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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Arkko
Request for Comments: 6619 Ericsson
Category: Standards Track L. Eggert
ISSN: 2070-1721 NetApp
M. Townsley
Cisco
June 2012
Scalable Operation of Address Translators with Per-Interface Bindings
Abstract
This document explains how to employ address translation in networks
that serve a large number of individual customers without requiring a
correspondingly large amount of private IPv4 address space.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6619.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
1. Introduction
This document explains how to employ address translation without
consuming a large amount of private address space. This is important
in networks that serve a large number of individual customers.
Networks that serve more than 2^24 (16 million) users cannot assign a
unique private IPv4 address to each user, because the largest
reserved private address block reserved is 10/8 [RFC1918]. Many
networks are already hitting these limits today -- for instance, in
the consumer Internet service market. Even some individual devices
may approach these limits -- for instance, cellular network gateways
or mobile IP home agents.
If ample IPv4 address space were available, this would be a
non-issue, because the current practice of assigning public IPv4
addresses to each user would remain viable, and the complications
associated with using the more limited private address space could be
avoided. However, as the IPv4 address pool is becoming depleted,
this practice is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain.
It has been suggested that more of the unassigned IPv4 space should
be converted for private use, in order to allow the provisioning of
larger networks with private IPv4 address space. At the time of this
writing, the IANA "free pool" contained only 12 unallocated unicast
IPv4 /8 prefixes. Although reserving a few of those for private use
would create some breathing room for such deployments, it would not
result in a solution with long-term viability. It would result in
significant operational and management overheads, and it would
further reduce the number of available IPv4 addresses.
Segmenting a network into areas of overlapping private address space
is another possible technique, but it severely complicates the design
and operation of a network.
Finally, the transition to IPv6 will eventually eliminate these
addressing limitations. However, during the migration period when
IPv4 and IPv6 have to coexist, address or protocol translation will
be needed in order to reach IPv4 destinations.
The rest of this document is organized as follows. Section 2 gives
an outline of the solution, Section 3 introduces some terms,
Section 4 specifies the required behavior for managing NAT bindings,
and Section 5 discusses the use of this technique with IPv6.
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
2. Solution Outline
The need for address or protocol translation during the migration
period to IPv6 creates the opportunity to deploy these mechanisms in
a way that allows the support of a large user base without the need
for a correspondingly large IPv4 address block.
A Network Address Translator (NAT) is typically configured to connect
a network domain that uses private IPv4 addresses to the public
Internet. The NAT device, which is configured with a public IPv4
address, creates and maintains a mapping for each communication
session from a device inside the domain it serves to devices in the
public Internet. It does that by translating the packet flow of each
session such that the externally visible traffic uses only public
addresses.
In many NAT deployments, the network domain connected by the NAT to
the public Internet is a broadcast network sharing the same media,
where each individual device must have a private IPv4 address that is
unique within this network. In such deployments, it is natural also
to implement the NAT functionality such that it uses the private IPv4
address when looking up which mapping should be used to translate a
given communication session.
It is important to note, however, that this is not an inherent
requirement. When other methods of identifying the correct mapping
are available, and the NAT is not connecting a shared-media broadcast
network to the Internet, there is no need to assign each device in
the domain a unique IPv4 address.
This is the case, for example, when the NAT connects devices to the
Internet that connect to it with individual point-to-point links. In
this case, it becomes possible to use the same private addresses many
times, making it possible to support any number of devices behind a
NAT using very few IPv4 addresses.
There are tunneling-based techniques that can obtain the same
benefits by establishing new tunnels over any IP network [RFC6333].
However, where the point-to-point links already exist, creating an
additional layer of tunneling is unnecessary (and even potentially
harmful due to effects on the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) settings).
The approach described in this document can be implemented and
deployed within a single device and has no effect on hosts behind it.
In addition, as no additional layers of tunneling are introduced,
there is no effect on the MTU. It is also unnecessary to implement
tunnel endpoint discovery, security mechanisms, or other aspects of a
tunneling solution. In fact, there are no changes to the devices
behind the NAT.
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RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
Note, however, that existing tunnels are a common special case of
point-to-point links. For instance, cellular network gateways
terminate a large number of tunnels that are already needed for
mobility management reasons. Implementing the approach described in
this document is particularly attractive in such environments, given
that no additional tunneling mechanisms, negotiation, or host changes
are required. In addition, since there is no additional tunneling,
packets continue to take the same path as they would normally take.
Other commonly used network technologies that may be of interest
include Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [RFC1661] links, PPP over
Ethernet (PPPoE) [RFC2516] encapsulation, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs), and per-subscriber virtual
LAN (VLAN) allocation in consumer broadband networks.
The approach described here also results in overlapping private
address space, like the segmentation of the network to different
areas. However, this overlap is applied only at the network edges
and does not impact routing or reachability of servers in a negative
way.
3. Terms
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
"NAT" in this document includes both "Basic NAT" and "Network Address
Port Translation (NAPT)" as defined by [RFC2663]. The term "NAT
Session" is adapted from [RFC5382] and is defined as follows.
NAT Session - A NAT session is an association between a transport
layer session as seen in the internal realm and a session as seen
in the external realm, by virtue of NAT translation. The NAT
session will provide the translation glue between the two session
representations.
This document uses the term "mapping" as defined in [RFC4787] to
refer to state at the NAT necessary for network address and port
translation of sessions.
4. Per-Interface Bindings
To support a mode of operation that uses a fixed number of IPv4
addresses to serve an arbitrary number of devices, a NAT MUST manage
its mappings on a per-interface basis, by associating a particular
NAT session not only with the five tuples used for the transport
connection on both sides of the NAT but also with the internal
interface on which the user device is connected to the NAT. This
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RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
approach allows each internal interface to use the same private IPv4
address range. Note that the interface need not be physical; it may
also correspond to a tunnel, VLAN, or other identifiable
communications channel.
For deployments where exactly one user device is connected with a
separate tunnel interface and all tunnels use the same IPv4 address
for the user devices, it is redundant to store this address in the
mapping in addition to the internal interface identifier. When the
internal interface identifier is shorter than a 32-bit IPv4 address,
this may decrease the storage requirements of a mapping entry by a
small measure, which may aid NAT scalability. For other deployments,
it is likely necessary to store both the user device IPv4 address and
the internal interface identifier, which slightly increases the size
of the mapping entry.
This mode of operation is only suitable in deployments where user
devices connect to the NAT over point-to-point links. If supported,
this mode of operation SHOULD be configurable, and it should be
disabled by default in general-purpose NAT devices.
All address translators make it hard to address devices behind them.
The same is true of the particular NAT variant described in this
document. An additional constraint is caused by the use of the same
address space for different devices behind the NAT, which prevents
the use of unique private addresses for communication between devices
behind the same NAT.
5. IPv6 Considerations
Private address space conservation is important even during the
migration to IPv6, because it will be necessary to communicate with
the IPv4 Internet for a long time. This document specifies two
recommended deployment models for IPv6. In the first deployment
model, the mechanisms specified in this document are useful. In the
second deployment model, no additional mechanisms are needed, because
IPv6 addresses are already sufficient to distinguish mappings from
each other.
The first deployment model employs dual stack [RFC4213]. The IPv6
side of dual stack operates based on global addresses and direct
end-to-end communication. However, on the IPv4 side, private
addressing and NATs are a necessity. The use of per-interface NAT
mappings is RECOMMENDED for the IPv4 side under these circumstances.
Per-interface mappings help the NAT scale, while dual-stack operation
helps reduce the pressure on the NAT device by moving key types of
traffic to IPv6, eliminating the need for NAT processing.
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
The second deployment model involves the use of address and protocol
translation, such as the one defined in [RFC6146]. In this
deployment model, there is no IPv4 in the internal network at all.
This model is applicable only in situations where all relevant
devices and applications are IPv6 capable. In this situation,
per-interface mappings could be employed as specified above, but they
are generally unnecessary, as the IPv6 address space is large enough
to provide a sufficient number of mappings.
6. Security Considerations
The practices outlined in this document do not affect the security
properties of address translation. The binding method specified in
this document is not observable to a device that is on the outside of
the NAT; i.e., a regular NAT and a NAT specified here cannot be
distinguished. However, the use of point-to-point links implies
naturally that the devices behind the NAT cannot communicate with
each other directly without going through the NAT (or a router). The
use of the same address space for different devices implies in
addition that a NAT operation must occur between two devices in order
for them to communicate.
The security implications of address translation in general have been
discussed in many previous documents, including [RFC2663], [RFC2993],
[RFC4787], and [RFC5382].
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
7.2. Informative References
[L2NAT] Miles, D., Ed., and M. Townsley, "Layer2-Aware NAT", Work
in Progress, March 2009.
[RFC1661] Simpson, W., Ed., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)",
STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2516] Mamakos, L., Lidl, K., Evarts, J., Carrel, D., Simone, D.,
and R. Wheeler, "A Method for Transmitting PPP Over
Ethernet (PPPoE)", RFC 2516, February 1999.
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, August 1999.
[RFC2993] Hain, T., "Architectural Implications of NAT", RFC 2993,
November 2000.
[RFC4213] Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, October 2005.
[RFC4787] Audet, F., Ed., and C. Jennings, "Network Address
Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Ed., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[RFC6127] Arkko, J. and M. Townsley, "IPv4 Run-Out and IPv4-IPv6
Co-Existence Scenarios", RFC 6127, May 2011.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011.
[TRILOGY] "Trilogy Project", <http://www.trilogy-project.org/>.
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RFC 6619 Scalable NATs June 2012
Appendix A. Contributors
The ideas in this document were first presented in [RFC6333]. This
document is also indebted to [RFC6127] and [L2NAT]. However, all of
these documents focused on additional components, such as tunneling
protocols or the allocation of special IP address ranges. We wanted
to publish a specification that just focuses on the core
functionality of per-interface NAT mappings. However, David Miles
and Alain Durand should be credited with coming up with the ideas
discussed in this memo.
Appendix B. Acknowledgments
The authors would also like to thank Randy Bush, Fredrik Garneij, Dan
Wing, Christian Vogt, Marcelo Braun, Joel Halpern, Wassim Haddad,
Alan Kavanaugh, and others for interesting discussions in this
problem space.
Lars Eggert is partly funded by the Trilogy Project [TRILOGY], a
research project supported by the European Commission under its
Seventh Framework Program.
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
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Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Jorvas 02420
Finland
EMail: jari.arkko@piuha.net
Lars Eggert
NetApp
Sonnenallee 1
85551 Kirchheim
Germany
Phone: +49 151 12055791
EMail: lars@netapp.com
URI: http://eggert.org/
Mark Townsley
Cisco
Paris 75006
France
EMail: townsley@cisco.com
Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]