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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. Ma
Request for Comments: 8416 ZDNS
Category: Standards Track D. Mandelberg
ISSN: 2070-1721 Unaffiliated
T. Bruijnzeels
NLnet Labs
August 2018
Simplified Local Internet Number Resource Management with the RPKI
(SLURM)
Abstract
The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) is a global
authorization infrastructure that allows the holder of Internet
Number Resources (INRs) to make verifiable statements about those
resources. Network operators, e.g., Internet Service Providers
(ISPs), can use the RPKI to validate BGP route origin assertions.
ISPs can also use the RPKI to validate the path of a BGP route.
However, ISPs may want to establish a local view of exceptions to the
RPKI data in the form of local filters and additions. The mechanisms
described in this document provide a simple way to enable INR holders
to establish a local, customized view of the RPKI, overriding global
RPKI repository data as needed.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8416.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Terminology ................................................4
2. RP with SLURM ...................................................4
3. SLURM Files and Mechanisms ......................................5
3.1. Use of JSON ................................................5
3.2. SLURM File Overview ........................................5
3.3. Validation Output Filters ..................................6
3.3.1. Validated ROA Prefix Filters ........................6
3.3.2. BGPsec Assertion Filters ............................7
3.4. Locally Added Assertions ...................................9
3.4.1. ROA Prefix Assertions ...............................9
3.4.2. BGPsec Assertions ..................................10
3.5. Example of a SLURM File with Filters and Assertions .......11
4. SLURM File Configuration .......................................13
4.1. SLURM File Atomicity ......................................13
4.2. Multiple SLURM Files ......................................13
5. IANA Considerations ............................................14
6. Security Considerations ........................................14
7. References .....................................................14
7.1. Normative References ......................................14
7.2. Informative References ....................................16
Acknowledgments ...................................................17
Authors' Addresses ................................................17
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
1. Introduction
The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) is a global
authorization infrastructure that allows the holder of Internet
Number Resources (INRs) to make verifiable statements about those
resources. For example, the holder of a block of IP(v4 or v6)
addresses can issue a Route Origin Authorization (ROA) [RFC6482] to
authorize an Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes for that
block. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can then use the RPKI to
validate BGP routes. (Validation of the origin of a route is
described in [RFC6811], and validation of the path of a route is
described in [RFC8205].)
However, an RPKI Relying Party (RP) may want to override some of the
information expressed via configured Trust Anchors (TAs) and the
certificates downloaded from the RPKI repository system. For
instance, [RFC6491] recommends the creation of ROAs that would
invalidate public routes for reserved and unallocated address space,
yet some ISPs might like to use BGP and the RPKI with private address
space (see [RFC1918], [RFC4193], and [RFC6598]) or private AS numbers
(see [RFC1930] and [RFC6996]). Local use of private address space
and/or AS numbers is consistent with the RFCs cited above, but such
use cannot be verified by the global RPKI. This motivates creation
of mechanisms that enable a network operator to publish, at its
discretion, an exception to the RPKI in the form of filters and
additions (for its own use and that of its customers). Additionally,
a network operator might wish to make use of a local override
capability to protect routes from adverse actions [RFC8211], until
the results of such actions have been addressed. The mechanisms
developed to provide this capability to network operators are hereby
called "Simplified Local Internet Number Resource Management with the
RPKI (SLURM)".
SLURM allows an operator to create a local view of the global RPKI by
generating sets of assertions. For origin validation [RFC6811], an
assertion is a tuple of {IP prefix, prefix length, maximum length,
Autonomous System Number (ASN)} as used by the RPKI-Router protocol,
version 0 [RFC6810] and version 1 [RFC8210]. For BGPsec [RFC8205],
an assertion is a tuple of {ASN, subject key identifier, router
public key} as used by version 1 of the RPKI-Router protocol. (For
the remainder of this document, these assertions are called "ROA
Prefix Assertions" and "BGPsec Assertions", respectively.)
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. RP with SLURM
SLURM provides a simple way to enable an RP to establish a local,
customized view of the RPKI, overriding RPKI repository data if
needed. To that end, an RP with SLURM filters out (i.e., removes
from consideration for routing decisions) any assertions in the RPKI
that are overridden by local ROA Prefix Assertions and BGPsec
Assertions.
In general, the primary output of an RP is the data it sends to
routers over the RPKI-Router protocol [RFC8210]. The RPKI-Router
protocol enables routers to query an RP for all assertions it knows
about (Reset Query) or for an update of only the changes in
assertions (Serial Query). The mechanisms specified in this document
are to be applied to the result set for a Reset Query and to both the
old and new sets that are compared for a Serial Query. RP software
may modify other forms of output in comparable ways, but that is
outside the scope of this document.
+--------------+ +---------------------------+ +------------+
| | | | | |
| Repositories +--->Local cache of RPKI objects+---> Validation |
| | | | | |
+--------------+ +---------------------------+ +-----+------+
|
+-------------------------------------------------+
|
+------v-------+ +------------+ +-----------+ +-------------+
| | | | | | | |
| SLURM +---> SLURM +--->RPKI-Router+---> BGP Speakers|
| Filters | | Assertions | | Protocol | | |
+--------------+ +------------+ +-----------+ +-------------+
Figure 1: SLURM's Position in the RP Stack
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
3. SLURM Files and Mechanisms
3.1. Use of JSON
SLURM filters and assertions are specified in JSON format [RFC8259].
JSON members that are not defined here MUST NOT be used in SLURM
files. An RP MUST consider any deviations from the specifications to
be errors. Future additions to the specifications in this document
MUST use an incremented value for the "slurmVersion" member.
3.2. SLURM File Overview
A SLURM file consists of a single JSON object containing the
following members:
o A "slurmVersion" member that MUST be set to 1, encoded as a number
o A "validationOutputFilters" member (Section 3.3), whose value is
an object. The object MUST contain exactly two members:
* A "prefixFilters" member, whose value is described in
Section 3.3.1.
* A "bgpsecFilters" member, whose value is described in
Section 3.3.2.
o A "locallyAddedAssertions" member (Section 3.4), whose value is an
object. The object MUST contain exactly two members:
* A "prefixAssertions" member, whose value is described in
Section 3.4.1.
* A "bgpsecAssertions" member, whose value is described in
Section 3.4.2.
In the envisioned typical use case, an RP uses both Validation Output
Filters and Locally Added Assertions. In this case, the resulting
assertions MUST be the same as if output filtering were performed
before locally adding assertions; that is, Locally Added Assertions
MUST NOT be removed by output filtering.
The following JSON structure with JSON members represents a SLURM
file that has no filters or assertions:
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
{
"slurmVersion": 1,
"validationOutputFilters": {
"prefixFilters": [],
"bgpsecFilters": []
},
"locallyAddedAssertions": {
"prefixAssertions": [],
"bgpsecAssertions": []
}
}
Figure 2: Empty SLURM File
3.3. Validation Output Filters
3.3.1. Validated ROA Prefix Filters
The RP can configure zero or more Validated ROA Prefix Filters
("Prefix Filters" for short). Each Prefix Filter can contain either
an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix and/or an ASN. It is RECOMMENDED that an
explanatory comment is included with each Prefix Filter so that it
can be shown to users of the RP software.
The above is expressed as a value of the "prefixFilters" member, as
an array of zero or more objects. Each object MUST contain either 1)
one of the following members or 2) one of each of the following
members.
o A "prefix" member, whose value is a string representing either an
IPv4 prefix (see Section 3.1 of [RFC4632]) or an IPv6 prefix (see
[RFC5952]).
o An "asn" member, whose value is a number.
In addition, each object MAY contain one optional "comment" member,
whose value is a string.
The following example JSON structure represents a "prefixFilters"
member with an array of example objects for each use case listed
above:
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
"prefixFilters": [
{
"prefix": "192.0.2.0/24",
"comment": "All VRPs encompassed by prefix"
},
{
"asn": 64496,
"comment": "All VRPs matching ASN"
},
{
"prefix": "198.51.100.0/24",
"asn": 64497,
"comment": "All VRPs encompassed by prefix, matching ASN"
}
]
Figure 3: "prefixFilters" Examples
Any Validated ROA Payload (VRP) [RFC6811] that matches any configured
Prefix Filter MUST be removed from the RP's output.
A VRP is considered to match with a Prefix Filter if one of the
following cases applies:
1. If the Prefix Filter only contains an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix, the
VRP is considered to match the filter if the VRP prefix is equal
to or covered by the Prefix Filter prefix.
2. If the Prefix Filter only contains an ASN, the VRP is considered
to match the filter if the VRP ASN matches the Prefix Filter ASN.
3. If the Prefix Filter contains both an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix and an
ASN, the VRP is considered to match if the VRP prefix is equal to
or covered by the Prefix Filter prefix and the VRP ASN matches
the Prefix Filter ASN.
3.3.2. BGPsec Assertion Filters
The RP can configure zero or more BGPsec Assertion Filters ("BGPsec
Filters" for short). Each BGPsec Filter can contain an ASN and/or
the Base64 [RFC4648] encoding of a Router Subject Key Identifier
(SKI), as described in [RFC8209] and [RFC6487]. It is RECOMMENDED
that an explanatory comment is also included with each BGPsec Filter,
so that it can be shown to users of the RP software.
The above is expressed as a value of the "bgpsecFilters" member, as
an array of zero or more objects. Each object MUST contain one of
either, or one each of both following members:
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
o An "asn" member, whose value is a number
o An "SKI" member, whose value is the Base64 encoding without
trailing '=' (Section 5 of [RFC4648]) of the certificate's Subject
Key Identifier as described in Section 4.8.2 of [RFC6487]. (This
is the value of the ASN.1 OCTET STRING without the ASN.1 tag or
length fields.)
In addition, each object MAY contain one optional "comment" member,
whose value is a string.
The following example JSON structure represents a "bgpsecFilters"
member with an array of example objects for each use case listed
above:
"bgpsecFilters": [
{
"asn": 64496,
"comment": "All keys for ASN"
},
{
"SKI": "<Base 64 of some SKI>",
"comment": "Key matching Router SKI"
},
{
"asn": 64497,
"SKI": "<Base 64 of some SKI>",
"comment": "Key for ASN 64497 matching Router SKI"
}
]
Figure 4: "bgpsecFilters" Examples
Any BGPsec Assertion that matches any configured BGPsec Filter MUST
be removed from the RP's output. A BGPsec Assertion is considered to
match with a BGPsec Filter if one of the following cases applies:
1. If the BGPsec Filter only contains an ASN, a BGPsec Assertion is
considered to match if the Assertion ASN matches the Filter ASN.
2. If the BGPsec Filter only contains an SKI, a BGPsec Assertion is
considered to match if the Assertion Router SKI matches the
Filter SKI.
3. If the BGPsec Filter contains both an ASN and a Router SKI, then
a BGPsec Assertion is considered to match if both the Assertion
ASN matches the Filter ASN and the Assertion Router SKI matches
the Filter SKI.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
3.4. Locally Added Assertions
3.4.1. ROA Prefix Assertions
Each RP is locally configured with a (possibly empty) array of ROA
Prefix Assertions ("Prefix Assertions" for short). Each ROA Prefix
Assertion MUST contain an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix and an ASN. It MAY
include a value for the maximum length. It is RECOMMENDED that an
explanatory comment is also included with each so that it can be
shown to users of the RP software.
The above is expressed as a value of the "prefixAssertions" member,
as an array of zero or more objects. Each object MUST contain one of
each of the following members:
o A "prefix" member, whose value is a string representing either an
IPv4 prefix (see Section 3.1 of [RFC4632]) or an IPv6 prefix (see
[RFC5952]).
o An "asn" member, whose value is a number.
In addition, each object MAY contain one of each of the following
members:
o A "maxPrefixLength" member, whose value is a number.
o A "comment" member, whose value is a string.
The following example JSON structure represents a "prefixAssertions"
member with an array of example objects for each use case listed
above:
"prefixAssertions": [
{
"asn": 64496,
"prefix": "198.51.100.0/24",
"comment": "My other important route"
},
{
"asn": 64496,
"prefix": "2001:DB8::/32",
"maxPrefixLength": 48,
"comment": "My other important de-aggregated routes"
}
]
Figure 5: "prefixAssertions" Examples
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
Note that the combination of the prefix, ASN, and optional maximum
length describes a VRP as described in [RFC6811]. The RP MUST add
all Prefix Assertions found this way to the VRP found through RPKI
validation and ensure that it sends the complete set of Protocol Data
Units (PDUs), excluding duplicates when using the RPKI-Router
protocol (see Sections 5.6 and 5.7 of [RFC8210]).
3.4.2. BGPsec Assertions
Each RP is locally configured with a (possibly empty) array of BGPsec
Assertions. Each BGPsec Assertion MUST contain an AS number, a
Router SKI, and the router public key. It is RECOMMENDED that an
explanatory comment is also included so that it can be shown to users
of the RP software.
The above is expressed as a value of the "bgpsecAssertions" member,
as an array of zero or more objects. Each object MUST contain one
each of all of the following members:
o An "asn" member, whose value is a number.
o An "SKI" member, whose value is the Base64 encoding without
trailing '=' (Section 5 of [RFC4648]) of the certificate's Subject
Key Identifier as described in Section 4.8.2 of [RFC6487] (This is
the value of the ASN.1 OCTET STRING without the ASN.1 tag or
length fields.)
o A "routerPublicKey" member, whose value is the Base64 encoding
without trailing '=' (Section 5 of [RFC4648]) of the equivalent to
the subjectPublicKeyInfo value of the router certificate's public
key, as described in [RFC8208]. This is the full ASN.1 DER
encoding of the subjectPublicKeyInfo, including the ASN.1 tag and
length values of the subjectPublicKeyInfo SEQUENCE.
The following example JSON structure represents a "bgpsecAssertions"
member with one object as described above:
"bgpsecAssertions": [
{
"asn": 64496,
"SKI": "<some base64 SKI>",
"routerPublicKey": "<some base64 public key>",
"comment": "My known key for my important ASN"
}
]
Figure 6: "bgpsecAssertions" Examples
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
Note that a "bgpsecAssertions" member matches the syntax of the
Router Key PDU described in Section 5.10 of [RFC8210]. Relying
Parties MUST add any "bgpsecAssertions" member thus found to the set
of Router Key PDUs, excluding duplicates, when using the RPKI-Router
protocol [RFC8210].
3.5. Example of a SLURM File with Filters and Assertions
The following JSON structure represents an example of a SLURM file
that uses all the elements described in the previous sections:
{
"slurmVersion": 1,
"validationOutputFilters": {
"prefixFilters": [
{
"prefix": "192.0.2.0/24",
"comment": "All VRPs encompassed by prefix"
},
{
"asn": 64496,
"comment": "All VRPs matching ASN"
},
{
"prefix": "198.51.100.0/24",
"asn": 64497,
"comment": "All VRPs encompassed by prefix, matching ASN"
}
],
"bgpsecFilters": [
{
"asn": 64496,
"comment": "All keys for ASN"
},
{
"SKI": "Zm9v",
"comment": "Key matching Router SKI"
},
{
"asn": 64497,
"SKI": "YmFy",
"comment": "Key for ASN 64497 matching Router SKI"
}
]
},
"locallyAddedAssertions": {
"prefixAssertions": [
{
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
"asn": 64496,
"prefix": "198.51.100.0/24",
"comment": "My other important route"
},
{
"asn": 64496,
"prefix": "2001:DB8::/32",
"maxPrefixLength": 48,
"comment": "My other important de-aggregated routes"
}
],
"bgpsecAssertions": [
{
"asn": 64496,
"comment" : "My known key for my important ASN",
"SKI": "<some base64 SKI>",
"routerPublicKey": "<some base64 public key>"
}
]
}
}
Figure 7: Example of Full SLURM File
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
4. SLURM File Configuration
4.1. SLURM File Atomicity
To ensure local consistency, the effect of SLURM MUST be atomic.
That is, the output of the RP either MUST be the same as if a SLURM
file were not used or MUST reflect the entire SLURM configuration.
For an example of why this is required, consider the case of two
local routes for the same prefix but different origin ASNs. Both
routes are configured with Locally Added Assertions. If neither
addition occurs, then both routes could be in the NotFound state
[RFC6811]. If both additions occur, then both routes would be in the
Valid state. However, if one addition occurs and the other does not,
then one could be Invalid while the other is Valid.
4.2. Multiple SLURM Files
An implementation MAY support the concurrent use of multiple SLURM
files. In this case, the resulting inputs to Validation Output
Filters and Locally Added Assertions are the respective unions of the
inputs from each file. The envisioned typical use case for multiple
files is when the files have distinct scopes. For instance,
operators of two distinct networks may resort to one RP system to
frame routing decisions. As such, they probably deliver SLURM files
to this RP independently. Before an RP configures SLURM files from
different sources, it MUST make sure there is no internal conflict
among the INR assertions in these SLURM files. To do so, the RP
SHOULD check the entries of each SLURM file with regard to overlaps
of the INR assertions and report errors to the sources that created
the SLURM files in question. The RP gets multiple SLURM files as a
set, and the whole set MUST be rejected in case of any overlaps among
the SLURM files.
If a problem is detected with the INR assertions in these SLURM
files, the RP MUST NOT use them and SHOULD issue a warning as error
report in the following cases:
1. There may be conflicting changes to ROA Prefix Assertions if an
IP address X and distinct SLURM files Y and Z exist such that X
is contained by any prefix in any "prefixAssertions" or
"prefixFilters" in file Y and X is contained by any prefix in any
"prefixAssertions" or "prefixFilters" in file Z.
2. There may be conflicting changes to BGPsec Assertions if an ASN X
and distinct SLURM files Y and Z exist such that X is used in any
"bgpsecAssertions" or "bgpsecFilters" in file Y and X is used in
any "bgpsecAssertions" or "bgpsecFilters" in file Z.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
5. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
6. Security Considerations
The mechanisms described in this document provide a network operator
with additional ways to control use of RPKI data while preserving
autonomy in address space and ASN management. These mechanisms are
only applied locally; they do not influence how other network
operators interpret RPKI data. Nonetheless, care should be taken in
how these mechanisms are employed. Note that it also is possible to
use SLURM to (locally) manipulate assertions about non-private INRs,
e.g., allocated address space that is globally routed. For example,
a SLURM file may be used to override RPKI data that a network
operator believes has been corrupted by an adverse action. Network
operators who elect to use SLURM in this fashion should use extreme
caution.
The goal of the mechanisms described in this document is to enable an
RP to create its own view of the RPKI, which is intrinsically a
security function. An RP using a SLURM file is trusting the
assertions made in that file. Errors in the SLURM file used by an RP
can undermine the security offered to that RP by the RPKI. A SLURM
file could declare as invalid ROAs that would otherwise be valid, and
vice versa. As a result, an RP MUST carefully consider the security
implications of the SLURM file being used, especially if the file is
provided by a third party.
Additionally, each RP using SLURM MUST ensure the authenticity and
integrity of any SLURM file that it uses. Initially, the SLURM file
may be preconfigured out of band, but if the RP updates its SLURM
file over the network, it MUST verify the authenticity and integrity
of the updated SLURM file. The mechanism to update the SLURM file to
guarantee authenticity and integrity is out of the scope of this
document.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
[RFC4632] Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
(CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, DOI 10.17487/RFC4632, August
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4632>.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
Address Text Representation", RFC 5952,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5952>.
[RFC6487] Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and R. Loomans, "A Profile for
X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates", RFC 6487,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6487, February 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6487>.
[RFC6811] Mohapatra, P., Scudder, J., Ward, D., Bush, R., and R.
Austein, "BGP Prefix Origin Validation", RFC 6811,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6811, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6811>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8205] Lepinski, M., Ed. and K. Sriram, Ed., "BGPsec Protocol
Specification", RFC 8205, DOI 10.17487/RFC8205, September
2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8205>.
[RFC8208] Turner, S. and O. Borchert, "BGPsec Algorithms, Key
Formats, and Signature Formats", RFC 8208,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8208, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8208>.
[RFC8209] Reynolds, M., Turner, S., and S. Kent, "A Profile for
BGPsec Router Certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists,
and Certification Requests", RFC 8209,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8209, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8209>.
[RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
7.2. Informative References
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.
[RFC1930] Hawkinson, J. and T. Bates, "Guidelines for creation,
selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS)",
BCP 6, RFC 1930, DOI 10.17487/RFC1930, March 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1930>.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.
[RFC6482] Lepinski, M., Kent, S., and D. Kong, "A Profile for Route
Origin Authorizations (ROAs)", RFC 6482,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6482, February 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6482>.
[RFC6491] Manderson, T., Vegoda, L., and S. Kent, "Resource Public
Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Objects Issued by IANA",
RFC 6491, DOI 10.17487/RFC6491, February 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6491>.
[RFC6598] Weil, J., Kuarsingh, V., Donley, C., Liljenstolpe, C., and
M. Azinger, "IANA-Reserved IPv4 Prefix for Shared Address
Space", BCP 153, RFC 6598, DOI 10.17487/RFC6598, April
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6598>.
[RFC6810] Bush, R. and R. Austein, "The Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI) to Router Protocol", RFC 6810,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6810, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6810>.
[RFC6996] Mitchell, J., "Autonomous System (AS) Reservation for
Private Use", BCP 6, RFC 6996, DOI 10.17487/RFC6996, July
2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6996>.
[RFC8210] Bush, R. and R. Austein, "The Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI) to Router Protocol, Version 1",
RFC 8210, DOI 10.17487/RFC8210, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8210>.
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 8416 SLURM August 2018
[RFC8211] Kent, S. and D. Ma, "Adverse Actions by a Certification
Authority (CA) or Repository Manager in the Resource
Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)", RFC 8211,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8211, September 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8211>.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Stephen Kent for his guidance and
detailed reviews of this document. The authors would also like to
thank Richard Hansen for his careful reviews and Hui Zou and Chunlin
An for their editorial assistance.
Authors' Addresses
Di Ma
ZDNS
4 South 4th St. Zhongguancun
Haidian, Beijing 100190
China
Email: madi@zdns.cn
David Mandelberg
Unaffiliated
Email: david@mandelberg.org
URI: https://david.mandelberg.org
Tim Bruijnzeels
NLnet Labs
Science Park 400
Amsterdam 1098 XH
The Netherlands
Email: tim@nlnetlabs.nl
Ma, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]