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Network Working Group B. Leiba
Request for Comments: 2683 IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Category: Informational September 1999
IMAP4 Implementation Recommendations
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
1. Abstract
The IMAP4 specification [RFC-2060] describes a rich protocol for use
in building clients and servers for storage, retrieval, and
manipulation of electronic mail. Because the protocol is so rich and
has so many implementation choices, there are often trade-offs that
must be made and issues that must be considered when designing such
clients and servers. This document attempts to outline these issues
and to make recommendations in order to make the end products as
interoperable as possible.
2. Conventions used in this document
In examples, "C:" indicates lines sent by a client that is connected
to a server. "S:" indicates lines sent by the server to the client.
The words "must", "must not", "should", "should not", and "may" are
used with specific meaning in this document; since their meaning is
somewhat different from that specified in RFC 2119, we do not put
them in all caps here. Their meaning is as follows:
must -- This word means that the action described is necessary
to ensure interoperability. The recommendation should
not be ignored.
must not -- This phrase means that the action described will be
almost certain to hurt interoperability. The
recommendation should not be ignored.
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should -- This word means that the action described is strongly
recommended and will enhance interoperability or
usability. The recommendation should not be ignored
without careful consideration.
should not -- This phrase means that the action described is strongly
recommended against, and might hurt interoperability or
usability. The recommendation should not be ignored
without careful consideration.
may -- This word means that the action described is an
acceptable implementation choice. No specific
recommendation is implied; this word is used to point
out a choice that might not be obvious, or to let
implementors know what choices have been made by
existing implementations.
3. Interoperability Issues and Recommendations
3.1. Accessibility
This section describes the issues related to access to servers and
server resources. Concerns here include data sharing and maintenance
of client/server connections.
3.1.1. Multiple Accesses of the Same Mailbox
One strong point of IMAP4 is that, unlike POP3, it allows for
multiple simultaneous access to a single mailbox. A user can, thus,
read mail from a client at home while the client in the office is
still connected; or the help desk staff can all work out of the same
inbox, all seeing the same pool of questions. An important point
about this capability, though is that NO SERVER IS GUARANTEED TO
SUPPORT THIS. If you are selecting an IMAP server and this facility
is important to you, be sure that the server you choose to install,
in the configuration you choose to use, supports it.
If you are designing a client, you must not assume that you can
access the same mailbox more than once at a time. That means
1. you must handle gracefully the failure of a SELECT command if the
server refuses the second SELECT,
2. you must handle reasonably the severing of your connection (see
"Severed Connections", below) if the server chooses to allow the
second SELECT by forcing the first off,
3. you must avoid making multiple connections to the same mailbox in
your own client (for load balancing or other such reasons), and
4. you must avoid using the STATUS command on a mailbox that you have
selected (with some server implementations the STATUS command has
the same problems with multiple access as do the SELECT and
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EXAMINE commands).
A further note about STATUS: The STATUS command is sometimes used to
check a non-selected mailbox for new mail. This mechanism must not
be used to check for new mail in the selected mailbox; section 5.2 of
[RFC-2060] specifically forbids this in its last paragraph. Further,
since STATUS takes a mailbox name it is an independent operation, not
operating on the selected mailbox. Because of this, the information
it returns is not necessarily in synchronization with the selected
mailbox state.
3.1.2. Severed Connections
The client/server connection may be severed for one of three reasons:
the client severs the connection, the server severs the connection,
or the connection is severed by outside forces beyond the control of
the client and the server (a telephone line drops, for example).
Clients and servers must both deal with these situations.
When the client wants to sever a connection, it's usually because it
has finished the work it needed to do on that connection. The client
should send a LOGOUT command, wait for the tagged response, and then
close the socket. But note that, while this is what's intended in
the protocol design, there isn't universal agreement here. Some
contend that sending the LOGOUT and waiting for the two responses
(untagged BYE and tagged OK) is wasteful and unnecessary, and that
the client can simply close the socket. The server should interpret
the closed socket as a log out by the client. The counterargument is
that it's useful from the standpoint of cleanup, problem
determination, and the like, to have an explicit client log out,
because otherwise there is no way for the server to tell the
difference between "closed socket because of log out" and "closed
socket because communication was disrupted". If there is a
client/server interaction problem, a client which routinely
terminates a session by breaking the connection without a LOGOUT will
make it much more difficult to determine the problem.
Because of this disagreement, server designers must be aware that
some clients might close the socket without sending a LOGOUT. In any
case, whether or not a LOGOUT was sent, the server should not
implicitly expunge any messages from the selected mailbox. If a
client wants the server to do so, it must send a CLOSE or EXPUNGE
command explicitly.
When the server wants to sever a connection it's usually due to an
inactivity timeout or is because a situation has arisen that has
changed the state of the mail store in a way that the server can not
communicate to the client. The server should send an untagged BYE
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response to the client and then close the socket. Sending an
untagged BYE response before severing allows the server to send a
human-readable explanation of the problem to the client, which the
client may then log, display to the user, or both (see section 7.1.5
of [RFC-2060]).
Regarding inactivity timeouts, there is some controversy. Unlike
POP, for which the design is for a client to connect, retrieve mail,
and log out, IMAP's design encourages long-lived (and mostly
inactive) client/server sessions. As the number of users grows, this
can use up a lot of server resources, especially with clients that
are designed to maintain sessions for mailboxes that the user has
finished accessing. To alleviate this, a server may implement an
inactivity timeout, unilaterally closing a session (after first
sending an untagged BYE, as noted above). Some server operators have
reported dramatic improvements in server performance after doing
this. As specified in [RFC-2060], if such a timeout is done it must
not be until at least 30 minutes of inactivity. The reason for this
specification is to prevent clients from sending commands (such as
NOOP) to the server at frequent intervals simply to avert a too-early
timeout. If the client knows that the server may not time out the
session for at least 30 minutes, then the client need not poll at
intervals more frequent than, say, 25 minutes.
3.2. Scaling
IMAP4 has many features that allow for scalability, as mail stores
become larger and more numerous. Large numbers of users, mailboxes,
and messages, and very large messages require thought to handle
efficiently. This document will not address the administrative
issues involved in large numbers of users, but we will look at the
other items.
3.2.1. Flood Control
There are three situations when a client can make a request that will
result in a very large response - too large for the client reasonably
to deal with: there are a great many mailboxes available, there are a
great many messages in the selected mailbox, or there is a very large
message part. The danger here is that the end user will be stuck
waiting while the server sends (and the client processes) an enormous
response. In all of these cases there are things a client can do to
reduce that danger.
There is also the case where a client can flood a server, by sending
an arbitratily long command. We'll discuss that issue, too, in this
section.
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3.2.1.1. Listing Mailboxes
Some servers present Usenet newsgroups to IMAP users. Newsgroups,
and other such hierarchical mailbox structures, can be very numerous
but may have only a few entries at the top level of hierarchy. Also,
some servers are built against mail stores that can, unbeknownst to
the server, have circular hierarchies - that is, it's possible for
"a/b/c/d" to resolve to the same file structure as "a", which would
then mean that "a/b/c/d/b" is the same as "a/b", and the hierarchy
will never end. The LIST response in this case will be unlimited.
Clients that will have trouble with this are those that use
C: 001 LIST "" *
to determine the mailbox list. Because of this, clients should not
use an unqualified "*" that way in the LIST command. A safer
approach is to list each level of hierarchy individually, allowing
the user to traverse the tree one limb at a time, thus:
C: 001 LIST "" %
S: * LIST () "/" Banana
S: * LIST ...etc...
S: 001 OK done
and then
C: 002 LIST "" Banana/%
S: * LIST () "/" Banana/Apple
S: * LIST ...etc...
S: 002 OK done
Using this technique the client's user interface can give the user
full flexibility without choking on the voluminous reply to "LIST *".
Of course, it is still possible that the reply to
C: 005 LIST "" alt.fan.celebrity.%
may be thousands of entries long, and there is, unfortunately,
nothing the client can do to protect itself from that. This has not
yet been a notable problem.
Servers that may export circular hierarchies (any server that
directly presents a UNIX file system, for instance) should limit the
hierarchy depth to prevent unlimited LIST responses. A suggested
depth limit is 20 hierarchy levels.
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3.2.1.2. Fetching the List of Messages
When a client selects a mailbox, it is given a count, in the untagged
EXISTS response, of the messages in the mailbox. This number can be
very large. In such a case it might be unwise to use
C: 004 FETCH 1:* ALL
to populate the user's view of the mailbox. One good method to avoid
problems with this is to batch the requests, thus:
C: 004 FETCH 1:50 ALL
S: * 1 FETCH ...etc...
S: 004 OK done
C: 005 FETCH 51:100 ALL
S: * 51 FETCH ...etc...
S: 005 OK done
C: 006 FETCH 101:150 ALL
...etc...
Using this method, another command, such as "FETCH 6 BODY[1]" can be
inserted as necessary, and the client will not have its access to the
server blocked by a storm of FETCH replies. (Such a method could be
reversed to fetch the LAST 50 messages first, then the 50 prior to
that, and so on.)
As a smart extension of this, a well designed client, prepared for
very large mailboxes, will not automatically fetch data for all
messages AT ALL. Rather, the client will populate the user's view
only as the user sees it, possibly pre-fetching selected information,
and only fetching other information as the user scrolls to it. For
example, to select only those messages beginning with the first
unseen one:
C: 003 SELECT INBOX
S: * 10000 EXISTS
S: * 80 RECENT
S: * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Draft \Seen)
S: * OK [UIDVALIDITY 824708485] UID validity status
S: * OK [UNSEEN 9921] First unseen message
S: 003 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
C: 004 FETCH 9921:* ALL
... etc...
If the server does not return an OK [UNSEEN] response, the client may
use SEARCH UNSEEN to obtain that value.
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This mechanism is good as a default presentation method, but only
works well if the default message order is acceptable. A client may
want to present various sort orders to the user (by subject, by date
sent, by sender, and so on) and in that case (lacking a SORT
extension on the server side) the client WILL have to retrieve all
message descriptors. A client that provides this service should not
do it by default and should inform the user of the costs of choosing
this option for large mailboxes.
3.2.1.3. Fetching a Large Body Part
The issue here is similar to the one for a list of messages. In the
BODYSTRUCTURE response the client knows the size, in bytes, of the
body part it plans to fetch. Suppose this is a 70 MB video clip. The
client can use partial fetches to retrieve the body part in pieces,
avoiding the problem of an uninterruptible 70 MB literal coming back
from the server:
C: 022 FETCH 3 BODY[1]<0.20000>
S: * 3 FETCH (FLAGS(\Seen) BODY[1]<0> {20000}
S: ...data...)
S: 022 OK done
C: 023 FETCH 3 BODY[1]<20001.20000>
S: * 3 FETCH (BODY[1]<20001> {20000}
S: ...data...)
S: 023 OK done
C: 024 FETCH 3 BODY[1]<40001.20000>
...etc...
3.2.1.4. BODYSTRUCTURE vs. Entire Messages
Because FETCH BODYSTRUCTURE is necessary in order to determine the
number of body parts, and, thus, whether a message has "attachments",
clients often use FETCH FULL as their normal method of populating the
user's view of a mailbox. The benefit is that the client can display
a paperclip icon or some such indication along with the normal
message summary. However, this comes at a significant cost with some
server configurations. The parsing needed to generate the FETCH
BODYSTRUCTURE response may be time-consuming compared with that
needed for FETCH ENVELOPE. The client developer should consider this
issue when deciding whether the ability to add a paperclip icon is
worth the tradeoff in performance, especially with large mailboxes.
Some clients, rather than using FETCH BODYSTRUCTURE, use FETCH BODY[]
(or the equivalent FETCH RFC822) to retrieve the entire message.
They then do the MIME parsing in the client. This may give the
client slightly more flexibility in some areas (access, for instance,
to header fields that aren't returned in the BODYSTRUCTURE and
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ENVELOPE responses), but it can cause severe performance problems by
forcing the transfer of all body parts when the user might only want
to see some of them - a user logged on by modem and reading a small
text message with a large ZIP file attached may prefer to read the
text only and save the ZIP file for later. Therefore, a client
should not normally retrieve entire messages and should retrieve
message body parts selectively.
3.2.1.5. Long Command Lines
A client can wind up building a very long command line in an effort to
try to be efficient about requesting information from a server. This
can typically happen when a client builds a message set from selected
messages and doesn't recognise that contiguous blocks of messages may
be group in a range. Suppose a user selects all 10,000 messages in a
large mailbox and then unselects message 287. The client could build
that message set as "1:286,288:10000", but a client that doesn't
handle that might try to enumerate each message individually and build
"1,2,3,4, [and so on] ,9999,10000". Adding that to the fetch command
results in a command line that's almost 49,000 octets long, and,
clearly, one can construct a command line that's even longer.
A client should limit the length of the command lines it generates to
approximately 1000 octets (including all quoted strings but not
including literals). If the client is unable to group things into
ranges so that the command line is within that length, it should
split the request into multiple commands. The client should use
literals instead of long quoted strings, in order to keep the command
length down.
For its part, a server should allow for a command line of at least
8000 octets. This provides plenty of leeway for accepting reasonable
length commands from clients. The server should send a BAD response
to a command that does not end within the server's maximum accepted
command length.
3.2.2. Subscriptions
The client isn't the only entity that can get flooded: the end user,
too, may need some flood control. The IMAP4 protocol provides such
control in the form of subscriptions. Most servers support the
SUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE, and LSUB commands, and many users choose to
narrow down a large list of available mailboxes by subscribing to the
ones that they usually want to see. Clients, with this in mind,
should give the user a way to see only subscribed mailboxes. A
client that never uses the LSUB command takes a significant usability
feature away from the user. Of course, the client would not want to
hide the LIST command completely; the user needs to have a way to
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choose between LIST and LSUB. The usual way to do this is to provide
a setting like "show which mailboxes?: [] all [] subscribed only".
3.2.3. Searching
IMAP SEARCH commands can become particularly troublesome (that is,
slow) on mailboxes containing a large number of messages. So let's
put a few things in perspective in that regard.
The flag searches should be fast. The flag searches (ALL, [UN]SEEN,
[UN]ANSWERED, [UN]DELETED, [UN]DRAFT, [UN]FLAGGED, NEW, OLD, RECENT)
are known to be used by clients for the client's own use (for
instance, some clients use "SEARCH UNSEEN" to find unseen mail and
"SEARCH DELETED" to warn the user before expunging messages).
Other searches, particularly the text searches (HEADER, TEXT, BODY)
are initiated by the user, rather than by the client itself, and
somewhat slower performance can be tolerated, since the user is aware
that the search is being done (and is probably aware that it might be
time-consuming). A smart server might use dynamic indexing to speed
commonly used text searches.
The client may allow other commands to be sent to the server while a
SEARCH is in progress, but at the time of this writing there is
little or no server support for parallel processing of multiple
commands in the same session (and see "Multiple Accesses of the Same
Mailbox" above for a description of the dangers of trying to work
around this by doing your SEARCH in another session).
Another word about text searches: some servers, built on database
back-ends with indexed search capabilities, may return search results
that do not match the IMAP spec's "case-insensitive substring"
requirements. While these servers are in violation of the protocol,
there is little harm in the violation as long as the search results
are used only in response to a user's request. Still, developers of
such servers should be aware that they ARE violating the protocol,
should think carefully about that behaviour, and must be certain that
their servers respond accurately to the flag searches for the reasons
outlined above.
In addition, servers should support CHARSET UTF-8 [UTF-8] in
searches.
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3.3 Avoiding Invalid Requests
IMAP4 provides ways for a server to tell a client in advance what is
and isn't permitted in some circumstances. Clients should use these
features to avoid sending requests that a well designed client would
know to be invalid. This section explains this in more detail.
3.3.1. The CAPABILITY Command
All IMAP4 clients should use the CAPABILITY command to determine what
version of IMAP and what optional features a server supports. The
client should not send IMAP4rev1 commands and arguments to a server
that does not advertize IMAP4rev1 in its CAPABILITY response.
Similarly, the client should not send IMAP4 commands that no longer
exist in IMAP4rev1 to a server that does not advertize IMAP4 in its
CAPABILITY response. An IMAP4rev1 server is NOT required to support
obsolete IMAP4 or IMAP2bis commands (though some do; do not let this
fact lull you into thinking that it's valid to send such commands to
an IMAP4rev1 server).
A client should not send commands to probe for the existance of
certain extensions. All standard and standards-track extensions
include CAPABILITY tokens indicating their presense. All private and
experimental extensions should do the same, and clients that take
advantage of them should use the CAPABILITY response to determine
whether they may be used or not.
3.3.2. Don't Do What the Server Says You Can't
In many cases, the server, in response to a command, will tell the
client something about what can and can't be done with a particular
mailbox. The client should pay attention to this information and
should not try to do things that it's been told it can't do.
Examples:
* Do not try to SELECT a mailbox that has the \Noselect flag set.
* Do not try to CREATE a sub-mailbox in a mailbox that has the
\Noinferiors flag set.
* Do not respond to a failing COPY or APPEND command by trying to
CREATE the target mailbox if the server does not respond with a
[TRYCREATE] response code.
* Do not try to expunge a mailbox that has been selected with the
[READ-ONLY] response code.
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3.4. Miscellaneous Protocol Considerations
We describe here a number of important protocol-related issues, the
misunderstanding of which has caused significant interoperability
problems in IMAP4 implementations. One general item is that every
implementer should be certain to take note of and to understand
section 2.2.2 and the preamble to section 7 of the IMAP4rev1 spec
[RFC-2060].
3.4.1. Well Formed Protocol
We cannot stress enough the importance of adhering strictly to the
protocol grammar. The specification of the protocol is quite rigid;
do not assume that you can insert blank space for "readability" if
none is called for. Keep in mind that there are parsers out there
that will crash if there are protocol errors. There are clients that
will report every parser burp to the user. And in any case,
information that cannot be parsed is information that is lost. Be
careful in your protocol generation. And see "A Word About Testing",
below.
In particular, note that the string in the INTERNALDATE response is
NOT an RFC-822 date string - that is, it is not in the same format as
the first string in the ENVELOPE response. Since most clients will,
in fact, accept an RFC-822 date string in the INTERNALDATE response,
it's easy to miss this in your interoperability testing. But it will
cause a problem with some client, so be sure to generate the correct
string for this field.
3.4.2. Special Characters
Certain characters, currently the double-quote and the backslash, may
not be sent as-is inside a quoted string. These characters must be
preceded by the escape character if they are in a quoted string, or
else the string must be sent as a literal. Both clients and servers
must handle this, both on output (they must send these characters
properly) and on input (they must be able to receive escaped
characters in quoted strings). Example:
C: 001 LIST "" %
S: * LIST () "" INBOX
S: * LIST () "\\" TEST
S: * LIST () "\\" {12}
S: "My" mailbox
S: 001 OK done
C: 002 LIST "" "\"My\" mailbox\\%"
S: * LIST () "\\" {17}
S: "My" mailbox\Junk
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S: 002 OK done
Note that in the example the server sent the hierarchy delimiter as
an escaped character in the quoted string and sent the mailbox name
containing imbedded double-quotes as a literal. The client used only
quoted strings, escaping both the backslash and the double-quote
characters.
The CR and LF characters may be sent ONLY in literals; they are not
allowed, even if escaped, inside quoted strings.
And while we're talking about special characters: the IMAP spec, in
the section titled "Mailbox International Naming Convention",
describes how to encode mailbox names in modified UTF-7 [UTF-7 and
RFC-2060]. Implementations must adhere to this in order to be
interoperable in the international market, and servers should
validate mailbox names sent by client and reject names that do not
conform.
As to special characters in userids and passwords: clients must not
restrict what a user may type in for a userid or a password. The
formal grammar specifies that these are "astrings", and an astring
can be a literal. A literal, in turn can contain any 8-bit
character, and clients must allow users to enter all 8-bit characters
here, and must pass them, unchanged, to the server (being careful to
send them as literals when necessary). In particular, some server
configurations use "@" in user names, and some clients do not allow
that character to be entered; this creates a severe interoperability
problem.
3.4.3. UIDs and UIDVALIDITY
Servers that support existing back-end mail stores often have no good
place to save UIDs for messages. Often the existing mail store will
not have the concept of UIDs in the sense that IMAP has: strictly
increasing, never re-issued, 32-bit integers. Some servers solve
this by storing the UIDs in a place that's accessible to end users,
allowing for the possibility that the users will delete them. Others
solve it by re-assigning UIDs every time a mailbox is selected.
The server should maintain UIDs permanently for all messages if it
can. If that's not possible, the server must change the UIDVALIDITY
value for the mailbox whenever any of the UIDs may have become
invalid. Clients must recognize that the UIDVALIDITY has changed and
must respond to that condition by throwing away any information that
they have saved about UIDs in that mailbox. There have been many
problems in this area when clients have failed to do this; in the
worst case it will result in loss of mail when a client deletes the
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wrong piece of mail by using a stale UID.
It seems to be a common misunderstanding that "the UIDVALIDITY and
the UID, taken together, form a 64-bit identifier that uniquely
identifies a message on a server". This is absolutely NOT TRUE.
There is no assurance that the UIDVALIDITY values of two mailboxes be
different, so the UIDVALIDITY in no way identifies a mailbox. The
ONLY purpose of UIDVALIDITY is, as its name indicates, to give the
client a way to check the validity of the UIDs it has cached. While
it is a valid implementation choice to put these values together to
make a 64-bit identifier for the message, the important concept here
is that UIDs are not unique between mailboxes; they are only unique
WITHIN a given mailbox.
Some server implementations have attempted to make UIDs unique across
the entire server. This is inadvisable, in that it limits the life
of UIDs unnecessarily. The UID is a 32-bit number and will run out
in reasonably finite time if it's global across the server. If you
assign UIDs sequentially in one mailbox, you will not have to start
re-using them until you have had, at one time or another, 2**32
different messages in that mailbox. In the global case, you will
have to reuse them once you have had, at one time or another, 2**32
different messages in the entire mail store. Suppose your server has
around 8000 users registered (2**13). That gives an average of 2**19
UIDs per user. Suppose each user gets 32 messages (2**5) per day.
That gives you 2**14 days (16000+ days = about 45 years) before you
run out. That may seem like enough, but multiply the usage just a
little (a lot of spam, a lot of mailing list subscriptions, more
users) and you limit yourself too much.
What's worse is that if you have to wrap the UIDs, and, thus, you
have to change UIDVALIDITY and invalidate the UIDs in the mailbox,
you have to do it for EVERY mailbox in the system, since they all
share the same UID pool. If you assign UIDs per mailbox and you have
a problem, you only have to kill the UIDs for that one mailbox.
Under extreme circumstances (and this is extreme, indeed), the server
may have to invalidate UIDs while a mailbox is in use by a client -
that is, the UIDs that the client knows about in its active mailbox
are no longer valid. In that case, the server must immediately
change the UIDVALIDITY and must communicate this to the client. The
server may do this by sending an unsolicited UIDVALIDITY message, in
the same form as in response to the SELECT command. Clients must be
prepared to handle such a message and the possibly coincident failure
of the command in process. For example:
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C: 032 UID STORE 382 +Flags.silent \Deleted
S: * OK [UIDVALIDITY 12345] New UIDVALIDITY value!
S: 032 NO UID command rejected because UIDVALIDITY changed!
C: ...invalidates local information and re-fetches...
C: 033 FETCH 1:* UID
...etc...
At the time of the writing of this document, the only server known to
do this does so only under the following condition: the client
selects INBOX, but there is not yet a physical INBOX file created.
Nonetheless, the SELECT succeeds, exporting an empty INBOX with a
temporary UIDVALIDITY of 1. While the INBOX remains selected, mail
is delivered to the user, which creates the real INBOX file and
assigns a permanent UIDVALIDITY (that is likely not to be 1). The
server reports the change of UIDVALIDITY, but as there were no
messages before, so no UIDs have actually changed, all the client
must do is accept the change in UIDVALIDITY.
Alternatively, a server may force the client to re-select the
mailbox, at which time it will obtain a new UIDVALIDITY value. To do
this, the server closes this client session (see "Severed
Connections" above) and the client then reconnects and gets back in
synch. Clients must be prepared for either of these behaviours.
We do not know of, nor do we anticipate the future existance of, a
server that changes UIDVALIDITY while there are existing messages,
but clients must be prepared to handle this eventuality.
3.4.4. FETCH Responses
When a client asks for certain information in a FETCH command, the
server may return the requested information in any order, not
necessarily in the order that it was requested. Further, the server
may return the information in separate FETCH responses and may also
return information that was not explicitly requested (to reflect to
the client changes in the state of the subject message). Some
examples:
C: 001 FETCH 1 UID FLAGS INTERNALDATE
S: * 5 FETCH (FLAGS (\Deleted))
S: * 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen) INTERNALDATE "..." UID 345)
S: 001 OK done
(In this case, the responses are in a different order. Also, the
server returned a flag update for message 5, which wasn't part of the
client's request.)
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C: 002 FETCH 2 UID FLAGS INTERNALDATE
S: * 2 FETCH (INTERNALDATE "...")
S: * 2 FETCH (UID 399)
S: * 2 FETCH (FLAGS ())
S: 002 OK done
(In this case, the responses are in a different order and were
returned in separate responses.)
C: 003 FETCH 2 BODY[1]
S: * 2 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen) BODY[1] {14}
S: Hello world!
S: )
S: 003 OK done
(In this case, the FLAGS response was added by the server, since
fetching the body part caused the server to set the \Seen flag.)
Because of this characteristic a client must be ready to receive any
FETCH response at any time and should use that information to update
its local information about the message to which the FETCH response
refers. A client must not assume that any FETCH responses will come
in any particular order, or even that any will come at all. If after
receiving the tagged response for a FETCH command the client finds
that it did not get all of the information requested, the client
should send a NOOP command to the server to ensure that the server
has an opportunity to send any pending EXPUNGE responses to the
client (see [RFC-2180]).
3.4.5. RFC822.SIZE
Some back-end mail stores keep the mail in a canonical form, rather
than retaining the original MIME format of the messages. This means
that the server must reassemble the message to produce a MIME stream
when a client does a fetch such as RFC822 or BODY[], requesting the
entire message. It also may mean that the server has no convenient
way to know the RFC822.SIZE of the message. Often, such a server
will actually have to build the MIME stream to compute the size, only
to throw the stream away and report the size to the client.
When this is the case, some servers have chosen to estimate the size,
rather than to compute it precisely. Such an estimate allows the
client to display an approximate size to the user and to use the
estimate in flood control considerations (q.v.), but requires that
the client not use the size for things such as allocation of buffers,
because those buffers might then be too small to hold the actual MIME
stream. Instead, a client should use the size that's returned in the
literal when you fetch the data.
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The protocol requires that the RFC822.SIZE value returned by the
server be EXACT. Estimating the size is a protocol violation, and
server designers must be aware that, despite the performance savings
they might realize in using an estimate, this practice will cause
some clients to fail in various ways. If possible, the server should
compute the RFC822.SIZE for a particular message once, and then save
it for later retrieval. If that's not possible, the server must
compute the value exactly every time. Incorrect estimates do cause
severe interoperability problems with some clients.
3.4.6. Expunged Messages
If the server allows multiple connections to the same mailbox, it is
often possible for messages to be expunged in one client unbeknownst
to another client. Since the server is not allowed to tell the
client about these expunged messages in response to a FETCH command,
the server may have to deal with the issue of how to return
information about an expunged message. There was extensive
discussion about this issue, and the results of that discussion are
summarized in [RFC-2180]. See that reference for a detailed
explanation and for recommendations.
3.4.7. The Namespace Issue
Namespaces are a very muddy area in IMAP4 implementation right now
(see [NAMESPACE] for a proposal to clear the water a bit). Until the
issue is resolved, the important thing for client developers to
understand is that some servers provide access through IMAP to more
than just the user's personal mailboxes, and, in fact, the user's
personal mailboxes may be "hidden" somewhere in the user's default
hierarchy. The client, therefore, should provide a setting wherein
the user can specify a prefix to be used when accessing mailboxes. If
the user's mailboxes are all in "~/mail/", for instance, then the
user can put that string in the prefix. The client would then put
the prefix in front of any name pattern in the LIST and LSUB
commands:
C: 001 LIST "" ~/mail/%
(See also "Reference Names in the LIST Command" below.)
3.4.8. Creating Special-Use Mailboxes
It may seem at first that this is part of the namespace issue; it is
not, and is only indirectly related to it. A number of clients like
to create special-use mailboxes with particular names. Most
commonly, clients with a "trash folder" model of message deletion
want to create a mailbox with the name "Trash" or "Deleted". Some
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clients want to create a "Drafts" mailbox, an "Outbox" mailbox, or a
"Sent Mail" mailbox. And so on. There are two major
interoperability problems with this practice:
1. different clients may use different names for mailboxes with
similar functions (such as "Trash" and "Deleted"), or may manage
the same mailboxes in different ways, causing problems if a user
switches between clients and
2. there is no guarantee that the server will allow the creation of
the desired mailbox.
The client developer is, therefore, well advised to consider
carefully the creation of any special-use mailboxes on the server,
and, further, the client must not require such mailbox creation -
that is, if you do decide to do this, you must handle gracefully the
failure of the CREATE command and behave reasonably when your
special-use mailboxes do not exist and can not be created.
In addition, the client developer should provide a convenient way for
the user to select the names for any special-use mailboxes, allowing
the user to make these names the same in all clients used and to put
them where the user wants them.
3.4.9. Reference Names in the LIST Command
Many implementers of both clients and servers are confused by the
"reference name" on the LIST command. The reference name is intended
to be used in much the way a "cd" (change directory) command is used
on Unix, PC DOS, Windows, and OS/2 systems. That is, the mailbox
name is interpreted in much the same way as a file of that name would
be found if one had done a "cd" command into the directory specified
by the reference name. For example, in Unix we have the following:
> cd /u/jones/junk
> vi banana [file is "/u/jones/junk/banana"]
> vi stuff/banana [file is "/u/jones/junk/stuff/banana"]
> vi /etc/hosts [file is "/etc/hosts"]
In the past, there have been several interoperability problems with
this. First, while some IMAP servers are built on Unix or PC file
systems, many others are not, and the file system semantics do not
make sense in those configurations. Second, while some IMAP servers
expose the underlying file system to the clients, others allow access
only to the user's personal mailboxes, or to some other limited set
of files, making such file-system-like semantics less meaningful.
Third, because the IMAP spec leaves the interpretation of the
reference name as "implementation-dependent", in the past the various
server implementations handled it in vastly differing ways.
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The following recommendations are the result of significant
operational experience, and are intended to maximize
interoperability.
Server implementations must implement the reference argument in a way
that matches the intended "change directory" operation as closely as
possible. As a minimum implementation, the reference argument may be
prepended to the mailbox name (while suppressing double delimiters;
see the next paragraph). Even servers that do not provide a way to
break out of the current hierarchy (see "breakout facility" below)
must provide a reasonable implementation of the reference argument,
as described here, so that they will interoperate with clients that
use it.
Server implementations that prepend the reference argument to the
mailbox name should insert a hierarchy delimiter between them, and
must not insert a second if one is already present:
C: A001 LIST ABC DEF
S: * LIST () "/" ABC/DEF <=== should do this
S: A001 OK done
C: A002 LIST ABC/ /DEF
S: * LIST () "/" ABC//DEF <=== must not do this
S: A002 OK done
On clients, the reference argument is chiefly used to implement a
"breakout facility", wherein the user may directly access a mailbox
outside the "current directory" hierarchy. Client implementations
should have an operational mode that does not use the reference
argument. This is to interoperate with older servers that did not
implement the reference argument properly. While it's a good idea to
give the user access to a breakout facility, clients that do not
intend to do so should not use the reference argument at all.
Client implementations should always place a trailing hierarchy
delimiter on the reference argument. This is because some servers
prepend the reference argument to the mailbox name without inserting
a hierarchy delimiter, while others do insert a hierarchy delimiter
if one is not already present. A client that puts the delimiter in
will work with both varieties of server.
Client implementations that implement a breakout facility should
allow the user to choose whether or not to use a leading hierarchy
delimiter on the mailbox argument. This is because the handling of a
leading mailbox hierarchy delimiter also varies from server to
server, and even between different mailstores on the same server. In
some cases, a leading hierarchy delimiter means "discard the
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reference argument" (implementing the intended breakout facility),
thus:
C: A001 LIST ABC/ /DEF
S: * LIST () "/" /DEF
S: A001 OK done
In other cases, however, the two are catenated and the extra
hierarchy delimiter is discarded, thus:
C: A001 LIST ABC/ /DEF
S: * LIST () "/" ABC/DEF
S: A001 OK done
Client implementations must not assume that the server supports a
breakout facility, but may provide a way for the user to use one if
it is available. Any breakout facility should be exported to the
user interface. Note that there may be other "breakout" characters
besides the hierarchy delimiter (for instance, UNIX filesystem
servers are likely to use a leading "~" as well), and that their
interpretation is server-dependent.
3.4.10. Mailbox Hierarchy Delimiters
The server's selection of what to use as a mailbox hierarchy
delimiter is a difficult one, involving several issues: What
characters do users expect to see? What characters can they enter
for a hierarchy delimiter if it is desired (or required) that the
user enter it? What character can be used for the hierarchy
delimiter, noting that the chosen character can not otherwise be used
in the mailbox name?
Because some interfaces show users the hierarchy delimiters or allow
users to enter qualified mailbox names containing them, server
implementations should use delimiter characters that users generally
expect to see as name separators. The most common characters used
for this are "/" (as in Unix file names), "\" (as in OS/2 and Windows
file names), and "." (as in news groups). There is little to choose
among these apart from what users may expect or what is dictated by
the underlying file system, if any. One consideration about using
"\" is that it's also a special character in the IMAP protocol. While
the use of other hierarchy delimiter characters is permissible, A
DESIGNER IS WELL ADVISED TO STAY WITH ONE FROM THIS SET unless the
server is intended for special purposes only. Implementers might be
thinking about using characters such as "-", "_", ";", "&", "#", "@",
and "!", but they should be aware of the surprise to the user as well
as of the effect on URLs and other external specifications (since
some of these characters have special meanings there). Also, a
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server that uses "\" (and clients of such a server) must remember to
escape that character in quoted strings or to send literals instead.
Literals are recommended over escaped characters in quoted strings in
order to maintain compatibility with older IMAP versions that did not
allow escaped characters in quoted strings (but check the grammar to
see where literals are allowed):
C: 001 LIST "" {13}
S: + send literal
C: this\%\%\%\h*
S: * LIST () "\\" {27}
S: this\is\a\mailbox\hierarchy
S: 001 OK LIST complete
In any case, a server should not use normal alpha-numeric characters
(such as "X" or "0") as delimiters; a user would be very surprised to
find that "EXPENDITURES" actually represented a two-level hierarchy.
And a server should not use characters that are non-printable or
difficult or impossible to enter on a standard US keyboard. Control
characters, box-drawing characters, and characters from non-US
alphabets fit into this category. Their use presents
interoperability problems that are best avoided.
The UTF-7 encoding of mailbox names also raises questions about what
to do with the hierarchy delimiters in encoded names: do we encode
each hierarchy level and separate them with delimiters, or do we
encode the fully qualified name, delimiters and all? The answer for
IMAP is the former: encode each hierarchy level separately, and
insert delimiters between. This makes it particularly important not
to use as a hierarchy delimiter a character that might cause
confusion with IMAP's modified UTF-7 [UTF-7 and RFC-2060] encoding.
To repeat: a server should use "/", "\", or "." as its hierarchy
delimiter. The use of any other character is likely to cause
problems and is STRONGLY DISCOURAGED.
3.4.11. ALERT Response Codes
The protocol spec is very clear on the matter of what to do with
ALERT response codes, and yet there are many clients that violate it
so it needs to be said anyway: "The human-readable text contains a
special alert that must be presented to the user in a fashion that
calls the user's attention to the message." That should be clear
enough, but I'll repeat it here: Clients must present ALERT text
clearly to the user.
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3.4.12. Deleting Mailboxes
The protocol does not guarantee that a client may delete a mailbox
that is not empty, though on some servers it is permissible and is,
in fact, much faster than the alternative or deleting all the
messages from the client. If the client chooses to try to take
advantage of this possibility it must be prepared to use the other
method in the even that the more convenient one fails. Further, a
client should not try to delete the mailbox that it has selected, but
should first close that mailbox; some servers do not permit the
deletion of the selected mailbox.
That said, a server should permit the deletion of a non-empty
mailbox; there's little reason to pass this work on to the client.
Moreover, forbidding this prevents the deletion of a mailbox that for
some reason can not be opened or expunged, leading to possible
denial-of-service problems.
Example:
[User tells the client to delete mailbox BANANA, which is
currently selected...]
C: 008 CLOSE
S: 008 OK done
C: 009 DELETE BANANA
S: 009 NO Delete failed; mailbox is not empty.
C: 010 SELECT BANANA
S: * ... untagged SELECT responses
S: 010 OK done
C: 011 STORE 1:* +FLAGS.SILENT \DELETED
S: 011 OK done
C: 012 CLOSE
S: 012 OK done
C: 013 DELETE BANANA
S: 013 OK done
3.5. A Word About Testing
Since the whole point of IMAP is interoperability, and since
interoperability can not be tested in a vacuum, the final
recommendation of this treatise is, "Test against EVERYTHING." Test
your client against every server you can get an account on. Test
your server with every client you can get your hands on. Many
clients make limited test versions available on the Web for the
downloading. Many server owners will give serious client developers
guest accounts for testing. Contact them and ask. NEVER assume that
because your client works with one or two servers, or because your
server does fine with one or two clients, you will interoperate well
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in general.
In particular, in addition to everything else, be sure to test
against the reference implementations: the PINE client, the
University of Washington server, and the Cyrus server.
See the following URLs on the web for more information here:
IMAP Products and Sources: http://www.imap.org/products.html
IMC MailConnect: http://www.imc.org/imc-mailconnect
4. Security Considerations
This document describes behaviour of clients and servers that use the
IMAP4 protocol, and as such, has the same security considerations as
described in [RFC-2060].
5. References
[RFC-2060] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol - Version
4rev1", RFC 2060, December 1996.
[RFC-2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC-2180] Gahrns, M., "IMAP4 Multi-Accessed Mailbox Practice", RFC
2180, July 1997.
[UTF-8] Yergeau, F., " UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode
and ISO 10646", RFC 2044, October 1996.
[UTF-7] Goldsmith, D. and M. Davis, "UTF-7, a Mail-Safe
Transformation Format of Unicode", RFC 2152, May 1997.
[NAMESPACE] Gahrns, M. and C. Newman, "IMAP4 Namespace", Work in
Progress.
6. Author's Address
Barry Leiba
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
30 Saw Mill River Road
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Phone: 1-914-784-7941
EMail: leiba@watson.ibm.com
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7. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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