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Psychology: Why bad news dominates the headlines

2014-07-29 11:22:29

Tom Stafford

Why are newspapers and TV broadcasts filled with disaster, corruption and

incompetence? It may be because we re drawn to depressing stories without

realising, says psychologist Tom Stafford.

When you read the news, sometimes it can feel like the only things reported are

terrible, depressing events. Why does the media concentrate on the bad things

in life, rather than the good? And what might this depressing slant say about

us, the audience?

Many people often say that they would prefer good news: but is that actually

true? Tom Stafford

It isn't that these are the only things that happen. Perhaps journalists are

drawn to reporting bad news because sudden disaster is more compelling than

slow improvements. Or it could be that newsgatherers believe that cynical

reports of corrupt politicians or unfortunate events make for simpler stories.

But another strong possibility is that we, the readers or viewers, have trained

journalists to focus on these things. Many people often say that they would

prefer good news: but is that actually true?

To explore this possibility, researchers Marc Trussler and Stuart Soroka, set

up an experiment, run at McGill University in Canada. They were dissatisfied

with previous research on how people relate to the news either the studies

were uncontrolled (letting people browse news at home, for example, where you

can't even tell who is using the computer), or they were unrealistic (inviting

them to select stories in the lab, where every participant knew their choices

would be closely watched by the experimenter). So, the team decided to try a

new strategy: deception.

Trick question

Trussler and Soroka invited participants from their university to come to the

lab for "a study of eye tracking". The volunteers were first asked to select

some stories about politics to read from a news website so that a camera could

make some baseline eye-tracking measures. It was important, they were told,

that they actually read the articles, so the right measurements could be

prepared, but it didn't matter what they read.

After this preparation phase, they watched a short video (the main purpose of

the experiment as far as the subjects were concerned, but it was in fact just a

filler task), and then they answered questions on the kind of political news

they would like to read.

A man reads about the MH17 plane crash (AFP/Getty Images)

The results of the experiment, as well as the stories that were read most, were

somewhat depressing. Participants often chose stories with a negative tone

corruption, set-backs, hypocrisy and so on rather than neutral or positive

stories. People who were more interested in current affairs and politics were

particularly likely to choose the bad news.

And yet when asked, these people said they preferred good news. On average,

they said that the media was too focussed on negative stories.

Danger reaction

The researchers present their experiment as solid evidence of a so called

"negativity bias", psychologists' term for our collective hunger to hear, and

remember bad news.

It isn't just schadenfreude, the theory goes, but that we've evolved to react

quickly to potential threats. Bad news could be a signal that we need to change

what we're doing to avoid danger.

As you'd expect from this theory, there's some evidence that people respond

quicker to negative words. In lab experiments, flash the word cancer , bomb

or war up at someone and they can hit a button in response quicker than if

that word is baby , smile or fun (despite these pleasant words being

slightly more common). We are also able to recognise negative words faster than

positive words, and even tell that a word is going to be unpleasant before we

can tell exactly what the word is going to be.

We tend to pay more attention to negative words in headlines (Getty Images)

So is our vigilance for threats the only way to explain our predilection for

bad news? Perhaps not.

There's another interpretation that Trussler and Soroka put on their evidence:

we pay attention to bad news, because on the whole, we think the world is

rosier than it actually is. When it comes to our own lives, most of us believe

we're better than average, and that, like the clich s, we expect things to be

all right in the end. This pleasant view of the world makes bad news all the

more surprising and salient. It is only against a light background that the

dark spots are highlighted.

So our attraction to bad news may be more complex than just journalistic

cynicism or a hunger springing from the darkness within.

And that, on another bad news day, gives me a little bit of hope for humanity.