artifact: The term "artifact" is used throughout this document to
represent any of the three artifacts defined in Section 3
(conveyed information, ownership voucher, and owner certificate).
These artifacts collectively provide all the bootstrapping data a
device may use.
Bootstrapping Data: The term "bootstrapping data" is used throughout
this document to refer to the collection of data that a device
may obtain during the bootstrapping process. Specifically, it
refers to the three artifacts defined in Section 3 (conveyed
information, owner certificate, and ownership voucher).
Bootstrap Server: The term "bootstrap server" is used within this
document to mean any RESTCONF server implementing the YANG module
defined in Section 7.3.
Conveyed Information: The term "conveyed information" is used herein
to refer to either redirect information or onboarding
information. Conveyed information is one of the three
bootstrapping artifacts described in Section 3.
Device: The term "device" is used throughout this document to refer
to a network element that needs to be bootstrapped. See
Section 5 for more information about devices.
Manufacturer: The term "manufacturer" is used herein to refer to the
manufacturer of a device or a delegate of the manufacturer.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Network Management System (NMS): The acronym "NMS" is used
throughout this document to refer to the deployment-specific
management system that the bootstrapping process is responsible
for introducing devices to. From a device's perspective, when
the bootstrapping process has completed, the NMS is a NETCONF or
RESTCONF client.
Onboarding Information: The term "onboarding information" is used
herein to refer to one of the two types of "conveyed information"
defined in this document, the other being "redirect information".
Onboarding information is formally defined by the "onboarding-
information" container within the "conveyed-information" yang-
data structure in Section 6.3.
Onboarding Server: The term "onboarding server" is used herein to
refer to a bootstrap server that only returns onboarding
information.
Owner: The term "owner" is used throughout this document to refer to
the person or organization that purchased or otherwise owns a
device.
Owner Certificate: The term "owner certificate" is used in this
document to represent an X.509 certificate that binds an owner
identity to a public key, which a device can use to validate a
signature over the conveyed information artifact. The owner
certificate may be communicated along with its chain of
intermediate certificates leading up to a known trust anchor.
The owner certificate is one of the three bootstrapping artifacts
described in Section 3.
Ownership Voucher: The term "ownership voucher" is used in this
document to represent the voucher artifact defined in [RFC8366].
The ownership voucher is used to assign a device to an owner.
The ownership voucher is one of the three bootstrapping artifacts
described in Section 3.
Redirect Information: The term "redirect information" is used herein
to refer to one of the two types of "conveyed information"
defined in this document, the other being "onboarding
information". Redirect information is formally defined by the
"redirect-information" container within the "conveyed-
information" yang-data structure in Section 6.3.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Redirect Server: The term "redirect server" is used to refer to a
bootstrap server that only returns redirect information. A
redirect server is particularly useful when hosted by a
manufacturer, as a well-known (e.g., Internet-based) resource to
redirect devices to deployment-specific bootstrap servers.
Signed Data: The term "signed data" is used throughout to mean
conveyed information that has been signed, specifically by a
private key possessed by a device's owner.
Unsigned Data: The term "unsigned data" is used throughout to mean
conveyed information that has not been signed.
1.3. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.4. Tree Diagrams
Tree diagrams used in this document follow the notation defined in
[RFC8340].
2. Types of Conveyed Information
This document defines two types of conveyed information that devices
can access during the bootstrapping process. These conveyed
information types are described in this section. Examples are
provided in Section 6.2.
2.1. Redirect Information
Redirect information redirects a device to another bootstrap server.
Redirect information encodes a list of bootstrap servers, each
specifying the bootstrap server's hostname (or IP address), an
optional port, and an optional trust anchor certificate that the
device can use to authenticate the bootstrap server with.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Redirect information is YANG-modeled data formally defined by the
"redirect-information" container in the YANG module presented in
Section 6.3. This container has the tree diagram shown below.
+--:(redirect-information)
+-- redirect-information
+-- bootstrap-server* [address]
+-- address inet:host
+-- port? inet:port-number
+-- trust-anchor? cms
Redirect information may be trusted or untrusted. The redirect
information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a secure
connection to a trusted bootstrap server or whenever it is signed by
the device's owner. In all other cases, the redirect information is
untrusted.
Trusted redirect information is useful for enabling a device to
establish a secure connection to a specified bootstrap server, which
is possible when the redirect information includes the bootstrap
server's trust anchor certificate.
Untrusted redirect information is useful for directing a device to a
bootstrap server where signed data has been staged for it to obtain.
Note that, when the redirect information is untrusted, devices
discard any potentially included trust anchor certificates.
How devices process redirect information is described in Section 5.5.
2.2. Onboarding Information
Onboarding information provides data necessary for a device to
bootstrap itself and establish secure connections with other systems.
As defined in this document, onboarding information can specify
details about the boot image a device must be running, an initial
configuration the device must commit, and scripts that the device
must successfully execute.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Onboarding information is YANG-modeled data formally defined by the
"onboarding-information" container in the YANG module presented in
Section 6.3. This container has the tree diagram shown below.
+--:(onboarding-information)
+-- onboarding-information
+-- boot-image
| +-- os-name? string
| +-- os-version? string
| +-- download-uri* inet:uri
| +-- image-verification* [hash-algorithm]
| +-- hash-algorithm identityref
| +-- hash-value yang:hex-string
+-- configuration-handling? enumeration
+-- pre-configuration-script? script
+-- configuration? binary
+-- post-configuration-script? script
Onboarding information must be trusted for it to be of any use to a
device. There is no option for a device to process untrusted
onboarding information.
Onboarding information is trusted whenever it is obtained via a
secure connection to a trusted bootstrap server or whenever it is
signed by the device's owner. In all other cases, the onboarding
information is untrusted.
How devices process onboarding information is described in
Section 5.6.
3. Artifacts
This document defines three artifacts that can be made available to
devices while they are bootstrapping. Each source of bootstrapping
data specifies how it provides the artifacts defined in this section
(see Section 4).
3.1. Conveyed Information
The conveyed information artifact encodes the essential bootstrapping
data for the device. This artifact is used to encode the redirect
information and onboarding information types discussed in Section 2.
The conveyed information artifact is a Cryptographic Message Syntax
(CMS) structure, as described in [RFC5652], encoded using ASN.1
distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690
[ITU.X690.2015]. The CMS structure MUST contain content conforming
to the YANG module specified in Section 6.3.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
The conveyed information CMS structure may encode signed or unsigned
bootstrapping data. When the bootstrapping data is signed, it may
also be encrypted, but from a terminology perspective, it is still
"signed data"; see Section 1.2.
When the conveyed information artifact is unsigned and unencrypted,
as it might be when communicated over trusted channels, the CMS
structure's topmost content type MUST be one of the OIDs described in
Section 10.3 (i.e., id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML or
id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON) or the OID id-data
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.1). When the OID id-data is used, the encoding
(JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD be communicated externally. In either case,
the associated content is an octet string containing
"conveyed-information" data in the expected encoding.
When the conveyed information artifact is unsigned and encrypted, as
it might be when communicated over trusted channels but, for some
reason, the operator wants to ensure that only the device is able to
see the contents, the CMS structure's topmost content type MUST be
the OID id-envelopedData (1.2.840.113549.1.7.3). Furthermore, the
encryptedContentInfo's content type MUST be one of the OIDs described
in Section 10.3 (i.e., id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML or
id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON) or the OID id-data
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.1). When the OID id-data is used, the encoding
(JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD be communicated externally. In either
case, the associated content is an octet string containing
"conveyed-information" data in the expected encoding.
When the conveyed information artifact is signed and unencrypted, as
it might be when communicated over untrusted channels, the CMS
structure's topmost content type MUST be the OID id-signedData
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.2). Furthermore, the inner eContentType MUST be
one of the OIDs described in Section 10.3 (i.e.,
id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML or id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON) or the OID
id-data (1.2.840.113549.1.7.1). When the OID id-data is used, the
encoding (JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD be communicated externally. In
either case, the associated content or eContent is an octet string
containing "conveyed-information" data in the expected encoding.
When the conveyed information artifact is signed and encrypted, as it
might be when communicated over untrusted channels and privacy is
important, the CMS structure's topmost content type MUST be the OID
id-envelopedData (1.2.840.113549.1.7.3). Furthermore, the
encryptedContentInfo's content type MUST be the OID id-signedData
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.2), whose eContentType MUST be one of the OIDs
described in Section 10.3 (i.e., id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML or
id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON), or the OID id-data
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.1). When the OID id-data is used, the encoding
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
(JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD be communicated externally. In either case,
the associated content or eContent is an octet string containing
"conveyed-information" data in the expected encoding.
3.2. Owner Certificate
The owner certificate artifact is an X.509 certificate [RFC5280] that
is used to identify an "owner" (e.g., an organization). The owner
certificate can be signed by any certificate authority (CA). The
owner certificate MUST have no Key Usage specified, or the Key Usage
MUST, at a minimum, set the "digitalSignature" bit. The values for
the owner certificate's "subject" and/or "subjectAltName" are not
constrained by this document.
The owner certificate is used by a device to verify the signature
over the conveyed information artifact (Section 3.1) that the device
should have also received, as described in Section 3.5. In
particular, the device verifies the signature using the public key in
the owner certificate over the content contained within the conveyed
information artifact.
The owner certificate artifact is formally a CMS structure, as
specified by [RFC5652], encoded using ASN.1 DER, as specified in
ITU-T X.690 [ITU.X690.2015].
The owner certificate CMS structure MUST contain the owner
certificate itself, as well as all intermediate certificates leading
to the "pinned-domain-cert" certificate specified in the ownership
voucher. The owner certificate artifact MAY optionally include the
"pinned-domain-cert" as well.
In order to support devices deployed on private networks, the owner
certificate CMS structure MAY also contain suitably fresh, as
determined by local policy, revocation objects (e.g., Certificate
Revocation Lists (CRLs) [RFC5280] and OCSP Responses [RFC6960]).
Having these revocation objects stapled to the owner certificate may
obviate the need for the device to have to download them dynamically
using the CRL distribution point or an Online Certificate Status
Protocol (OCSP) responder specified in the associated certificates.
When unencrypted, the topmost content type of the owner certificate
artifact's CMS structure MUST be the OID id-signedData
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.2). The inner SignedData structure is the
degenerate form, whereby there are no signers, that is commonly used
to disseminate certificates and revocation objects.
When encrypted, the topmost content type of the owner certificate
artifact's CMS structure MUST be the OID id-envelopedData
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.3), and the encryptedContentInfo's content type
MUST be the OID id-signedData (1.2.840.113549.1.7.2), whereby the
inner SignedData structure is the degenerate form that has no signers
commonly used to disseminate certificates and revocation objects.
3.3. Ownership Voucher
The ownership voucher artifact is used to securely identify a
device's owner, as it is known to the manufacturer. The ownership
voucher is signed by the device's manufacturer.
The ownership voucher is used to verify the owner certificate
(Section 3.2) that the device should have also received, as described
in Section 3.5. In particular, the device verifies that the owner
certificate has a chain of trust leading to the trusted certificate
included in the ownership voucher ("pinned-domain-cert"). Note that
this relationship holds even when the owner certificate is a self-
signed certificate and hence also the pinned-domain-cert.
When unencrypted, the ownership voucher artifact is as defined in
[RFC8366]. As described, it is a CMS structure whose topmost content
type MUST be the OID id-signedData (1.2.840.113549.1.7.2), whose
eContentType MUST be OID id-ct-animaJSONVoucher
(1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1), or the OID id-data (1.2.840.113549.1.7.1).
When the OID id-data is used, the encoding (JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD
be communicated externally. In either case, the associated content
is an octet string containing ietf-voucher data in the expected
encoding.
When encrypted, the topmost content type of the ownership voucher
artifact's CMS structure MUST be the OID id-envelopedData
(1.2.840.113549.1.7.3), and the encryptedContentInfo's content type
MUST be the OID id-signedData (1.2.840.113549.1.7.2), whose
eContentType MUST be OID id-ct-animaJSONVoucher
(1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1), or the OID id-data (1.2.840.113549.1.7.1).
When the OID id-data is used, the encoding (JSON, XML, etc.) SHOULD
be communicated externally. In either case, the associated content
is an octet string containing ietf-voucher data in the expected
encoding.
3.4. Artifact Encryption
Each of the three artifacts MAY be individually encrypted.
Encryption may be important in some environments where the content is
considered sensitive.
Each of the three artifacts are encrypted in the same way, by the
unencrypted form being encapsulated inside a CMS EnvelopedData type.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
As a consequence, both the conveyed information and ownership voucher
artifacts are signed and then encrypted; they are never encrypted and
then signed.
This sequencing has the following advantages: shrouding the signer's
certificate and ensuring that the owner knows the content being
signed. This sequencing further enables the owner to inspect an
unencrypted voucher obtained from a manufacturer and then encrypt the
voucher later themselves, perhaps while also stapling in current
revocation objects, when ready to place the artifact in an unsafe
location.
When encrypted, the CMS MUST be encrypted using a secure device
identity certificate for the device. This certificate MAY be the
same as the TLS-level client certificate the device uses when
connecting to bootstrap servers. The owner must possess the device's
identity certificate at the time of encrypting the data. How the
owner comes to posses the device's identity certificate for this
purpose is outside the scope of this document.
3.5. Artifact Groupings
The previous sections discussed the bootstrapping artifacts, but only
certain groupings of these artifacts make sense to return in the
various bootstrapping situations described in this document. These
groupings are:
Unsigned Data: This artifact grouping is useful for cases when
transport-level security can be used to convey trust (e.g.,
HTTPS) or when the conveyed information can be processed in a
provisional manner (i.e., unsigned redirect information).
Signed Data, without revocations: This artifact grouping is
useful when signed data is needed (i.e., because the data is
obtained from an untrusted source and it cannot be processed
provisionally) and revocations either are not needed or can be
obtained dynamically.
Signed Data, with revocations: This artifact grouping is useful
when signed data is needed (i.e., because the data is obtained
from an untrusted source and it cannot be processed
provisionally) and when revocations are needed but the
revocations cannot be obtained dynamically.
The presence of each artifact and any distinguishing characteristics
are identified for each artifact grouping in the table below ("yes"
and "no" indicate whether or not the artifact is present in the
artifact grouping):
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
+---------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+
| Artifact | Conveyed | Ownership | Owner |
| Grouping | Information | Voucher | Certificate |
+=====================+===============+==============+==============+
| Unsigned Data | Yes, no sig | No | No |
+---------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+
| Signed Data, | Yes, with sig | Yes, without | Yes, without |
| without revocations | | revocations | revocations |
+---------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+
| Signed Data, | Yes, with sig | Yes, with | Yes, with |
| with revocations | | revocations | revocations |
+---------------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+
4. Sources of Bootstrapping Data
This section defines some sources for bootstrapping data that a
device can access. The list of sources defined here is not meant to
be exhaustive. It is left to future documents to define additional
sources for obtaining bootstrapping data.
For each source of bootstrapping data defined in this section,
details are given for how the three artifacts listed in Section 3 are
provided.
4.1. Removable Storage
A directly attached removable storage device (e.g., a USB flash
drive) MAY be used as a source of SZTP bootstrapping data.
Use of a removable storage device is compelling, as it does not
require any external infrastructure to work. It is notable that the
raw boot image file can also be located on the removable storage
device, enabling a removable storage device to be a fully self-
standing bootstrapping solution.
To use a removable storage device as a source of bootstrapping data,
a device need only detect if the removable storage device is plugged
in and mount its filesystem.
A removable storage device is an untrusted source of bootstrapping
data. This means that the information stored on the removable
storage device either MUST be signed or MUST be information that can
be processed provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect information).
From an artifact perspective, since a removable storage device
presents itself as a filesystem, the bootstrapping artifacts need to
be presented as files. The three artifacts defined in Section 3 are
mapped to files below.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Artifact to File Mapping:
Conveyed Information: Mapped to a file containing the binary
artifact described in Section 3.1 (e.g., conveyed-
information.cms).
Owner Certificate: Mapped to a file containing the binary
artifact described in Section 3.2 (e.g., owner-
certificate.cms).
Ownership Voucher: Mapped to a file containing the binary
artifact described in Section 3.3 (e.g., ownership-voucher.cms
or ownership-voucher.vcj).
The format of the removable storage device's filesystem and the
naming of the files are outside the scope of this document. However,
in order to facilitate interoperability, it is RECOMMENDED that
devices support open and/or standards-based filesystems. It is also
RECOMMENDED that devices assume a file naming convention that enables
more than one instance of bootstrapping data (i.e., for different
devices) to exist on a removable storage device. The file naming
convention SHOULD additionally be unique to the manufacturer, in
order to enable bootstrapping data from multiple manufacturers to
exist on a removable storage device.
4.2. DNS Server
A DNS server MAY be used as a source of SZTP bootstrapping data.
Using a DNS server may be a compelling option for deployments having
existing DNS infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping
option that does not entail utilizing an Internet-based resource
hosted by a third party.
DNS is an untrusted source of bootstrapping data. Even if DNSSEC
[RFC6698] is used to authenticate the various DNS resource records
(e.g., A, AAAA, CERT, TXT, and TLSA), the device cannot be sure that
the domain returned to it, e.g., from a DHCP server, belongs to its
rightful owner. This means that the information stored in the DNS
records either MUST be signed (per this document, not DNSSEC) or MUST
be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g., unsigned
redirect information).
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
4.2.1. DNS Queries
Devices claiming to support DNS as a source of bootstrapping data
MUST first query for device-specific DNS records and then, only if
doing so does not result in a successful bootstrap, MUST query for
device-independent DNS records.
For each of the device-specific and device-independent queries,
devices MUST first query using multicast DNS [RFC6762] and then, only
if doing so does not result in a successful bootstrap, MUST query
again using unicast DNS [RFC1035] [RFC7766]. This assumes the
address of a DNS server is known, such as it may be using techniques
similar to those described in Section 11 of [RFC6763].
When querying for device-specific DNS records, devices MUST query for
TXT records [RFC1035] under "<serial-number>._sztp", where <serial-
number> is the device's serial number (the same value as in the
device's secure device identity certificate), and "_sztp" is the
globally scoped DNS attribute registered per this document (see
Section 10.7).
Example device-specific DNS record queries:
TXT in <serial-number>._sztp.local. (multicast)
TXT in <serial-number>._sztp.<domain>. (unicast)
When querying for device-independent DNS records, devices MUST query
for SRV records [RFC2782] under "_sztp._tcp", where "_sztp" is the
service name registered per this document (see Section 10.6), and
"_tcp" is the globally scoped DNS attribute registered per [RFC8552].
Note that a device-independent response is only able to encode
unsigned data anyway, since signed data necessitates the use of a
device-specific ownership voucher. Use of SRV records maximumly
leverages existing DNS standards. A response containing multiple SRV
records is comparable to an unsigned redirect information's list of
bootstrap servers.
Example device-independent DNS record queries:
SRV in _sztp._tcp.local. (multicast)
SRV in _sztp._tcp.<domain>. (unicast)
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
4.2.2. DNS Response for Device-Specific Queries
For device-specific queries, the three bootstrapping artifacts
defined in Section 3 are encoded into the TXT records using key/value
pairs, similar to the technique described in Section 6.3 of
[RFC6763].
Artifact to TXT Record Mapping:
Conveyed Information: Mapped to a TXT record having the key "ci"
and the value being the binary artifact described in
Section 3.1.
Owner Certificate: Mapped to a TXT record having the key "oc" and
the value being the binary artifact described in Section 3.2.
Ownership Voucher: Mapped to a TXT record having the key "ov" and
the value being the binary artifact described in Section 3.3.
Devices MUST ignore any other keys that may be returned.
Note that, despite the name, TXT records can and SHOULD (per
Section 6.5 of [RFC6763]) encode binary data.
Following is an example of a device-specific response, as it might be
presented by a user agent, containing signed data. This example
assumes that the device's serial number is "<serial-number>", the
domain is "example.com", and "<binary data>" represents the binary
artifact:
<serial-number>._sztp.example.com. 3600 IN TXT "ci=<binary data>"
<serial-number>._sztp.example.com. 3600 IN TXT "oc=<binary data>"
<serial-number>._sztp.example.com. 3600 IN TXT "ov=<binary data>"
Note that, in the case that "ci" encodes unsigned data, the "oc" and
"ov" keys would not be present in the response.
4.2.3. DNS Response for Device-Independent Queries
For device-independent queries, the three bootstrapping artifacts
defined in Section 3 are encoded into the SVR records as follows.
Artifact to SRV Record Mapping:
Conveyed Information: This artifact is not supported directly.
Instead, the essence of unsigned redirect information is mapped
to SVR records per [RFC2782].
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Owner Certificate: Not supported. Device-independent responses
never encode signed data; hence, there is no need for an owner
certificate artifact.
Ownership Voucher: Not supported. Device-independent responses
never encode signed data; hence, there is no need for an
ownership voucher artifact.
Following is an example of a device-independent response, as it might
be presented by a user agent, containing (effectively) unsigned
redirect information to four bootstrap servers. This example assumes
that the domain is "example.com" and that there are four bootstrap
servers "sztp[1-4]":
_sztp._tcp.example.com. 1800 IN SRV 0 0 443 sztp1.example.com.
_sztp._tcp.example.com. 1800 IN SRV 1 0 443 sztp2.example.com.
_sztp._tcp.example.com. 1800 IN SRV 2 0 443 sztp3.example.com.
_sztp._tcp.example.com. 1800 IN SRV 2 0 443 sztp4.example.com.
Note that, in this example, "sztp3" and "sztp4" have equal priority
and hence effectively represent a clustered pair of bootstrap
servers. While "sztp1" and "sztp2" only have a single SRV record
each, it may be that the record points to a load balancer fronting a
cluster of bootstrap servers.
While this document does not use DNS-SD [RFC6763], per Section 12.2
of that RFC, Multicast DNS (mDNS) responses SHOULD also include all
address records (type "A" and "AAAA") named in the SRV rdata.
4.2.4. Size of Signed Data
The signed data artifacts are large by DNS conventions. In the
smallest-footprint scenario, they are each a few kilobytes in size.
However, onboarding information can easily be several kilobytes in
size and has the potential to be many kilobytes in size.
All resource records, including TXT records, have an upper size limit
of 65535 bytes, since "RDLENGTH" is a 16-bit field (Section 3.2.1 of
[RFC1035]). If it is ever desired to encode onboarding information
that exceeds this limit, the DNS records returned should instead
encode redirect information, to direct the device to a bootstrap
server from which the onboarding information can be obtained.
Given the expected size of the TXT records, it is unlikely that
signed data will fit into a UDP-based DNS packet, even with the
Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0)) extensions [RFC6891] enabled.
Depending on content, signed data may also not fit into a multicast
DNS packet, which bounds the size to 9000 bytes, per Section 17 of
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
[RFC6762]. Thus, it is expected that DNS Transport over TCP
[RFC7766] will be required in order to return signed data.
4.3. DHCP Server
A DHCP server MAY be used as a source of SZTP bootstrapping data.
Using a DHCP server may be a compelling option for deployments having
existing DHCP infrastructure, as it enables a touchless bootstrapping
option that does not entail utilizing an Internet-based resource
hosted by a third party.
A DHCP server is an untrusted source of bootstrapping data. Thus,
the information stored on the DHCP server either MUST be signed or
MUST be information that can be processed provisionally (e.g.,
unsigned redirect information).
However, unlike other sources of bootstrapping data described in this
document, the DHCP protocol (especially DHCP for IPv4) is very
limited in the amount of data that can be conveyed, to the extent
that signed data cannot be communicated. This means that only
unsigned redirect information can be conveyed via DHCP.
Since the redirect information is unsigned, it SHOULD NOT include the
optional trust anchor certificate, as it takes up space in the DHCP
message, and the device would have to discard it anyway. For this
reason, the DHCP options defined in Section 8 do not enable the trust
anchor certificate to be encoded.
From an artifact perspective, the three artifacts defined in
Section 3 are mapped to the DHCP fields specified in Section 8 as
follows.
Artifact to DHCP Option Fields Mapping:
Conveyed Information: This artifact is not supported directly.
Instead, the essence of unsigned redirect information is mapped
to the DHCP options described in Section 8.
Owner Certificate: Not supported. There is not enough space in
the DHCP packet to hold an owner certificate artifact.
Ownership Voucher: Not supported. There is not enough space in
the DHCP packet to hold an ownership voucher artifact.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
4.4. Bootstrap Server
A bootstrap server MAY be used as a source of SZTP bootstrapping
data. A bootstrap server is defined as a RESTCONF [RFC8040] server
implementing the YANG module provided in Section 7.
Using a bootstrap server as a source of bootstrapping data is a
compelling option as it MAY use transport-level security, obviating
the need for signed data, which may be easier to deploy in some
situations.
Unlike any other source of bootstrapping data described in this
document, a bootstrap server is not only a source of data, but it can
also receive data from devices using the YANG-defined "report-
progress" RPC defined in the YANG module provided in Section 7.3.
The "report-progress" RPC enables visibility into the bootstrapping
process (e.g., warnings and errors) and provides potentially useful
information upon completion (e.g., the device's Secure Shell (SSH)
host keys and/or TLS trust anchor certificates).
A bootstrap server may be a trusted or an untrusted source of
bootstrapping data, depending on if the device learned about the
bootstrap server's trust anchor from a trusted source. When a
bootstrap server is trusted, the conveyed information returned from
it MAY be signed. When the bootstrap server is untrusted, the
conveyed information either MUST be signed or MUST be information
that can be processed provisionally (e.g., unsigned redirect
information).
From an artifact perspective, since a bootstrap server presents data
conforming to a YANG data model, the bootstrapping artifacts need to
be mapped to YANG nodes. The three artifacts defined in Section 3
are mapped to "output" nodes of the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC
defined in Section 7.3.
Artifact to Bootstrap Server Mapping:
Conveyed Information: Mapped to the "conveyed-information" leaf
in the output of the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC.
Owner Certificate: Mapped to the "owner-certificate" leaf in the
output of the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC.
Ownership Voucher: Mapped to the "ownership-voucher" leaf in the
output of the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC.
SZTP bootstrap servers have only two endpoints: one for the
"get-bootstrapping-data" RPC and one for the "report-progress" RPC.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
These RPCs use the authenticated RESTCONF username to isolate the
execution of the RPC from other devices.
5. Device Details
Devices supporting the bootstrapping strategy described in this
document MUST have the pre-configured state and bootstrapping logic
described in the following sections.
5.1. Initial State
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| <device> |
| |
| +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <read/write storage> | |
| | | |
| | 1. flag to enable SZTP bootstrapping set to "true" | |
| +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <read-only storage> | |
| | | |
| | 2. TLS client cert & related intermediate certificates | |
| | 3. list of trusted well-known bootstrap servers | |
| | 4. list of trust anchor certs for bootstrap servers | |
| | 5. list of trust anchor certs for ownership vouchers | |
| +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | <secure storage> | |
| | | |
| | 6. private key for TLS client certificate | |
| | 7. private key for decrypting SZTP artifacts | |
| +-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
diagram above.
1. Devices MUST have a configurable variable that is used to enable/
disable SZTP bootstrapping. This variable MUST be enabled by
default in order for SZTP bootstrapping to run when the device
first powers on. Because it is a goal that the configuration
installed by the bootstrapping process disables SZTP
bootstrapping, and because the configuration may be merged into
the existing configuration, using a configuration node that
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
relies on presence is NOT RECOMMENDED, as it cannot be removed by
the merging process.
2. Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from bootstrap
servers (see Section 4.4) SHOULD possess a TLS-level client
certificate and any intermediate certificates leading to the
certificate's well-known trust anchor. The well-known trust
anchor certificate may be an intermediate certificate or a self-
signed root certificate. To support devices not having a client
certificate, devices MAY, alternatively or in addition to,
identify and authenticate themselves to the bootstrap server
using an HTTP authentication scheme, as allowed by Section 2.5 of
[RFC8040]; however, this document does not define a mechanism for
operator input enabling, for example, the entering of a password.
3. Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from well-known
bootstrap servers MUST possess a list of the well-known bootstrap
servers. Consistent with redirect information (Section 2.1),
each bootstrap server can be identified by its hostname or IP
address and an optional port.
4. Devices that support loading bootstrapping data from well-known
bootstrap servers MUST also possess a list of trust anchor
certificates that can be used to authenticate the well-known
bootstrap servers. For each trust anchor certificate, if it is
not itself a self-signed root certificate, the device SHOULD also
possess the chain of intermediate certificates leading up to and
including the self-signed root certificate.
5. Devices that support loading signed data (see Section 1.2) MUST
possess the trust anchor certificates for validating ownership
vouchers. For each trust anchor certificate, if it is not itself
a self-signed root certificate, the device SHOULD also possess
the chain of intermediate certificates leading up to and
including the self-signed root certificate.
6. Devices that support using a TLS-level client certificate to
identify and authenticate themselves to a bootstrap server MUST
possess the private key that corresponds to the public key
encoded in the TLS-level client certificate. This private key
SHOULD be securely stored, ideally in a cryptographic processor,
such as a trusted platform module (TPM) chip.
7. Devices that support decrypting SZTP artifacts MUST posses the
private key that corresponds to the public key encoded in the
secure device identity certificate used when encrypting the
artifacts. This private key SHOULD be securely stored, ideally
in a cryptographic processor, such as a trusted platform module
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
(TPM) chip. This private key MAY be the same as the one
associated to the TLS-level client certificate used when
connecting to bootstrap servers.
A YANG module representing this data is provided in Appendix A.
5.2. Boot Sequence
A device claiming to support the bootstrapping strategy defined in
this document MUST support the boot sequence described in this
section.
Power On
|
v No
1. SZTP bootstrapping configured ------> Boot normally
|
| Yes
v
2. For each supported source of bootstrapping data,
try to load bootstrapping data from the source
|
|
v Yes
3. Able to bootstrap from any source? -----> Run with new config
|
| No
v
4. Loop back to Step 1
Note: At any time, the device MAY be configured via an alternate
provisioning mechanism (e.g., command-line interface (CLI)).
Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
diagram above.
1. When the device powers on, it first checks to see if SZTP
bootstrapping is configured, as is expected to be the case for
the device's pre-configured initial state. If SZTP bootstrapping
is not configured, then the device boots normally.
2. The device iterates over its list of sources for bootstrapping
data (Section 4). Details for how to process a source of
bootstrapping data are provided in Section 5.3.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
3. If the device is able to bootstrap itself from any of the sources
of bootstrapping data, it runs with the new bootstrapped
configuration.
4. Otherwise, the device MUST loop back through the list of
bootstrapping sources again.
This document does not limit the simultaneous use of alternate
provisioning mechanisms. Such mechanisms may include, for instance,
a CLI, a web-based user interface, or even another bootstrapping
protocol. Regardless of how it is configured, the configuration
SHOULD unset the flag enabling SZTP bootstrapping as discussed in
Section 5.1.
5.3. Processing a Source of Bootstrapping Data
This section describes a recursive algorithm that devices can use to,
ultimately, obtain onboarding information. The algorithm is
recursive because sources of bootstrapping data may return redirect
information, which causes the algorithm to run again, for the newly
discovered sources of bootstrapping data. An expression that
captures all possible successful sequences of bootstrapping data is:
zero or more redirect information responses, followed by one
onboarding information response.
An important aspect of the algorithm is knowing when data needs to be
signed or not. The following figure provides a summary of options:
Untrusted Source Trusted Source
Kind of Bootstrapping Data Can Provide? Can Provide?
Unsigned Redirect Info : Yes+ Yes
Signed Redirect Info : Yes Yes*
Unsigned Onboarding Info : No Yes
Signed Onboarding Info : Yes Yes*
The '+' above denotes that the source redirected to MUST
return signed data or more unsigned redirect information.
The '*' above denotes that, while possible, it is generally
unnecessary for a trusted source to return signed data.
The recursive algorithm uses a conceptual globally scoped variable
called "trust-state". The trust-state variable is initialized to
FALSE. The ultimate goal of this algorithm is for the device to
process onboarding information (Section 2.2) while the trust-state
variable is TRUE.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
If the source of bootstrapping data (Section 4) is a bootstrap server
(Section 4.4), and the device is able to authenticate the bootstrap
server using X.509 certificate path validation ([RFC6125], Section 6)
to one of the device's pre-configured trust anchors, or to a trust
anchor that it learned from a previous step, then the device MUST set
trust-state to TRUE.
When establishing a connection to a bootstrap server, whether trusted
or untrusted, the device MUST identify and authenticate itself to the
bootstrap server using a TLS-level client certificate and/or an HTTP
authentication scheme, per Section 2.5 of [RFC8040]. If both
authentication mechanisms are used, they MUST both identify the same
serial number.
When sending a client certificate, the device MUST also send all of
the intermediate certificates leading up to, and optionally
including, the client certificate's well-known trust anchor
certificate.
For any source of bootstrapping data (e.g., Section 4), if any
artifact obtained is encrypted, the device MUST first decrypt it
using the private key associated with the device certificate used to
encrypt the artifact.
If the conveyed information artifact is signed, and the device is
able to validate the signed data using the algorithm described in
Section 5.4, then the device MUST set trust-state to TRUE; otherwise,
if the device is unable to validate the signed data, the device MUST
set trust-state to FALSE. Note that this is worded to cover the
special case when signed data is returned even from a trusted source
of bootstrapping data.
If the conveyed information artifact contains redirect information,
the device MUST, within limits of how many recursive loops the device
allows, process the redirect information as described in Section 5.5.
Implementations MUST limit the maximum number of recursive redirects
allowed; the maximum number of recursive redirects allowed SHOULD be
no more than ten. This is the recursion step; it will cause the
device to reenter this algorithm, but this time the data source will
definitely be a bootstrap server, as redirect information is only
able to redirect devices to bootstrap servers.
If the conveyed information artifact contains onboarding information,
and trust-state is FALSE, the device MUST exit the recursive
algorithm (as this is not allowed; see the figure above), returning
to the bootstrapping sequence described in Section 5.2. Otherwise,
the device MUST attempt to process the onboarding information as
described in Section 5.6. Whether the processing of the onboarding
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
information succeeds or fails, the device MUST exit the recursive
algorithm, returning to the bootstrapping sequence described in
Section 5.2; the only difference is how it responds to the "Able to
bootstrap from any source?" conditional described in the figure in
that section.
5.4. Validating Signed Data
Whenever a device is presented signed data, it MUST validate the
signed data as described in this section. This includes the case
where the signed data is provided by a trusted source.
Whenever there is signed data, the device MUST also be provided an
ownership voucher and an owner certificate. How all the needed
artifacts are provided for each source of bootstrapping data is
described in Section 4.
In order to validate signed data, the device MUST first authenticate
the ownership voucher by validating its signature to one of its pre-
configured trust anchors (see Section 5.1), which may entail using
additional intermediate certificates attached to the ownership
voucher. If the device has an accurate clock, it MUST verify that
the ownership voucher was created in the past (i.e., "created-on" <
now), and if the "expires-on" leaf is present, the device MUST verify
that the ownership voucher has not yet expired (i.e., now < "expires-
on"). The device MUST verify that the ownership voucher's
"assertion" value is acceptable (e.g., some devices may only accept
the assertion value "verified"). The device MUST verify that the
ownership voucher specifies the device's serial number in the
"serial-number" leaf. If the "idevid-issuer" leaf is present, the
device MUST verify that the value is set correctly. If the
authentication of the ownership voucher is successful, the device
extracts the "pinned-domain-cert" node, an X.509 certificate, that is
needed to verify the owner certificate in the next step.
The device MUST next authenticate the owner certificate by performing
X.509 certificate path verification to the trusted certificate
extracted from the ownership voucher's "pinned-domain-cert" node.
This verification may entail using additional intermediate
certificates attached to the owner certificate artifact. If the
ownership voucher's "domain-cert-revocation-checks" node's value is
set to "true", the device MUST verify the revocation status of the
certificate chain used to sign the owner certificate, and if a
suitably fresh revocation status is unattainable or if it is
determined that a certificate has been revoked, the device MUST NOT
validate the owner certificate.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Finally, the device MUST verify that the conveyed information
artifact was signed by the validated owner certificate.
If any of these steps fail, the device MUST invalidate the signed
data and not perform any subsequent steps.
5.5. Processing Redirect Information
In order to process redirect information (Section 2.1), the device
MUST follow the steps presented in this section.
Processing redirect information is straightforward; the device
sequentially steps through the list of provided bootstrap servers
until it can find one it can bootstrap from.
If a hostname is provided, and the hostname's DNS resolution is to
more than one IP address, the device MUST attempt to connect to all
of the DNS resolved addresses at least once, before moving on to the
next bootstrap server. If the device is able to obtain bootstrapping
data from any of the DNS resolved addresses, it MUST immediately
process that data, without attempting to connect to any of the other
DNS resolved addresses.
If the redirect information is trusted (e.g., trust-state is TRUE),
and the bootstrap server entry contains a trust anchor certificate,
then the device MUST authenticate the specified bootstrap server's
TLS server certificate using X.509 certificate path validation
([RFC6125], Section 6) to the specified trust anchor. If the
bootstrap server entry does not contain a trust anchor certificate
device, the device MUST establish a provisional connection to the
bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly accepting its server certificate)
and set trust-state to FALSE.
If the redirect information is untrusted (e.g., trust-state is
FALSE), the device MUST discard any trust anchors provided by the
redirect information and establish a provisional connection to the
bootstrap server (i.e., by blindly accepting its TLS server
certificate).
5.6. Processing Onboarding Information
In order to process onboarding information (Section 2.2), the device
MUST follow the steps presented in this section.
When processing onboarding information, the device MUST first process
the boot image information (if any), then execute the pre-
configuration script (if any), then commit the initial configuration
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
(if any), and then execute the post-configuration script (if any), in
that order.
When the onboarding information is obtained from a trusted bootstrap
server, the device MUST send the "bootstrap-initiated" progress
report and send a terminating "boot-image-installed-rebooting",
"bootstrap-complete", or error-specific progress report. If the
"reporting-level" node of the bootstrap server's "get-bootstrapping-
data" RPC-reply is the value "verbose", the device MUST additionally
send all appropriate non-terminating progress reports (e.g.,
initiated, warning, complete, etc.). Regardless of the reporting
level requested by the bootstrap server, the device MAY send progress
reports beyond those required by the reporting level.
When the onboarding information is obtained from an untrusted
bootstrap server, the device MUST NOT send any progress reports to
the bootstrap server, even though the onboarding information was,
necessarily, signed and authenticated. Please be aware that
bootstrap servers are recommended to promote untrusted connections to
trusted connections, in the last paragraph of Section 9.6, so as to,
in part, be able to collect progress reports from devices.
If the device encounters an error at any step, it MUST stop
processing the onboarding information and return to the bootstrapping
sequence described in Section 5.2. In the context of a recursive
algorithm, the device MUST return to the enclosing loop, not back to
the very beginning. Some state MAY be retained from the
bootstrapping process (e.g., updated boot image, logs, remnants from
a script, etc.). However, the retained state MUST NOT be active in
any way (e.g., no new configuration or running of software) and MUST
NOT hinder the ability for the device to continue the bootstrapping
sequence (i.e., process onboarding information from another bootstrap
server).
At this point, the specific ordered sequence of actions the device
MUST perform is described.
If the onboarding information is obtained from a trusted bootstrap
server, the device MUST send a "bootstrap-initiated" progress report.
It is an error if the device does not receive back the "204 No
Content" HTTP status line. If an error occurs, the device MUST try
to send a "bootstrap-error" progress report before exiting.
The device MUST parse the provided onboarding information document,
to extract values used in subsequent steps. Whether using a stream-
based parser or not, if there is an error when parsing the onboarding
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
information, and the device is connected to a trusted bootstrap
server, the device MUST try to send a "parsing-error" progress report
before exiting.
If boot image criteria are specified, the device MUST first determine
if the boot image it is running satisfies the specified boot image
criteria. If the device is already running the specified boot image,
then it skips the remainder of this step. If the device is not
running the specified boot image, then it MUST download, verify, and
install, in that order, the specified boot image, and then reboot.
If connected to a trusted bootstrap server, the device MAY try to
send a "boot-image-mismatch" progress report. To download the boot
image, the device MUST only use the URIs supplied by the onboarding
information. To verify the boot image, the device MUST use either
one of the verification fingerprints supplied by the onboarding
information or a cryptographic signature embedded into the boot image
itself using a mechanism not described by this document. Before
rebooting, if connected to a trusted bootstrap server, the device
MUST try to send a "boot-image-installed-rebooting" progress report.
Upon rebooting, the bootstrapping process runs again, which will
eventually come to this step again, but then the device will be
running the specified boot image and thus will move to processing the
next step. If an error occurs at any step while the device is
connected to a trusted bootstrap server (i.e., before the reboot),
the device MUST try to send a "boot-image-error" progress report
before exiting.
If a pre-configuration script has been specified, the device MUST
execute the script, capture any output emitted from the script, and
check if the script had any warnings or errors. If an error occurs
while the device is connected to a trusted bootstrap server, the
device MUST try to send a "pre-script-error" progress report before
exiting.
If an initial configuration has been specified, the device MUST
atomically commit the provided initial configuration, using the
approach specified by the "configuration-handling" leaf. If an error
occurs while the device is connected to a trusted bootstrap server,
the device MUST try to send a "config-error" progress report before
exiting.
If a post-configuration script has been specified, the device MUST
execute the script, capture any output emitted from the script, and
check if the script had any warnings or errors. If an error occurs
while the device is connected to a trusted bootstrap server, the
device MUST try to send a "post-script-error" progress report before
exiting.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
If the onboarding information was obtained from a trusted bootstrap
server, and the result of the bootstrapping process did not disable
the "flag to enable SZTP bootstrapping" described in Section 5.1, the
device SHOULD send an "bootstrap-warning" progress report.
If the onboarding information was obtained from a trusted bootstrap
server, the device MUST send a "bootstrap-complete" progress report.
It is an error if the device does not receive back the "204 No
Content" HTTP status line. If an error occurs, the device MUST try
to send a "bootstrap-error" progress report before exiting.
At this point, the device has completely processed the bootstrapping
data.
The device is now running its initial configuration. Notably, if
NETCONF Call Home or RESTCONF Call Home [RFC8071] is configured, the
device initiates trying to establish the call home connections at
this time.
Implementation Notes:
Implementations may vary in how to ensure no unwanted state is
retained when an error occurs.
If the implementation chooses to undo previous steps, the
following guidelines apply:
* When an error occurs, the device must rollback the current step
and any previous steps.
* Most steps are atomic. For example, the processing of a
configuration is atomic (as specified above), and the
processing of scripts is atomic (as specified in the "ietf-
sztp-conveyed-info" YANG module).
* In case the error occurs after the initial configuration was
committed, the device must restore the configuration to the
configuration that existed prior to the configuration being
committed.
* In case the error occurs after a script had executed
successfully, it may be helpful for the implementation to
define scripts as being able to take a conceptual input
parameter indicating that the script should remove its
previously set state.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
6. The Conveyed Information Data Model
This section defines a YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module that is used to
define the data model for the conveyed information artifact described
in Section 3.1. This data model uses the "yang-data" extension
statement defined in [RFC8040]. Examples illustrating this data
model are provided in Section 6.2.
6.1. Data Model Overview
The following tree diagram provides an overview of the data model for
the conveyed information artifact.
module: ietf-sztp-conveyed-info
yang-data conveyed-information:
+-- (information-type)
+--:(redirect-information)
| +-- redirect-information
| +-- bootstrap-server* [address]
| +-- address inet:host
| +-- port? inet:port-number
| +-- trust-anchor? cms
+--:(onboarding-information)
+-- onboarding-information
+-- boot-image
| +-- os-name? string
| +-- os-version? string
| +-- download-uri* inet:uri
| +-- image-verification* [hash-algorithm]
| +-- hash-algorithm identityref
| +-- hash-value yang:hex-string
+-- configuration-handling? enumeration
+-- pre-configuration-script? script
+-- configuration? binary
+-- post-configuration-script? script
6.2. Example Usage
The following example illustrates how redirect information
(Section 2.1) can be encoded using JSON [RFC8259].
{
"ietf-sztp-conveyed-info:redirect-information" : {
"bootstrap-server" : [
{
"address" : "sztp1.example.com",
"port" : 8443,
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
"trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
},
{
"address" : "sztp2.example.com",
"port" : 8443,
"trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
},
{
"address" : "sztp3.example.com",
"port" : 8443,
"trust-anchor" : "base64encodedvalue=="
}
]
}
}
The following example illustrates how onboarding information
(Section 2.2) can be encoded using JSON [RFC8259].
[Note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]
{
"ietf-sztp-conveyed-info:onboarding-information" : {
"boot-image" : {
"os-name" : "VendorOS",
"os-version" : "17.2R1.6",
"download-uri" : [ "https://example.com/path/to/image/file" ],
"image-verification" : [
{
"hash-algorithm" : "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info:sha-256",
"hash-value" : "ba:ec:cf:a5:67:82:b4:10:77:c6:67:a6:22:ab:\
7d:50:04:a7:8b:8f:0e:db:02:8b:f4:75:55:fb:c1:13:b2:33"
}
]
},
"configuration-handling" : "merge",
"pre-configuration-script" : "base64encodedvalue==",
"configuration" : "base64encodedvalue==",
"post-configuration-script" : "base64encodedvalue=="
}
}
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
6.3. YANG Module
The conveyed information data model is defined by the YANG module
presented in this section.
This module uses data types defined in [RFC5280], [RFC5652],
[RFC6234], and [RFC6991]; an extension statement from [RFC8040]; and
an encoding defined in [ITU.X690.2015].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info@2019-04-30.yang"
module ietf-sztp-conveyed-info {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-conveyed-info";
prefix sztp-info;
import ietf-yang-types {
prefix yang;
reference
"RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
}
import ietf-inet-types {
prefix inet;
reference
"RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
}
import ietf-restconf {
prefix rc;
reference
"RFC 8040: RESTCONF Protocol";
}
organization
"IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
WG List: <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
Author: Kent Watsen <mailto:kent+ietf@watsen.net>";
description
"This module defines the data model for the conveyed
information artifact defined in RFC 8572 ('Secure Zero Touch
Provisioning (SZTP)').
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document
are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119)
(RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 34]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8572; see the
RFC itself for full legal notices.";
revision 2019-04-30 {
description
"Initial version";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
// identities
identity hash-algorithm {
description
"A base identity for hash algorithm verification.";
}
identity sha-256 {
base hash-algorithm;
description
"The SHA-256 algorithm.";
reference
"RFC 6234: US Secure Hash Algorithms";
}
// typedefs
typedef cms {
type binary;
description
"A ContentInfo structure, as specified in RFC 5652,
encoded using ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER),
as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
reference
"RFC 5652:
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
ITU-T X.690:
Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
Encoding Rules (DER)";
}
// yang-data
rc:yang-data conveyed-information {
choice information-type {
mandatory true;
description
"This choice statement ensures the response contains
redirect-information or onboarding-information.";
container redirect-information {
description
"Redirect information is described in Section 2.1 of
RFC 8572. Its purpose is to redirect a device to
another bootstrap server.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
list bootstrap-server {
key "address";
min-elements 1;
description
"A bootstrap server entry.";
leaf address {
type inet:host;
mandatory true;
description
"The IP address or hostname of the bootstrap server the
device should redirect to.";
}
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
default "443";
description
"The port number the bootstrap server listens on. If no
port is specified, the IANA-assigned port for 'https'
(443) is used.";
}
leaf trust-anchor {
type cms;
description
"A CMS structure that MUST contain the chain of
X.509 certificates needed to authenticate the TLS
certificate presented by this bootstrap server.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 36]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
The CMS MUST only contain a single chain of
certificates. The bootstrap server MUST only
authenticate to last intermediate CA certificate
listed in the chain.
In all cases, the chain MUST include a self-signed
root certificate. In the case where the root
certificate is itself the issuer of the bootstrap
server's TLS certificate, only one certificate
is present.
If needed by the device, this CMS structure MAY
also contain suitably fresh revocation objects
with which the device can verify the revocation
status of the certificates.
This CMS encodes the degenerate form of the SignedData
structure that is commonly used to disseminate X.509
certificates and revocation objects (RFC 5280).";
reference
"RFC 5280:
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile";
}
}
}
container onboarding-information {
description
"Onboarding information is described in Section 2.2 of
RFC 8572. Its purpose is to provide the device everything
it needs to bootstrap itself.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
container boot-image {
description
"Specifies criteria for the boot image the device MUST
be running, as well as information enabling the device
to install the required boot image.";
leaf os-name {
type string;
description
"The name of the operating system software the device
MUST be running in order to not require a software
image upgrade (e.g., VendorOS).";
}
leaf os-version {
type string;
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 37]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
description
"The version of the operating system software the
device MUST be running in order to not require a
software image upgrade (e.g., 17.3R2.1).";
}
leaf-list download-uri {
type inet:uri;
ordered-by user;
description
"An ordered list of URIs to where the same boot image
file may be obtained. How the URI schemes (http, ftp,
etc.) a device supports are known is vendor specific.
If a secure scheme (e.g., https) is provided, a device
MAY establish an untrusted connection to the remote
server, by blindly accepting the server's end-entity
certificate, to obtain the boot image.";
}
list image-verification {
must '../download-uri' {
description
"Download URIs must be provided if an image is to
be verified.";
}
key "hash-algorithm";
description
"A list of hash values that a device can use to verify
boot image files with.";
leaf hash-algorithm {
type identityref {
base hash-algorithm;
}
description
"Identifies the hash algorithm used.";
}
leaf hash-value {
type yang:hex-string;
mandatory true;
description
"The hex-encoded value of the specified hash
algorithm over the contents of the boot image
file.";
}
}
}
leaf configuration-handling {
type enumeration {
enum merge {
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 38]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
description
"Merge configuration into the running datastore.";
}
enum replace {
description
"Replace the existing running datastore with the
passed configuration.";
}
}
must '../configuration';
description
"This enumeration indicates how the server should process
the provided configuration.";
}
leaf pre-configuration-script {
type script;
description
"A script that, when present, is executed before the
configuration has been processed.";
}
leaf configuration {
type binary;
must '../configuration-handling';
description
"Any configuration known to the device. The use of
the 'binary' type enables content (e.g., XML) to be
embedded into a JSON document. The exact encoding
of the content, as with the scripts, is vendor
specific.";
}
leaf post-configuration-script {
type script;
description
"A script that, when present, is executed after the
configuration has been processed.";
}
}
}
}
typedef script {
type binary;
description
"A device-specific script that enables the execution of
commands to perform actions not possible thru configuration
alone.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 39]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
No attempt is made to standardize the contents, running
context, or programming language of the script, other than
that it can indicate if any warnings or errors occurred and
can emit output. The contents of the script are considered
specific to the vendor, product line, and/or model of the
device.
If the script execution indicates that a warning occurred,
then the device MUST assume that the script had a soft error
that the script believes will not affect manageability.
If the script execution indicates that an error occurred,
the device MUST assume the script had a hard error that the
script believes will affect manageability. In this case,
the script is required to gracefully exit, removing any
state that might hinder the device's ability to continue
the bootstrapping sequence (e.g., process onboarding
information obtained from another bootstrap server).";
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 40]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
7. The SZTP Bootstrap Server API
This section defines the API for bootstrap servers. The API is
defined as that produced by a RESTCONF [RFC8040] server that supports
the YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module defined in this section.
7.1. API Overview
The following tree diagram provides an overview for the bootstrap
server RESTCONF API.
module: ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server
rpcs:
+---x get-bootstrapping-data
| +---w input
| | +---w signed-data-preferred? empty
| | +---w hw-model? string
| | +---w os-name? string
| | +---w os-version? string
| | +---w nonce? binary
| +--ro output
| +--ro reporting-level? enumeration {onboarding-server}?
| +--ro conveyed-information cms
| +--ro owner-certificate? cms
| +--ro ownership-voucher? cms
+---x report-progress {onboarding-server}?
+---w input
+---w progress-type enumeration
+---w message? string
+---w ssh-host-keys
| +---w ssh-host-key* []
| +---w algorithm string
| +---w key-data binary
+---w trust-anchor-certs
+---w trust-anchor-cert* cms
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 41]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
7.2. Example Usage
This section presents three examples illustrating the bootstrap
server's API. Two examples are provided for the "get-bootstrapping-
data" RPC (one to an untrusted bootstrap server and the other to a
trusted bootstrap server), and one example is provided for the
"report-progress" RPC.
The following example illustrates a device using the API to fetch its
bootstrapping data from an untrusted bootstrap server. In this
example, the device sends the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter
and receives signed data in the response.
REQUEST
[Note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]
POST /restconf/operations/ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:get-bootstrappi\
ng-data HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml
<input
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server">
<signed-data-preferred/>
</input>
RESPONSE
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml
<output
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server">
<conveyed-information>base64encodedvalue==</conveyed-information>
<owner-certificate>base64encodedvalue==</owner-certificate>
<ownership-voucher>base64encodedvalue==</ownership-voucher>
</output>
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 42]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
The following example illustrates a device using the API to fetch its
bootstrapping data from a trusted bootstrap server. In this example,
the device sends additional input parameters to the bootstrap server,
which it may use when formulating its response to the device.
REQUEST
[Note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]
POST /restconf/operations/ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:get-bootstrappi\
ng-data HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml
<input
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server">
<hw-model>model-x</hw-model>
<os-name>vendor-os</os-name>
<os-version>17.3R2.1</os-version>
<nonce>extralongbase64encodedvalue=</nonce>
</input>
RESPONSE
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml
<output
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server">
<reporting-level>verbose</reporting-level>
<conveyed-information>base64encodedvalue==</conveyed-information>
</output>
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 43]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
The following example illustrates a device using the API to post a
progress report to a bootstrap server. Illustrated below is the
"bootstrap-complete" message, but the device may send other progress
reports to the server while bootstrapping. In this example, the
device is sending both its SSH host keys and a TLS server
certificate, which the bootstrap server may, for example, pass to an
NMS, as discussed in Appendix C.3.
REQUEST
[Note: '\' line wrapping for formatting only]
POST /restconf/operations/ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:report-progress\
HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang.data+xml
<input
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server">
<progress-type>bootstrap-complete</progress-type>
<message>example message</message>
<ssh-host-keys>
<ssh-host-key>
<algorithm>ssh-rsa</algorithm>
<key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
</ssh-host-key>
<ssh-host-key>
<algorithm>rsa-sha2-256</algorithm>
<key-data>base64encodedvalue==</key-data>
</ssh-host-key>
</ssh-host-keys>
<trust-anchor-certs>
<trust-anchor-cert>base64encodedvalue==</trust-anchor-cert>
</trust-anchor-certs>
</input>
RESPONSE
HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2015 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 44]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
7.3. YANG Module
The bootstrap server's device-facing API is normatively defined by
the YANG module defined in this section.
This module uses data types defined in [RFC4253], [RFC5652],
[RFC5280], and [RFC8366]; uses an encoding defined in
[ITU.X690.2015]; and makes a reference to [RFC4250], [RFC6187], and
[Std-802.1AR].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server@2019-04-30.yang"
module ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server";
prefix sztp-svr;
organization
"IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";
contact
"WG Web: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf/>
WG List: <mailto:netconf@ietf.org>
Author: Kent Watsen <mailto:kent+ietf@watsen.net>";
description
"This module defines an interface for bootstrap servers, as
defined by RFC 8572 ('Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)').
The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document
are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119)
(RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8572; see the
RFC itself for full legal notices.";
revision 2019-04-30 {
description
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 45]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
"Initial version";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
// features
feature redirect-server {
description
"The server supports being a 'redirect server'.";
}
feature onboarding-server {
description
"The server supports being an 'onboarding server'.";
}
// typedefs
typedef cms {
type binary;
description
"A CMS structure, as specified in RFC 5652, encoded using
ASN.1 distinguished encoding rules (DER), as specified in
ITU-T X.690.";
reference
"RFC 5652:
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
ITU-T X.690:
Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
Encoding Rules (DER)";
}
// RPCs
rpc get-bootstrapping-data {
description
"This RPC enables a device, as identified by the RESTCONF
username, to obtain bootstrapping data that has been made
available for it.";
input {
leaf signed-data-preferred {
type empty;
description
"This optional input parameter enables a device to
communicate to the bootstrap server that it prefers
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 46]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
to receive signed data. Devices SHOULD always send
this parameter when the bootstrap server is untrusted.
Upon receiving this input parameter, the bootstrap
server MUST return either signed data or unsigned
redirect information; the bootstrap server MUST NOT
return unsigned onboarding information.";
}
leaf hw-model {
type string;
description
"This optional input parameter enables a device to
communicate to the bootstrap server its vendor-specific
hardware model number. This parameter may be needed,
for instance, when a device's IDevID certificate does
not include the 'hardwareModelName' value in its
subjectAltName field, as is allowed by 802.1AR.";
reference
"IEEE 802.1AR: IEEE Standard for Local and
metropolitan area networks - Secure
Device Identity";
}
leaf os-name {
type string;
description
"This optional input parameter enables a device to
communicate to the bootstrap server the name of its
operating system. This parameter may be useful if
the device, as identified by its serial number, can
run more than one type of operating system (e.g.,
on a white-box system.";
}
leaf os-version {
type string;
description
"This optional input parameter enables a device to
communicate to the bootstrap server the version of its
operating system. This parameter may be used by a
bootstrap server to return an operating-system-specific
response to the device, thus negating the need for a
potentially expensive boot image update.";
}
leaf nonce {
type binary {
length "16..32";
}
description
"This optional input parameter enables a device to
communicate to the bootstrap server a nonce value.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 47]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
This may be especially useful for devices lacking
an accurate clock, as then the bootstrap server
can dynamically obtain from the manufacturer a
voucher with the nonce value in it, as described
in RFC 8366.";
reference
"RFC 8366:
A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols";
}
}
output {
leaf reporting-level {
if-feature "onboarding-server";
type enumeration {
enum minimal {
description
"Send just the progress reports required by RFC 8572.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
enum verbose {
description
"Send additional progress reports that might help
troubleshooting an SZTP bootstrapping issue.";
}
}
default "minimal";
description
"Specifies the reporting level for progress reports the
bootstrap server would like to receive when processing
onboarding information. Progress reports are not sent
when processing redirect information or when the
bootstrap server is untrusted (e.g., device sent the
'<signed-data-preferred>' input parameter).";
}
leaf conveyed-information {
type cms;
mandatory true;
description
"An SZTP conveyed information artifact, as described in
Section 3.1 of RFC 8572.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
leaf owner-certificate {
type cms;
must '../ownership-voucher' {
description
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 48]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
"An ownership voucher must be present whenever an owner
certificate is presented.";
}
description
"An owner certificate artifact, as described in Section
3.2 of RFC 8572. This leaf is optional because it is
only needed when the conveyed information artifact is
signed.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
leaf ownership-voucher {
type cms;
must '../owner-certificate' {
description
"An owner certificate must be present whenever an
ownership voucher is presented.";
}
description
"An ownership voucher artifact, as described by Section
3.3 of RFC 8572. This leaf is optional because it is
only needed when the conveyed information artifact is
signed.";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
}
}
rpc report-progress {
if-feature "onboarding-server";
description
"This RPC enables a device, as identified by the RESTCONF
username, to report its bootstrapping progress to the
bootstrap server. This RPC is expected to be used when
the device obtains onboarding-information from a trusted
bootstrap server.";
input {
leaf progress-type {
type enumeration {
enum bootstrap-initiated {
description
"Indicates that the device just used the
'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC. The 'message' node
below MAY contain any additional information that
the manufacturer thinks might be useful.";
}
enum parsing-initiated {
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 49]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
description
"Indicates that the device is about to start parsing
the onboarding information. This progress type is
only for when parsing is implemented as a distinct
step.";
}
enum parsing-warning {
description
"Indicates that the device had a non-fatal error when
parsing the response from the bootstrap server. The
'message' node below SHOULD indicate the specific
warning that occurred.";
}
enum parsing-error {
description
"Indicates that the device encountered a fatal error
when parsing the response from the bootstrap server.
For instance, this could be due to malformed encoding,
the device expecting signed data when only unsigned
data is provided, the ownership voucher not listing
the device's serial number, or because the signature
didn't match. The 'message' node below SHOULD
indicate the specific error. This progress type
also indicates that the device has abandoned trying
to bootstrap off this bootstrap server.";
}
enum parsing-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully completed
parsing the onboarding information. This progress
type is only for when parsing is implemented as a
distinct step.";
}
enum boot-image-initiated {
description
"Indicates that the device is about to start
processing the boot image information.";
}
enum boot-image-warning {
description
"Indicates that the device encountered a non-fatal
error condition when trying to install a boot image.
A possible reason might include a need to reformat a
partition causing loss of data. The 'message' node
below SHOULD indicate any warning messages that were
generated.";
}
enum boot-image-error {
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 50]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
description
"Indicates that the device encountered an error when
trying to install a boot image, which could be for
reasons such as a file server being unreachable,
file not found, signature mismatch, etc. The
'message' node SHOULD indicate the specific error
that occurred. This progress type also indicates
that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
off this bootstrap server.";
}
enum boot-image-mismatch {
description
"Indicates that the device has determined that
it is not running the correct boot image. This
message SHOULD precipitate trying to download
a boot image.";
}
enum boot-image-installed-rebooting {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully installed
a new boot image and is about to reboot. After
sending this progress type, the device is not
expected to access the bootstrap server again
for this bootstrapping attempt.";
}
enum boot-image-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device believes that it is
running the correct boot image.";
}
enum pre-script-initiated {
description
"Indicates that the device is about to execute the
'pre-configuration-script'.";
}
enum pre-script-warning {
description
"Indicates that the device obtained a warning from the
'pre-configuration-script' when it was executed. The
'message' node below SHOULD capture any output the
script produces.";
}
enum pre-script-error {
description
"Indicates that the device obtained an error from the
'pre-configuration-script' when it was executed. The
'message' node below SHOULD capture any output the
script produces. This progress type also indicates
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 51]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
off this bootstrap server.";
}
enum pre-script-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully executed the
'pre-configuration-script'.";
}
enum config-initiated {
description
"Indicates that the device is about to commit the
initial configuration.";
}
enum config-warning {
description
"Indicates that the device obtained warning messages
when it committed the initial configuration. The
'message' node below SHOULD indicate any warning
messages that were generated.";
}
enum config-error {
description
"Indicates that the device obtained error messages
when it committed the initial configuration. The
'message' node below SHOULD indicate the error
messages that were generated. This progress type
also indicates that the device has abandoned trying
to bootstrap off this bootstrap server.";
}
enum config-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully committed
the initial configuration.";
}
enum post-script-initiated {
description
"Indicates that the device is about to execute the
'post-configuration-script'.";
}
enum post-script-warning {
description
"Indicates that the device obtained a warning from the
'post-configuration-script' when it was executed. The
'message' node below SHOULD capture any output the
script produces.";
}
enum post-script-error {
description
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 52]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
"Indicates that the device obtained an error from the
'post-configuration-script' when it was executed. The
'message' node below SHOULD capture any output the
script produces. This progress type also indicates
that the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap
off this bootstrap server.";
}
enum post-script-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully executed the
'post-configuration-script'.";
}
enum bootstrap-warning {
description
"Indicates that a warning condition occurred for which
no other 'progress-type' enumeration is deemed
suitable. The 'message' node below SHOULD describe
the warning.";
}
enum bootstrap-error {
description
"Indicates that an error condition occurred for which
no other 'progress-type' enumeration is deemed
suitable. The 'message' node below SHOULD describe
the error. This progress type also indicates that
the device has abandoned trying to bootstrap off
this bootstrap server.";
}
enum bootstrap-complete {
description
"Indicates that the device successfully processed
all 'onboarding-information' provided and that it
is ready to be managed. The 'message' node below
MAY contain any additional information that the
manufacturer thinks might be useful. After sending
this progress type, the device is not expected to
access the bootstrap server again.";
}
enum informational {
description
"Indicates any additional information not captured
by any of the other progress types. For instance,
a message indicating that the device is about to
reboot after having installed a boot image could
be provided. The 'message' node below SHOULD
contain information that the manufacturer thinks
might be useful.";
}
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 53]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
}
mandatory true;
description
"The type of progress report provided.";
}
leaf message {
type string;
description
"An optional arbitrary value.";
}
container ssh-host-keys {
when "../progress-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
description
"SSH host keys are only sent when the progress type
is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
}
description
"A list of SSH host keys an NMS may use to authenticate
subsequent SSH-based connections to this device (e.g.,
netconf-ssh, netconf-ch-ssh).";
list ssh-host-key {
description
"An SSH host key an NMS may use to authenticate
subsequent SSH-based connections to this device
(e.g., netconf-ssh and netconf-ch-ssh).";
reference
"RFC 4253: The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
Protocol";
leaf algorithm {
type string;
mandatory true;
description
"The public key algorithm name for this SSH key.
Valid values are listed in the 'Public Key Algorithm
Names' subregistry of the 'Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
Parameters' registry maintained by IANA.";
reference
"RFC 4250: The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned
Numbers
IANA URL: <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-para\\
meters>
('\\' added for formatting reasons)";
}
leaf key-data {
type binary;
mandatory true;
description
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 54]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
"The binary public key data for this SSH key, as
specified by RFC 4253, Section 6.6; that is:
string certificate or public key format
identifier
byte[n] key/certificate data.";
reference
"RFC 4253: The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
Protocol";
}
}
}
container trust-anchor-certs {
when "../progress-type = 'bootstrap-complete'" {
description
"Trust anchors are only sent when the progress type
is 'bootstrap-complete'.";
}
description
"A list of trust anchor certificates an NMS may use to
authenticate subsequent certificate-based connections
to this device (e.g., restconf-tls, netconf-tls, or
even netconf-ssh with X.509 support from RFC 6187).
In practice, trust anchors for IDevID certificates do
not need to be conveyed using this mechanism.";
reference
"RFC 6187: X.509v3 Certificates for Secure Shell
Authentication";
leaf-list trust-anchor-cert {
type cms;
description
"A CMS structure whose topmost content type MUST be the
signed-data content type, as described by Section 5 of
RFC 5652.
The CMS MUST contain the chain of X.509 certificates
needed to authenticate the certificate presented by
the device.
The CMS MUST contain only a single chain of
certificates. The last certificate in the chain
MUST be the issuer for the device's end-entity
certificate.
In all cases, the chain MUST include a self-signed
root certificate. In the case where the root
certificate is itself the issuer of the device's
end-entity certificate, only one certificate is
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 55]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
present.
This CMS encodes the degenerate form of the SignedData
structure that is commonly used to disseminate X.509
certificates and revocation objects (RFC 5280).";
reference
"RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile
RFC 5652: Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)";
}
}
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
8. DHCP Options
This section defines two DHCP options: one for DHCPv4 and one for
DHCPv6. These two options are semantically the same, though
syntactically different.
8.1. DHCPv4 SZTP Redirect Option
The DHCPv4 SZTP Redirect Option is used to provision the client with
one or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to
attempt further configuration.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| option-code (143) | option-length |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
. .
. bootstrap-server-list (variable length) .
. .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
* option-code: OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT (143)
* option-length: The option length in octets.
* bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the
client to attempt contacting, in order to obtain
further bootstrapping data, in the format shown
in Section 8.3.
DHCPv4 SZTP Redirect Option
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 56]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
DHCPv4 Client Behavior
Clients MAY request the OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT option by including
its option code in the Parameter Request List (55) in DHCP request
messages.
On receipt of a DHCPv4 Reply message that contains the
OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT option, the client processes the response
according to Section 5.5, with the understanding that the "address"
and "port" values are encoded in the URIs.
Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
the client. If the received OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT option does not
contain at least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the
client MUST discard the option.
As the list of URIs may exceed the maximum allowed length of a single
DHCPv4 option (255 octets), the client MUST implement the decoding
agent behavior described in [RFC3396], to correctly process a URI
list split across a number of received OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT option
instances.
DHCPv4 Server Behavior
The DHCPv4 server MAY include a single instance of the
OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT option in DHCP messages it sends. Servers
MUST NOT send more than one instance of the OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT
option.
The server's DHCP message MUST contain only a single instance of the
OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT's 'bootstrap-server-list' field. However,
the list of URIs in this field may exceed the maximum allowed length
of a single DHCPv4 option (per [RFC3396]).
If the length of 'bootstrap-server-list' is small enough to fit into
a single instance of OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT, the server MUST NOT
send more than one instance of this option.
If the length of the 'bootstrap-server-list' field is too large to
fit into a single option, then OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT MUST be split
into multiple instances of the option according to the process
described in [RFC3396].
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 57]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
8.2. DHCPv6 SZTP Redirect Option
The DHCPv6 SZTP Redirect Option is used to provision the client with
one or more URIs for bootstrap servers that can be contacted to
attempt further configuration.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| option-code (136) | option-length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
. bootstrap-server-list (variable length) .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* option-code: OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT (136)
* option-length: The option length in octets.
* bootstrap-server-list: A list of servers for the client to
attempt contacting, in order to obtain further bootstrapping
data, in the format shown in Section 8.3.
DHCPv6 SZTP Redirect Option
DHCPv6 Client Behavior
Clients MAY request OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT using the process defined
in [RFC8415], Sections 18.2.1, 18.2.2, 18.2.4, 18.2.5, 18.2.6, and
21.7. As a convenience to the reader, we mention here that the
client includes requested option codes in the Option Request option.
On receipt of a DHCPv6 Reply message that contains the
OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT option, the client processes the response
according to Section 5.5, with the understanding that the "address"
and "port" values are encoded in the URIs.
Any invalid URI entries received in the uri-data field are ignored by
the client. If the received OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT option does not
contain at least one valid URI entry in the uri-data field, then the
client MUST discard the option.
DHCPv6 Server Behavior
Section 18.3 of [RFC8415] governs server operation in regard to
option assignment. As a convenience to the reader, we mention here
that the server will send a particular option code only if configured
with specific values for that option code and if the client requested
it.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 58]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
The OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT option is a singleton. Servers MUST NOT
send more than one instance of this option.
8.3. Common Field Encoding
Both of the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options defined in this section encode
a list of bootstrap server URIs. The "URI" structure is a DHCP
option that can contain multiple URIs (see [RFC7227], Section 5.7).
Each URI entry in the bootstrap-server-list is structured as follows:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| uri-length | URI |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-...-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* uri-length: 2 octets long; specifies the length of the URI data.
* URI: URI of the SZTP bootstrap server.
The URI of the SZTP bootstrap server MUST use the "https" URI scheme
defined in Section 2.7.2 of [RFC7230], and it MUST be in form
"https://<ip-address-or-hostname>[:<port>]".
9. Security Considerations
9.1. Clock Sensitivity
The solution in this document relies on TLS certificates, owner
certificates, and ownership vouchers, all of which require an
accurate clock in order to be processed correctly (e.g., to test
validity dates and revocation status). Implementations SHOULD ensure
devices have an accurate clock when shipped from manufacturing
facilities and take steps to prevent clock tampering.
If it is not possible to ensure clock accuracy, it is RECOMMENDED
that implementations disable the aspects of the solution having clock
sensitivity. In particular, such implementations should assume that
TLS certificates, ownership vouchers, and owner certificates never
expire and are not revocable. From an ownership voucher perspective,
manufacturers SHOULD issue a single ownership voucher for the
lifetime of such devices.
Implementations SHOULD NOT rely on NTP for time, as NTP is not a
secure protocol at this time. Note that there is an IETF document
that focuses on securing NTP [NTS-NTP].
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 59]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
9.2. Use of IDevID Certificates
IDevID certificates, as defined in [Std-802.1AR], are RECOMMENDED,
both for the TLS-level client certificate used by devices when
connecting to a bootstrap server, as well as for the device identity
certificate used by owners when encrypting the SZTP bootstrapping
data artifacts.
9.3. Immutable Storage for Trust Anchors
Devices MUST ensure that all their trust anchor certificates,
including those for connecting to bootstrap servers and verifying
ownership vouchers, are protected from external modification.
It may be necessary to update these certificates over time (e.g., the
manufacturer wants to delegate trust to a new CA). It is therefore
expected that devices MAY update these trust anchors when needed
through a verifiable process, such as a software upgrade using signed
software images.
9.4. Secure Storage for Long-Lived Private Keys
Manufacturer-generated device identifiers may have very long
lifetimes. For instance, [Std-802.1AR] recommends using the
"notAfter" value 99991231235959Z in IDevID certificates. Given the
long-lived nature of these private keys, it is paramount that they
are stored so as to resist discovery, such as in a secure
cryptographic processor (e.g., a trusted platform module (TPM) chip).
9.5. Blindly Authenticating a Bootstrap Server
This document allows a device to blindly authenticate a bootstrap
server's TLS certificate. It does so to allow for cases where the
redirect information may be obtained in an unsecured manner, which is
desirable to support in some cases.
To compensate for this, this document requires that devices, when
connected to an untrusted bootstrap server, assert that data
downloaded from the server is signed.
9.6. Disclosing Information to Untrusted Servers
This document allows devices to establish connections to untrusted
bootstrap servers. However, since the bootstrap server is untrusted,
it may be under the control of an adversary; therefore, devices
SHOULD be cautious about the data they send to the bootstrap server
in such cases.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 60]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Devices send different data to bootstrap servers at each of the
protocol layers: TCP, TLS, HTTP, and RESTCONF.
At the TCP protocol layer, devices may relay their IP address,
subject to network translations. Disclosure of this information is
not considered a security risk.
At the TLS protocol layer, devices may use a client certificate to
identify and authenticate themselves to untrusted bootstrap servers.
At a minimum, the client certificate must disclose the device's
serial number and may disclose additional information such as the
device's manufacturer, hardware model, public key, etc. Knowledge of
this information may provide an adversary with details needed to
launch an attack. It is RECOMMENDED that secrecy of the network
constituency not be relied on for security.
At the HTTP protocol layer, devices may use an HTTP authentication
scheme to identify and authenticate themselves to untrusted bootstrap
servers. At a minimum, the authentication scheme must disclose the
device's serial number and, concerningly, may, depending on the
authentication mechanism used, reveal a secret that is only supposed
to be known to the device (e.g., a password). Devices SHOULD NOT use
an HTTP authentication scheme (e.g., HTTP Basic) with an untrusted
bootstrap server that reveals a secret that is only supposed to be
known to the device.
At the RESTCONF protocol layer, devices use the "get-bootstrapping-
data" RPC, but not the "report-progress" RPC, when connected to an
untrusted bootstrap server. The "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC allows
additional input parameters to be passed to the bootstrap server
(e.g., "os-name", "os-version", and "hw-model"). It is RECOMMENDED
that devices only pass the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter to
an untrusted bootstrap server. While it is okay for a bootstrap
server to immediately return signed onboarding information, it is
RECOMMENDED that bootstrap servers instead promote the untrusted
connection to a trusted connection, as described in Appendix B, thus
enabling the device to use the "report-progress" RPC while processing
the onboarding information.
9.7. Sequencing Sources of Bootstrapping Data
For devices supporting more than one source for bootstrapping data,
no particular sequencing order has to be observed for security
reasons, as the solution for each source is considered equally
secure. However, from a privacy perspective, it is RECOMMENDED that
devices access local sources before accessing remote sources.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 61]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
9.8. Safety of Private Keys Used for Trust
The solution presented in this document enables bootstrapping data to
be trusted in two ways: through either transport-level security or
the signing of artifacts.
When transport-level security (i.e., a trusted bootstrap server) is
used, the private key for the end-entity certificate must be online
in order to establish the TLS connection.
When artifacts are signed, the signing key is required to be online
only when the bootstrap server is returning a dynamically generated
signed-data response. For instance, a bootstrap server, upon
receiving the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter to the
"get-bootstrapping-data" RPC, may dynamically generate a response
that is signed.
Bootstrap server administrators are RECOMMENDED to follow best
practices to protect the private key used for any online operation.
For instance, use of a hardware security module (HSM) is RECOMMENDED.
If an HSM is not used, frequent private key refreshes are
RECOMMENDED, assuming all bootstrapping devices have an accurate
clock (see Section 9.1).
For best security, it is RECOMMENDED that owners only provide
bootstrapping data that has been signed (using a protected private
key) and encrypted (using the device's public key from its secure
device identity certificate).
9.9. Increased Reliance on Manufacturers
The SZTP bootstrapping protocol presented in this document shifts
some control of initial configuration away from the rightful owner of
the device and towards the manufacturer and its delegates.
The manufacturer maintains the list of well-known bootstrap servers
its devices will trust. By design, if no bootstrapping data is found
via other methods first, the device will try to reach out to the
well-known bootstrap servers. There is no mechanism to prevent this
from occurring other than by using an external firewall to block such
connections. Concerns related to trusted bootstrap servers are
discussed in Section 9.10.
Similarly, the manufacturer maintains the list of voucher-signing
authorities its devices will trust. The voucher-signing authorities
issue the vouchers that enable a device to trust an owner's domain
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 62]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
certificate. It is vital that manufacturers ensure the integrity of
these voucher-signing authorities, so as to avoid incorrect
assignments.
Operators should be aware that this system assumes that they trust
all the pre-configured bootstrap servers and voucher-signing
authorities designated by the manufacturers. While operators may use
points in the network to block access to the well-known bootstrap
servers, operators cannot prevent voucher-signing authorities from
generating vouchers for their devices.
9.10. Concerns with Trusted Bootstrap Servers
Trusted bootstrap servers, whether well-known or discovered, have the
potential to cause problems, such as the following.
o A trusted bootstrap server that has been compromised may be
modified to return unsigned data of any sort. For instance, a
bootstrap server that is only supposed to return redirect
information might be modified to return onboarding information.
Similarly, a bootstrap server that is only supposed to return
signed data may be modified to return unsigned data. In both
cases, the device will accept the response, unaware that it wasn't
supposed to be any different. It is RECOMMENDED that maintainers
of trusted bootstrap servers ensure that their systems are not
easily compromised and, in case of compromise, have mechanisms in
place to detect and remediate the compromise as expediently as
possible.
o A trusted bootstrap server hosting data that is either unsigned or
signed but not encrypted may disclose information to unwanted
parties (e.g., an administrator of the bootstrap server). This is
a privacy issue only, but it could reveal information that might
be used in a subsequent attack. Disclosure of redirect
information has limited exposure (it is just a list of bootstrap
servers), whereas disclosure of onboarding information could be
highly revealing (e.g., network topology, firewall policies,
etc.). It is RECOMMENDED that operators encrypt the bootstrapping
data when its contents are considered sensitive, even to the point
of hiding it from the administrators of the bootstrap server,
which may be maintained by a third party.
9.11. Validity Period for Conveyed Information
The conveyed information artifact does not specify a validity period.
For instance, neither redirect information nor onboarding information
enable "not-before" or "not-after" values to be specified, and
neither artifact alone can be revoked.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 63]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
For unsigned data provided by an untrusted source of bootstrapping
data, it is not meaningful to discuss its validity period when the
information itself has no authenticity and may have come from
anywhere.
For unsigned data provided by a trusted source of bootstrapping data
(i.e., a bootstrap server), the availability of the data is the only
measure of it being current. Since the untrusted data comes from a
trusted source, its current availability is meaningful, and since
bootstrap servers use TLS, the contents of the exchange cannot be
modified or replayed.
For signed data, whether provided by an untrusted or trusted source
of bootstrapping data, the validity is constrained by the validity of
both the ownership voucher and owner certificate used to authenticate
it.
The ownership voucher's validity is primarily constrained by the
ownership voucher's "created-on" and "expires-on" nodes. While
[RFC8366] recommends short-lived vouchers (see Section 6.1), the
"expires-on" node may be set to any point in the future or omitted
altogether to indicate that the voucher never expires. The ownership
voucher's validity is secondarily constrained by the manufacturer's
PKI used to sign the voucher; whilst an ownership voucher cannot be
revoked directly, the PKI used to sign it may be.
The owner certificate's validity is primarily constrained by the
X.509's validity field, the "notBefore" and "notAfter" values, as
specified by the certificate authority that signed it. The owner
certificate's validity is secondarily constrained by the validity of
the PKI used to sign the voucher. Owner certificates may be revoked
directly.
For owners that wish to have maximum flexibility in their ability to
specify and constrain the validity of signed data, it is RECOMMENDED
that a unique owner certificate be created for each signed artifact.
Not only does this enable a validity period to be specified, for each
artifact, but it also enables the validity of each artifact to be
revoked.
9.12. Cascading Trust via Redirects
Redirect information (Section 2.1), by design, instructs a
bootstrapping device to initiate an HTTPS connection to the specified
bootstrap servers.
When the redirect information is trusted, the redirect information
can encode a trust anchor certificate used by the device to
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 64]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
authenticate the TLS end-entity certificate presented by each
bootstrap server.
As a result, any compromise in an interaction providing redirect
information may result in compromise of all subsequent interactions.
9.13. Possible Reuse of Private Keys
This document describes two uses for secure device identity
certificates.
The primary use is for when the device authenticates itself to a
bootstrap server, using its private key for TLS-level client-
certificate-based authentication.
A secondary use is for when the device needs to decrypt provided
bootstrapping artifacts, using its private key to decrypt the data
or, more precisely, per Section 6 of [RFC5652], decrypt a symmetric
key used to decrypt the data.
Section 3.4 of this document allows for the possibility that the same
secure device identity certificate is utilized for both uses, as
[Std-802.1AR] states that a DevID certificate MAY have the
"keyEncipherment" KeyUsage bit, in addition to the "digitalSignature"
KeyUsage bit, set.
While it is understood that it is generally frowned upon to reuse
private keys, this document views such reuse acceptable as there are
not any known ways to cause a signature made in one context to be
(mis)interpreted as valid in the other context.
9.14. Non-issue with Encrypting Signed Artifacts
This document specifies the encryption of signed objects, as opposed
to the signing of encrypted objects, as might be expected given well-
publicized oracle attacks (e.g., the padding oracle attack).
This document does not view such attacks as feasible in the context
of the solution because the decrypted text never leaves the device.
9.15. The "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info" YANG Module
The "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info" module defined in this document defines
a data structure that is always wrapped by a CMS structure. When
accessed by a secure mechanism (e.g., protected by TLS), then the CMS
structure may be unsigned. However, when accessed by an insecure
mechanism (e.g., a removable storage device), the CMS structure must
be signed, in order for the device to trust it.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 65]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Implementations should be aware that signed bootstrapping data only
protects the data from modification and that the content is still
visible to others. This doesn't affect security so much as privacy.
That the contents may be read by unintended parties when accessed by
insecure mechanisms is considered next.
The "ietf-sztp-conveyed-info" module defines a top-level "choice"
statement that declares the content is either redirect-information or
onboarding-information. Each of these two cases are now considered.
When the content of the CMS structure is redirect-information, an
observer can learn about the bootstrap servers the device is being
directed to, their IP addresses or hostnames, ports, and trust anchor
certificates. Knowledge of this information could provide an
observer some insight into a network's inner structure.
When the content of the CMS structure is onboarding-information, an
observer could learn considerable information about how the device is
to be provisioned. This information includes the operating system
version, initial configuration, and script contents. This
information should be considered sensitive, and precautions should be
taken to protect it (e.g., encrypt the artifact using the device's
public key).
9.16. The "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server" YANG Module
The "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server" module defined in this document
specifies an API for a RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest RESTCONF layer
is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS
[RFC8446].
The NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341] provides the means
to restrict access for particular users to a pre-configured subset of
all available protocol operations and content.
This module presents no data nodes (only RPCs). There is no need to
discuss the sensitivity of data nodes.
This module defines two RPC operations that may be considered
sensitive in some network environments. These are the operations and
their sensitivity/vulnerability:
get-bootstrapping-data: This RPC is used by devices to obtain their
bootstrapping data. By design, each device, as identified by its
authentication credentials (e.g., client certificate), can only
obtain its own data. NACM is not needed to further constrain
access to this RPC.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 66]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
report-progress: This RPC is used by devices to report their
bootstrapping progress. By design, each device, as identified by
its authentication credentials (e.g., client certificate), can
only report data for itself. NACM is not needed to further
constrain access to this RPC.
10. IANA Considerations
10.1. The IETF XML Registry
IANA has registered two URIs in the "ns" subregistry of the "IETF XML
Registry" [RFC3688] maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
xml-registry>. The following registrations have been made per the
format in [RFC3688]:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-conveyed-info
Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server
Registrant Contact: The NETCONF WG of the IETF.
XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.
10.2. The YANG Module Names Registry
IANA has registered two YANG modules in the "YANG Module Names"
registry [RFC6020] maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
yang-parameters>. The following registrations have been made per the
format in [RFC6020]:
name: ietf-sztp-conveyed-info
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-conveyed-info
prefix: sztp-info
reference: RFC 8572
name: ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server
prefix: sztp-svr
reference: RFC 8572
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 67]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
10.3. The SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type Registry
IANA has registered two subordinate object identifiers in the "SMI
Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1)"
registry maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
smi-numbers>. The following registrations have been made per the
format in Section 3.4 of [RFC7107]:
Decimal Description References
------- -------------------------- ----------
42 id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML RFC 8572
43 id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON RFC 8572
id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoXML indicates that the "conveyed-information"
is encoded using XML. id-ct-sztpConveyedInfoJSON indicates that the
"conveyed-information" is encoded using JSON.
10.4. The BOOTP Vendor Extensions and DHCP Options Registry
IANA has registered one DHCP code point in the "BOOTP Vendor
Extensions and DHCP Options" registry maintained at
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters>:
Tag: 143
Name: OPTION_V4_SZTP_REDIRECT
Data Length: N
Meaning: This option provides a list of URIs
for SZTP bootstrap servers
Reference: RFC 8572
10.5. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)
Registry
IANA has registered one DHCP code point in the "Option Codes"
subregistry of the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
(DHCPv6)" registry maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
dhcpv6-parameters>:
Value: 136
Description: OPTION_V6_SZTP_REDIRECT
Client ORO: Yes
Singleton Option: Yes
Reference: RFC 8572
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 68]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
10.6. The Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry
IANA has registered one service name in the "Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry" [RFC6335] maintained at
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers>. The
following registration has been made per the format in Section 8.1.1
of [RFC6335]:
Service Name: sztp
Transport Protocol(s): TCP
Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf.org>
Description: This service name is used to construct the
SRV service label "_sztp" for discovering
SZTP bootstrap servers.
Reference: RFC 8572
Port Number: N/A
Service Code: N/A
Known Unauthorized Uses: N/A
Assignment Notes: This protocol uses HTTPS as a substrate.
10.7. The Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names Registry
IANA has registered one service name in the "Underscored and Globally
Scoped DNS Node Names" subregistry [RFC8552] of the "Domain Name
System (DNS) Parameters" registry maintained at
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters>. The following
registration has been made per the format in Section 3 of [RFC8552]:
RR Type: TXT
_NODE NAME: _sztp
Reference: RFC 8572
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[ITU.X690.2015]
International Telecommunication Union, "Information
Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic
Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and
Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation
X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1, August 2015,
<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 69]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2782, February 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2782>.
[RFC3396] Lemon, T. and S. Cheshire, "Encoding Long Options in the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv4)", RFC 3396,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3396, November 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3396>.
[RFC4253] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, DOI 10.17487/RFC4253,
January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4253>.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
(PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6125>.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
[RFC6991] Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 70]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
[RFC7227] Hankins, D., Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Jiang, S., and
S. Krishnan, "Guidelines for Creating New DHCPv6 Options",
BCP 187, RFC 7227, DOI 10.17487/RFC7227, May 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7227>.
[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8366] Watsen, K., Richardson, M., Pritikin, M., and T. Eckert,
"A Voucher Artifact for Bootstrapping Protocols",
RFC 8366, DOI 10.17487/RFC8366, May 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8366>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
[RFC8552] Crocker, D., "Scoped Interpretation of DNS Resource
Records through "Underscored" Naming of Attribute Leaves",
BCP 222, RFC 8552, DOI 10.17487/RFC8552, March 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8552>.
[Std-802.1AR]
IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks - Secure Device Identity", IEEE 802.1AR.
11.2. Informative References
[NTS-NTP] Franke, D., Sibold, D., Teichel, K., Dansarie, M., and
R. Sundblad, "Network Time Security for the Network Time
Protocol", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-ntp-using-nts-for-
ntp-18, April 2019.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 71]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC4250] Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Protocol Assigned Numbers", RFC 4250,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4250, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4250>.
[RFC6187] Igoe, K. and D. Stebila, "X.509v3 Certificates for Secure
Shell Authentication", RFC 6187, DOI 10.17487/RFC6187,
March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6187>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6335] Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and
S. Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.
[RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.
[RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6763>.
[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 72]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
[RFC6960] Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6960>.
[RFC7107] Housley, R., "Object Identifier Registry for the S/MIME
Mail Security Working Group", RFC 7107,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7107, January 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7107>.
[RFC7766] Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S., Bellis, R., Mankin, A., and
D. Wessels, "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements", RFC 7766, DOI 10.17487/RFC7766, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7766>.
[RFC8071] Watsen, K., "NETCONF Call Home and RESTCONF Call Home",
RFC 8071, DOI 10.17487/RFC8071, February 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8071>.
[RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC8340] Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[RFC8341] Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[YANG-CRYPTO-TYPES]
Watsen, K. and H. Wang, "Common YANG Data Types for
Cryptography", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-netconf-
crypto-types-05, March 2019.
[YANG-TRUST-ANCHORS]
Watsen, K., "YANG Data Model for Global Trust Anchors",
Work in Progress, draft-ietf-netconf-trust-anchors-03,
March 2019.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 73]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Appendix A. Example Device Data Model
This section defines a non-normative data model that enables the
configuration of SZTP bootstrapping and the discovery of what
parameters are used by a device's bootstrapping logic.
A.1. Data Model Overview
The following tree diagram provides an overview for the SZTP device
data model.
module: example-device-data-model
+--rw sztp
+--rw enabled? boolean
+--ro idevid-certificate? ct:end-entity-cert-cms
| {bootstrap-servers}?
+--ro bootstrap-servers {bootstrap-servers}?
| +--ro bootstrap-server* [address]
| +--ro address inet:host
| +--ro port? inet:port-number
+--ro bootstrap-server-trust-anchors {bootstrap-servers}?
| +--ro reference* ta:pinned-certificates-ref
+--ro voucher-trust-anchors {signed-data}?
+--ro reference* ta:pinned-certificates-ref
In the above diagram, notice that there is only one configurable
node: "enabled". The expectation is that this node would be set to
"true" in the device's factory default configuration and that it
would be either set to "false" or deleted when the SZTP bootstrapping
is longer needed.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 74]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
A.2. Example Usage
Following is an instance example for this data model.
<sztp xmlns="https://example.com/sztp-device-data-model">
<enabled>true</enabled>
<idevid-certificate>base64encodedvalue==</idevid-certificate>
<bootstrap-servers>
<bootstrap-server>
<address>sztp1.example.com</address>
<port>8443</port>
</bootstrap-server>
<bootstrap-server>
<address>sztp2.example.com</address>
<port>8443</port>
</bootstrap-server>
<bootstrap-server>
<address>sztp3.example.com</address>
<port>8443</port>
</bootstrap-server>
</bootstrap-servers>
<bootstrap-server-trust-anchors>
<reference>manufacturers-root-ca-certs</reference>
</bootstrap-server-trust-anchors>
<voucher-trust-anchors>
<reference>manufacturers-root-ca-certs</reference>
</voucher-trust-anchors>
</sztp>
A.3. YANG Module
The device model is defined by the YANG module defined in this
section.
This module references [Std-802.1AR] and uses data types defined in
[RFC6991], [YANG-CRYPTO-TYPES], and [YANG-TRUST-ANCHORS].
module example-device-data-model {
yang-version 1.1;
namespace "https://example.com/sztp-device-data-model";
prefix sztp-ddm;
import ietf-inet-types {
prefix inet;
reference "RFC 6991: Common YANG Data Types";
}
import ietf-crypto-types {
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 75]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
prefix ct;
revision-date 2019-03-09;
description
"ietf-crypto-types is defined in
draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types";
reference
"draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-05:
Common YANG Data Types for Cryptography";
}
import ietf-trust-anchors {
prefix ta;
revision-date 2019-03-09;
description
"ietf-trust-anchors is defined in
draft-ietf-netconf-trust-anchors.";
reference
"draft-ietf-netconf-trust-anchors-03:
YANG Data Model for Global Trust Anchors";
}
organization
"Example Corporation";
contact
"Author: Bootstrap Admin <mailto:admin@example.com>";
description
"This module defines a data model to enable SZTP
bootstrapping and discover what parameters are used.
This module assumes the use of an IDevID certificate,
as opposed to any other client certificate, or the
use of an HTTP-based client authentication scheme.";
revision 2019-04-30 {
description
"Initial version";
reference
"RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
}
// features
feature bootstrap-servers {
description
"The device supports bootstrapping off bootstrap servers.";
}
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 76]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
feature signed-data {
description
"The device supports bootstrapping off signed data.";
}
// protocol accessible nodes
container sztp {
description
"Top-level container for the SZTP data model.";
leaf enabled {
type boolean;
default false;
description
"The 'enabled' leaf controls if SZTP bootstrapping is
enabled or disabled. The default is 'false' so that, when
not enabled, which is most of the time, no configuration
is needed.";
}
leaf idevid-certificate {
if-feature bootstrap-servers;
type ct:end-entity-cert-cms;
config false;
description
"This CMS structure contains the IEEE 802.1AR
IDevID certificate itself and all intermediate
certificates leading up to, and optionally including,
the manufacturer's well-known trust anchor certificate
for IDevID certificates. The well-known trust anchor
does not have to be a self-signed certificate.";
reference
"IEEE 802.1AR:
IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks - Secure Device Identity";
}
container bootstrap-servers {
if-feature bootstrap-servers;
config false;
description
"List of bootstrap servers this device will attempt
to reach out to when bootstrapping.";
list bootstrap-server {
key "address";
description
"A bootstrap server entry.";
leaf address {
type inet:host;
mandatory true;
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 77]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
description
"The IP address or hostname of the bootstrap server the
device should redirect to.";
}
leaf port {
type inet:port-number;
default "443";
description
"The port number the bootstrap server listens on. If no
port is specified, the IANA-assigned port for 'https'
(443) is used.";
}
}
}
container bootstrap-server-trust-anchors {
if-feature bootstrap-servers;
config false;
description "Container for a list of trust anchor references.";
leaf-list reference {
type ta:pinned-certificates-ref;
description
"A reference to a list of pinned certificate authority (CA)
certificates that the device uses to validate bootstrap
servers with.";
}
}
container voucher-trust-anchors {
if-feature signed-data;
config false;
description "Container for a list of trust anchor references.";
leaf-list reference {
type ta:pinned-certificates-ref;
description
"A reference to a list of pinned certificate authority (CA)
certificates that the device uses to validate ownership
vouchers with.";
}
}
}
}
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 78]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
Appendix B. Promoting a Connection from Untrusted to Trusted
The following diagram illustrates a sequence of bootstrapping
activities that promote an untrusted connection to a bootstrap server
to a trusted connection to the same bootstrap server. This enables a
device to limit the amount of information it might disclose to an
adversary hosting an untrusted bootstrap server.
+-----------+
|Deployment-|
| Specific |
+------+ | Bootstrap |
|Device| | Server |
+------+ +-----------+
| |
| 1. "HTTPS" Request ("signed-data-preferred", nonce) |
|------------------------------------------------------->|
| 2. "HTTPS" Response (signed redirect information) |
|<-------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| |
| 3. HTTPS Request (os-name=xyz, os-version=123, etc.) |
|------------------------------------------------------->|
| 4. HTTPS Response (unsigned onboarding information |
|<-------------------------------------------------------|
| |
The interactions in the above diagram are described below.
1. The device initiates an untrusted connection to a bootstrap
server, as is indicated by putting "HTTPS" in double quotes
above. It is still an HTTPS connection, but the device is unable
to authenticate the bootstrap server's TLS certificate. Because
the device is unable to trust the bootstrap server, it sends the
"signed-data-preferred" input parameter, and optionally also the
"nonce" input parameter, in the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC.
The "signed-data-preferred" parameter informs the bootstrap
server that the device does not trust it and may be holding back
some additional input parameters from the server (e.g., other
input parameters, progress reports, etc.). The "nonce" input
parameter enables the bootstrap server to dynamically obtain an
ownership voucher from a Manufacturer Authorized Signing
Authority (MASA), which may be important for devices that do not
have a reliable clock.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 79]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
2. The bootstrap server, seeing the "signed-data-preferred" input
parameter, knows that it can send either unsigned redirect
information or signed data of any type. But, in this case, the
bootstrap server has the ability to sign data and chooses to
respond with signed redirect information, not signed onboarding
information as might be expected, securely redirecting the device
back to it again. Not displayed but, if the "nonce" input
parameter was passed, the bootstrap server could dynamically
connect to a MASA and download a voucher having the nonce value
in it. Details regarding a protocol enabling this integration is
outside the scope of this document.
3. Upon validating the signed redirect information, the device
establishes a secure connection to the bootstrap server.
Unbeknownst to the device, it is the same bootstrap server it was
connected to previously, but because the device is able to
authenticate the bootstrap server this time, it sends its normal
"get-bootstrapping-data" request (i.e., with additional input
parameters) as well as its progress reports (not depicted).
4. This time, because the "signed-data-preferred" parameter was not
passed, having access to all of the device's input parameters,
the bootstrap server returns, in this example, unsigned
onboarding information to the device. Note also that, because
the bootstrap server is now trusted, the device will send
progress reports to the server.
Appendix C. Workflow Overview
The solution presented in this document is conceptualized to be
composed of the non-normative workflows described in this section.
Implementation details are expected to vary. Each diagram is
followed by a detailed description of the steps presented in the
diagram, with further explanation on how implementations may vary.
C.1. Enrollment and Ordering Devices
The following diagram illustrates key interactions that may occur
from when a prospective owner enrolls in a manufacturer's SZTP
program to when the manufacturer ships devices for an order placed by
the prospective owner.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 80]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
+-----------+
+------------+ |Prospective| +---+
|Manufacturer| | Owner | |NMS|
+------------+ +-----------+ +---+
| | |
| | |
| 1. initiate enrollment | |
#<-----------------------------| |
# | |
# | |
# IDevID trust anchor | |
#-----------------------------># set IDevID trust anchor |
# #--------------------------->|
# | |
# bootstrap server | |
# account credentials | |
#-----------------------------># set credentials |
| #--------------------------->|
| | |
| | |
| 2. set owner certificate trust anchor |
|<----------------------------------------------------------|
| | |
| | |
| 3. place device order | |
|<-----------------------------# model devices |
| #--------------------------->|
| | |
| 4. ship devices and send | |
| device identifiers and | |
| ownership vouchers | |
|-----------------------------># set device identifiers |
| # and ownership vouchers |
| #--------------------------->|
| | |
Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
diagram above.
1. A prospective owner of a manufacturer's devices initiates an
enrollment process with the manufacturer. This process includes
the following:
* Regardless of how the prospective owner intends to bootstrap
their devices, they will always obtain from the manufacturer
the trust anchor certificate for the IDevID certificates.
This certificate is installed on the prospective owner's NMS
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 81]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
so that the NMS can authenticate the IDevID certificates when
they are presented to subsequent steps.
* If the manufacturer hosts an Internet-based bootstrap server
(e.g., a redirect server) such as described in Section 4.4,
then credentials necessary to configure the bootstrap server
would be provided to the prospective owner. If the bootstrap
server is configurable through an API (outside the scope of
this document), then the credentials might be installed on the
prospective owner's NMS so that the NMS can subsequently
configure the manufacturer-hosted bootstrap server directly.
2. If the manufacturer's devices are able to validate signed data
(Section 5.4), and assuming that the prospective owner's NMS is
able to prepare and sign the bootstrapping data itself, the
prospective owner's NMS might set a trust anchor certificate onto
the manufacturer's bootstrap server, using the credentials
provided in the previous step. This certificate is the trust
anchor certificate that the prospective owner would like the
manufacturer to place into the ownership vouchers it generates,
thereby enabling devices to trust the owner's owner certificate.
How this trust anchor certificate is used to enable devices to
validate signed bootstrapping data is described in Section 5.4.
3. Some time later, the prospective owner places an order with the
manufacturer, perhaps with a special flag checked for SZTP
handling. At this time, or perhaps before placing the order, the
owner may model the devices in their NMS, creating virtual
objects for the devices with no real-world device associations.
For instance, the model can be used to simulate the device's
location in the network and the configuration it should have when
fully operational.
4. When the manufacturer fulfills the order, shipping the devices to
their intended locations, they may notify the owner of the
devices' serial numbers and shipping destinations, which the
owner may use to stage the network for when the devices power on.
Additionally, the manufacturer may send one or more ownership
vouchers, cryptographically assigning ownership of those devices
to the owner. The owner may set this information on their NMS,
perhaps binding specific modeled devices to the serial numbers
and ownership vouchers.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 82]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
C.2. Owner Stages the Network for Bootstrap
The following diagram illustrates how an owner might stage the
network for bootstrapping devices.
+-----------+ +-------------+
|Deployment-| |Manufacturer-| +------+ +------+
| Specific | | Hosted | | Local| | Local| +---------+
+---+ | Bootstrap | | Bootstrap | | DNS | | DHCP | |Removable|
|NMS| | Server | | Server | |Server| |Server| | Storage |
+---+ +-----------+ +-------------+ +------+ +------+ +---------+
| | | | | |
1. | | | | | |
activate| | | | | |
modeled | | | | | |
device | | | | | |
------->| | | | | |
| 2. (optional) | | | |
| configure | | | |
| bootstrap | | | |
| server | | | |
|------->| | | | |
| | | | | |
| 3. (optional) configure | | |
| bootstrap server | | | |
|--------------------->| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 4. (optional) configure DNS server| | |
|---------------------------------->| | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 5. (optional) configure DHCP server | |
|------------------------------------------->| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 6. (optional) store bootstrapping artifacts on media |
|----------------------------------------------------->|
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
Each numbered item below corresponds to a numbered item in the
diagram above.
1. Having previously modeled the devices, including setting their
fully operational configurations and associating device serial
numbers and (optionally) ownership vouchers, the owner might
"activate" one or more modeled devices. That is, the owner tells
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 83]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
the NMS to perform the steps necessary to prepare for when the
real-world devices power up and initiate the bootstrapping
process. Note that, in some deployments, this step might be
combined with the last step from the previous workflow. Here, it
is depicted that an NMS performs the steps, but they may be
performed manually or through some other mechanism.
2. If it is desired to use a deployment-specific bootstrap server,
it must be configured to provide the bootstrapping data for the
specific devices. Configuring the bootstrap server may occur via
a programmatic API not defined by this document. Illustrated
here as an external component, the bootstrap server may be
implemented as an internal component of the NMS itself.
3. If it is desired to use a manufacturer-hosted bootstrap server,
it must be configured to provide the bootstrapping data for the
specific devices. The configuration must be either redirect or
onboarding information. That is, the manufacturer-hosted
bootstrap server will either redirect the device to another
bootstrap server or provide the device with the onboarding
information itself. The types of bootstrapping data the
manufacturer-hosted bootstrap server supports may vary by
implementation; some implementations may support only redirect
information or only onboarding information, while others may
support both redirect and onboarding information. Configuring
the bootstrap server may occur via a programmatic API not defined
by this document.
4. If it is desired to use a DNS server to supply bootstrapping
data, a DNS server needs to be configured. If multicast DNS is
desired, then the DNS server must reside on the local network;
otherwise, the DNS server may reside on a remote network. Please
see Section 4.2 for more information about how to configure DNS
servers. Configuring the DNS server may occur via a programmatic
API not defined by this document.
5. If it is desired to use a DHCP server to supply bootstrapping
data, a DHCP server needs to be configured. The DHCP server may
be accessed directly or via a DHCP relay. Please see Section 4.3
for more information about how to configure DHCP servers.
Configuring the DHCP server may occur via a programmatic API not
defined by this document.
6. If it is desired to use a removable storage device (e.g., a USB
flash drive) to supply bootstrapping data, the data would need to
be placed onto it. Please see Section 4.1 for more information
about how to configure a removable storage device.
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 84]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
C.3. Device Powers On
The following diagram illustrates the sequence of activities that
occur when a device powers on.
+-----------+
+-----------+ |Deployment-|
| Source of | | Specific |
+------+ | Bootstrap | | Bootstrap | +---+
|Device| | Data | | Server | |NMS|
+------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +---+
| | | |
| | | |
| 1. if SZTP bootstrap service | | |
| is not enabled, then exit. | | |
| | | |
| 2. for each source supported, check | | |
| for bootstrapping data. | | |
|------------------------------------>| | |
| | | |
| 3. if onboarding information is | | |
| found, initialize self and, only | | |
| if source is a trusted bootstrap | | |
| server, send progress reports. | | |
|------------------------------------># | |
| # webhook | |
| #------------------------>|
| | |
| 4. else, if redirect information is found, for | |
| each bootstrap server specified, check for data.| |
|-+------------------------------------------------->| |
| | | |
| | if more redirect information is found, recurse | |
| | (not depicted); else, if onboarding information | |
| | is found, initialize self and post progress | |
| | reports. | |
| +-------------------------------------------------># |
| # webhook |
| #--------->|
|
| 5. retry sources and/or wait for manual provisioning.
|
The interactions in the above diagram are described below.
1. Upon power being applied, the device checks to see if SZTP
bootstrapping is configured, such as must be the case when
running its "factory default" configuration. If SZTP
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 85]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
bootstrapping is not configured, then the bootstrapping logic
exits and none of the following interactions occur.
2. For each source of bootstrapping data the device supports,
preferably in order of closeness to the device (e.g., removable
storage before Internet-based servers), the device checks to see
if there is any bootstrapping data for it there.
3. If onboarding information is found, the device initializes itself
accordingly (e.g., installing a boot image and committing an
initial configuration). If the source is a bootstrap server, and
the bootstrap server can be trusted (i.e., TLS-level
authentication), the device also sends progress reports to the
bootstrap server.
* The contents of the initial configuration should configure an
administrator account on the device (e.g., username, SSH
public key, etc.), should configure the device to either
listen for NETCONF or RESTCONF connections or initiate call
home connections [RFC8071], and should disable the SZTP
bootstrapping service (e.g., the "enabled" leaf in data model
presented in Appendix A).
* If the bootstrap server supports forwarding device progress
reports to external systems (e.g., via a webhook), a
"bootstrap-complete" progress report (Section 7.3) informs the
external system to know when it can, for instance, initiate a
connection to the device. To support this scenario further,
the "bootstrap-complete" progress report may also relay the
device's SSH host keys and/or TLS certificates, which the
external system can use to authenticate subsequent connections
to the device.
If the device successfully completes the bootstrapping process,
it exits the bootstrapping logic without considering any
additional sources of bootstrapping data.
4. Otherwise, if redirect information is found, the device iterates
through the list of specified bootstrap servers, checking to see
if the bootstrap server has bootstrapping data for the device.
If the bootstrap server returns more redirect information, then
the device processes it recursively. Otherwise, if the bootstrap
server returns onboarding information, the device processes it
following the description provided in (3) above.
5. After having tried all supported sources of bootstrapping data,
the device may retry again all the sources and/or provide
manageability interfaces for manual configuration (e.g., CLI,
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 86]
RFC 8572 Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP) April 2019
HTTP, NETCONF, etc.). If manual configuration is allowed, and
such configuration is provided, the configuration should also
disable the SZTP bootstrapping service, as the need for
bootstrapping would no longer be present.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the following for lively discussions
on list and in the halls (ordered by last name): Michael Behringer,
Martin Bjorklund, Dean Bogdanovic, Joe Clarke, Dave Crocker, Toerless
Eckert, Stephen Farrell, Stephen Hanna, Wes Hardaker, David
Harrington, Benjamin Kaduk, Radek Krejci, Suresh Krishnan, Mirja
Kuehlewind, David Mandelberg, Alexey Melnikov, Russ Mundy, Reinaldo
Penno, Randy Presuhn, Max Pritikin, Michael Richardson, Adam Roach,
Juergen Schoenwaelder, and Phil Shafer.
Special thanks goes to Steve Hanna, Russ Mundy, and Wes Hardaker for
brainstorming the original solution during the IETF 87 meeting in
Berlin.
Authors' Addresses
Kent Watsen
Watsen Networks
Email: kent+ietf@watsen.net
Ian Farrer
Deutsche Telekom AG
Email: ian.farrer@telekom.de
Mikael Abrahamsson
T-Systems
Email: mikael.abrahamsson@t-systems.se
Watsen, et al. Standards Track [Page 87]