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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Korhonen, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7051 Broadcom
Category: Informational T. Savolainen, Ed.
ISSN: 2070-1721 Nokia
November 2013
Analysis of Solution Proposals for Hosts to Learn NAT64 Prefix
Abstract
Hosts and applications may benefit from learning if an IPv6 address
is synthesized and if NAT64 and DNS64 are present in a network. This
document analyzes all proposed solutions (known at the time of
writing) for communicating whether the synthesis is taking place,
what address format was used, and what IPv6 prefix was used by the
NAT64 and DNS64. These solutions enable both NAT64 avoidance and
local IPv6 address synthesis. The document concludes by recommending
the standardization of the approach based on heuristic discovery.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7051.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Issues ..........................................................5
4. Background ......................................................6
5. Proposed Solutions to Learn about Synthesis and
Network-Specific Prefix .........................................7
5.1. DNS Query for a Well-Known Name ............................7
5.1.1. Solution Description ................................7
5.1.2. Analysis and Discussion .............................7
5.1.3. Summary .............................................8
5.2. EDNS0 Option Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format ...8
5.2.1. Solution Description ................................8
5.2.2. Analysis and Discussion .............................9
5.2.3. Summary ............................................10
5.3. EDNS0 Flags Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format ...10
5.3.1. Solution Description ...............................10
5.3.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................10
5.3.3. Summary ............................................11
5.4. DNS Resource Record for IPv4-Embedded IPv6 Address ........11
5.4.1. Solution Description ...............................11
5.4.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................12
5.4.3. Summary ............................................12
5.5. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64 Using DNS ...13
5.5.1. Solution Description ...............................13
5.5.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................13
5.5.3. Summary ............................................14
5.6. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64
Using DHCPv6 ..............................................14
5.6.1. Solution Description ...............................14
5.6.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................15
5.6.3. Summary ............................................15
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5.7. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64
Using Router ..............................................16
5.7.1. Solution Description ...............................16
5.7.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................16
5.7.3. Summary ............................................17
5.8. Using Application-Layer Protocols such as STUN ............17
5.8.1. Solution Description ...............................17
5.8.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................17
5.8.3. Summary ............................................19
5.9. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64
Using Access-Technology-Specific Methods ..................19
5.9.1. Solution Description ...............................19
5.9.2. Analysis and Discussion ............................19
5.9.3. Summary ............................................20
6. Conclusion .....................................................20
7. Security Considerations ........................................21
8. Contributors ...................................................22
9. Acknowledgements ...............................................22
10. References ....................................................22
10.1. Normative References .....................................22
10.2. Informative References ...................................23
1. Introduction
Hosts and applications may benefit from learning if an IPv6 address
is synthesized, which would mean that a NAT64 is used to reach the
IPv4 network or Internet. There are two issues that can be addressed
with solutions that allow hosts and applications to learn the
Network-Specific Prefix (NSP) [RFC6052] used by the NAT64 [RFC6146]
and the DNS64 [RFC6147] devices.
The first issue is finding out whether a particular address is
synthetic and therefore learning the presence of a NAT64. For
example, a dual-stack host with IPv4 connectivity could use this
information to bypass NAT64 and use native IPv4 transport for
destinations that are reachable through IPv4. We will refer this as
'Issue #1' throughout the document.
The second issue is finding out how to construct from an IPv4 address
an IPv6 address that will be routable to/by the NAT64. This is
useful when IPv4 literals can be found in the payload of some
protocol or applications do not use DNS to resolve names to addresses
but know the IPv4 address of the destination by some other means. We
will refer this as 'Issue #2' throughout the document.
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Additionally, three other issues have to be considered by a solution
addressing the first two issues: whether DNS is required ('Issue
#3'), whether a solution supports changing NSP ('Issue #4'), and
whether multiple NSPs are supported (either of the same or different
length) for load-balancing purposes ('Issue #5').
This document analyzes all proposed solutions known at the time of
writing for communicating if the synthesis is taking place, used
address format, and the IPv6 prefix used by the NAT64 and DNS64.
Based on the analysis we conclude whether the issue of learning the
Network-Specific Prefix is worth solving and what would be the
recommended solution(s) in that case.
2. Terminology
Address Synthesis
Address synthesis is a mechanism, in the context of this document,
where an IPv4 address is represented as an IPv6 address understood
by a NAT64 device. The synthesized IPv6 address is formed by
embedding an IPv4 address as-is into an IPv6 address prefixed with
an NSP/WKP. It is assumed that the 'unused' suffix bits of the
synthesized address are set to zero as described in Section 2.2 of
[RFC6052].
DNS64
DNS extensions for network address translation from IPv6 clients
to IPv4 servers: A network entity that synthesizes IPv6 addresses
and AAAA records out of IPv4 addresses and A records, hence making
IPv4 namespaces visible in the IPv6 namespace. DNS64 uses NSP
and/or WKP in the synthesis process.
NAT64
Network Address and protocol Translation mechanism for translating
IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets and vice versa: A network entity that
a host or an application may want to either avoid or utilize.
IPv6 packets that hosts sent to addresses in the NSP and/or WKP
are routed to NAT64.
NSP
Network-Specific Prefix: A prefix chosen by a network
administrator for NAT64/DNS64 to present IPv4 addresses in the
IPv6 namespace.
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WKP
Well-Known Prefix: A prefix (64:ff9b::/96) chosen by IETF and
configured by a network administrator for NAT64/DNS64 to present
IPv4 addresses in the IPv6 namespace.
3. Issues
This document analyzes different solutions with a focus on the
following five issues:
Issue #1
The problem of distinguishing between synthesized and real IPv6
addresses, which allows a host to learn the presence of a NAT64 in
the network.
Issue #2
The problem of learning the NSP used by the access network and
needed for local IPv6 address synthesis.
Issue #3
The problem of learning the NSP or WKP used by the access network
by a host not implementing DNS (hence, applications are unable to
use DNS to learn the prefix).
Issue #4
The problem of supporting changing NSP. The NSP learned by the
host may become stale for multiple reasons. For example, the host
might move to a new network that uses a different NSP, thus making
the previously learned NSP stale. Also, the NSP used in the
network may be changed due administrative reasons, thus again
making the previously learned NSP stale.
Issue #5
The problem of supporting multiple NSPs. A network may be
configured with multiple NSPs for address synthesis. For example,
for load-balancing purposes, each NAT64 device in the same network
could be assigned their own NSP. It should be noted that learning
a single NSP is enough for an end host to successfully perform
local IPv6 address synthesis, but to avoid NAT64, the end host
needs to learn all NSPs used by the access network.
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4. Background
Certain applications, operating in protocol translation scenarios,
can benefit from knowing the IPv6 prefix used by a local NAT64 of the
attached access network. This applies to Scenario 1 ("IPv6 network
to IPv4 Internet"), Scenario 5 ("An IPv6 network to an IPv4
network"), and Scenario 7 ("The IPv6 Internet to the IPv4 Internet")
in the IPv4/IPv6 translation framework document [RFC6144]. Scenario
3 ("The IPv6 Internet to an IPv4 network") is not considered
applicable herein as in that case, a NAT64 is located at the front of
a remote IPv4 network, and a host in IPv6 Internet can benefit very
little from learning the NSP IPv6 prefix used by the remote NAT64.
The NAT64 prefix can be either a Network-Specific Prefix (NSP) or the
Well-Known Prefix (WKP). Below is (an incomplete) list of various
use cases where it is beneficial for a host or an application to know
the presence of a NAT64 and the NSP/WKP:
o Host-based DNSSEC validation. As is documented in DNS64
[RFC6147], Section 5.5, Point 3, synthetic AAAA records cannot be
successfully validated in a host. In order to utilize NAT64, a
security-aware and validating host has to perform the DNS64
function locally, and hence, it has to be able to learn WKP or
proper NSP.
o Protocols that use IPv4 literals. In IPv6-only access, native
IPv4 connections cannot be created. If a network has NAT64, it is
possible to synthesize an IPv6 address by combining the IPv4
literal and the IPv6 prefix used by NAT64. The synthesized IPv6
address can then be used to create an IPv6 connection.
o Multicast translation [MCAST-TRANSLATOR] [V4V6MC-FRAMEWORK].
o URI schemes with host IPv4 address literals rather than domain
names (e.g., http://192.0.2.1, ftp://192.0.2.1, imap://192.0.2.1,
ipp://192.0.2.1). A host can synthesize an IPv6 address out of
the literal in the URI and use IPv6 to create a connection through
NAT64.
o Updating the host's [RFC6724] preference table to prefer native
prefixes over translated prefixes. This is useful as applications
are more likely able to traverse through NAT44 than NAT64.
DNS64 cannot serve applications that are not using DNS or that obtain
referral as an IPv4 literal address. One example application is the
Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566], as used by the Real
Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [RFC2326] and the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261]. Other example applications include web
browsers, as IPv4 address literals are still encountered in web pages
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and URLs. Some of these applications could still work through NAT64,
provided they were able to create locally valid IPv6 presentations of
peers' IPv4 addresses.
It is a known issue that passing IP address referrals often fails in
today's Internet [REFERRAL-PS]. Synthesizing IPv6 addresses does not
necessarily make the situation any better as the synthesized
addresses utilizing NSP are not distinguishable from public IPv6
addresses for the referral receiver. However, the situation is not
really any different from the current Internet as using public
addresses does not really guarantee reachability (for example, due to
firewalls). A node 'A' behind NAT64 may detect it is talking to a
node 'B' through NAT64, in which case the node 'A' may want to avoid
passing its IPv6 address as a referral to the node 'B'. The node 'B'
on the IPv4 side of the NAT64 should not see the IPv6 address of a
node 'A' from the IPv6 side of NAT64, and hence the node 'B' should
not be able to pass IPv6 address referral to a node 'C'. Passing
IPv4 presentation of the IPv6 address of the host 'A' to the node 'C'
is bound to similar problems as passing a public IPv4 address of a
host behind NAT44 as a referral. This analysis focuses on detecting
NAT64 presence from the IPv6 side of NAT64.
5. Proposed Solutions to Learn about Synthesis and Network-Specific
Prefix
5.1. DNS Query for a Well-Known Name
5.1.1. Solution Description
Section 3 of [RFC7050] describes a host behavior for discovering the
presence of a DNS64 server and a NAT64 device, and heuristics for
discovering the used NSP. A host requiring information for local
IPv6 address synthesis or for NAT64 avoidance sends a DNS query for a
AAAA record of a Well-Known IPv4-only Fully Qualified Domain Name
(FQDN). If a host receives a negative reply, it knows that no DNS64
and NAT64 are in the network.
If a host receives a AAAA reply, it knows the network must be
utilizing IPv6 address synthesis. After receiving a synthesized AAAA
resource record, the host may examine the received IPv6 address and
use heuristics, such as "subtracting" the known IPv4 address out of
synthesized IPv6 address, to find out the NSP.
5.1.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1 and #2.
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+ Solves Issue #4 via the lifetime of the DNS record.
+ Can partially solve Issue #5 if multiple synthetic AAAA records
are included in the response. Can find multiple address formats.
+ Does not necessarily require any standards effort.
+ Does not require host stack or resolver changes. All required
logic and heuristics can be implemented in applications that are
interested in learning about address synthesis taking place.
+ The solution is backward compatible from the point of view of
'legacy' hosts and servers.
+ Hosts or applications interested in learning about synthesis and
the used NSP can do the "discovery" proactively at any time, for
example, every time the host attaches to a new network.
+ Does not require explicit support from the network using NAT64.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires hosting of a DNS resource record for the Well-Known Name.
- Does not provide a solution for Issue #3.
- This method is only able to find one NSP even if a network is
utilizing multiple NSPs (Issue #5) (unless DNS64 includes multiple
synthetic AAAA records in response).
5.1.3. Summary
This is the only approach that can be deployed without explicit
support from the network or the host. This approach could also
complement explicit methods and be used as a fallback approach when
explicit methods are not supported by an access network.
5.2. EDNS0 Option Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format
5.2.1. Solution Description
[SYNTH-FLAG-2011] defined a new Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)
option [RFC2671] that contained 3 flag bits (called SY-bits). The
EDNS0 option served as an implicit indication of the presence of a
DNS64 server and NAT64 device. The EDNS0 option SY-bit values other
than '000' and '111' explicitly told the NSP prefix length. Only the
DNS64 server could insert the EDNS0 option and the required SY-bits
combination into the synthesized AAAA resource record.
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5.2.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issue #1 and is designed to explicitly solve
Issue #2.
+ Solves Issue #4 via the lifetime of the DNS record.
+ Can partially solve Issue #5 if multiple synthetic AAAA records
are included in the response and all use same format.
+ The solution is backward compatible from the point of view of
'legacy' hosts and servers.
+ Even if the solution is bundled with DNS queries and responses, a
standardization of a new DNS record type is not required; rather,
just defining a new EDNS0 option is needed.
+ EDNS0 option implementation requires changes only to DNS64
servers.
+ Does not require additional provisioning or management as the
EDNS0 option is added automatically by the DNS64 server to the
responses.
+ Does not involve additional queries towards the global DNS
infrastructure as EDNS0 logic can be handled within the DNS64
server.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires end hosts to support EDNS0 extension mechanisms
[RFC6891].
- Requires host resolver changes and mechanism/additions to the host
resolver API (or flags, hints, etc.) to deliver a note to the
querying application that the address is synthesized and what is
the NSP prefix length.
- Requires a modification to DNS64 servers to include the EDNS0
option to the synthesized responses.
- Does not provide a solution for Issue #3.
- EDNS0 flags and options are typically hop-by-hop only, severely
limiting the applicability of these approaches, unless the EDNS0-
capable DNS64 is the first DNS server the end host talks to, as it
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is otherwise not possible to guarantee that the EDNS0 option
survives through all DNS proxies and servers in between.
5.2.3. Summary
The solution based on the EDNS0 option works by extending the
existing EDNS0 resource record. Although the solution has host
resolver and DNS64 server impacts, the changes are limited to those
entities (end host, applications) that are interested in learning the
presence of NAT64 and the used NAT64 prefix. The provisioning and
management overhead is minimal, if not non-existent, as the EDNS0
options are synthesized in a DNS64 server in a same manner as the
synthesized AAAA resource records. Moreover, EDNS0 does not induce
any load to DNS servers because no new RRType query is defined.
5.3. EDNS0 Flags Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format
5.3.1. Solution Description
[SYNTH-FLAG-2010] defined 3 new flag bits (called SY-bits) in the
EDNS0 OPT [RFC2671] header that served as an implicit indication of
the presence of a DNS64 server and NAT64 device. SY-bit values other
than '000' or '111' explicitly told the NSP prefix length. Only the
DNS64 server could insert the EDNS0 option and the required SY-bits
combination into the synthesized AAAA resource record.
5.3.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issue #1 and is designed to explicitly solve
Issue #2.
+ Solves Issue #4 via the lifetime of the DNS record.
+ Can partially solve Issue #5 if multiple synthetic AAAA records
are included in the response and all use same format.
+ The solution is backward compatible from the point of view of
'legacy' hosts and servers.
+ EDNS0 option implementation requires changes only to DNS64
servers.
+ Does not require additional provisioning or management as the
EDNS0 option is added automatically by the DNS64 server to the
responses.
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+ Does not involve additional queries towards the global DNS
infrastructure as EDNS0 logic can be handled within the DNS64
server.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires end hosts to support EDNS0 extension mechanisms
[RFC6891].
- Consumes scarce flag bits from the EDNS0 OPT header.
- Requires a host resolver changes and mechanism/additions to the
host resolver API (or flags, hints, etc.) to deliver a note to the
querying application that the address is synthesized and what is
the NSP prefix length.
- Requires a modification to DNS64 servers to include the EDNS0
option to the synthesized responses.
- Does not provide a solution for Issue #3.
- EDNS0 flags and options are typically hop-by-hop only, severely
limiting the applicability of these approaches, unless the EDNS0-
capable DNS64 is the first DNS server the end host talks to, as it
is otherwise not possible to guarantee that the EDNS0 option
survives through all DNS proxies and servers in between.
5.3.3. Summary
This option is included here for the sake of completeness. The
consumption of three bits of the limited EDNS0 OPT space can be
considered unfavorable and hence is unlikely to be accepted.
5.4. DNS Resource Record for IPv4-Embedded IPv6 Address
5.4.1. Solution Description
[DNS-A64] proposed a new DNS resource record (A64) that would be a
record dedicated to storing a single IPv4-embedded IPv6 address
[RFC6052]. Use of a dedicated resource record would allow a host to
distinguish between real IPv6 addresses and synthesized IPv6
addresses. The solution requires the host to send a query for an A64
record. A positive answer with an A64 record informs the requesting
host that the resolved address is not a native address but an IPv4-
embedded IPv6 address. This would ease the local policies to prefer
direct communications (i.e., avoid using IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses
when a native IPv6 address or a native IPv4 address is available).
Applications may be notified via new or modified API.
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5.4.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1 and #5.
+ Solves Issue #4 via the lifetime of the DNS record.
+ The solution is backward compatible from the point of view of
'legacy' hosts and servers.
+ Synthesized addresses can be used in authoritative DNS servers.
+ Maintains the reliability of the DNS model (i.e., a synthesized
IPv6 address is presented as such and not as a native IPv6
address).
+ When both IPv4-converted and native IPv6 addresses are configured
for the same QNAME, native addresses are preferred.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Does not address Issues #2 or #3 in any way.
- Requires a host resolver changes and mechanism/additions to the
host resolver API (or flags, hints, etc.) to deliver a note to the
querying application that the address is synthesized.
- Requires standardization of a new DNS resource record type (A64)
and the implementation of it in both resolvers and servers.
- Requires a coordinated deployment between different flavors of DNS
servers within the provider to work deterministically.
- Additional load on the DNS servers (3 queries -- A64, AAAA, and A
-- may be issued by a dual-stack host).
- Does not help to identify synthesized IPv6 addresses if the
session does not involve any DNS queries.
5.4.3. Summary
While the proposed solution delivers explicit information about
address synthesis taking place, solving the Issue #1, standardization
of a new DNS record type might turn out to be too overwhelming a task
as a solution for a temporary transition phase. Defining a new
record type increases the load towards the DNS server as the host
issues parallel A64, AAAA, and A queries.
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5.5. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64 Using DNS
5.5.1. Solution Description
[LEARN-PREFIX] proposed two DNS-based methods for discovering the
presence of a DNS64 server and a NAT64 device. It also proposed a
mechanism for discovering the used NSP.
First, the document proposed that a host may learn the presence of a
DNS64 server and a NAT64 device by receiving a TXT resource record
with a well-known string (which the document proposes to be reserved
by IANA) followed by the NAT64 unicast IPv6 address and the prefix
length. The DNS64 server would add the TXT resource record into the
DNS response.
Second, the document proposed specifying a new URI-Enabled NAPTR
(U-NAPTR) [RFC4848] application to discover the NAT64's IPv6 prefix
and length. The input domain name is exactly the same as would be
used for a reverse DNS lookup, derived from the host's IPv6 in the
".ip6.arpa." tree. The host doing the U-NAPTR queries may need
multiple queries until the host finds the provisioned domain name
with the correct prefix length. The response to a successful U-NAPTR
query contains the unicast IPv6 address and the prefix length of the
NAT64 device.
5.5.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1 and #2.
+ Solves Issue #4 via the lifetime of the DNS record.
+ Does not require host stack or resolver changes if the required
logic and heuristics are implemented in applications that are
interested in learning about address synthesis taking place.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires standardization of a Well-Known Name by IANA for the TXT
resource record and/or standardization of a new U-NAPTR
application.
- Requires a host resolver changes and mechanism/additions to the
host resolver API (or flags, hints, etc.) to deliver a note to the
querying application that the address is synthesized and what is
the NSP prefix length. However, it is possible that the U-NAPTR
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application logic is completely implemented by the application
itself as noted in the PROs list.
- The U-NAPTR prefix-learning method may entail multiple queries.
- The U-NAPTR prefix-learning method requires provisioning of NSPs
in the ".ip6.arpa." tree.
- RFC5507 [RFC5507] specifically recommends against reusing TXT
resource records to expand DNS.
- Requires configuration on the access network's DNS servers.
- Does not provide a solution for Issue #3.
Note: If the TXT record includes multiple NSPs, Issue #5 could be
solved as well, but only if nodes as a group would select different
NSPs, hence supporting load balancing. As this is not clear, this
item is not yet listed under PROs or CONs.
5.5.3. Summary
The implementation of this solution requires some changes to the
applications and resolvers in a similar fashion as in solutions in
Sections 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4. Unlike the other DNS-based approaches,
the U-NAPTR-based solution also requires provisioning information
into the ".ip6.arpa." tree, which is no longer entirely internal to
the provider hosting the NAT64/DNS64 service.
The iterative approach of learning the NAT64 prefix in an U-NAPTR-
based solution may result in multiple DNS queries, which can be
considered more complex and inefficient compared to other DNS-based
solutions.
5.6. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64 Using DHCPv6
5.6.1. Solution Description
Two individual IETF documents specified DHCPv6-based approaches.
[LEARN-PREFIX] described a new DHCPv6 [RFC3315] option
(OPTION_AFT_PREFIX_DHCP) that would contain the IPv6 unicast prefix,
IPv6 Any-Source Multicast (ASM) prefix, and IPv6 Source-Specific
Multicast (SSM) prefix (and their lengths) for the NAT64.
[DHCPV6-SHARED-ADDRESS] proposed a DHCPv6 option that could be used
to communicate to a requesting host the prefix used for building
IPv4-converted IPv6 addresses together with the format type and
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therefore also the used address synthesis algorithm. Provisioning
the format type is required so as to be correctly handled by the
NAT64-enabled devices deployed in a given domain.
5.6.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1, #2, #3, and #4 via the lifetime of
the DHCPv6 information.
+ Does not involve the DNS system. Therefore, applications that
would not normally initiate any DNS queries can still learn the
NAT64 prefix.
+ DHCPv6 is designed to provide various kinds of configuration
information in a centrally managed fashion.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Change of NSP requires change to the DHCPv6 configuration.
- Requires at least stateless DHCPv6 client on hosts.
- Requires support on DHCPv6 clients, which is not trivial in all
operating systems.
- The DHCPv6-based solution involves changes and management on
network-side nodes that are not really part of the NAT64/DNS64
deployment or aware of issues caused by NAT64/DNS64.
- A new DHCPv6 option is required along with the corresponding
changes to both DHCPv6 clients and servers.
Note: If DHCPv6 would include multiple NSPs, Issue #5 could be solved
as well, but only if nodes as a group would select different NSPs,
hence supporting load balancing. As this is not clear, this item is
not yet listed under PROs or CONs.
5.6.3. Summary
The DHCPv6-based solution would be a good solution as it hooks into
the general IP configuration phase, allows easy updates when
configuration information changes, and does not involve DNS in
general. Use of DHCPv6 requires configuration changes on DHCPv6
clients and servers and, in some cases, may also require
implementation changes. Furthermore, it is not obvious that all
devices that need translation services would implement stateless
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DHCPv6. For example, cellular Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) networks do not mandate hosts or networks to implement or
deploy DHCPv6.
5.7. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64 Using Router
Advertisements
5.7.1. Solution Description
Revision three of [LEARN-PREFIX] described a new Router Advertisement
(RA) [RFC4861] option (OPTION_AFT_PREFIX_RA) that would contain the
IPv6 unicast prefix, IPv6 ASM prefix, and IPv6 SSM prefix (and their
lengths) for the NAT64. The RA option is essentially the same as for
DHCPv6, discussed in Section 5.6.
5.7.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1, #2, and #3.
+ Can solve Issue #4 if lifetime information can be communicated.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires configuration and management of all access routers to
emit correct information in the RA. This could, for example, be
accomplished somehow by piggybacking on top of routing protocols
(which would then require enhancements to routing protocols).
- In some operating systems, it may not be trivial to transfer
information obtained in the RA to upper layers.
- Requires changes to the host operating system's IP stack.
- An NSP change requires changes to the access router configuration.
- Requires standardization of a new option to the Router
Advertisement, which is generally an unfavored approach.
- The RA-based solution involves changes and management on network-
side nodes that are not really part of the NAT64/DNS64 deployment
or aware of issues caused by NAT64/DNS64.
Note: If the RA would include multiple NSPs, Issue #5 could be solved
as well, but only if nodes as a group would select different NSPs,
hence supporting load balancing. As this is not clear, this item is
not yet listed under PROs or CONs.
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5.7.3. Summary
The RA-based solution would be a good solution as it hooks into the
general IP configuration phase, allows easy updates when
configuration information changes, and does not involve DNS in
general. However, generally introducing any changes to the Neighbor
Discovery Protocol that are not absolutely necessary are unfavored
due to the impact on both the network-side node and end host IP stack
implementations.
Compared to the DHCPv6 equivalent solution in Section 5.6, the
management overhead is greater with the RA-based solution. With the
DHCPv6-based solution, the management can be centralized to a few
DHCPv6 servers compared to the RA-based solution where each access
router is supposed to be configured with the same information.
5.8. Using Application-Layer Protocols such as STUN
5.8.1. Solution Description
Application-layer protocols, such as Session Traversal Utilities for
NAT (STUN) [RFC5389], that define methods for endpoints to learn
their external IP addresses could be used for NAT64 and NSP
discovery. This document focuses on STUN, but the protocol could be
something else as well.
A host must first use DNS to discover IPv6 representations of STUN
servers' IPv4 addresses, because the host has no way to directly use
IPv4 addresses to contact STUN servers.
After learning the IPv6 address of a STUN server, the STUN client
sends a request to the STUN server containing a new 'SENDING-TO'
attribute that tells the server the IPv6 address to which the client
sent the request. In a reply, the server includes another new
attribute called 'RECEIVED-AS', which contains the server's IP
address on which the request arrived. After receiving the reply, the
client compares the 'SENDING-TO' and 'RECEIVED-AS' attributes to find
out an NSP candidate.
5.8.2. Analysis and Discussion
This solution is relatively similar to the one described in
Section 5.1, but instead of using DNS, it uses STUN to get input for
heuristic algorithms.
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1 and #2.
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+ Does not require host changes or supportive protocols such as DNS
or DHCPv6. All required logic and heuristics can be implemented
in applications that are interested in learning about address
synthesis taking place.
+ The solution is backward compatible from the point of view of
'legacy' hosts and servers.
+ Hosts or applications interested in learning about synthesis and
the used NSP can do the "discovery" proactively at any time, for
example, every time the host attaches to a new network.
+ Does not require explicit support from the network using NAT64.
+ Can possibly be bundled to existing STUN message exchanges as new
attributes, and hence, a client can learn its external IPv4
address and an NSP/WKP with the same exchange.
+ Can be used to confirm the heuristics by synthesizing the IPv6
address of another STUN server or by synthesizing the IPv6 address
of first STUN server after the host has heuristically determined
NSP using the method in Section 5.1, i.e., the connectivity test
could be done with STUN.
+ The true IPv4 destination address is used in NSP determination
instead of the IPv4 address received from DNS. This may increase
reliability.
+ The same STUN improvement could also be used to reveal NAT66 on
the data path, if the 'RECEIVED-AS' would contain a different IPv6
address from 'SENDING-TO'.
The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires a server on the network to respond to the queries.
- Requires standardization if done as an extension to STUN.
- The solution involves changes and management on network side nodes
that are not really part of the NAT64/DNS64 deployment or aware of
issues caused by NAT64/DNS64.
- Does not solve Issue #3 if the STUN server's synthetic IPv6
address is provisioned via DNS.
- Does not solve Issue #4 as the STUN server would not be aware of
the learned NSP's validity time.
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- Does not solve Issue #5 as the STUN server would not be aware of
multiple NSP prefixes.
- Heavyweight solution especially if an application does not
otherwise support STUN.
5.8.3. Summary
An approach based on STUN or a similar protocol is a second way to
solve the problem without explicit access-network support. The
heuristics for NSP discovery would still be in the client; however,
the result may be more reliable as an actual IPv4 destination address
is compared to the IPv6 address used in sending. The additional
benefit of STUN is that the client learns its public IPv4 address
with the same message exchange. STUN could also be used as the
connectivity test tool if the client would first heuristically
determine NSP out of DNS as described in Section 5.1, synthesize the
IPv6 representation of the STUN server's IPv4 address, and then test
connectivity to the STUN server.
As an additional benefit, the STUN improvement could be used for
NAT66 discovery.
5.9. Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's NAT64 Using Access-
Technology-Specific Methods
5.9.1. Solution Description
Several link layers on different access systems have attachment time
signaling protocols for negotiating various parameters that are used
later on with the established link-layer connection. Examples of
such include the 3GPP Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) signaling protocol
[NAS.24.301] among other link layers and tunneling solutions. There,
using NAS signaling it could be possible to list all NSPs with their
respective prefix lengths in generic protocol configuration option
containers during the network access establishment. The lack of NSPs
in protocol configuration option containers would be an implicit
indication that there is no NAT64 present in the network.
5.9.2. Analysis and Discussion
The PROs of the proposal are listed below:
+ Can be used to solve Issues #1, #2, #3, and #5.
+ Can solve Issue #4 if lifetime information is also communicated.
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The CONs of the proposal are listed below:
- Requires configuration and management of all access routers/
gateways to emit correct information in "link/lower-layer"
signaling. If NAT64 functionality is implemented into the access
router/gateway that terminates the generic protocol configuration
exchange, then the configuration management can be automated.
- In some operating systems, it may not be trivial to transfer
information obtained in "link/lower layers" to upper layers.
- An NSP change may require changes to the access router/gateway
configuration.
- Requires standardization of a new configuration parameter
exchange/container for each access system of interest. The
proposed solution is indeed specific to each access technology.
5.9.3. Summary
The solution based on access technology would be a good solution as
it hooks into general network access establishment phase, allows easy
updates when configuration information changes, and does not involve
DNS in general. However, generally introducing any changes to the
link/lower layers is a long and slow process, and changes would need
to be done for all access technologies/systems that are used with
NAT64.
Compared to the RA-equivalent solution in Section 5.7, the management
overhead is equivalent or even less than the RA-based solution.
6. Conclusion
Our conclusion is to recommend publishing the Well-Known DNS Name
heuristic discovery-based method as a Standards Track IETF document
for applications and host implementors to implement as-is.
As a general principle, we prefer to have as minimal a solution as
possible, avoid impacts to entities not otherwise involved in the
protocol translation scheme, minimize host impact, and require
minimal to no operational effort on the network side.
Of the different issues, we give the most weight to Issues #1 and #2.
We do not give much weight to Issue #3, as cases where hosts need to
synthesize IPv6 addresses but do not have DNS available seem rare to
us. Even if an application does not otherwise utilize DNS, it ought
to be able to trigger a simple DNS query to find out WKP/NSP. Issue
#4 is handled by the majority of solutions, and Issue #5 is
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considered to be mostly insignificant as even if individual hosts
would use only one NSP at a time, different hosts would be using
different NSPs, hence supporting load-balancing targets. Only one of
the discussed solutions, see Section 5.6, supports learning of
possible new or indicating support for multiple algorithms for
address synthesis other than the one described in [RFC6052].
The DNS64 entity has to be configured with WKP/NSP in order for it to
do synthesis; hence, using DNS also for delivering the synthesis
information sounds logical. The fact that the synthesis information
fate-shares the information received in the DNS response is a
valuable attribute and reduces the possible distribution of stale
prefix information. However, having all DNS64 servers support
explicit WKP/NSP discovery (ENDS0, A64, and DNS SRV record
approaches) is difficult to arrange. The U-NAPTR-based approach
would require provisioning information into the ".ip6.arpa." tree,
which would not be entirely internal for the provider. Use of DHCPv6
would involve additional trouble configuring DHCPv6 servers and
ensuring DHCPv6 clients are in place; it would also involve ensuring
that the NAT64 and DHCPv6 (and possibly even some DNS64 servers) are
all in sync. RA-based mechanisms are operationally expensive as
configuration would have to be placed and maintained in the access
routers. Furthermore, both DHCPv6 and RA-based mechanisms involve
entities that do not otherwise need to be aware of protocol
translation (they only need to know DNS server addresses). Finally,
regarding the use of STUN, a host does not need to implement STUN
whereas DNS is, in practice, required anyway. Also, the STUN
protocol would need to be changed on both the host and network side
to support the discovery of NAT64 and WKP/NSP.
7. Security Considerations
The security considerations are essentially similar to those
described in DNS64 [RFC6147]. The document also talks about man-in-
the-middle and denial-of-service attacks caused by forging of
information required for IPv6 synthesis from corresponding IPv4
addresses. Forgery of information required for IPv6 address
synthesis may allow an attacker to insert itself as a middle man or
to perform a denial-of-service attack. The DHCPv6 and RA-based
approaches are vulnerable to forgery as the attacker may send forged
RAs or act as a rogue DHCPv6 server (unless DHCPv6 authentication
[RFC3315] or Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971] are used).
If the attacker is already able to modify and forge DNS responses
(flags, addresses of known IPv4-only servers, records, etc.), ability
to influence local address synthesis is likely of low additional
value. Also, a DNS-based mechanism is only as secure as the method
used to configure the DNS server's IP addresses on the host.
Therefore, if, for example, the host cannot trust DHCPv6, it cannot
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trust the DNS server learned via DHCPv6 either, unless the host has a
way to authenticate all DNS responses (e.g., via DNSSEC [RFC4033]).
8. Contributors
The following individual contributed text to this document.
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes, 35000
France
EMail: mohamed.boucadair@orange-ftgroup.com
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dan Wing and Christian Huitema,
especially for the STUN idea and for their valuable comments and
discussions.
Jouni Korhonen would like to specifically thank Nokia Siemens
Networks as he completed the majority of this document while employed
there.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2326] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., and R. Lanphier, "Real Time
Streaming Protocol (RTSP)", RFC 2326, April 1998.
[RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)",
RFC 2671, August 1999.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
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[RFC4848] Daigle, L., "Domain-Based Application Service Location
Using URIs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service
(DDDS)", RFC 4848, April 2007.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
[RFC5389] Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
"Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
October 2008.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
April 2011.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, September 2012.
[RFC7050] Savolainen, T., Korhonen, J., and D. Wing, "Discovery of
the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis",
RFC 7050, November 2013.
10.2. Informative References
[DHCPV6-SHARED-ADDRESS]
Boucadair, M., Levis, P., Grimault, J., Savolainen, T.,
and G. Bajko, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCPv6) Options for Shared IP Addresses Solutions", Work
in Progress, December 2009.
[DNS-A64] Boucadair, M. and E. Burgey, "A64: DNS Resource Record for
IPv4-Embedded IPv6 Address", Work in Progress,
September 2010.
[LEARN-PREFIX]
Wing, D., "Learning the IPv6 Prefix of a Network's IPv6/
IPv4 Translator", Work in Progress, October 2009.
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[MCAST-TRANSLATOR]
Venaas, S., Asaeda, H., SUZUKI, S., and T. Fujisaki, "An
IPv4 - IPv6 multicast translator", Work in Progress,
December 2010.
[NAS.24.301]
3GPP, "Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved
Packet System (EPS)", 3GPP TS 24.301 8.8.0, December 2010,
<http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/24301.htm>.
[REFERRAL-PS]
Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and Z. Cao, "Problem Statement
for Referral", Work in Progress, February 2011.
[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure
Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, March 2005.
[RFC5507] IAB, Faltstrom, P., Austein, R., and P. Koch, "Design
Choices When Expanding the DNS", RFC 5507, April 2009.
[RFC6144] Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011.
[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, April 2013.
[SYNTH-FLAG-2010]
Korhonen, J. and T. Savolainen, "EDNS0 Option for
Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format", Work
in Progress, July 2010.
[SYNTH-FLAG-2011]
Korhonen, J. and T. Savolainen, "EDNS0 Option for
Indicating AAAA Record Synthesis and Format", Work
in Progress, February 2011.
[V4V6MC-FRAMEWORK]
Venaas, S., Li, X., and C. Bao, "Framework for IPv4/IPv6
Multicast Translation", Work in Progress, June 2011.
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Authors' Addresses
Jouni Korhonen (editor)
Broadcom
Porkkalankatu 24
FIN-00180 Helsinki
Finland
EMail: jouni.nospam@gmail.com
Teemu Savolainen (editor)
Nokia
Hermiankatu 12 D
FI-33720 Tampere
Finland
EMail: teemu.savolainen@nokia.com
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