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secular (adj.)
c. 1300, “living in the world, not belonging to a religious order,” also
“belonging to the state,” from Old French seculer (Modern French séculier), from
Late Latin saecularis “worldly, secular, pertaining to a generation or age,”
from Latin saecularis “of an age, occurring once in an age,” from saeculum “age,
span of time, generation.”
According to Watkins, this is probably from PIE *sai-tlo-, with instrumental
element *-tlo- + *sai- “to bind, tie” (see sinew), extended metaphorically to
successive human generations as links in the chain of life. Another theory
connects it with words for “seed,” from PIE root *se- “to sow” (see sow (v.),
and compare Gothic mana-seþs “mankind, world,” literally “seed of men”).
Used in ecclesiastical writing like Greek aion “of this world” (see cosmos). It
is source of French siècle. Ancient Roman ludi saeculares was a three-day,
day-and-night celebration coming once in an “age” (120 years). In English, in
reference to humanism and the exclusion of belief in God from matters of ethics
and morality, from 1850s.
se–
word-forming element, from Latin se-, collateral form of sed- “without, apart,
aside, on one’s own,” related to sed, Latin reflexive pronoun (accusative and
ablative), from PIE *sed-, extended form of root *s(w)e-, pronoun of the third
person and reflexive (source also of German sich; see idiom).
–ular
word-forming element, see -ule + -ar.
–ule
word-forming element meaning “small, little” (in capsule, module, etc.), from
French -ule, from Latin diminutive suffix -ulus (fem. -ula, neuter -ulum), from
PIE *-(o)lo-, from *-lo-, secondary suffix forming diminutives, which also is
the source of the first element in native diminutive suffix -ling.
–ar
word-formation element meaning “pertaining to, of the nature of,” from Latin
-arem, -aris “of the kind of, belonging to,” a secondary form of -alis,
dissimilated form used after syllables with an -l- (such as insularis for
informer (n.)
late 14c., enfourmer “instructor, one who teaches or gives advice,” from inform
(Middle English enfourmen) and also from Old French enformeor. Meaning “one who
communicates information” is mid-15c.; sense of “one who gives information
against another” (especially in reference to law-breaking) is c. 1500.
informant (n.)
1690s, “someone who supplies information,” from Latin informantem (nominative
informans), present participle of informare “train, instruct, educate” (see
inform). Occasionally as “one who gives information to the authorities, one who
dishonorably betrays knowledge gained in confidence” (1783). Informer is older
in both senses and more usual in the latter. As an adjective from 1890.
suborn (v.)
“to procure unlawfully, to bribe to accomplish a wicked purpose, especially to
induce a witness to perjury, “to lure (someone) to commit a crime,” 1530s, from
Middle French suborner “seduce, instigate, bribe” (13c.) and directly from Latin
subornare “employ as a secret agent, incite secretly,” originally “equip, fit
out, furnish,” from sub “under, secretly” (see sub-) + ornare “equip,” related
to ordo “order” (see order (n.)). Related: Suborned; suborning.
born
Old English boren, alternative past participle of beran (see bear (v.)).
Distinction between born and borne is 17c.
usury (n.)
c. 1300, “practice of lending money at interest,” later, at excessive rates of
interest, from Medieval Latin usuria, alteration of Latin usura “payment for the
use of money, interest,” literally “a usage, use, enjoyment,” from usus, from
stem of uti (see use (v.)). From mid-15c. as “premium paid for the use of money,
interest,” especially “exorbitant interest.”
grace (v.)
c. 1200, “to thank,” from Old French graciier “thank, give thanks to; praise,”
from grace “mercy, favor, thanks, virtue” (see grace (n.)). Meaning “to show
favor” (mid-15c.) led to that of “to lend or add grace to something” (1580s, as
in grace us with your presence), which is the root of the musical sense in grace
notes (1650s). Related: Graced; gracing.
Nick
masc. proper name, familiar form of Nicholas. As “the devil” by 1640s, but the
reason for it is obscure.
tax (n.)
early 14c., “obligatory contribution levied by a sovereign or government,” from
Anglo-French tax, Old French taxe, and directly from Medieval Latin taxa, from
Latin taxare (see tax (v.)). Related: Taxes. Tax-deduction is from 1942;
tax-shelter is attested from 1961.
tax (v.)
c. 1300, “impose a tax on,” from Old French taxer “impose a tax” (13c.) and
directly from Latin taxare “evaluate, estimate, assess, handle,” also “censure,
charge,” probably a frequentative form of tangere “to touch” (see tangent
(adj.)). Sense of “to burden, put a strain on” first recorded early 14c.; that
of “censure, reprove” is from 1560s. Its use in Luke ii for Greek apographein
“to enter on a list, enroll” is due to Tyndale. Related: Taxed; taxing.
consent (n.)
c. 1300, “approval,” also “agreement in sentiment, harmony,” from Old French
consente, from consentir (see consent (v.)). Age of consent is attested from
1809.
consent (v.)
early 13c., from Old French consentir (12c.) “agree, comply,” from Latin
consentire “feel together,” from com- “with” (see com-) + sentire “to feel” (see
sense (n.)). “Feeling together,” hence, “agreeing, giving permission,”
apparently a sense evolution that took place in French before the word reached
English. Related: Consented; consenting.
childhood (n.)
“period of life from birth to puberty,” Old English cildhad; see child + -hood.
http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/childhood
surname (n.)
c. 1300, “name, title, or epithet added to a person’s name,” from sur “above”
(from Latin super-; see sur- (1)) + name (n.); modeled on Anglo-French surnoun
“surname” (early 14c.), variant of Old French sornom, from sur “over” + nom
“name.” As “family name” from late 14c.
An Old English word for this was freonama, literally “free name.” Meaning
“family name” is first found late 14c. Hereditary surnames existed among Norman
nobility in England in early 12c., among the common people they began to be used
13c., increasingly frequent until near universal by end of 14c. The process was
later in the north of England than the south. The verb is attested from 1510s.
Related: Surnamed.
http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/surname
gentile (n.)
“one who is not a Jew,” c. 1400; earlier “one who is not a Christian, a pagan”
(late 14c.), from Late Latin noun use of Latin gentilis “of the same family or
clan, of or belonging to a Roman gens,” from gens (genitive gentis) “race, clan”
(see genus, and compare gentle).
The Latin adjective also meant “of or belonging to the same nation,” hence, as a
noun, gentiles (plural) might mean “men of family; persons belonging to the same
family; fellow countrymen, kinsmen,” but also “foreigners, barbarians” (as
opposed to Romans), those bound only by the Jus Gentium, the “law of nations,”
defined as “the law that natural reason establishes among all mankind and is
followed by all peoples alike.”
The Latin word then was used in the Vulgate to translate Greek ethnikos (see
ethnic), from ta ethne “the nations,” which translated Hebrew ha goyim “the
(non-Jewish) nations” (see goy). Hence in Late Latin, after the Christianization
of Rome, gentilis also could mean “pagans, heathens,” as opposed to Christians.
Based on Scripture, gentile also was used by Mormons (1847) and Shakers (1857)
to refer to those not of their profession.
pledge (v.)
c. 1400, “to promise” (something to someone), “to give over as security for
repayment,” also “promise faith to,” from pledge (n.) and from Old French
plegier, from plege (n.). From mid-15c. as “to stand surety for, be responsible
for;” late 15c. as “to mortgage.” Meaning “put (someone) under oath” is from
1570s; sense of “to solemnly promise or guarantee” is from 1590s, as is sense
“to drink a toast.” Related: Pledged; pledging.
surname (n.)
c. 1300, “name, title, or epithet added to a person’s name,” from sur “above”
(from Latin super-; see sur- (1)) + name (n.); modeled on Anglo-French surnoun
“surname” (early 14c.), variant of Old French sornom, from sur “over” + nom
“name.” As “family name” from late 14c.
An Old English word for this was freonama, literally “free name.” Meaning
“family name” is first found late 14c. Hereditary surnames existed among Norman
nobility in England in early 12c., among the common people they began to be used
13c., increasingly frequent until near universal by end of 14c. The process was
later in the north of England than the south. The verb is attested from 1510s.
Related: Surnamed.
childhood (n.)
“period of life from birth to puberty,” Old English cildhad; see child + -hood.
revelation (n.) c. 1300, “disclosure of information to man by a divine or
supernatural agency,” from Old French revelacion and directly from Latin
revelationem (nominative revelatio), noun of action from past participle stem of
revelare “unveil, uncover, lay bare” (see reveal). General meaning “disclosure
of facts” is attested from late 14c.; meaning “striking disclosure” is from
1862. As the name of the last book of the New Testament (Revelation of St.
John), it is first attested late 14c. (see apocalypse); as simply Revelations,
it is first recorded 1690s.
tribulation (n.)
c. 1200, from Old French tribulacion (12c.), from Church Latin tribulationem
(nominative tribulatio) “distress, trouble, affliction,” noun of action from
past participle stem of tribulare “to oppress, afflict,” a figurative use by
Christian writers of Latin tribulare “to press,” also possibly “to thresh out
grain,” from tribulum “threshing sledge,” from stem of terere “to rub” (see
throw (v.)) + -bulum, suffix forming names of tools.
suicide (n.) “deliberate killing of oneself,” 1650s, from Modern Latin suicidium
“suicide,” from Latin sui “of oneself” (genitive of se “self”), from PIE
-cide). Probably an English coinage; much maligned by Latin purists because it
“may as well seem to participate of sus, a sow, as of the pronoun sui”
[Phillips]. The meaning “person who kills himself deliberately” is from 1728. In
Anglo-Latin, the term for “one who commits suicide” was felo-de-se, literally
“one guilty concerning himself.”
Even in 1749, in the full blaze of the philosophic movement, we find a suicide
named Portier dragged through the streets of Paris with his face to the ground,
hung from a gallows by his feet, and then thrown into the sewers; and the laws
were not abrogated till the Revolution, which, having founded so many other
forms of freedom, accorded the liberty of death. [W.E.H. Lecky, “History of
European Morals,” 1869]
In England, suicides were legally criminal if of age and sane, but not if judged
to have been mentally deranged. The criminal ones were mutilated by stake and
given degrading burial in highways until 1823. Suicide blonde (one who has “dyed
by her own hand”) first attested 1921. Baseball suicide squeeze is attested from
1937.
intercourse (n.) mid-15c., “communication to and fro,” (“In early use
exclusively with reference to trade” [OED]), from Old French entrecors
“exchange, commerce, communication” (12c., Modern French entrecours), from Late
Latin intercursus “a running between, intervention,” in Medieval Latin
“intercommunication,” from intercursus, past participle of intercurrere “to run
between, intervene, mediate,” from Latin inter- “between” (see inter-) +currere
“to run” (see current (adj.)).
seduction (n.) 1520s, from Middle French séduction, from Latin seductionem
(nominative seductio), noun of action from past participle stem of seducere (see
seduce). Originally with reference to actions or beliefs; sexual sense is from
1769, originally always with women as the objects. Earlier appearance of the
word in Middle English with a sense “treason, treachery” probably is a confusion
with sedition, which confusion also is found in Old French seducion “treason,
betrayal.”
civil (adj.) late 14c., “relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the
internal affairs of a state,” from Old French civil “civil, relating to civil
law” (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis “relating to a citizen, relating to
public life, befitting a citizen,” hence by extension “popular, affable,
courteous;” alternative adjectival derivation of civis “townsman” (see city).
idiot (n.) early 14c., “person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of
ordinary reasoning;” also in Middle English “simple man, uneducated person,
layman” (late 14c.), from Old French idiote “uneducated or ignorant person”
(12c.), from Latin idiota “ordinary person, layman; outsider,” in Late Latin
“uneducated or ignorant person,” from Greek idiotes “layman, person lacking
professional skill” (opposed to writer, soldier, skilled workman), literally
“private person” (as opposed to one taking part in public affairs), used
patronizingly for “ignorant person,” from idios “one’s own” (see idiom).
timocracy (n.) 1580s, from Middle French tymocracie, from Medieval Latin
timocratia (13c.), from Greek timokratia, from time “honor, worth” (related to
tiein “to place a value on, to honor,” from PIE *kwi-ma-, suffixed form of root
philosophy, a form of government in which ambition for honor and glory motivates
the rulers (as in Sparta). In Aristotle, a form of government in which political
power is in direct proportion to property ownership. Related: Timocratic;
timocratical
private (n.) 1590s, “private citizen,” short for private person “individual not
involved in government” (early 15c.), or from Latin privatus “man in private
life,” noun use of the adjective; 1781 in the military sense, short for Private
soldier “one below the rank of a non-commissioned officer” (1570s), from private
(adj.).
news (n.) late 14c., “new things,” plural of new (n.) “new thing,” from new
(adj.); after French nouvelles, used in Bible translations to render Medieval
Latin nova (neuter plural) “news,” literally “new things.” Sometimes still
regarded as plural, 17c.-19c. Meaning “tidings” is early 15c. Meaning “radio or
television program presenting current events” is from 1923. Bad news “unpleasant
person or situation” is from 1926. Expression no news, good news can be traced
to 1640s. Expression news to me is from 1889.
government (n.) late 14c., “act of governing or ruling;” 1550s, “system by which
a thing is governed” (especially a state), from Old French governement “control,
direction, administration” (Modern French gouvernement), from governer “to
govern” (see govern). Meaning “governing power” in a given place is from 1702.
Compare governance.
CIVIL DEATH, persons. The change of the state (q. v.) of a person who is
declared civilly dead by judgment of a competent tribunal. In such case, the
person against whom such sentence is pronounced is considered dead. 2 John. R.
218. See Gilb. Uses, 150; 2 Bulst. 188; Co. tit. 132; Jenk. Cent. 250; 1 Keble,
398; Prest. on Convey. 140. Vide Death, civil.
misery (n.) late 14c., “condition of external unhappiness,” from Old French
misere “miserable situation, misfortune, distress” (12c.), from Latin miseria
“wretchedness,” from miser (see miser). Meaning “condition of one in great
sorrow or mental distress” is from 1530s. Meaning “bodily pain” is 1825,
American English.
cult (n.) 1610s, “worship,” also “a particular form of worship,” from French
culte (17c.), from Latin cultus “care, labor; cultivation, culture; worship,
reverence,” originally “tended, cultivated,” past participle of colere “to till”
(see colony). Rare after 17c.; revived mid-19c. with reference to ancient or
primitive rituals. Meaning “a devotion to a person or thing” is from 1829.
person (n.)
early 13c., from Old French persone “human being, anyone, person” (12c., Modern
French personne) and directly from Latin persona “human being, person,
personage; a part in a drama, assumed character,” originally “mask, false face,”
such as those of wood or clay worn by the actors in later Roman theater. OED
offers the general 19c. explanation of persona as “related to” Latin personare
“to sound through” (i.e. the mask as something spoken through and perhaps
amplifying the voice), “but the long o makes a difficulty ….” Klein and Barnhart
say it is possibly borrowed from Etruscan phersu “mask.” Klein goes on to say
this is ultimately of Greek origin and compares Persephone.
Of corporate entities from mid-15c. The use of -person to replace -man in
compounds and avoid alleged sexist connotations is first recorded 1971 (in
chairperson). In person “by bodily presence” is from 1560s. Person-to-person
first recorded 1919, originally of telephone calls.
render (v.)
late 14c., “repeat, say again,” from Old French rendre “give back, present,
yield” (10c.), from Vulgar Latin *rendere (formed by dissimilation or on analogy
of its antonym, prendre “to take”), from Latin reddere “give back, return,
restore,” from red- “back” (see re-) + comb. form of dare “to give” (see
date(n.1)).
Meaning “hand over, deliver” is recorded from late 14c.; “to return” (thanks, a
verdict, etc.) is attested from late 15c.; meaning “represent, depict” is first
attested 1590s. Irregular retention of -er in a French verb in English is
perhaps to avoid confusion with native rend (v.) or by influence of a Middle
English legalese noun render “a payment of rent,” from French noun use of the
infinitive. Related: Rendered; rendering.
transgress (v.)
late 15c., from Middle French transgresser (14c.), from Latin transgressus, past
participle of transgredi “to step across, step over” (see transgression).
Related: Transgressed; transgressing.
sin (v.)
Old English syngian “to commit sin, transgress, err,” from synn (see sin (n.));
the form influenced by the noun. Compare Old Saxon sundion, Old Frisian
sendigia, Middle Dutch sondighen, Dutch zondigen, Old High German sunteon,
German sündigen “to sin.” Form altered from Middle English sunigen by influence
of the noun.
sin (n.)
Old English synn “moral wrongdoing, injury, mischief, enmity, feud, guilt,
crime, offense against God, misdeed,” from Proto-Germanic *sun(d)jo- “sin”
(cognates: Old Saxon sundia, Old Frisian sende, Middle Dutch sonde, Dutch zonde,
German Sünde “sin, transgression, trespass, offense,” extended forms), probably
ultimately “it is true,” i.e. “the sin is real” (compare Gothic sonjis, Old
Norse sannr “true”), from PIE *snt-ya-, a collective form from *es-ont-
“becoming,” present participle of root *es- “to be” (see is)…
corporation (n.)
mid-15c., “persons united in a body for some purpose,” from such use in
Anglo-Latin, from Late Latin corporationem (nominative corporatio), noun of
action from past participle stem of Latin corporare “to embody” (see corporate).
Meaning “legally authorized entity” (including municipal governments and modern
business companies) is from 1610s.
bill (n.3)
ancient weapon, Old English bill “sword (especially one with a hooked blade),
chopping tool,” common Germanic (compare Old Saxon bil “sword,” Middle Dutch
bile, Dutch bijl, Old High German bihal, German Beil, Old Norse bilda
“hatchet.”…
bill (n.1)
“written statement,” mid-14c., from Anglo-French bille, Anglo-Latin billa
“list,” from Medieval Latin bulla “decree, seal, sealed document,” in classical
Latin “bubble, boss, stud, amulet for the neck” (hence “seal;” see bull (n.2)).
Sense of “account, invoice” first recorded c. 1400; that of “order to pay”
(technically bill of exchange) is from 1570s; that of “paper money” is from
1660s. Meaning “draft of an act of Parliament” is from 1510s.
be (v.)
Old English beon, beom, bion “be, exist, come to be, become, happen,” from
Proto-Germanic *biju- “I am, I will be.” This “b-root” is from PIE root *bheue-
“to be, exist, grow, come into being,” and in addition to the words in English
it yielded German present first and second person singular (bin, bist, from Old
High German bim “I am,” bist “thou art”), Latin perfective tenses of esse (fui
“I was,” etc.), Old Church Slavonic byti “be,” Greek phu- “become,” Old Irish
bi’u “I am,” Lithuanian bu’ti “to be,” Russian byt’ “to be,” etc. It also is
behind Sanskrit bhavah “becoming,” bhavati “becomes, happens,” bhumih “earth,
world.”
ill (adv.)
c. 1200, “wickedly; with hostility,” from ill (adj.). Meaning “not well, poorly”
is from c. 1300. It generally has not shifted to the realm of physical sickess,
as the adjective has done. Ill-fated recorded from 1710; ill-informed from 1824;
ill-tempered from c. 1600; ill-starred from c. 1600. Generally contrasted with
well, hence the useful, but now obsolete or obscure illcome (1570s), illfare (c.
1300), and illth.
ill (v.)
early 13c., “do evil to,” from ill (adj.). Meaning “speak disparagingly” is from
1520s. Related: Illed; illing.
ill (adj.)
c. 1200, “morally evil; offensive, objectionable” (other 13c. senses were
“malevolent, hurtful, unfortunate, difficult”), from Old Norse illr “evil, bad;
hard, difficult; mean, stingy,” a word of unknown origin. Not considered to be
related to evil. From mid-14c. as “marked by evil intentions; harmful,
pernicious.” Sense of “sick, unhealthy, diseased, unwell” is first recorded
mid-15c., probably from a use similar to that in the Old Norse idiom “it is bad
to me.” Slang inverted sense of “very good, cool” is 1980s. As a noun,
“something evil,” from mid-13c.
synonym (n.)
“word having the same sense as another,” early 15c. (but usually in plural form
before 18c., or, if singular, as synonyma), from Old French synonyme (12c.) and
directly from Late Latin synonymum, from Greek synonymon “word having the same
sense as another,” noun use of neuter of synonymos “having the same name as,
synonymous,” from syn- “together, same” (see syn-) + onyma, Aeolic dialectal
form of onoma “name” (see name (n.)).
impersonation (n.)
1800, “personification;” 1825 as “an acting of a part or character;” noun of
action from impersonate (v.).
fee (n.)
Middle English, representing the merger or mutual influence of two words, one
from Old English, one from an Old French form of the same Germanic word, and
both ultimately from a PIE root meaning “cattle.”
The Old English word is feoh “livestock, cattle; movable property; possessions
in livestock, goods, or money; riches, treasure, wealth; money as a medium of
exchange or payment,” from Proto-Germanic *fehu- (cognates: Old Saxon fehu, Old
High German fihu, German Vieh “cattle,” Gothic faihu “money, fortune”). This is
from PIE *peku- “cattle” (cognates: Sanskrit pasu, Lithuanian pekus “cattle;”
Latin pecu “cattle,” pecunia “money, property”).
The other word is Anglo-French fee, from Old French fieu, a variant of fief
“possession, holding, domain; feudal duties, payment” (see fief), which
apparently is a Germanic compound in which the first element is cognate with Old
English feoh.
Via Anglo-French come the legal senses “estate in land or tenements held on
condition of feudal homage; land, property, possession” (c. 1300). Hence
fee-simple (late 14c.) “absolute ownership,” as opposed to fee-tail (early 15c.)
“entailed ownership,” inheritance limited to some particular class of heirs
(second element from Old French taillir “to cut, to limit”).
The feudal sense was extended from landholdings to inheritable offices of
service to a feudal lord (late 14c.; in Anglo-French late 13c.), for example
forester of fe “a forester by heritable right.” As these often were offices of
profit, the word came to be used for “remuneration for service in office” (late
14c.), hence, “payment for (any kind of) work or services” (late 14c.). From
late 14c. as “a sum paid for a privilege” (originally admission to a guild);
early 15c. as “money payment or charge exacted for a license, etc.”
diligence (n.)
mid-14c., from Old French diligence “attention, care; haste, speed,” from Latin
diligentia “attentiveness, carefulness,” from diligentem (nominative diligens)
“attentive, assiduous, careful,” originally present participle of diligere
“single out, value highly, esteem, prize, love; aspire to, be content with,
appreciate,” originally “to pick out, select,” from dis- “apart” (see dis-) +
legere “choose, gather” (see lecture (n.)).
Sense evolved from “love” through “attentiveness” to “carefulness” to “steady
effort.” From the secondary French sense comes the old useage of diligence for
“public stage coach” (1742; dilly for short), from a French shortening of
carrosse de diligence.
truth (n.)
Old English triewð (West Saxon), treowð (Mercian) “faith, faithfulness,
fidelity, loyalty; veracity, quality of being true; pledge, covenant,” from
triewe, treowe “faithful” (see true (adj.)), with Proto-Germanic abstract noun
suffix *-itho (see -th (2)).
standing (n.)
late 14c., verbal noun from stand (v.). In the sense of “rank, status,” it is
first recorded 1570s. Sense of “state of having existed for some time” is 1650s.
Legal sense is first recorded 1924. Sports sense is from 1881. To be in good
standing is from 1789. Standing room is from 1788.
licence (n.)
mid-14c., “liberty (to do something), leave,” from Old French licence “freedom,
liberty, power, possibility; permission,” (12c.), from Latin licentia “freedom,
liberty, license,” from licentem (nominative licens), present participle of
licere “to be allowed, be lawful,” from PIE root *leik- “to offer, bargain”
(cognates: Lettish likstu “I come to terms”). Meaning “formal (usually written)
permission from authority to do something” (marry, hunt, drive, etc.) is first
attested early 15c. Meaning “excessive liberty, disregard of propriety” is from
mid-15c. There have been attempts to confine license to verbal use and licence
to noun use (compare advise/advice, devise/device.
cult (n.) 1610s, “worship,” also “a particular form of worship,” from French
culte (17c.), from Latin cultus “care, labor; cultivation, culture; worship,
reverence,” originally “tended, cultivated,” past participle of colere “to till”
(see colony). Rare after 17c.; revived mid-19c. with reference to ancient or
primitive rituals. Meaning “a devotion to a person or thing” is from 1829.
ure (n.) “effect, operation, practice,” early 15c., from Old French uevre (13c.,
Modern French oeuvre), from Latin opera (see opera).
culture (n.) mid-15c., “the tilling of land,” from Middle French culture and
directly from Latin cultura “a cultivating, agriculture,” figuratively “care,
culture, an honoring,” from past participle stem of colere “tend, guard,
cultivate, till” (see colony). The figurative sense of “cultivation through
education” is first attested c. 1500. Meaning “the intellectual side of
civilization” is from 1805; that of “collective customs and achievements of a
people” is from 1867.
tribute (n.) mid-14c., “stated sum of money or other valuable consideration paid
by one ruler or country to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the
price of peace or protection,” from Anglo-French tribute, Old French tribut and
directly from Latin tributum “tribute, a stated payment, a thing contributed or
paid,” noun use of neuter of tributus, past participle of tribuere “to pay,
assign, grant,” also “allot among the tribes or to a tribe,” from tribus (see
tribe). Sense of “offering, gift, token” is first recorded 1580s.
job (v.) 1660s, “to buy and sell as a broker,” from job (n.). Meaning “to cheat,
betray” is from 1903. Related: Jobbed; jobbing.job (n.) 1550s, in phrase jobbe
of worke “piece of work” (contrasted with continuous labor), of uncertain
origin, perhaps a variant of gobbe “mass, lump” (c. 1400; see gob) via sense of
“a cart-load.” Sense of “work done for pay” first recorded 1650s. Thieves’ slang
sense of “theft, robbery, a planned crime” is from 1722. Printing sense is from
1795. Slang meaning “specimen, thing, person” is from 1927.
satisfaction (n.) early 14c., “performance of an act set forth by a priest or
other Church authority to atone for sin,” from Old French satisfaction (12c.),
from Latin satisfactionem (nominative satisfactio) “a satisfying of a creditor,”
noun of action from past participle stem of satisfacere (see satisfy). Senses of
“contentment, appeasement” and “action of gratifying” first recorded late 14c.;
the former not common before 16c.
doom (n.) Old English dom “law, judgment, condemnation,” from Proto-Germanic
tuom, Gothic doms “judgment, decree”), from PIE root *dhe- “to set, place, put,
do” (cognates: Sanskrit dhaman- “law,” Greek themis “law,” Lithuanian dome
“attention;” see factitious). A book of laws in Old English was a dombec. Modern
sense of “fate, ruin, destruction” is c. 1600, from the finality of the
Christian Judgment Day.
hireling (n.) “one who works for hire,” Old English hyrling; see hire (v.) +
-ling. Now only disparaging, “one who acts only for mercenary motives,” a sense
that emerged late 16c. As an adjective by 1580s.
mercenary (n.) late 14c., “one who works only for hire,” from Old French
mercenaire “mercenary, hireling” (13c.) and directly from Latin mercenarius “one
who does anything for pay,” literally “hired, paid,” from merces (genitive
mercedis) “pay, reward, wages,” from merx (see market (n.)).
signature (n.) 1530s, a kind of document in Scottish law, from Middle French
signature (16c.) or directly from Medieval Latin signatura “signature, a
rescript,” in classical Latin “the matrix of a seal,” from signatus, past
participle of signare “to mark with a stamp, sign” (see sign (v.)).
Meaning “one’s own name written in one’s own hand” is from 1570s, replacing
sign-manual (early 15c.) in this sense. Musical sense of “signs placed it the
beginning of a staff to indicate the key and rhythm” is from 1806. Meaning “a
distinguishing mark of any kind” is from 1620s.
debt (n.) late 13c., dette, from Old French dete, from Latin debitum “thing
owed,” neuter past participle of debere “to owe,” originally, “keep something
away from someone,” from de- “away” (see de-) + habere “to have” (see habit
(n.)). Restored spelling after c. 1400. In Middle English, debt of the body
(mid-14c.) was “that which spouses owe to each other, sexual intercourse.”debtor
(n.) early 13c., dettur, dettour, from Old French detour, from Latin debitor “a
debter,” from past participle stem of debere; see debt. The -b- was restored in
later French, and in English c. 1560-c. 1660. The KJV has detter three times,
debter three times, debtor twice and debtour once.
fraud (n.) mid-14c., “criminal deception” (mid-13c. in Anglo-Latin); from Old
French fraude “deception, fraud” (13c.), from Latin fraudem (nominative fraus)
“a cheating, deceit,” of persons “a cheater, deceiver.” Not in Watkins; perhaps
ultimately from PIE *dhreugh- “to deceive” (cognates: Sanskrit dhruti-
“deception; error”). Meaning “a fraudulent production, something intended to
deceive” is from 1650s. The meaning “impostor, deceiver, pretender; humbug” is
attested from 1850. Pious fraud (1560s) is properly “deception practiced for the
sake of what is deemed a good purpose;” colloquially used as “person who talks
piously but is not pious at heart.”
believe (v.) Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
country (n.) mid-13c., “district, native land,” from Old French contree, from
Vulgar Latin *(terra) contrata “(land) lying opposite,” or “(land) spread before
one,” from Latin contra “opposite, against” (see contra-). Sense narrowed 1520s
to rural areas, as opposed to cities. Replaced Old English land. As an adjective
from late 14c. First record of country-and-western music style is from 1942.
Country club first recorded 1886. Country mile “a long way” is from 1915,
American English.
vaccination (n.) 1800, used by British physician Edward Jenner (1749-1823) for
the technique he devised of preventing smallpox by injecting people with the
cowpox virus (variolae vaccinae), from vaccine (adj.) “pertaining to cows, from
cows” (1798), from Latin vaccinus “from cows,” from vacca “cow” (Latin bos “cow”
being originally “ox,” “a loan word from a rural dialect” according to Buck, who
cites Umbrian bue). “The use of the term for diseases other than smallpox is due
to Pasteur” [OED].
empire (n.)
early 14c., from Old French empire “rule, authority, kingdom, imperial rule”
(11c.), from Latin imperium “a rule, a command; authority, control, power;
supreme power, sole dominion; military authority; a dominion, realm,” from
imperare “to command,” from assimilated form of in- “in” (see in- (2)) + parare
“to order, prepare” (see pare).
[P]roperly an empire is an aggregate of conquered, colonized, or confederated
states, each with its own government subordinate or tributary to that of the
empire as a whole. [Century Dictionary]
bondage (n.)
c. 1300, “condition of a serf or slave,” from Anglo-Latin bondagium, from Middle
English bond “a serf, tenant farmer,” from Old English bonda “householder,” from
Old Norse boandi “free-born farmer,” noun use of present participle of boa
“dwell, prepare, inhabit,” from PIE *bhow-, from root *bheue- “to be, exist,
dwell” (see be). Meaning in English changed by influence of bond. The sexual
sado-masochism sense is recorded by 1966.
human (n.)
“a human being,” 1530s, from human (adj.). Its Old English equivalent, guma,
survives only in disguise in bridegroom.
web (n.)
Old English webb “woven fabric, woven work, tapestry,” from Proto-Germanic
Old High German weppi, German gewebe “web”), from PIE *webh- “to weave” (see
weave (v.)).
smart (adj.)
late Old English smeart “painful, severe, stinging; causing a sharp pain,”
related to smeortan (see smart (v.)). Meaning “executed with force and vigor” is
from c. 1300. Meaning “quick, active, clever” is attested from c. 1300, from the
notion of “cutting” wit, words, etc., or else “keen in bargaining.” Meaning
“trim in attire” first attested 1718, “ascending from the kitchen to the
drawing-room c. 1880” [Weekley]. For sense evolution, compare sharp (adj.).
In reference to devices, the sense of “behaving as though guided by
intelligence” (as in smart bomb) first attested 1972. Smarts “good sense,
intelligence,” is first recorded 1968 (Middle English had ingeny “intellectual
capacity, cleverness” (early 15c.)). Smart cookie is from 1948.
smart (n.)
“sharp pain,” c. 1200, from sharp (adj.). Cognate with Middle Dutch smerte,
Dutch smart, Old High German smerzo, German Schmerz “pain.”
smart (v.)
Old English smeortan “be painful,” from Proto-Germanic *smarta- (cognates:
Middle Dutch smerten, Dutch smarten, Old High German smerzan, German schmerzen
“to pain,” originally “to bite”), from PIE *smerd- “pain,” an extension of the
root *mer- (2) “to rub; to harm” (cognates: Greek smerdnos “terrible, dreadful,”
Sanskrit mardayati “grinds, rubs, crushes,” Latin mordere “to bite”). Related:
Smarted; smarting.
cockatrice (n.)
late 14c., from Old French cocatriz, altered (by influence of coq) from Late
Latin *calcatrix, from Latin calcare “to tread” (from calx (1) “heel;” see
calcaneous), as translation of Greek ikhneumon, literally “tracker, tracer.”
In classical writings, an Egyptian animal of some sort, the mortal enemy of the
crocodile, which it tracks down and kills. This vague sense became hopelessly
confused in the Christian West, and in England the word ended up applied to the
equivalent of the basilisk.
A serpent hatched from a cock’s egg, it was fabled to kill by its glance and
could be slain only by tricking it into seeing its own reflection. Belief in
them persisted even among the educated because the word was used in the KJV
several times to translate a Hebrew word for “serpent.” In heraldry, a beast
half cock, half serpent.
Lunatic
an idiot or Defined by the Lunacy Act, 1890, s. 341, as
person of unsound mind.” The word is used to denote (1) a person who
has attacks of intermittent insanity separated by lucid intervals, or
suffers from delusions
(2) a person who from unsoundness of mind is
incapable of managing himself or his affairs, and has been found so by
inquisition ; and (3) a person detained in an asylum on account of
unsoundness of mind. See the Lunacy Acts, 1890, 1891, 1908, and 1922.
confidence (n.) early 15c., from Middle French confidence or directly from Latin
confidentia, from confidentem (nominative confidens) “firmly trusting, bold,”
present participle of confidere “to have full trust or reliance,” from com-,
intensive prefix (see com-), + fidere “to trust” (see faith). For sense of
“swindle” see con (adj.).
money (n.) mid-13c., “coinage, metal currency,” from Old French monoie “money,
coin, currency; change” (Modern French monnaie), from Latin moneta “place for
coining money, mint; coined money, money, coinage,” from Moneta, a title or
surname of the Roman goddess Juno, in or near whose temple money was coined;
perhaps from monere “advise, warn” (see monitor (n.)), with the sense of
“admonishing goddess,” which is sensible, but the etymology is difficult.
Extended early 19c. to include paper money.
fiat (n.) 1630s, “authoritative sanction,” from Latin fiat “let it be done”
(used in the opening of Medieval Latin proclamations and commands), third person
singular present subjunctive of fieri “be done, become, come into existence,”
used as passive of facere “to make, do” (see factitious). Meaning “a decree,
command, order” is from 1750. In English the word also sometimes is a reference
to fiat lux “let there be light” in Gen. i:3.
Dixitque Deus: Fiat lux. Et facta est lux. [Vulgate]
hypothecate (v.) 1680s, “pledge (something) without giving up control of it;
pawn; mortgage,” from hypothecat-, past participle stem of Medieval Latin
hypothecare, from Late Latin hypotheca “a pledge,” from Greek hypotheke “a
deposit, pledge, mortgage,” from hypo- “beneath, under” (see hypo-) + tithenai
“to put, place” (see theme). Related: Hypothecated; hypothecating;
hypothecation; hypothecary.
insinuate (v.)
1520s, “to covertly and subtly introduce into the mind or heart” (trans.), from
Latin insinuatus, past participle of insinuare “to thrust in, push in, make a
way; creep in, intrude, bring in by windings and curvings, wind one’s way into,”
from in- “in” (see in- (2)) + sinuare “to wind, bend, curve,” from sinus “a
curve, winding” (see sinus).
Intransitive meaning “hint obliquely” is from 1560s. Meaning “maneuver (someone
or something) into some desired position or condition” is from 1570s. Physical
or literal sense of “to introduce tortuously or indirectly” is from 1640s.
Related: Insinuated; insinuating.
1. To gain on the affections by gentle or artful means, or by imperceptible
degrees; as insinuating flattery.
in (adj.)
“that is within, internal,” 1590s, from in (adv.). Sense of “holding power” (the
in party) first recorded c. 1600; that of “exclusive” (the in-crowd, an in-joke)
is from 1907 (in-group); that of “stylish, fashionable” (the in thing) is from
1960.
sin (n.)
Old English synn “moral wrongdoing, injury, mischief, enmity, feud, guilt,
crime, offense against God, misdeed,” from Proto-Germanic *sun(d)jo- “sin”
(cognates: Old Saxon sundia, Old Frisian sende, Middle Dutch sonde, Dutch zonde,
German Sünde “sin, transgression, trespass, offense,” extended forms), probably
ultimately “it is true,” i.e. “the sin is real” (compare Gothic sonjis, Old
Norse sannr “true”), from PIE *snt-ya-, a collective form from *es-ont-
“becoming,” present participle of root *es- “to be” (see is).
sinew (n.)
Old English seonowe, oblique form of nominative sionu “sinew,” from
Proto-Germanic *senawo (cognates: Old Saxon sinewa, Old Norse sina, Old Frisian
sine, Middle Dutch senuwe, Dutch zenuw, Old High German senawa, German Sehne),
from PIE root *sai- “to tie, bind” (cognates: Sanskrit snavah “sinew,” Avestan
snavar, Irish sin “chain”).
Ate
Greek goddess of infatuation and evil, from ate “infatuation, bane, ruin,
mischief,” which is of uncertain origin.
ate
past tense of eat (q.v.).
concept (n.) 1550s, from Medieval Latin conceptum “draft, abstract,” in
classical Latin “(a thing) conceived,” from concep-, past participle stem of
concipere “to take in” (see conceive). In some 16c. cases a refashioning of
conceit (perhaps to avoid negative connotations).
con (v.2) “to swindle,” 1896, from con (adj.). Related: Conned; conning.
con (n.1) “negation” (mainly in pro and con), 1570s, short for Latin contra
“against” (see contra).
con– word-forming element meaning “together, with,” sometimes merely intensive;
the form of com- used in Latin before consonants except -b-, -p-, -l-, -m-, or
-r-. In native English formations (such as costar), co- tends to be used where
Latin would use con-.
sept (n.) 1540s, “enclosed area,” from Latin septum (see septum). As “division
of a nation or tribe,” 1510s, “prob. a var. of sect” [OED].
septi– before vowels sept-, word-forming element meaning “seven,” from Latin
septem (see seven).
bosom (n.)
Old English bosm “breast; womb; surface; ship’s hold,” from West Germanic *bosm-
(cognates: Old Frisian bosm, Old Saxon bosom, Middle Dutch boesem, Dutch boezem,
Old High German buosam, German Busen “bosom, breast”), perhaps from PIE root
would be “enclosure formed by the breast and the arms”). Narrowed meaning “a
woman’s breasts” is from 1959; but bosomy “big-breasted” is from 1928.
Bosom-friend is attested 1580s; bosom buddy from 1920s.
titular (adj.)
1590s, from or based on Middle French titulaire (16c.), from Latin titulus (see
title) + -ar. Related: Titulary.
title (v.)
“to furnish with a title,” early 14c., from title (n.). Related: Titled;
titling.
defect (n.)
early 15c., from Middle French defect and directly from Latin defectus “failure,
revolt, falling away,” noun use of past participle of deficere “to fail, desert”
(see deficient).
Voluntary ignorance refers to unaware states that result from the neglect to
take reasonable steps to acquire an important knowledge. This situation arises,
when a party might by taking reasonable pain, have acquired the necessary
knowledge, but neglected the same.
Voluntary ignorance constitutes negligence when the detection of danger can be
accomplished by reasonable vigilance. [Forcier v. Grand Union Stores, 128 Vt.
389 (Vt. 1970)]. However, in Thompson v. Green Mountain Power Corp., 120 Vt. 478
(Vt. 1958), the court held “knowledge of the true facts may be essential to
careful conduct, and where knowledge is required, voluntary ignorance is
culpable and affords no protection from legal liability.
confirmation (n.)
c. 1300, confyrmacyoun, the Church rite, from Old French confirmacion (13c.)
“strengthening, confirmation; proof; ratification,” from Latin confirmationem
(nominative confirmatio) “a securing, establishing; an assurance,
encouragement,” noun of action from confirmare (see confirm). As a legal action,
“verification, proof,” from late 14c.; as “action of making sure,” from late
15c.
artful (adj.)
1610s, “learned, well-versed in the (liberal) arts,” also “characterized by
technical skill,” from art (n.) + -ful. Meaning “skilled in adapting means to
ends” is from 1739. Related: Artfully; artfulness.
jargon (n.)
mid-14c., “unintelligible talk, gibberish; chattering, jabbering,” from Old
French jargon “a chattering” (of birds), also “language, speech,” especially
“idle talk; thieves’ Latin.” Ultimately of echoic origin (compare Latin garrire
“to chatter,” English gargle). Often applied to something the speaker does not
understand, hence meaning “mode of speech full of unfamiliar terms” (1650s).
Middle English also had it as a verb, jargounen “to chatter” (late 14c.), from
French.
definition ~ noun rare
1. a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol
2. clarity of outline
exercise had given his muscles superior definition
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Tonight’s topic among others: discuss a new book: The Fictionary … written by
Clint & Daniel the word for tonight: Insinuate! Design to place something in
someone else’s mind that is not true, but seems to be!
insinuate (v.)
1520s, “to covertly and subtly introduce into the mind or heart” (trans.), from
Latin insinuatus, past participle of insinuare “to thrust in, push in, make a
way; creep in, intrude, bring in by windings and curvings, wind one’s way into,”
from in- “in” (see in- (2)) + sinuare “to wind, bend, curve,” from sinus “a
curve, winding” (see sinus).
Intransitive meaning “hint obliquely” is from 1560s. Meaning “maneuver (someone
or something) into some desired position or condition” is from 1570s. Physical
or literal sense of “to introduce tortuously or indirectly” is from 1640s.
Related: Insinuated; insinuating.
1. To gain on the affections by gentle or artful means, or by imperceptible
degrees; as insinuating flattery.
in (adj.)
“that is within, internal,” 1590s, from in (adv.). Sense of “holding power” (the
in party) first recorded c. 1600; that of “exclusive” (the in-crowd, an in-joke)
is from 1907 (in-group); that of “stylish, fashionable” (the in thing) is from
1960.
sin (n.)
Old English synn “moral wrongdoing, injury, mischief, enmity, feud, guilt,
crime, offense against God, misdeed,” from Proto-Germanic *sun(d)jo- “sin”
(cognates: Old Saxon sundia, Old Frisian sende, Middle Dutch sonde, Dutch zonde,
German Sünde “sin, transgression, trespass, offense,” extended forms), probably
ultimately “it is true,” i.e. “the sin is real” (compare Gothic sonjis, Old
Norse sannr “true”), from PIE *snt-ya-, a collective form from *es-ont-
“becoming,” present participle of root *es- “to be” (see is).
sinew (n.)
Old English seonowe, oblique form of nominative sionu “sinew,” from
Proto-Germanic *senawo (cognates: Old Saxon sinewa, Old Norse sina, Old Frisian
sine, Middle Dutch senuwe, Dutch zenuw, Old High German senawa, German Sehne),
from PIE root *sai- “to tie, bind” (cognates: Sanskrit snavah “sinew,” Avestan
snavar, Irish sin “chain”).
Ate
Greek goddess of infatuation and evil, from ate “infatuation, bane, ruin,
mischief,” which is of uncertain origin.
ate
past tense of eat (q.v.).
Genesis 3 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
12 And Adam said, The woman which thou gavest fellow to me, gave me of the tree,
and I ate.
13 And the Lord said to the woman, Why didest thou this thing? The which
answered, The serpent deceived me, and I ate.
concept (n.) 1550s, from Medieval Latin conceptum “draft, abstract,” in
classical Latin “(a thing) conceived,” from concep-, past participle stem of
concipere “to take in” (see conceive). In some 16c. cases a refashioning of
conceit (perhaps to avoid negative connotations).
con (v.2) “to swindle,” 1896, from con (adj.). Related: Conned; conning.
con (n.1) “negation” (mainly in pro and con), 1570s, short for Latin contra
“against” (see contra).
con– word-forming element meaning “together, with,” sometimes merely intensive;
the form of com- used in Latin before consonants except -b-, -p-, -l-, -m-, or
-r-. In native English formations (such as costar), co- tends to be used where
Latin would use con-.
sept (n.) 1540s, “enclosed area,” from Latin septum (see septum). As “division
of a nation or tribe,” 1510s, “prob. a var. of sect” [OED].
septi– before vowels sept-, word-forming element meaning “seven,” from Latin
septem (see seven).
bosom (n.)
Old English bosm “breast; womb; surface; ship’s hold,” from West Germanic *bosm-
(cognates: Old Frisian bosm, Old Saxon bosom, Middle Dutch boesem, Dutch boezem,
Old High German buosam, German Busen “bosom, breast”), perhaps from PIE root
would be “enclosure formed by the breast and the arms”). Narrowed meaning “a
woman’s breasts” is from 1959; but bosomy “big-breasted” is from 1928.
Bosom-friend is attested 1580s; bosom buddy from 1920s.
titular (adj.)
1590s, from or based on Middle French titulaire (16c.), from Latin titulus (see
title) + -ar. Related: Titulary.
title (v.)
“to furnish with a title,” early 14c., from title (n.). Related: Titled;
titling.
Job 32 King James Version (KJV)
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man’s person, neither let me give
flattering titles unto man.
22 For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker would soon
take me away.
Job 32 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
21 I shall not take the person of a man, and I shall not make God even to man.
22 For I know not how long I shall abide alive, and if my Maker will take me
away after a little time.
defect (n.)
early 15c., from Middle French defect and directly from Latin defectus “failure,
revolt, falling away,” noun use of past participle of deficere “to fail, desert”
(see deficient).
Bouvier’s Law Revised 6th Edition – Sec.C [PDF]
CHRISTIANITY. The religion established by Jesus Christ.
2. Christianity has been judicially declared to be a part of the common law of
Pennsylvania; 11 Serg. & Rawle,
394; 5 Binn. R.555; of New York, 8 Johns. R. 291; of Connecticut, 2 Swift’s
System, 321; of Massachusetts,
Dane’s Ab. vol. 7, c. 219, a. 2, 19. To write or speak contemptuously and
maliciously against it, is an indictable
offence. Vide Cooper on the Law of Libel, 59 and 114, et seq.; and generally, 1
Russ. on Cr. 217; 1 Hawk, c. 5; 1
Vent. 293; 3 Keb. 607; 1 Barn. & Cress. 26. S. C. 8 Eng. Com. Law R. 14;
Barnard. 162; Fitzgib. 66; Roscoe, Cr.
Ev. 524; 2 Str. 834; 3 Barn. & Ald. 161; S. C. 5 Eng. Com. Law R. 249 Jeff. Rep.
Appx. See 1 Cro. Jac. 421 Vent.
293; 3 Keb. 607; Cooke on Def. 74; 2 How. S. C. 11−ep. 127, 197 to 201.
Christianity. The religion of those who believe that Jesus Christ is the true
Messiah and the Savior of men, and who receive the
Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the word of God. Hale v
Everett, 53 NH 9.
Christian name. The name given a person at his birth or formal christening,
sometimes referred to as a first name in distinction
from the surname or family name which comes last. 38 Am J1st Name § 4.
Voluntary ignorance refers to unaware states that result from the neglect to
take reasonable steps to acquire an important knowledge. This situation arises,
when a party might by taking reasonable pain, have acquired the necessary
knowledge, but neglected the same.
Voluntary ignorance constitutes negligence when the detection of danger can be
accomplished by reasonable vigilance. [Forcier v. Grand Union Stores, 128 Vt.
389 (Vt. 1970)]. However, in Thompson v. Green Mountain Power Corp., 120 Vt. 478
(Vt. 1958), the court held “knowledge of the true facts may be essential to
careful conduct, and where knowledge is required, voluntary ignorance is
culpable and affords no protection from legal liability.”
confirmation (n.)
c. 1300, confyrmacyoun, the Church rite, from Old French confirmacion (13c.)
“strengthening, confirmation; proof; ratification,” from Latin confirmationem
(nominative confirmatio) “a securing, establishing; an assurance,
encouragement,” noun of action from confirmare (see confirm). As a legal action,
“verification, proof,” from late 14c.; as “action of making sure,” from late
15c.
artful (adj.)
1610s, “learned, well-versed in the (liberal) arts,” also “characterized by
technical skill,” from art (n.) + -ful. Meaning “skilled in adapting means to
ends” is from 1739. Related: Artfully; artfulness.
jargon (n.)
mid-14c., “unintelligible talk, gibberish; chattering, jabbering,” from Old
French jargon “a chattering” (of birds), also “language, speech,” especially
“idle talk; thieves’ Latin.” Ultimately of echoic origin (compare Latin garrire
“to chatter,” English gargle). Often applied to something the speaker does not
understand, hence meaning “mode of speech full of unfamiliar terms” (1650s).
Middle English also had it as a verb, jargounen “to chatter” (late 14c.), from
French.
definition ~ noun rare
1. a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol
2. clarity of outline
exercise had given his muscles superior definition
Words in Words Machine
liability (n.)
1790, originally a term in law; “condition of being legally liable;” see liable
+ -ity. General sense is from 1809; meaning “thing for which one is liable” is
first attested 1842. Related: Liabilities.
lie (n.1)
“an untruth,” Old English lyge “lie, falsehood,” from Proto-Germanic *lugiz
(cognates: Old Norse lygi, Danish løgn, Old Frisian leyne (fem.), Dutch leugen
(fem.), Old High German lugi, German Lüge, Gothic liugn “a lie”), from the root
of lie (v.1). To give the lie to “accuse directly of lying” is attested from
1590s. Lie-detector first recorded 1909.
–ability
word-forming element expressing ability, fitness, or capacity, from Latin
-abilitas, forming nouns from adjectives ending in -abilis (see -able). Not
etymologically related to ability, though popularly connected with it.
–able
word-forming element expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, from
Latin -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, properly -bilis (the
vowels being generally from the stem of the word being suffixed), from PIE
syllables of rudder and saddle (n.).
In Latin, infinitives in -are took -abilis, others -ibilis; in English, -able
tends to be used with native (and other non-Latin) words, -ible with words of
obvious Latin origin (but there are exceptions). The Latin suffix is not
etymologically connected with able, but it long has been popularly associated
with it, and this has contributed to its survival as a living suffix.
Abel
masc. proper name, in Old Testament, second son of Adam and Eve, from Hebrew
Hebhel, literally “breath,” also “vanity."
benefit (n.)
late 14c., “good or noble deed,” also “advantage, profit,” from Anglo-French
benfet “well-done,” from Latin benefactum “good deed,” from bene facere (see
benefactor). Meaning “performance or entertainment to raise money for some
charitable cause” is from 1680s.
benefice (n.)
c. 1300, “a church living,” from Old French benefice (13c.) and directly from
Latin beneficium “a favor, service, generosity, kindness, benefit,” from
beneficus “generous, kind, benevolent, obliging,” from bene- “good, well” (see
bene-) + -ficus, from stem of -ficere, unstressed form of facere “to do, to
make” (see factitious).
–saurus
element used in forming dinosaur names, from Latinized comb. form of Greek
sauros “lizard,” of unknown origin; possibly related to saulos “twisting,
wavering.”
hieroglyph (n.)
“a figure of a familiar object representing a word or sound,” especially in the
system of writing used on monuments, etc., in ancient Egypt, 1590s, a shortening
of hieroglyphic (n.) “hieroglyphic character,” from hieroglyphic (adj.). Greek
hieroglyphos meant “a carver of hieroglyphics.”
hiero-, comb. form
Forms: before a vowel hier-.
combining form of Greek ἱερός sacred, holy. See the following words
o, adv.
Forms: α. eOE aee, OE awa, OE awo, OE–eME aa, OE–eME (ME north.) a, lOE ha, eME
æ. β. OE–ME o, OE–ME oo, eME oa, ME ho, ME hoo.
Etymology: A word inherited from Germanic.
Cognate with Old Saxon eo , io , Old High German eo , io , ieo , (Middle High
German ie , German je ), Old Icelandic ǽ , ei , ey , Old Swedish ä , e , Gothic
aiw < the same Germanic base as Old High German ēwīn eternity, Old Icelandic æfi
an age, lifetime, Old Swedish äve lifetime (Swedish regional äva while, moment),
Gothic aiws an age (perhaps compare also Old English ǣ , ǣw law, marriage, Old
Frisian ēwa , ēwe law, Old Saxon ēo , ēu law, Old High German ēwa eternity, law
(Middle High German ēwe , ē eternity, law, marriage, German Ehe marriage: see e
n.2) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit āyus lifespan (see Ayurveda n.),
ancient Greek αἰών lifetime, αἰεί (Epic) always, αἰέν always, classical Latin
aevum an age, a long time.
glyph (n.)
1727, “ornamental groove in sculpture or architecture,” from French glyphe
(1701), from Greek glyphe “a carving,” from glyphein “to hollow out, cut out
with a knife, engrave, carve,” also “to note down” on tablets, from PIE root
strip,” Old English cleofan “to cleave,” Old Norse klofi, Middle Dutch clove “a
cleft”). Meaning “sculpted mark or symbol” (as in hieroglyph) is from 1825.
Related: Glyphic.
witch (n.)
Old English wicce “female magician, sorceress,” in later use especially “a woman
supposed to have dealings with the devil or evil spirits and to be able by their
cooperation to perform supernatural acts,” fem. of Old English wicca “sorcerer,
wizard, man who practices witchcraft or magic,” from verb wiccian “to practice
witchcraft” (compare Low German wikken, wicken “to use witchcraft,” wikker,
wicker “soothsayer”).
OED says of uncertain origin; Liberman says “None of the proposed etymologies of
witch is free from phonetic or semantic difficulties.” Klein suggests connection
with Old English wigle “divination,” and wig, wih “idol.” Watkins says the nouns
represent a Proto-Germanic *wikkjaz “necromancer” (one who wakes the dead), from
PIE *weg-yo-, from *weg- (2) “to be strong, be lively” (see wake (v.)).
Directly download mp3
Tonight’s topic among others: discuss a new book: The Fictionary … written by
Clint & Daniel the word for tonight: Insinuate! Design to place something in
someone else’s mind that is not true, but seems to be!
insinuate (v.)
1520s, “to covertly and subtly introduce into the mind or heart” (trans.), from
Latin insinuatus, past participle of insinuare “to thrust in, push in, make a
way; creep in, intrude, bring in by windings and curvings, wind one’s way into,”
from in- “in” (see in- (2)) + sinuare “to wind, bend, curve,” from sinus “a
curve, winding” (see sinus).
Intransitive meaning “hint obliquely” is from 1560s. Meaning “maneuver (someone
or something) into some desired position or condition” is from 1570s. Physical
or literal sense of “to introduce tortuously or indirectly” is from 1640s.
Related: Insinuated; insinuating.
1. To gain on the affections by gentle or artful means, or by imperceptible
degrees; as insinuating flattery.
in (adj.)
“that is within, internal,” 1590s, from in (adv.). Sense of “holding power” (the
in party) first recorded c. 1600; that of “exclusive” (the in-crowd, an in-joke)
is from 1907 (in-group); that of “stylish, fashionable” (the in thing) is from
1960.
sin (n.)
Old English synn “moral wrongdoing, injury, mischief, enmity, feud, guilt,
crime, offense against God, misdeed,” from Proto-Germanic *sun(d)jo- “sin”
(cognates: Old Saxon sundia, Old Frisian sende, Middle Dutch sonde, Dutch zonde,
German Sünde “sin, transgression, trespass, offense,” extended forms), probably
ultimately “it is true,” i.e. “the sin is real” (compare Gothic sonjis, Old
Norse sannr “true”), from PIE *snt-ya-, a collective form from *es-ont-
“becoming,” present participle of root *es- “to be” (see is).
sinew (n.)
Old English seonowe, oblique form of nominative sionu “sinew,” from
Proto-Germanic *senawo (cognates: Old Saxon sinewa, Old Norse sina, Old Frisian
sine, Middle Dutch senuwe, Dutch zenuw, Old High German senawa, German Sehne),
from PIE root *sai- “to tie, bind” (cognates: Sanskrit snavah “sinew,” Avestan
snavar, Irish sin “chain”).
Ate
Greek goddess of infatuation and evil, from ate “infatuation, bane, ruin,
mischief,” which is of uncertain origin.
ate
past tense of eat (q.v.).
Genesis 3 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
12 And Adam said, The woman which thou gavest fellow to me, gave me of the tree,
and I ate.
13 And the Lord said to the woman, Why didest thou this thing? The which
answered, The serpent deceived me, and I ate.
concept (n.) 1550s, from Medieval Latin conceptum “draft, abstract,” in
classical Latin “(a thing) conceived,” from concep-, past participle stem of
concipere “to take in” (see conceive). In some 16c. cases a refashioning of
conceit (perhaps to avoid negative connotations).
con (v.2) “to swindle,” 1896, from con (adj.). Related: Conned; conning.
con (n.1) “negation” (mainly in pro and con), 1570s, short for Latin contra
“against” (see contra).
con– word-forming element meaning “together, with,” sometimes merely intensive;
the form of com- used in Latin before consonants except -b-, -p-, -l-, -m-, or
-r-. In native English formations (such as costar), co- tends to be used where
Latin would use con-.
sept (n.) 1540s, “enclosed area,” from Latin septum (see septum). As “division
of a nation or tribe,” 1510s, “prob. a var. of sect” [OED].
septi– before vowels sept-, word-forming element meaning “seven,” from Latin
septem (see seven).
bosom (n.)
Old English bosm “breast; womb; surface; ship’s hold,” from West Germanic *bosm-
(cognates: Old Frisian bosm, Old Saxon bosom, Middle Dutch boesem, Dutch boezem,
Old High German buosam, German Busen “bosom, breast”), perhaps from PIE root
would be “enclosure formed by the breast and the arms”). Narrowed meaning “a
woman’s breasts” is from 1959; but bosomy “big-breasted” is from 1928.
Bosom-friend is attested 1580s; bosom buddy from 1920s.
titular (adj.)
1590s, from or based on Middle French titulaire (16c.), from Latin titulus (see
title) + -ar. Related: Titulary.
title (v.)
“to furnish with a title,” early 14c., from title (n.). Related: Titled;
titling.
Job 32 King James Version (KJV)
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man’s person, neither let me give
flattering titles unto man.
22 For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker would soon
take me away.
Job 32 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
21 I shall not take the person of a man, and I shall not make God even to man.
22 For I know not how long I shall abide alive, and if my Maker will take me
away after a little time.
defect (n.)
early 15c., from Middle French defect and directly from Latin defectus “failure,
revolt, falling away,” noun use of past participle of deficere “to fail, desert”
(see deficient).
Bouvier’s Law Revised 6th Edition – Sec.C [PDF]
CHRISTIANITY. The religion established by Jesus Christ.
2. Christianity has been judicially declared to be a part of the common law of
Pennsylvania; 11 Serg. & Rawle,
394; 5 Binn. R.555; of New York, 8 Johns. R. 291; of Connecticut, 2 Swift’s
System, 321; of Massachusetts,
Dane’s Ab. vol. 7, c. 219, a. 2, 19. To write or speak contemptuously and
maliciously against it, is an indictable
offence. Vide Cooper on the Law of Libel, 59 and 114, et seq.; and generally, 1
Russ. on Cr. 217; 1 Hawk, c. 5; 1
Vent. 293; 3 Keb. 607; 1 Barn. & Cress. 26. S. C. 8 Eng. Com. Law R. 14;
Barnard. 162; Fitzgib. 66; Roscoe, Cr.
Ev. 524; 2 Str. 834; 3 Barn. & Ald. 161; S. C. 5 Eng. Com. Law R. 249 Jeff. Rep.
Appx. See 1 Cro. Jac. 421 Vent.
293; 3 Keb. 607; Cooke on Def. 74; 2 How. S. C. 11−ep. 127, 197 to 201.
Christianity. The religion of those who believe that Jesus Christ is the true
Messiah and the Savior of men, and who receive the
Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the word of God. Hale v
Everett, 53 NH 9.
Christian name. The name given a person at his birth or formal christening,
sometimes referred to as a first name in distinction
from the surname or family name which comes last. 38 Am J1st Name § 4.
Voluntary ignorance refers to unaware states that result from the neglect to
take reasonable steps to acquire an important knowledge. This situation arises,
when a party might by taking reasonable pain, have acquired the necessary
knowledge, but neglected the same.
Voluntary ignorance constitutes negligence when the detection of danger can be
accomplished by reasonable vigilance. [Forcier v. Grand Union Stores, 128 Vt.
389 (Vt. 1970)]. However, in Thompson v. Green Mountain Power Corp., 120 Vt. 478
(Vt. 1958), the court held “knowledge of the true facts may be essential to
careful conduct, and where knowledge is required, voluntary ignorance is
culpable and affords no protection from legal liability.”
confirmation (n.)
c. 1300, confyrmacyoun, the Church rite, from Old French confirmacion (13c.)
“strengthening, confirmation; proof; ratification,” from Latin confirmationem
(nominative confirmatio) “a securing, establishing; an assurance,
encouragement,” noun of action from confirmare (see confirm). As a legal action,
“verification, proof,” from late 14c.; as “action of making sure,” from late
15c.
artful (adj.)
1610s, “learned, well-versed in the (liberal) arts,” also “characterized by
technical skill,” from art (n.) + -ful. Meaning “skilled in adapting means to
ends” is from 1739. Related: Artfully; artfulness.
jargon (n.)
mid-14c., “unintelligible talk, gibberish; chattering, jabbering,” from Old
French jargon “a chattering” (of birds), also “language, speech,” especially
“idle talk; thieves’ Latin.” Ultimately of echoic origin (compare Latin garrire
“to chatter,” English gargle). Often applied to something the speaker does not
understand, hence meaning “mode of speech full of unfamiliar terms” (1650s).
Middle English also had it as a verb, jargounen “to chatter” (late 14c.), from
French.
definition ~ noun rare
1. a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol
2. clarity of outline
exercise had given his muscles superior definition
Words in Words Machine
liability (n.)
1790, originally a term in law; “condition of being legally liable;” see liable
+ -ity. General sense is from 1809; meaning “thing for which one is liable” is
first attested 1842. Related: Liabilities.
lie (n.1)
“an untruth,” Old English lyge “lie, falsehood,” from Proto-Germanic *lugiz
(cognates: Old Norse lygi, Danish løgn, Old Frisian leyne (fem.), Dutch leugen
(fem.), Old High German lugi, German Lüge, Gothic liugn “a lie”), from the root
of lie (v.1). To give the lie to “accuse directly of lying” is attested from
1590s. Lie-detector first recorded 1909.
–ability
word-forming element expressing ability, fitness, or capacity, from Latin
-abilitas, forming nouns from adjectives ending in -abilis (see -able). Not
etymologically related to ability, though popularly connected with it.
–able
word-forming element expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, from
Latin -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, properly -bilis (the
vowels being generally from the stem of the word being suffixed), from PIE
syllables of rudder and saddle (n.).
In Latin, infinitives in -are took -abilis, others -ibilis; in English, -able
tends to be used with native (and other non-Latin) words, -ible with words of
obvious Latin origin (but there are exceptions). The Latin suffix is not
etymologically connected with able, but it long has been popularly associated
with it, and this has contributed to its survival as a living suffix.
Abel
masc. proper name, in Old Testament, second son of Adam and Eve, from Hebrew
Hebhel, literally “breath,” also “vanity.”
benefit (n.)
late 14c., “good or noble deed,” also “advantage, profit,” from Anglo-French
benfet “well-done,” from Latin benefactum “good deed,” from bene facere (see
benefactor). Meaning “performance or entertainment to raise money for some
charitable cause” is from 1680s.
benefice (n.)
c. 1300, “a church living,” from Old French benefice (13c.) and directly from
Latin beneficium “a favor, service, generosity, kindness, benefit,” from
beneficus “generous, kind, benevolent, obliging,” from bene- “good, well” (see
bene-) + -ficus, from stem of -ficere, unstressed form of facere “to do, to
make” (see factitious).
–saurus
element used in forming dinosaur names, from Latinized comb. form of Greek
sauros “lizard,” of unknown origin; possibly related to saulos “twisting,
wavering.”
hieroglyph (n.)
“a figure of a familiar object representing a word or sound,” especially in the
system of writing used on monuments, etc., in ancient Egypt, 1590s, a shortening
of hieroglyphic (n.) “hieroglyphic character,” from hieroglyphic (adj.). Greek
hieroglyphos meant “a carver of hieroglyphics.”
hiero-, comb. form
Forms: before a vowel hier-.
combining form of Greek ἱερός sacred, holy. See the following words
o, adv.
Forms: α. eOE aee, OE awa, OE awo, OE–eME aa, OE–eME (ME north.) a, lOE ha, eME
æ. β. OE–ME o, OE–ME oo, eME oa, ME ho, ME hoo.
Etymology: A word inherited from Germanic.
Cognate with Old Saxon eo , io , Old High German eo , io , ieo , (Middle High
German ie , German je ), Old Icelandic ǽ , ei , ey , Old Swedish ä , e , Gothic
aiw < the same Germanic base as Old High German ēwīn eternity, Old Icelandic æfi
an age, lifetime, Old Swedish äve lifetime (Swedish regional äva while, moment),
Gothic aiws an age (perhaps compare also Old English ǣ , ǣw law, marriage, Old
Frisian ēwa , ēwe law, Old Saxon ēo , ēu law, Old High German ēwa eternity, law
(Middle High German ēwe , ē eternity, law, marriage, German Ehe marriage: see e
n.2) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit āyus lifespan (see Ayurveda n.),
ancient Greek αἰών lifetime, αἰεί (Epic) always, αἰέν always, classical Latin
aevum an age, a long time.
glyph (n.)
1727, “ornamental groove in sculpture or architecture,” from French glyphe
(1701), from Greek glyphe “a carving,” from glyphein “to hollow out, cut out
with a knife, engrave, carve,” also “to note down” on tablets, from PIE root
strip,” Old English cleofan “to cleave,” Old Norse klofi, Middle Dutch clove “a
cleft”). Meaning “sculpted mark or symbol” (as in hieroglyph) is from 1825.
Related: Glyphic.
witch (n.)
Old English wicce “female magician, sorceress,” in later use especially “a woman
supposed to have dealings with the devil or evil spirits and to be able by their
cooperation to perform supernatural acts,” fem. of Old English wicca “sorcerer,
wizard, man who practices witchcraft or magic,” from verb wiccian “to practice
witchcraft” (compare Low German wikken, wicken “to use witchcraft,” wikker,
wicker “soothsayer”).
OED says of uncertain origin; Liberman says “None of the proposed etymologies of
witch is free from phonetic or semantic difficulties.” Klein suggests connection
with Old English wigle “divination,” and wig, wih “idol.” Watkins says the nouns
represent a Proto-Germanic *wikkjaz “necromancer” (one who wakes the dead), from
PIE *weg-yo-, from *weg- (2) “to be strong, be lively” (see wake (v.)).
free will, n.
Forms: see free adj., n., and adv. and will n.1
Frequency (in current use):
Etymology: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a Latin lexical
item.
Etymons: free adj., will n.1
< free adj. + will n.1, partly after classical Latin līberum arbitrium, lībera
voluntās, especially in post-classical Latin senses. With sense 1 compare also
Anglo-Norman and Old French fraunche volunte (1296 onwards as a legal formula in
British sources); with sense 2 compare Old French, Middle French, French franc
arbitre (1265; now archaic), Middle French, French libre volonté (1561), French
libre arbitre (1649).
Classical Latin līberum arbitrium meant ‘full power to decide, discretionary
power, legal freedom of action’; classical Latin voluntās lībera (in Lucretius
2. 256-7 and Cicero De Fato 20) had a sense closer to ‘free ability to choose’.
In the writings of St Augustine, in which the concept of the will is developed
more fully than it had been in antiquity, liberum arbitrium ‘free decision’ and
libera voluntas ‘a free will’ are distinguished. The subsequent history of both
terms is complicated, but it can be said that libera voluntas is much more usual
than liberum arbitrium in legal documents, often in formulae such as mera et
libera voluntate ‘by pure, unconstrained choice’ (12th cent. or earlier, and
from 13th cent. in British sources), and that liberum arbitrium is somewhat more
usual than libera voluntas in theology.
fabrication, n.
2. In bad sense: The action of fabricating or ‘making up’; the invention (of a
statement); the forging (of a document). Also concr. An invention; a false
statement; a forgery.
suggest ~ verb common
1. make a proposal, declare a plan for something the senator proposed to abolish
the sales tax
2. drop a hint; intimate by a hint They suggest that there was a traffic
accident
3. imply as a possibility The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine Tetracycline is
indicated in such cases
5. call to mind this remark evoked sadness
suus (Sui)
Pronoun
suus m (feminine sua, neuter suum); first/second declension
(possessive, reflexive) his, her/hers, its, their
sug–
assimilated form of sub- before -g-.
sub–
word-forming element meaning “under, beneath; behind; from under; resulting from
further division,” from Latin preposition sub “under, below, beneath, at the
foot of,” also “close to, up to, towards;” of time, “within, during;”
figuratively “subject to, in the power of;” also “a little, somewhat” (as in
sub-horridus “somewhat rough”).
This is said to be from PIE *(s)up- (perhaps representing *ex-upo-), a variant
form of the root *upo- “from below,” hence “turning upward, upward, up, up from
under, over, beyond” (cognates: Sanskrit upa “near, under, up to, on,” Greek
hypo “under,” Gothic iup, Old Norse, Old English upp “up, upward,” Hittite up-zi
“rises”). The Latin word also was used as a prefix and in various combinations
gest (n.)
“famous deed, exploit,” more commonly “story of great deeds, tale of adventure,”
c. 1300, from Old French geste, jeste “action, exploit, romance, history” (of
celebrated people or actions), from Medieval Latin gesta “actions, exploits,
deeds, achievements,” noun use of neuter plural of Latin gestus, past participle
of gerere “to carry on, wage, perform,” of unknown origin. Jest (n.) is the same
word.
jest (v.)
1520s, “to speak in a trifling manner;” 1550s, “to joke,” from Middle English
gesten “recite a tale” (late 14c.), from geste (see jest (n.)). Related: Jested;
jesting.
hypothetical ~ adj very rare
1. based primarily on surmise rather than adequate evidence
theories about the extinction of dinosaurs are still highly conjectural; the
supposed reason for his absence; suppositious reconstructions of dead languages;
hypothetical situation
hypothetical ~ noun very rare
1. a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation,
etc.
consider the following, just as a hypothetical
hypo–
word-forming element meaning “under, beneath; less, less than” (in chemistry,
indicating a lesser oxidation), from Greek hypo (prep. and adverb) “under,
beneath; up from under; toward and under (i.e. into),” from PIE *upo “under; up
from under; over” (see sub-).
debtor (n.) early 13c., dettur, dettour, from Old French detour, from Latin
debitor “a debter,” from past participle stem of debere; see debt. The -b- was
restored in later French, and in English c. 1560-c. 1660. The KJV has detter
three times, debter three times, debtor twice and debtour once.
tort (n.) mid-13c., “injury, wrong,” from Old French tort “wrong, injustice,
crime” (11c.), from Medieval Latin tortum “injustice,” noun use of neuter of
tortus “wrung, twisted,” past participle of Latin torquere “turn, turn awry,
twist, wring, distort” (see torque (n.)). Legal sense of “breach of a duty,
whereby someone acquires a right of action for damages” is first recorded 1580s.
genesis (n.)
Old English Genesis, first book of the Pentateuch, which tells among other
things of the creation of the world, from Latin genesis “generation, nativity,”
in Late Latin taken as the title of first book of the Old Testament, from Greek
genesis “origin, creation, generation,” from gignesthai “to be born,” related to
genos “race, birth, descent” (see genus). Greek translators used the word as the
title of the biblical book, rendering Hebrew bereshith, literally “in the
beginning,” which was the first word of the text, taken as its title. Extended
sense of “origin, creation” first recorded in English c. 1600.
anthropomorphite (n.)
mid-15c.; see anthropomorphite + -ist.
The sect of Antropomorfitis, whiche helden that God in his godhede hath hondis
and feet and othere suche membris. [Reginald Pecock, “The Repressor of Over Much
Blaming of the Clergy,” 1449]
Related: Anthropomorphitism (1660s).
debate (n.) early 14c., “a quarrel, dispute, disagreement,” from Old French
debat; see debate (v.). Sense of “a formal dispute, a debating contest” is
perhaps from early 15c. debate (v.) late 14c., “to quarrel, dispute,” also
“discuss, deliberate upon the pros and cons of,” from Old French debatre (13c.,
Modern French débattre), originally “to fight,” from de- “down, completely” (see
de-) + batre “to beat” (see battery). Related: Debated; debating.
fallacy (n.) late 15c., “deception, false statement,” from Latin fallacia
“deception, deceit, trick, artifice,” noun of quality from fallax (genitive
fallacis) “deceptive,” from fallere “deceive” (see fail (v.)). Specific sense in
logic, “false syllogism, invalid argumentation,” dates from 1550s. An earlier
form was fallace (c. 1300), from Old French fallace.
inherent (adj.) 1570s, from Latin inhaerentem (nominative inhaerens), present
participle of inhaerere “be closely connected with, be inherent,” literally
“adhere to, cling to,” from in- “in” (see in- (2)) + haerere “to stick” (see
hesitation). Related: Inherently.
conception (n.)
early 14c., “act of conceiving,” from Old French concepcion (Modern French
conception) “conception, grasp, comprehension,” from Latin conceptionem
(nominative conceptio) “a comprehending, conception,” noun of action from stem
of concipere (see conceive). Originally in the womb sense (also with reference
to Conception Day in the Church calendar); mental sense “process of forming
concepts” is late 14c. Meaning “that which is conceived in the mind” is from
1520s; “general notion” is from 1785.
CHIP, CHEAP, CHIPPING, in the names of places, imply a market; from Sax. Ceapan,
cypan, to buy or sell. [See Cheap.]
convenience (n.)
late 14c., “agreement, conformity,” from Latin convenientia “meeting together,
agreement, harmony,” from conveniens, present participle of convenire (see
convene). Meaning “suitable, adapted to existing conditions” is from c. 1600;
that of “personally not difficult” is from 1703.
pardon (v.)
mid-15c., “to forgive for offense or sin,” from Old French pardoner (see pardon
(n.)).
‘I grant you pardon,’ said Louis XV to Charolais, who, to divert himself, had
just killed a man; ‘but I also pardon whoever will kill you.’ [Marquis de Sade,
“Philosophy in the Bedroom”]
Related: Pardoned; pardoning. Pardon my French as exclamation of apology for
obscene language is from 1895.
pardon (n.)
late 13c., “papal indulgence,” from Old French pardon, from pardoner “to grant;
forgive” (11c., Modern French pardonner), “to grant, forgive,” from Vulgar Latin
thoroughly” (see per) + donare “give, present” (see donation).
Meaning “passing over an offense without punishment” is from c. 1300, also in
the strictly ecclesiastical sense; sense of “pardon for a civil or criminal
offense; release from penalty or obligation” is from late 14c. earlier in
Anglo-French. Weaker sense of “excuse for a minor fault” is attested from 1540s.
keeper (n.)
c. 1300 (late 13c. as a surname), “one who has charge of some person or thing,
warden,” agent noun from keep (v.). Sense of “one who carries on some business”
is from mid-15c. Sporting sense (originally cricket) is from 1744. Meaning
“something (or someone) worth keeping” is attested by 1999. Brother’s keeper is
from Genesis iv:9.
peace (n.)
mid-12c., “freedom from civil disorder,” from Anglo-French pes, Old French pais
“peace, reconciliation, silence, permission” (11c., Modern French paix), from
Latin pacem (nominative pax) “compact, agreement, treaty of peace, tranquility,
absence of war” (source of Provençal patz, Spanish paz, Italian pace), from PIE
peace-keeping (n.)
also peacekeeping, 1961 in the international sense, from peace + keeping, verbal
noun from keep (v.). Earlier “preservation of law and order” (mid-15c.).
Related: Peace-keeper (1570s).
keep (v.)
late Old English cepan “to seize, hold,” also “to observe,” from Proto-Germanic
related to Old English capian “to look,” from Proto-Germanic *kap- (cepan was
used c. 1000 to render Latin observare), which would make the basic sense “to
keep an eye on.”
rest (n.1)
“sleep,” Old English ræste, reste “rest, bed, intermission of labor, mental
peace,” common Germanic (Old Saxon resta “resting place, burial-place,” Dutch
rust, Old High German rasta, German Rast “rest, peace, repose”), of uncertain
origin.
rest (n.2)
“remainder, that which is left after a separation,” early 15c., from Middle
French reste “remnant,” from rester “to remain” (see rest (v.2)). Meaning
“others, those not included in a proposition” is from 1530s.
Re
“with reference to,” used from c. 1700 in legalese, from Latin (in) re “in the
matter of,” from ablative case of res “matter, thing.” Its use is execrated by
Fowler in three different sections of “Modern English Usage.”
Ra
Ra or Re is the ancient Egyptian sun god. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th &
24th centuries, he had become a major god in ancient Egyptian religion,
identified primarily with the noon sun.
re–
word-forming element meaning “back to the original place; again, anew, once
more,” also with a sense of “undoing,” c. 1200, from Old French and directly
from Latin re- “again, back, anew, against,” “Latin combining form conceivably
from Indo-European *wret-, metathetical variant of *wert- “to turn” [Watkins].
Often merely intensive, and in many of the older borrowings from French and
Latin the precise sense of re- is lost in secondary senses or weakened beyond
recognition. OED writes that it is “impossible to attempt a complete record of
all the forms resulting from its use,” and adds that “The number of these is
practically infinite ….” The Latin prefix became red- before vowels and h-, as
in redact, redeem, redolent, redundant.
pre-
word-forming element meaning “before,” from Old French pre- and Medieval Latin
pre-, both from Latin prae (adverb and preposition) “before in time or place,”
from PIE *peri- (cognates: Oscan prai, Umbrian pre, Sanskrit pare “thereupon,”
Greek parai “at,” Gaulish are- “at, before,” Lithuanian pre “at,” Old Church
Slavonic pri “at,” Gothic faura, Old English fore “before”), extended form of
root *per- (1) “beyond” (see per).
The Latin word was active in forming verbs. Also see prae-. Sometimes in Middle
English muddled with words in pro- or per-.
press (n.)
c. 1300, presse, “crowd, throng, company; crowding and jostling of a throng; a
massing together,” from Old French presse (n.) “throng, crush, crowd; wine or
cheese press” (11c.), from Latin pressare (see press (v.1)). Late Old English
had press “clothes press.”
press (v.2)
“force into service,” 1570s, alteration (by association with press (v.1)) of
prest (mid-14c.) “engage by loan, pay in advance,”
press (v.1)
“push against,” early 14c., “to clasp, embrace;” mid-14c. “to squeeze out;” also
“to cluster, gather in a crowd;” late 14c., “to press against, exert pressure,”
also “assault, assail;” also “forge ahead, push one’s way, move forward,”
giant (n.)
c. 1300, “fabulous man-like creature of enormous size,” from Old French geant,
earlier jaiant “giant, ogre” (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *gagantem (nominative
gagas), from Latin gigas “a giant,” from Greek Gigas (usually in plural,
Gigantes), one of a race of divine but savage and monstrous beings (personifying
destructive natural forces), sons of Gaia and Uranus, eventually destroyed by
the gods. The word is of unknown origin, probably from a pre-Greek language.
Derivation from gegenes “earth-born” is considered untenable.
Ent
Dauid eóde to ánwíge ongeán ðone ent Goliam David went in single combat against
the giant Goliath,
cent (n.)
late 14c., from Latin centum “hundred” (see hundred). Middle English meaning was
“one hundred,” but it shifted 17c. to “hundredth part” under influence of
percent. Chosen in this sense in 1786 as a name for a U.S. currency unit by
Continental Congress. The word first was suggested by Robert Morris in 1782
under a different currency plan. Before the cent, Revolutionary and colonial
dollars were reckoned in ninetieths, based on the exchange rate of Pennsylvania
money and Spanish coin.
represent (v.)
late 14c., “to bring to mind by description,” also “to symbolize, serve as a
sign or symbol of; serve as the type or embodiment of;” from Old French
representer “present, show, portray” (12c.), from Latin repraesentare “make
present, set in view, show, exhibit, display,” from re-, intensive prefix (see
re-), + praesentare “to present,” literally “to place before” (see present
(v.)). Legislative sense is attested from 1650s. Related: Represented;
representing.
representative (adj.)
“serving to represent,” late 14c., from Old French representatif (early 14c.),
from Medieval Latin repraesentativus, from stem of Latin repraesentare (see
represent). Meaning “standing for others” is from 1620s; in the political sense
of “holding the place of the people in the government, having citizens
represented by chosen persons” is first recorded 1620s. Meaning “pertaining to
or founded on representation of the people” is from 1640s.
representation (n.)
c. 1400, “image, likeness,” from Old French representacion (14c.) and directly
from Latin representationem (nominative representatio), noun of action from past
participle stem of repraesentare (see represent). Meaning “statement made in
regard to some matter” is from 1670s. Legislative sense first attested 1769.
lie (n.1)
“an untruth,” Old English lyge “lie, falsehood,” from Proto-Germanic *lugiz
(cognates: Old Norse lygi, Danish løgn, Old Frisian leyne (fem.), Dutch leugen
(fem.), Old High German lugi, German Lüge, Gothic liugn “a lie”), from the root
of lie (v.1). To give the lie to “accuse directly of lying” is attested from
1590s. Lie-detector first recorded 1909.
lier (n.)
“one who reclines;” 1580s, agent noun from lie (v.2).
lien (n.)
“right to hold property of another until debt is paid,” 1530s, from Middle
French lien “a band or tie,” from Latin ligamen “bond,” from ligare “to bind,
tie” (see ligament).
ran
past tense of run (v.), Old English ran.
–dom
abstract suffix of state, from Old English dom “statute, judgment” (see doom
(n.)). Already active as a suffix in Old English (as in freodom, wisdom).
Cognate with German -tum (Old High German tuom).
De facto : In fact, in deed, actually.
This phrase is used to characterize an officer, a government, a past action, or
a state of affairs which must be accepted for all practical purposes, but is
illegal or illegitimate.
Thus, an office, position or status existing under a claim or color of right
such as a de facto corporation. In this sense it is the contrary of de jure,
which means rightful, legitimate, just, or constitutional.
Thus, an officer, king, or government de facto is one who is in actual
possession of the office or supreme power, but by usurpation, or without lawful
title; while an officer, king, or governor de jure is one who has just claim and
rightful title to the office or power, but has never had plenary possession of
it, or is not in actual possession.
MacLeod v. United States, 229 U.S. 4 1 6, 33 S.Ct. 955, 57 L.Ed.1260.
Blacks Law 4th edition P:375
prodigal (adj.)
mid-15c., a back-formation from prodigality, or else from Middle French prodigal
and directly from Late Latin prodigalis, from Latin prodigus “wasteful,” from
prodigere “drive away, waste,” from pro- “forth” (see pro-) + agere “to drive”
(see act (v.)). First reference is to prodigial son, from Vulgate Latin filius
prodigus (Luke xv:11-32). As a noun, “prodigal person,” 1590s, from the
adjective (the Latin adjective also was used as a noun).
driver (n.)
“one who drives” in various senses, c. 1400; agent noun from drive (v.). Slavery
sense is attested by 1796. Driver’s seat is attested by 1867; figurative use by
1954.
2. The person who drives beasts.
design (v.)
1540s, from Latin designare “mark out, devise, choose, designate, appoint,” from
de- “out” (see de-) + signare “to mark,” from signum “a mark, sign” (see sign
(n.)). Originally in English with the meaning now attached to designate; many
modern uses of design are metaphoric extensions. Related: Designed; designing.
licence (n.)
mid-14c., “liberty (to do something), leave,” from Old French licence “freedom,
liberty, power, possibility; permission,” (12c.), from Latin licentia “freedom,
liberty, license,” from licentem (nominative licens), present participle of
licere “to be allowed, be lawful,” from PIE root *leik- “to offer, bargain”
(cognates: Lettish likstu “I come to terms”). Meaning “formal (usually written)
permission from authority to do something” (marry, hunt, drive, etc.) is first
attested early 15c. Meaning “excessive liberty, disregard of propriety” is from
mid-15c. There have been attempts to confine license to verbal use and licence
to noun use (compare advise/advice, devise/device.
licence (v.)
c. 1400, “grant formal authorization,” from license (n.). Related: Licenced;
Licencing.
certificate (n.)
early 15c., “action of certifying,” from French certificat, from Medieval Latin
certificatum “thing certified,” noun use of neuter past participle of
certificare (see certify). Of documents, from mid-15c., especially a document
which attests to someone’s authorization to practice or do something (1540s).
colon (n.2)
“large intestine,” late 14c., from Latinized form of Greek kolon (with a short
initial -o-) “large intestine,” which is of unknown origin.
colony (n.)
late 14c., “ancient Roman settlement outside Italy,” from Latin colonia “settled
land, farm, landed estate,” from colonus “husbandman, tenant farmer, settler in
new land,” from colere “to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard,
respect,” from PIE root *kwel- (1) “move around” (source of Latin -cola
“inhabitant;” see cycle (n.)). Also used by the Romans to translate Greek
apoikia “people from home.” Modern application dates from 1540s.
auto–
word-forming element meaning “self, one’s own, by oneself,” from Greek auto-
“self, one’s own,” combining form of autos “self, same,” which is of unknown
origin. Before a vowel, aut-; before an aspirate, auth-. In Greek also used as a
prefix to proper names, as in automelinna “Melinna herself.” The opposite prefix
–graph
modern word-forming element meaning “instrument for recording; that which
writes, marks, or describes; something written,” from Greek -graphos “-writing,
-writer” (as in autographos “written with one’s own hand”), from graphe
“writing, the art of writing, a writing,” from graphein “to write, express by
written characters,” earlier “to draw, represent by lines drawn” (see -graphy).
Adopted widely (Dutch -graaf, German -graph, French -graphe, Spanish -grafo).
Related: -grapher; -graphic; -graphical.
signature (n.)
1530s, a kind of document in Scottish law, from Middle French signature (16c.)
or directly from Medieval Latin signatura “signature, a rescript,” in classical
Latin “the matrix of a seal,” from signatus, past participle of signare “to mark
with a stamp, sign” (see sign (v.)).
Meaning “one’s own name written in one’s own hand” is from 1570s, replacing
sign-manual (early 15c.) in this sense. Musical sense of “signs placed it the
beginning of a staff to indicate the key and rhythm” is from 1806. Meaning “a
distinguishing mark of any kind” is from 1620s
SIG,
a Saxon word signifying victory. is used in names, as in Sigbert, bright
victory. In answers to the Greek vix in Nicander, and the Latin vic, in
Victorinus.
nay
word of negation, late 12c., from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse nei,
compound of ne “not” (see un-) + ei “ever” (see aye (2)).
ná, nó; adv.No, not; non.
tau (Τ τ) :
nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, from Hebrew taw, last letter of the
Hebrew alphabet, literally “sign, mark.”
In ancient times, Tau was used as a symbol for life and/or resurrection, whereas
the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, theta, was considered the symbol of
death.
In Biblical times, the Taw was put on men to distinguish those who lamented sin,
although newer versions of the Bible have replaced the ancient term “Taw” with
“mark” (Ezekiel 9:4) or “signature” (Job 31:35).
úre gen. pl. of personal pronoun of first person. Of us Adam can yfel and gód,
swá swá úre sum (quasi unus ex nobis ), Gen. 3, 22.
úre adj. pronoun. I. our
-re
nature (n.)
late 13c., “restorative powers of the body, bodily processes; powers of growth;”
from Old French nature “nature, being, principle of life; character, essence,”
from Latin natura “course of things; natural character, constitution, quality;
the universe,” literally “birth,” from natus “born,” past participle of nasci
“to be born,” from PIE *gene- “to give birth, beget” (see genus).
1 Strong’s Number: g5449 Greek: phusis – Nature:
from phuo, “to bring forth, produce,” signifies
(a) “the nature” (i.e., the natural powers of constitution) of a person or
thing, Eph 2:3; Jam 3:7 (“kind”); 2Pe 1:4;
(b) “origin, birth,” Rom 2:27, one who by birth is a Gentile, uncircumcised, in
contrast to one who, though circumcised, has become spiritually uncircumcised by
his iniquity; Gal 2:15;
(c) “the regular law or order of nature,” Rom 1:26, against “nature” (para,
“against”); Rom 2:14, adverbially, “by nature” (for Rom 11:21, 24, see NATURAL,
Note); 1Cr 11:14; Gal 4:8, “by nature (are no gods),” here “nature” is the
emphatic word, and the phrase includes demons, men regarded as deified, and
idols; these are gods only in name (the negative, me, denies not simply that
they were gods, but the possibility that they could be).
personate ~ verb rare
1. pretend to be someone you are not; sometimes with fraudulent intentions
She posed as the Czar’s daughter
2. attribute human qualities to something
The Greeks personated their gods ridiculous
consent (n.)
c. 1300, “approval,” also “agreement in sentiment, harmony,” from Old French
consente, from consentir (see consent (v.)). Age of consent is attested from
1809.
consent (v.)
early 13c., from Old French consentir (12c.) “agree, comply,” from Latin
consentire “feel together,” from com- “with” (see com-) + sentire “to feel” (see
sense (n.)). “Feeling together,” hence, “agreeing, giving permission,”
apparently a sense evolution that took place in French before the word reached
English. Related: Consented; consenting.
implied consent
n. consent when surrounding circumstances exist which would lead a reasonable
person to believe that this consent had been given, although no direct, express
or explicit words of agreement had been uttered. Examples: a) a “contract” based
on the fact that one person has been doing a particular thing and the other
person expects him/her to continue; b) the defense in a “date rape” case in
which there is a claim of assumed consent due to absence of protest or a belief
that “no” really meant “yes,” “maybe” or “later.”
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Tonight’s topic among others: Initially Daniel apologizes for last weeks Hyper
Empathetic Outbursts, about those in Power, who Abuse their Offices on a Regular
Basis! and a license to get into Heaven and;
Romans 2:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 For there is no respect of persons with God.
Job 32:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man’s person, neither let me give
flattering titles unto man.
Philippians 4:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state
I am, therewith to be content.
James 2:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law
as transgressors.
Proverbs 28:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man
will transgress.
Proverbs 24:23 King James Version (KJV)
23 These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of
persons in judgment.
Proverbs 18:5 King James Version (KJV)
5 It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow the righteous
in judgment
Hebrews 12:16 King James Version (KJV)
16 Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel
of meat sold his birthright.
1 Corinthians 5:13 King James Version (KJV)
13 But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among
yourselves that wicked person.
Leviticus 19:15 King James Version (KJV)
15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person
of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou
judge thy neighbour.
Psalm 138:6 King James Version (KJV)
6 Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but the proud he
knoweth afar off.
Ephesians 6:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing
that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with
him.
James 2:1 King James Version (KJV)
2 My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory,
with respect of persons.
Psalm 49:10 King James Version (KJV)
10 For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person
perish, and leave their wealth to others.
personate ~ verb rare
1. pretend to be someone you are not; sometimes with fraudulent intentions
She posed as the Czar’s daughter
2. attribute human qualities to something
The Greeks personated their gods ridiculous
consent (n.)
c. 1300, “approval,” also “agreement in sentiment, harmony,” from Old French
consente, from consentir (see consent (v.)). Age of consent is attested from
1809.
consent (v.)
early 13c., from Old French consentir (12c.) “agree, comply,” from Latin
consentire “feel together,” from com- “with” (see com-) + sentire “to feel” (see
sense (n.)). “Feeling together,” hence, “agreeing, giving permission,”
apparently a sense evolution that took place in French before the word reached
English. Related: Consented; consenting.
implied consent
n. consent when surrounding circumstances exist which would lead a reasonable
person to believe that this consent had been given, although no direct, express
or explicit words of agreement had been uttered. Examples: a) a “contract” based
on the fact that one person has been doing a particular thing and the other
person expects him/her to continue; b) the defense in a “date rape” case in
which there is a claim of assumed consent due to absence of protest or a belief
that “no” really meant “yes,” “maybe” or “later.”
THE THREE STOOGES: Disorder in the Court (1936) (Remastered) (HD 1080p)
[Youtube]
union_jack_gate.
Union Jack Gate is Close to the Defense
Moe & Larry play Noughts & Crosses on the Prosecutions Back with Chalk – (The
game’s grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome) No matter who wins
or looses the Lawyer always plays both sides.
Moe : “I say, Japser. What comes after 75”?
Larry : “76”?
Moe : “That’s the Spirit”
Spirit of ’76 (sentiment)
William Jasper
Jasper was Illiterate. Noughts & Crosses being a reference point.
The Boston Tea Party
Conflict and Revolution 1775 to 1776
Psalm 75:5-7 King James Version (KJV)
5 Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck.
6 For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the
south.
7 But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another.
Whig
British political party, 1657, in part perhaps a disparaging use of whigg “a
country bumpkin” (1640s); but mainly a shortened form of Whiggamore (1649) “one
of the adherents of the Presbyterian cause in western Scotland who marched on
Edinburgh in 1648 to oppose Charles I.” Perhaps originally “a horse drover,”
from dialectal verb whig “to urge forward” + mare. In 1689 the name was first
used in reference to members of the British political party that opposed the
Tories. American Revolution sense of “colonist who opposes Crown policies” is
from 1768. Later it was applied to opponents of Andrew Jackson (as early as
1825), and taken as the name of a political party (1834) that merged into the
Republican Party in 1854-56.
[I]n the spring of 1834 Jackson’s opponents adopted the name Whig, traditional
term for critics of executive usurpations. James Watson Webb, editor of the New
York Courier and Enquirer, encouraged use of the name. [Henry] Clay gave it
national currency in a speech on April 14, 1834, likening “the whigs of the
present day” to those who had resisted George III, and by summer it was
official. [Daniel Walker Howe, “What Hath God Wrought,” 2007, p.390] …
asoasf
This little flick, whilst some times funny and bizarre seems way to loaded with
code to spend that much time on. Above, some of my immediate imprecations,
omitting the obvious. It’s not wise to ignore coincidence at the expense of
truth.
fiction (n.)
early 15c., ficcioun, “that which is invented or imagined in the mind,” from Old
French
ficcion “dissimulation, ruse; invention, fabrication” (13c.) and directly from
Latin fictionem (nominative fictio) “a fashioning or feigning,” noun of action
from past participle stem of fingere “to shape, form, devise, feign,” originally
“to knead, form out of clay,” from PIE *dheigh- “to build, form, knead” (source
also of Old English dag “dough;” see dough).
Meaning “prose works (not dramatic) of the imagination” is from 1590s, at first
often including plays and poems. Narrower sense of “the part of literature
comprising novels and short stories based on imagined scenes or characters” is
by early 19c. The legal sense (fiction of law) is from 1580s. A writer of
fiction could be a fictionist (1827). The related Latin words included the
literal notion “worked by hand,” as well as the figurative senses of “invented
in the mind; artificial, not natural”: Latin fictilis “made of clay, earthen;”
fictor “molder, sculptor” (also borrowed 17c. in English), but also of Ulysses
as “master of deceit;” fictum “a deception, falsehood; fiction.”
ARTIFICIAL PRESUMPTIONS, Al-
so called “legal presumptions;” those which derive their force and effect from
the law, rather than their natural tendency to produce
belief. 3 S t a r k ie, Ev. 1235. Black’s Law 1st Edition – Sec. A
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
Spelling beleeve is common till 17c.; then altered, perhaps by influence of
relieve, etc. To believe on instead of in was more common in 16c. but now is a
peculiarity of theology; believe of also sometimes was used in 17c. Related:
Believed (formerly occasionally beleft); believing. Expression believe it or not
attested by 1874; Robert Ripley’s newspaper cartoon of the same name is from
1918. Emphatic you better believe attested from 1854.
Mammon (n.)
“personification of wealth,” mid-14c., from Late Latin mammona, from Greek
mamonas, from Aramaic mamona, mamon “riches, gain;” left untranslated in Greek
New Testament (e.g. Matt. vi:24, Luke xvi:9-13) retained in the Vulgate, and
regarded mistakenly by medieval Christians as the name of a demon.
Bel
heaven-and-earth god of Babylonian religion, from Akkadian Belu, literally
“lord, owner, master,” cognate with Hebrew ba’al.
belie (v.)
Old English beleogan “to deceive by lies,” from be- + lie (v.1) “to lie, tell
lies.” Current sense of “to contradict as a lie” is first recorded 1640s. The
other verb lie once also had a formation like this, from Old English belicgan,
which meant “to encompass, beleaguer,” and in Middle English was a euphemism for
“to have sex with” (i.e. “to lie with carnally”).
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
Audio Player
00:00
00:00
Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.
Directly download mp3
Tonight’s topic among others: Initially Daniel apologizes for last weeks Hyper
Empathetic Outbursts, about those in Power, who Abuse their Offices on a Regular
Basis! and a license to get into Heaven and;
Romans 2:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 For there is no respect of persons with God.
Job 32:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man’s person, neither let me give
flattering titles unto man.
Philippians 4:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state
I am, therewith to be content.
James 2:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law
as transgressors.
Proverbs 28:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man
will transgress.
Proverbs 24:23 King James Version (KJV)
23 These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of
persons in judgment.
Proverbs 18:5 King James Version (KJV)
5 It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow the righteous
in judgment
Hebrews 12:16 King James Version (KJV)
16 Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel
of meat sold his birthright.
1 Corinthians 5:13 King James Version (KJV)
13 But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among
yourselves that wicked person.
Leviticus 19:15 King James Version (KJV)
15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person
of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou
judge thy neighbour.
Psalm 138:6 King James Version (KJV)
6 Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but the proud he
knoweth afar off.
Ephesians 6:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing
that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with
him.
James 2:1 King James Version (KJV)
2 My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory,
with respect of persons.
Psalm 49:10 King James Version (KJV)
10 For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person
perish, and leave their wealth to others.
personate ~ verb rare
1. pretend to be someone you are not; sometimes with fraudulent intentions
She posed as the Czar’s daughter
2. attribute human qualities to something
The Greeks personated their gods ridiculous
consent (n.)
c. 1300, “approval,” also “agreement in sentiment, harmony,” from Old French
consente, from consentir (see consent (v.)). Age of consent is attested from
1809.
consent (v.)
early 13c., from Old French consentir (12c.) “agree, comply,” from Latin
consentire “feel together,” from com- “with” (see com-) + sentire “to feel” (see
sense (n.)). “Feeling together,” hence, “agreeing, giving permission,”
apparently a sense evolution that took place in French before the word reached
English. Related: Consented; consenting.
implied consent
n. consent when surrounding circumstances exist which would lead a reasonable
person to believe that this consent had been given, although no direct, express
or explicit words of agreement had been uttered. Examples: a) a “contract” based
on the fact that one person has been doing a particular thing and the other
person expects him/her to continue; b) the defense in a “date rape” case in
which there is a claim of assumed consent due to absence of protest or a belief
that “no” really meant “yes,” “maybe” or “later.”
THE THREE STOOGES: Disorder in the Court (1936) (Remastered) (HD 1080p)
[Youtube]
union_jack_gate.
Union Jack Gate is Close to the Defense
Moe & Larry play Noughts & Crosses on the Prosecutions Back with Chalk – (The
game’s grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome) No matter who wins
or looses the Lawyer always plays both sides.
Moe : “I say, Japser. What comes after 75”?
Larry : “76”?
Moe : “That’s the Spirit”
Spirit of ’76 (sentiment)
William Jasper
Jasper was Illiterate. Noughts & Crosses being a reference point.
The Boston Tea Party
Conflict and Revolution 1775 to 1776
Psalm 75:5-7 King James Version (KJV)
5 Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck.
6 For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the
south.
7 But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another.
Whig
British political party, 1657, in part perhaps a disparaging use of whigg “a
country bumpkin” (1640s); but mainly a shortened form of Whiggamore (1649) “one
of the adherents of the Presbyterian cause in western Scotland who marched on
Edinburgh in 1648 to oppose Charles I.” Perhaps originally “a horse drover,”
from dialectal verb whig “to urge forward” + mare. In 1689 the name was first
used in reference to members of the British political party that opposed the
Tories. American Revolution sense of “colonist who opposes Crown policies” is
from 1768. Later it was applied to opponents of Andrew Jackson (as early as
1825), and taken as the name of a political party (1834) that merged into the
Republican Party in 1854-56.
[I]n the spring of 1834 Jackson’s opponents adopted the name Whig, traditional
term for critics of executive usurpations. James Watson Webb, editor of the New
York Courier and Enquirer, encouraged use of the name. [Henry] Clay gave it
national currency in a speech on April 14, 1834, likening “the whigs of the
present day” to those who had resisted George III, and by summer it was
official. [Daniel Walker Howe, “What Hath God Wrought,” 2007, p.390] …
asoasf
This little flick, whilst some times funny and bizarre seems way to loaded with
code to spend that much time on. Above, some of my immediate imprecations,
omitting the obvious. It’s not wise to ignore coincidence at the expense of
truth.
fiction (n.)
early 15c., ficcioun, “that which is invented or imagined in the mind,” from Old
French
ficcion “dissimulation, ruse; invention, fabrication” (13c.) and directly from
Latin fictionem (nominative fictio) “a fashioning or feigning,” noun of action
from past participle stem of fingere “to shape, form, devise, feign,” originally
“to knead, form out of clay,” from PIE *dheigh- “to build, form, knead” (source
also of Old English dag “dough;” see dough).
Meaning “prose works (not dramatic) of the imagination” is from 1590s, at first
often including plays and poems. Narrower sense of “the part of literature
comprising novels and short stories based on imagined scenes or characters” is
by early 19c. The legal sense (fiction of law) is from 1580s. A writer of
fiction could be a fictionist (1827). The related Latin words included the
literal notion “worked by hand,” as well as the figurative senses of “invented
in the mind; artificial, not natural”: Latin fictilis “made of clay, earthen;”
fictor “molder, sculptor” (also borrowed 17c. in English), but also of Ulysses
as “master of deceit;” fictum “a deception, falsehood; fiction.”
ARTIFICIAL PRESUMPTIONS, Al-
so called “legal presumptions;” those which derive their force and effect from
the law, rather than their natural tendency to produce
belief. 3 S t a r k ie, Ev. 1235. Black’s Law 1st Edition – Sec. A
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
Spelling beleeve is common till 17c.; then altered, perhaps by influence of
relieve, etc. To believe on instead of in was more common in 16c. but now is a
peculiarity of theology; believe of also sometimes was used in 17c. Related:
Believed (formerly occasionally beleft); believing. Expression believe it or not
attested by 1874; Robert Ripley’s newspaper cartoon of the same name is from
1918. Emphatic you better believe attested from 1854.
Matthew 6:24 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
24 No man may serve two lords, for either he shall hate the one, and love the
other; either he shall sustain the one, and despise the other. Ye be not able to
serve God and riches.
Mammon (n.)
“personification of wealth,” mid-14c., from Late Latin mammona, from Greek
mamonas, from Aramaic mamona, mamon “riches, gain;” left untranslated in Greek
New Testament (e.g. Matt. vi:24, Luke xvi:9-13) retained in the Vulgate, and
regarded mistakenly by medieval Christians as the name of a demon.
What is BELIEF?
A conviction of the truth of a proposition, existing subjectively in the mind,
and induced by argument, persuasion, or proof addressed to the judgment Keller
v. State, 102 Ga. 506, 31 S. E. 92. Belief is to be distinguished from “proof,”
“evidence,” and “testimony.” See EVIDENCE. With regard to things which make not
a very deep impression on the memory, it may be called “belief.” “Knowledge” is
nothing more than a man’s firm belief. The difference is ordinarily merely in
the degree ; to be judged of by the court, when addressed to the court; by the
jury, when addressed to the jury. Hatch v. Carpenter, 9 Gray (Mass.) 274. The
distinction between the two mental conditions seems to be that knowledge is an
assurance of a fact or proposition founded on perception by the senses, or
intuition; while belief is an assurance gained by evidence, and from other
persons. Abbott
Bel
heaven-and-earth god of Babylonian religion, from Akkadian Belu, literally
“lord, owner, master,” cognate with Hebrew ba’al.
belie (v.)
Old English beleogan “to deceive by lies,” from be- + lie (v.1) “to lie, tell
lies.” Current sense of “to contradict as a lie” is first recorded 1640s. The
other verb lie once also had a formation like this, from Old English belicgan,
which meant “to encompass, beleaguer,” and in Middle English was a euphemism for
“to have sex with” (i.e. “to lie with carnally”).
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
BEHAVIOR. Manner of having, holding, or keeping one’s self ; manner of
behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; manners ; carriage of one’s self, with
respect to propriety and morals ; deportment. Webster. State v. Roll, 1 Ohio
Dec. 284 ;Schneiderman v. United States, CaL, 63 S.Ct. 1333,1340, 320 U.S. 118,
87 L.Ed. 1796.
Surety to be of good behavior is a larger requirement
than surety to keep the peace. Dalton, c. 122 ; 4 Burns,
Just. 355. pee Good Behavior. Blacks 4th
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Tonight’s topic among others: Initially Daniel apologizes for last weeks Hyper
Empathetic Outbursts, about those in Power, who Abuse their Offices on a Regular
Basis! and a license to get into Heaven and;
Romans 2:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 For there is no respect of persons with God.
Job 32:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man’s person, neither let me give
flattering titles unto man.
Philippians 4:11 King James Version (KJV)
11 Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state
I am, therewith to be content.
James 2:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law
as transgressors.
Proverbs 28:21 King James Version (KJV)
21 To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man
will transgress.
Proverbs 24:23 King James Version (KJV)
23 These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of
persons in judgment.
Proverbs 18:5 King James Version (KJV)
5 It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow the righteous
in judgment
Hebrews 12:16 King James Version (KJV)
16 Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel
of meat sold his birthright.
1 Corinthians 5:13 King James Version (KJV)
13 But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among
yourselves that wicked person.
Leviticus 19:15 King James Version (KJV)
15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person
of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou
judge thy neighbour.
Psalm 138:6 King James Version (KJV)
6 Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but the proud he
knoweth afar off.
Ephesians 6:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing
that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with
him.
James 2:1 King James Version (KJV)
2 My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory,
with respect of persons.
Psalm 49:10 King James Version (KJV)
10 For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person
perish, and leave their wealth to others.
personate ~ verb rare
1. pretend to be someone you are not; sometimes with fraudulent intentions
She posed as the Czar’s daughter
2. attribute human qualities to something
The Greeks personated their gods ridiculous
consent (n.)
c. 1300, “approval,” also “agreement in sentiment, harmony,” from Old French
consente, from consentir (see consent (v.)). Age of consent is attested from
1809.
consent (v.)
early 13c., from Old French consentir (12c.) “agree, comply,” from Latin
consentire “feel together,” from com- “with” (see com-) + sentire “to feel” (see
sense (n.)). “Feeling together,” hence, “agreeing, giving permission,”
apparently a sense evolution that took place in French before the word reached
English. Related: Consented; consenting.
implied consent
n. consent when surrounding circumstances exist which would lead a reasonable
person to believe that this consent had been given, although no direct, express
or explicit words of agreement had been uttered. Examples: a) a “contract” based
on the fact that one person has been doing a particular thing and the other
person expects him/her to continue; b) the defense in a “date rape” case in
which there is a claim of assumed consent due to absence of protest or a belief
that “no” really meant “yes,” “maybe” or “later.”
THE THREE STOOGES: Disorder in the Court (1936) (Remastered) (HD 1080p)
[Youtube]
union_jack_gate.
Union Jack Gate is Close to the Defense
Moe & Larry play Noughts & Crosses on the Prosecutions Back with Chalk – (The
game’s grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome) No matter who wins
or looses the Lawyer always plays both sides.
Moe : “I say, Japser. What comes after 75”?
Larry : “76”?
Moe : “That’s the Spirit”
Spirit of ’76 (sentiment)
William Jasper
Jasper was Illiterate. Noughts & Crosses being a reference point.
The Boston Tea Party
Conflict and Revolution 1775 to 1776
Psalm 75:5-7 King James Version (KJV)
5 Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck.
6 For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the
south.
7 But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another.
Whig
British political party, 1657, in part perhaps a disparaging use of whigg “a
country bumpkin” (1640s); but mainly a shortened form of Whiggamore (1649) “one
of the adherents of the Presbyterian cause in western Scotland who marched on
Edinburgh in 1648 to oppose Charles I.” Perhaps originally “a horse drover,”
from dialectal verb whig “to urge forward” + mare. In 1689 the name was first
used in reference to members of the British political party that opposed the
Tories. American Revolution sense of “colonist who opposes Crown policies” is
from 1768. Later it was applied to opponents of Andrew Jackson (as early as
1825), and taken as the name of a political party (1834) that merged into the
Republican Party in 1854-56.
[I]n the spring of 1834 Jackson’s opponents adopted the name Whig, traditional
term for critics of executive usurpations. James Watson Webb, editor of the New
York Courier and Enquirer, encouraged use of the name. [Henry] Clay gave it
national currency in a speech on April 14, 1834, likening “the whigs of the
present day” to those who had resisted George III, and by summer it was
official. [Daniel Walker Howe, “What Hath God Wrought,” 2007, p.390] …
asoasf
This little flick, whilst some times funny and bizarre seems way to loaded with
code to spend that much time on. Above, some of my immediate imprecations,
omitting the obvious. It’s not wise to ignore coincidence at the expense of
truth.
fiction (n.)
early 15c., ficcioun, “that which is invented or imagined in the mind,” from Old
French
ficcion “dissimulation, ruse; invention, fabrication” (13c.) and directly from
Latin fictionem (nominative fictio) “a fashioning or feigning,” noun of action
from past participle stem of fingere “to shape, form, devise, feign,” originally
“to knead, form out of clay,” from PIE *dheigh- “to build, form, knead” (source
also of Old English dag “dough;” see dough).
Meaning “prose works (not dramatic) of the imagination” is from 1590s, at first
often including plays and poems. Narrower sense of “the part of literature
comprising novels and short stories based on imagined scenes or characters” is
by early 19c. The legal sense (fiction of law) is from 1580s. A writer of
fiction could be a fictionist (1827). The related Latin words included the
literal notion “worked by hand,” as well as the figurative senses of “invented
in the mind; artificial, not natural”: Latin fictilis “made of clay, earthen;”
fictor “molder, sculptor” (also borrowed 17c. in English), but also of Ulysses
as “master of deceit;” fictum “a deception, falsehood; fiction.”
ARTIFICIAL PRESUMPTIONS, Al-
so called “legal presumptions;” those which derive their force and effect from
the law, rather than their natural tendency to produce
belief. 3 S t a r k ie, Ev. 1235. Black’s Law 1st Edition – Sec. A
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
Spelling beleeve is common till 17c.; then altered, perhaps by influence of
relieve, etc. To believe on instead of in was more common in 16c. but now is a
peculiarity of theology; believe of also sometimes was used in 17c. Related:
Believed (formerly occasionally beleft); believing. Expression believe it or not
attested by 1874; Robert Ripley’s newspaper cartoon of the same name is from
1918. Emphatic you better believe attested from 1854.
Matthew 6:24 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
24 No man may serve two lords, for either he shall hate the one, and love the
other; either he shall sustain the one, and despise the other. Ye be not able to
serve God and riches.
Mammon (n.)
“personification of wealth,” mid-14c., from Late Latin mammona, from Greek
mamonas, from Aramaic mamona, mamon “riches, gain;” left untranslated in Greek
New Testament (e.g. Matt. vi:24, Luke xvi:9-13) retained in the Vulgate, and
regarded mistakenly by medieval Christians as the name of a demon.
What is BELIEF?
A conviction of the truth of a proposition, existing subjectively in the mind,
and induced by argument, persuasion, or proof addressed to the judgment Keller
v. State, 102 Ga. 506, 31 S. E. 92. Belief is to be distinguished from “proof,”
“evidence,” and “testimony.” See EVIDENCE. With regard to things which make not
a very deep impression on the memory, it may be called “belief.” “Knowledge” is
nothing more than a man’s firm belief. The difference is ordinarily merely in
the degree ; to be judged of by the court, when addressed to the court; by the
jury, when addressed to the jury. Hatch v. Carpenter, 9 Gray (Mass.) 274. The
distinction between the two mental conditions seems to be that knowledge is an
assurance of a fact or proposition founded on perception by the senses, or
intuition; while belief is an assurance gained by evidence, and from other
persons. Abbott
Bel
heaven-and-earth god of Babylonian religion, from Akkadian Belu, literally
“lord, owner, master,” cognate with Hebrew ba’al.
belie (v.)
Old English beleogan “to deceive by lies,” from be- + lie (v.1) “to lie, tell
lies.” Current sense of “to contradict as a lie” is first recorded 1640s. The
other verb lie once also had a formation like this, from Old English belicgan,
which meant “to encompass, beleaguer,” and in Middle English was a euphemism for
“to have sex with” (i.e. “to lie with carnally”).
believe (v.)
Old English belyfan “to believe,” earlier geleafa (Mercian), gelefa
(Northumbrian), gelyfan (West Saxon) “believe,” from Proto-Germanic *ga-laubjan
“to believe,” perhaps literally “hold dear, love” (cognates: Old Saxon gilobian
“believe,” Dutch geloven, Old High German gilouben, German glauben), ultimately
a compound based on PIE *leubh- “to care, desire, love” (see belief).
BEHAVIOR. Manner of having, holding, or keeping one’s self ; manner of
behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; manners ; carriage of one’s self, with
respect to propriety and morals ; deportment. Webster. State v. Roll, 1 Ohio
Dec. 284 ;Schneiderman v. United States, CaL, 63 S.Ct. 1333,1340, 320 U.S. 118,
87 L.Ed. 1796.
Surety to be of good behavior is a larger requirement
than surety to keep the peace. Dalton, c. 122 ; 4 Burns,
Just. 355. pee Good Behavior. Blacks 4th
reality (n.)
1540s, “quality of being real,” from French réalité and directly Medieval Latin
realitatem (nominative realitas), from Late Latin realis (see real (adj.)).
Meaning “real existence, all that is real” is from 1640s; that of “the real
state (of something)” is from 1680s. Sometimes 17c.-18c. also meaning
“sincerity.” Reality-based attested from 1960. Reality television from 1991.
university (n.)
c. 1300, “institution of higher learning,” also “body of persons constituting a
university,” from Anglo-French université, Old French universite “universality;
academic community” (13c.), from Medieval Latin universitatem (nominative
universitas), “the whole, aggregate,” in Late Latin “corporation, society,” from
universus “whole, entire” (see universe). In the academic sense, a shortening of
universitas magistrorum et scholarium “community of masters and scholars;”
superseded studium as the word for this. The Latin word also is the source of
Spanish universidad, German universität, Russian universitetŭ, etc.
employment (n.)
mid-15c., “the spending of money,” from Middle English emploien (see employ) +
-ment.
mentis
mind; reason| intellect| judgement; plan| intention| frame of mind; courage
foreigner (n.)
early 15c., foreyner; see foreign + -er (1).
In ordinary use chiefly applied to those who speak a foreign language as their
native tongue; thus in England the term is not commonly understood to include
Americans. [OED]
In American English from 1620s through mid-19c., however, it was used of a
person from a different colony or state. Earlier as a noun in English was simple
foreign (early 14c.), probably from Old French, which used the adjective as a
noun meaning “foreigner;” also “outskirts; the outside world; latrine, privy.”
Spelling furriner, representing pronunciation, is from 1832, originally in Irish
dialect pieces but by 1840s picked up by American dialect writers (Thomas
Chandler Haliburton).
alien (n.)
“foreigner, citizen of a foreign land,” from alien (adj.). In the science
fiction sense, from 1953.
constitution (n.)
mid-14c., “law, regulation, edict,” from Old French constitucion (12c.)
“constitution, establishment,” and directly from Latin constitutionem
(nominative constitutio) “act of settling, settled condition, anything arranged
or settled upon, regulation, order, ordinance,” from constitut-, past participle
stem of constituere (see constitute).
unconscionable (adj.)
1560s, “showing no regard for conscience,” from un- (1) + now rare conscionable
“conscientious.” Related: Unconscionably.
conscionable (adj.)
1540s, from conscioned “having a conscience” (from conscience) + -able; obsolete
from early 18c. but fossilized in its negative, unconscionable.
scapegoat (n.)
1530, “goat sent into the wilderness on the Day of Atonement, symbolic bearer of
the sins of the people,” coined by Tyndale from scape (n.1) + goat to translate
Latin caper emissarius, itself a translation in Vulgate of Hebrew ‘azazel (Lev.
xvi:8,10,26), which was read as ‘ez ozel “goat that departs,” but which others
hold to be the proper name of a devil or demon in Jewish mythology (sometimes
identified with Canaanite deity Aziz).
Jerome’s reading also was followed by Martin Luther (der ledige Bock), Symmachus
(tragos aperkhomenos), and others (compare French bouc émissaire), but the
question of who, or what (or even where) is meant by ‘azazel is a vexed one. The
Revised Version (1884) simply restores Azazel. But the old translation has its
modern defenders:
Azazel is an active participle or participial noun, derived ultimately from azal
(connected with the Arabic word azala, and meaning removed), but immediately
from the reduplicate form of that verb, azazal. The reduplication of the
consonants of the root in Hebrew and Arabic gives the force of repetition, so
that while azal means removed, azalzal means removed by a repetition of acts.
Azalzel or azazel, therefore, means one who removes by a series of acts. … The
interpretation is founded on sound etymological grounds, it suits the context
wherever the word occurs, it is consistent with the remaining ceremonial of the
Day of Atonement, and it accords with the otherwise known religious beliefs and
symbolical practices of the Israelites. [Rev. F. Meyrick, “Leviticus,” London,
1882]
Meaning “one who is blamed or punished for the mistakes or sins of others” first
recorded 1824; the verb is attested from 1943. Related: Scapegoated;
scapegoating. For the formation, compare scapegrace, also scape-gallows “one who
deserves hanging.”
scapegrace (n.)
1767, from scape (v.) + grace (n.); as if “one who escapes the grace of God.”
Possibly influenced by scapegoat.
whore (n.)
1530s spelling alteration (see wh-) of Middle English hore, from Old English
hore “prostitute, harlot,” from Proto-Germanic *horaz (fem. *horon-) “one who
desires” (cognates: Old Norse hora “adulteress,” Danish hore, Swedish hora,
Dutch hoer, Old High German huora “whore;” in Gothic only in the masc. hors
“adulterer, fornicator,” also as a verb, horinon “commit adultery”), from PIE
“lover” (cognates: Latin carus “dear;” Old Irish cara “friend;” Old Persian kama
“desire;” Sanskrit Kama, name of the Hindu god of love, kamah “love, desire,”
the first element in Kama Sutra).
Whore itself is perhaps a Germanic euphemism for a word that has not survived.
The Old English vowel naturally would have yielded *hoor, which is the
pronunciation in some dialects; it might have shifted by influence of Middle
English homonym hore “physical filth, slime,” also “moral corruption, sin,” from
Old English horh. The wh- form became current 16c. A general term of abuse for
an unchaste or lewd woman (without regard to money) from at least c. 1200. Of
male prostitutes from 1630s. Whore of Babylon is from Rev. xvii:1, 5, etc. In
Middle English with occasional plural forms horen, heoranna.
The word, with its derivatives, is now avoided polite speech; its survival in
literature, so as it survives, is due to the fact that it is a favorite word
with Shakspere (who uses it, with its derivatives, 99 times) and is common in
the authorized English version of the Bible … though the American revisers
recommended the substitution of harlot as less gross …. [Century Dictionary]
Some equivalent words in other languages also derive from sources not originally
pejorative, such as Bohemian nevestka, diminutive of nevesta “bride;” Dutch
deern, German dirne originally “girl, lass, wench;” also perhaps Old French
pute, perhaps literally “girl,” fem. of Vulgar Latin *puttus (but perhaps rather
from Latin putidus “stinking;” see poontang). Welsh putain “whore” is from
French, probably via Middle English. Among other languages, Greek porne
“prostitute” is related to pernemi “sell,” with an original notion probably of a
female slave sold for prostitution; Latin meretrix is literally “one who earns
wages” (source of Irish mertrech, Old English miltestre “whore, prostitute”).
The vulgar Roman word was scortum, literally “skin, hide.” Another term was
lupa, literally “she-wolf” (preserved in Spanish loba, Italian lupa, French
louve; see wolf (n.)). And of course there was prostituta, literally “placed in
front,” thus “publicly exposed,” from the fem. past participle of prostituere
(see prostitute (n.)). Another Old Norse term was skækja, which yielded Danish
skøge, Swedish sköka; probably from Middle Low German schoke, which is perhaps
from schode “foreskin of a horse’s penis,” perhaps with the sense of “skin”
(compare Latin scortum) or perhaps via an intermediary sense of “vagina.”
Spanish ramera, Portuguese ramiera are from fem. form of ramero “young bird of
prey,” literally “little branch,” from ramo “branch.” Breton gast is cognate
with Welsh gast “bitch,” of uncertain origin. Compare also strumpet, harlot.
Old Church Slavonic ljubodejica is from ljuby dejati “fornicate,” a compound
from ljuby “love” + dejati “put, perform.” Russian bljad “whore” derives from
Old Church Slavonic bladinica, from bladu “fornication.” Polish nierządnica is
literally “disorderly woman.” Sanskrit vecya is a derivation of veca- “house,
dwelling,” especially “house of ill-repute, brothel.” Another term, pumccali,
means literally “one who runs after men.” Avestan jahika is literally “woman,”
but only of evil creatures; another term is kunairi, from pejorative prefix ku-
+ nairi “woman.”
whore-monger (n.)
1520s, from whore (n.) + monger (n.). A Petrus Hurmonger is in the 1327
Leicestershire Lay Subsidy Rolls.
con (v.2)
“to swindle,” 1896, from con (adj.). Related: Conned; conning.
con (n.1)
“negation” (mainly in pro and con), 1570s, short for Latin contra “against” (see
contra).
con-
word-forming element meaning “together, with,” sometimes merely intensive; the
form of com- used in Latin before consonants except -b-, -p-, -l-, -m-, or -r-.
In native English formations (such as costar), co- tends to be used where Latin
would use con-.
sense (n.)
c. 1400, “faculty of perception,” also “meaning, import, interpretation”
(especially of Holy Scripture), from Old French sens “one of the five senses;
meaning; wit, understanding” (12c.) and directly from Latin sensus “perception,
feeling, undertaking, meaning,” from sentire “perceive, feel, know,” probably a
figurative use of a literally meaning “to find one’s way,” or “to go mentally,”
from PIE root *sent- “to go” (cognates: Old High German sinnan “to go, travel,
strive after, have in mind, perceive,” German Sinn “sense, mind,” Old English
sið “way, journey,” Old Irish set, Welsh hynt “way”). Application to any one of
the external or outward senses (touch, sight, hearing, etc.) in English first
recorded 1520s.
A certain negro tribe has a special word for “see;” but only one general word
for “hear,” “touch,” “smell,” and “taste.” It matters little through which sense
I realize that in the dark I have blundered into a pig-sty. In French “sentir”
means to smell, to touch, and to feel, all together. [Erich M. von Hornbostel,
“Die Einheit der Sinne” (“The Unity of the Senses”), 1927]
Meaning “that which is wise” is from c. 1600. Meaning “capacity for perception
and appreciation” is from c. 1600 (as in sense of humor, attested by 1783, sense
of shame, 1640s).
us (pron.)
Old English us (cognate with Old Saxon, Old Frisian us, Old Norse, Swedish oss,
Dutch ons, German uns), accusative and dative plural of we, from PIE *nes- (2),
forming oblique cases of the first person plural personal pronoun (cognates:
Sanskrit nas, Avestan na, Hittite nash “us;” Greek no “we two;” Latin nos “we,
us;” Old Church Slavonic ny “us,” nasu “our;” Old Irish ni, Welsh ni “we, us”).
The -n- is preserved in Germanic in Dutch ons, German uns.
proverb (n.)
c. 1300, in boke of Prouerbyys, the Old Testament work, from Old French proverbe
(12c.) and directly from Latin proverbium “a common saying, old adage, maxim,”
literally “words put forward,” from pro- “forth” (see pro-) + verbum “word” (see
verb). Used generally from late 14c. The Book of Proverbs in Old English was
cwidboc, from cwide “speech, saying, proverb, homily,” related to cwiddian “to
talk, speak, say, discuss;” cwiddung “speech, saying, report.”
pro-
word-forming element meaning “forward, forth, toward the front” (as in proclaim,
proceed); “beforehand, in advance” (prohibit, provide); “taking care of”
(procure); “in place of, on behalf of” (proconsul, pronoun); from Latin pro “on
behalf of, in place of, before, for, in exchange for, just as,” which also was
used as a prefix.
Also in some cases from cognate Greek pro “before, in front of, sooner,” which
also was used in Greek as a prefix (as in problem). Both the Latin and Greek
words are from PIE *pro- (cognates: Sanskrit pra- “before, forward, forth;”
Gothic faura “before,” Old English fore “before, for, on account of,” fram
“forward, from;” Old Irish roar “enough”), extended form of root *per- (1)
“forward, through” (see per).
The common modern sense “in favor of, favoring” (pro-independence,
pro-fluoridation, pro-Soviet, etc.) was not in classical Latin and is attested
in English from early 19c.
verb (n.)
late 14c., from Old French verbe “word; word of God; saying; part of speech that
expresses action or being” (12c.) and directly from Latin verbum “verb,”
originally “a word,” from PIE root *were- (3) “to speak” (cognates: Avestan
urvata- “command;” Sanskrit vrata- “command, vow;” Greek rhetor “public
speaker,” rhetra “agreement, covenant,” eirein “to speak, say;” Hittite weriga-
“call, summon;” Lithuanian vardas “name;” Gothic waurd, Old English word
“word”).
BORG : In Saxon law. A pledge, pledge giver, or surety. The name given among the
Saxons to the head of each family composing a tithing or decen
nary, each being the pledge for the good conduct of the others. Also the
contract or engagement of suretyship ; and the pledge given.
BORGBRICHE :
A breach or violation of surety ship, or of mutual fidelity. Jacob.
BORGESMON :
In Saxon law. The name given to the head of each family composing a tithing.
borg : Same as borgh.
borgh. 1. See BORG. 2. See BORROW. (Blacks 9th)
borrow, n. A frankpledge. Also spelled borgh; borh.
See DECENARY; FRANKPLEDGE
decenary. [fro Latin decena “a tithing”] Hist. A town
or district consisting of ten freeholding families. – A freeholder of the
decenary (a decennarius) was bound by frankpledge to produce any wrongdoer
living in the decenary. – Also spelled (incorrectly) decennary.
Also termed decmna; tithing. Cf. FRANKPLEDGE.
“The civil division of the territory of England is into counties, of those
counties into hundreds, of those hundreds into tithings or towns. Which
division, as it now stands, seems to owe its original to king Alfred; who, to
prevent the rapines (plunder) and disorders which formerly prevailed in the
realm, instituted tithings; so called from the Saxon, because ten freeholders,
with their families, composed one.
These all dwelt together, and were sureties or free pledges to the king for the
good behavior of each other; and, if any offence was committed in their
district, they were bound to have the offender forthcoming. And there fore
anciently no man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he
were enrolled in some tithing or decennary.” 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries
on the
Laws of England 110 (1765).
Superfluity
SUPERFLU’ITY, noun [Latin superfluitas; super and fluo, to flow.]
1. Superabundance; a greater quantity than is wanted; as a superfluity of water
or provisions.
2. Something that is beyond what is wanted; something rendered unnecessary by
its abundance. Among the superfluities of life we seldom number the abundance of
money.
money (n.)
mid-13c., “coinage, metal currency,” from Old French monoie “money, coin,
currency; change” (Modern French monnaie), from Latin moneta “place for coining
money, mint; coined money, money, coinage,” from Moneta, a title or surname of
the Roman goddess Juno, in or near whose temple money was coined; perhaps from
monere “advise, warn” (see monitor (n.)), with the sense of “admonishing
goddess,” which is sensible, but the etymology is difficult. Extended early 19c.
to include paper money.
citizenship (n.)
“status, rights, privileges, and responsibilities of a citizen,” 1610s, from
citizen + -ship.
slave (n.)
late 13c., “person who is the chattel or property of another,” from Old French
esclave (13c.), from Medieval Latin Sclavus “slave” (source also of Italian
schiavo, French esclave, Spanish esclavo), originally “Slav” (see Slav); so used
in this secondary sense because of the many Slavs sold into slavery by
conquering peoples.
This sense development arose in the consequence of the wars waged by Otto the
Great and his successors against the Slavs, a great number of whom they took
captive and sold into slavery. [Klein]
Meaning “one who has lost the power of resistance to some habit or vice” is from
1550s. Applied to devices from 1904, especially those which are controlled by
others (compare slave jib in sailing, similarly of locomotives, flash bulbs,
amplifiers). Slave-driver is attested from 1807; extended sense of “cruel or
exacting task-master” is by 1854. Slave state in U.S. history is from 1812.
Slave-trade is attested from 1734.
Old English Wealh “Briton” also began to be used in the sense of “serf, slave”
c.850; and Sanskrit dasa-, which can mean “slave,” apparently is connected to
dasyu- “pre-Aryan inhabitant of India.” Grose’s dictionary (1785) has under
Negroe “A black-a-moor; figuratively used for a slave,” without regard to race.
More common Old English words for slave were þeow (related to þeowian “to
serve”) and þræl (see thrall). The Slavic words for “slave” (Russian rab,
Serbo-Croatian rob, Old Church Slavonic rabu) are from Old Slavic *orbu, from
the PIE root *orbh- (also source of orphan), the ground sense of which seems to
be “thing that changes allegiance” (in the case of the slave, from himself to
his master). The Slavic word is also the source of robot.
finance (v.)
late 15c., “to ransom” (obsolete), from finance (n.). Sense of “to manage money”
is recorded from 1827; that of “to furnish with money” is from 1866. Related:
Financed; financing.
finance (n.)
c. 1400, “an end, settlement, retribution,” from Old French finance “end,
ending; pardon, remission; payment, expense; settlement of a debt” (13c.), noun
of action from finer “to end, settle a dispute or debt,” from fin (see fine
(n.)). Compare Medieval Latin finis “a payment in settlement, fine or tax.”
The notion is of “ending” (by satisfying) something that is due (compare Greek
telos “end;” plural tele “services due, dues exacted by the state, financial
means”). The French senses gradually were brought into English: “ransom”
(mid-15c.), “taxation” (late 15c.); the sense of “management of money, science
of monetary business” first recorded in English 1770.
scrip (n.)
“certificate of a right to receive something” (especially a stock share), 1762,
probably shortened from (sub)scrip(tion) receipt. Originally “receipt for a
portion of a loan subscribed,” meaning “certificate issued as currency” first
recorded 1790.
issue (v.)
c. 1300, “to flow out,” from issue (n.) or else from Old French issu, past
participle of issir. Sense of “to send out authoritatively” is from c. 1600;
that of “to supply (someone with something)” is from 1925. Related: Issued;
issuing.:go